Thesis Architecture Portfolio Truman Ng

M OD U L AR FLOAT I N G AI R P ORT rethinking future airport experience & systems through adaptive floating modules

TRUMAN NG Master of Architecture Singapore University of Technology & Design Thesis_September 2019

CONTE NTS

Ab st r ac t | 01 Int ro d uc t io n | 02 Case st ud ies | 03 Site st ud ies | 04 Desig n | 05

A B S TRAC T

Few cou n tri es have ex p lo red t he id ea of ar t ific ial islan d a i r po r ts m a de po s s i bl e by recl ai mi n g land near ex ist ing w ater c oast s. While a c os tl i e r co ns tr u cti o n m e thod, an of f s h ore mo d el allo w s muc h mo re flex ib le fut ure e x pa ns i o n of a n a i r ba s e .

Wi th th e scarc it y of land in d ensely p o p ulated c o unt r ie s , ca n the a r ti fi ci a l i s l a nd ai rpor t typol og y b e a mo re sust ainab le and ad ap t ive a l te rna ti ve to ci ti e s ne a r coas tal areas?

In par ti cu l ar to d evelo p ing c o unt r ies in Asia Pac ific t ha t e x pe r i e nce hi gh u r ba n den s i ty, th i s desig n p ro p o sal ex p lo res ho w fut ure airp or t m o de l s ca n be re s po n si ve to dem and and g ro w t h t hro ug h a system of mo d u l a r i nfr a s tr u ctu re tha t e xpan d i n to th e sea.

I N T ROD U CT I ON Trend of Aviation Industry

Trend of aviation industry | Growth in Asia Pacific Market number of new airports under construction in 2018

annual growth of air traffic passenger demand 250

The aviation industry is becoming one of the greatest economic growth driver in nations and arguably an indispensable form of transport.

10%

8%

6%

According to Industry High-Level Group (IHLG) report, Aviation Benefits 2017, air transport has doubled in size every 15 years and has grown faster than most other industries.

4%

2%

0%

19 20

18 20

17

16

20

15

20

14

20

13

20

11

12

20

20

10

20

09

20

07

08

20

20

20

20

06

-2%

Based on data from CAPA, there were 229 new airport projects being planned in Asia as at March 2018.

200

150

This is more than the combined total of the rest of the world, underlining the growth trajectory and potential of the sector.

100

50

0

Asia Pacific

North America

20 year forecast of air passenger traffic growth

Europe

Latin America

Middle East

Africa

largest passenger growth

Growth in air passenger traffic (m)

10 largest passenger growth airports in 2018

4000

Based on IATA’s 20-Year Air Passenger Forecast in 2017, passenger numbers could double to 8.2 billion in 2037.

3500 3000 2500

THR

This forecast also predicts that the Asia-Pacific region will drive the biggest growth with more than half the total number of new passengers coming from these markets.

1500 1000 500 0

SVQ TFN

2000

Asia Pacific

North America

2017-2036 passenger count forecast 2016 passenger count

Europe

Latin America

Middle East

Africa

YNT JAI

BLR

KHN JJN

PNH

SRG

Airport 1 Jinjiang (JJN) 2 Nanchang (KHN) 3 Tehran (THR) 4 Phnom Penh (PNH) 5 Semarang (SRG)

% growth

passengers

58.6 57.7 48.6 43.9 41.9

4,225,049 7,079,374 3,934,110 3,131,701 2,775,899

Airport 6 7 8 9 10

Sevilla (SVQ) Yantai (YNT) Bangalore (BLR) Tenerife (TFN) Jaipur (JAI)

% growth 40.5 36.7 35.8 35.5 32.5

passengers 3,069,701 4,479,679 15,850,352 2,675,685 2,718,816

shift of aviation market to Asia Pacific 10 busiest airports in 2010 Airport

Passenger

1

Atlanta (ATL)

89,331,622

2

Beijing (PEK)

73,891,801

3

Chicago (ORD)

LHR

LAX

66,665,390

4

London (LHR)

65,884,143

5

Tokyo Haneda (HND)

64,069,098

6

Los Angeles (LAX)

58,915,100

7

Paris (CDG)

58,167,062

8

Dallas/Fort Worth

56,905,066

9

Frankfurt (FRA)

53,009,221

10

Denver (DEN)

52,211,242

DEN

ORD

DFW

CDG

FRA PEK HND

ATL

10 busiest airports in 2019 Airport

Passenger

1

Atlanta (ATL)

107,394,029

2

Beijing (PEK)

100,983,290

3

Dubai (DXB)

89,149,387

4

Los Angeles (LAX)

87,534,384

5

Tokyo Haneda (HND)

87,131,973

6

Chicago (ORD)

83,339,186

7

London (LHR)

80,126,320

8

Hong Kong (HKG)

74,517,402

9

Shanghai (PVG)

74,006,331

10

Paris (CDG)

72,229,723

LHR CDG PEK

ORD LAX

ATL DXB

PVG HKG

HND

CAS E ST U D I E S Challenges of Inland Airports Existing Offshore Airports Floating Structures

Challenges of Inland Airports land constraint airports located far from city centers The 4 airports shown here are located far away from city centers, mainly surrounded by agriculture land and natural greens within a 20km radius.

Expansion of airport capacity is relatively straightforward since there are no built up area in the surroundings.

Paris Vatry Airport

Dunedin International Airport

airports located near city centers The 4 airports shown are located near to city centers, surrounded by existing built up areas within a 20km radius.

In developing countries like Thailand and China, population density surrounding the airport is relatively higher than London and United States.

Don Mueang International Airport

Heathrow Airport

Ireland West Airport Knock

Denver Airport

airport footprint

Baiyun International Airport

O’Hare Airport

built-up areas 20km radius from airport

socio-political issue construction timeline of Narita International Airport 1966

plans for a new airport at villages of Sanrizuka and Shibayama made public, angering local residents and farmers

2002

2nd runway of 2180m completed rather than the proposed 2500m due to the failure to acquire agriculture land

1967 - 1977

protests and riots resulted in 13 deaths and 2 arsons, as well as erection of large structures such as a steel tower and “fortress“ to deter the airport operation

2009

extension of 2nd runway to 2500m northward rather than southward and building of taxi road around farmlands

1978

the scheduled opening in 1972 was delayed till 1978 due to protests and riots, of which only 1 out of 5 proposed runways were built

2016

plans for extension of 2nd runway to 3500m and addition of 3rd runway of 3500m took 16 months of negotiation to be approved

air pollution annual mean NO2 concentrations of London in 2011 Heathrow is the only UK airport to have air pollution levels that are consistently above legal air quality limits.

In a study published by National Bureau of Economic Research on 12 largest airport in United States, California, there is a high correlation of respiratory disease within the 10km radius of an airport.

After central London, the area around Heathrow is the second major hot spot for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution in London, with breaches of legal limits having been recorded close to the airport for many years.

noise pollution

Researchers measured the levels of ultrafine particulate matter while driving along roads around Los Angeles International Airport.

Elevated levels of particle concentration were recorded up to 10 miles east of the airport.

The noise map of United States shows how domestic and international commercial airports affect the noise levels of their surroundings.

noise map of Chicago city

noise map of part of United States

Noise pollution is one of the most prominent and detrimental environmental issue caused by aviation.

Airports are the main contributors to noise pollution. The extent of noise pollution is dependent on the air traffic of an airport as well as the runway orientation.

particle number concentration around Los Angeles International Airport

Bob Hope Airport Ontario Intl Airport

In 2018, O’Hare Airport in Chicago was ranked the busiest airport (in terms of total flight operations) in the United States.

According to the Chicago Department of Aviation in 2015, complaints about jet noise from O’Hare International Airport topped 2 million in the first seven months, 8 times the number filed in all of 2014.

Van Nuys Airport Decibels

Los Angeles Intl Airport

Long Beach Airport

March Air Reserve Base

John Wayne Airport

Decibels

O’Hare Airport

Chicago Midway Intl Airport

noise pollution noise contours of inland airports

The 4 inland airports shown are located near to city areas, surrounded by existing built up areas.

In most cases, thousands of households are within the range of 65 dba, deem detrimental by the Federal Aviation Administration.

75

75

70 70

65 60 65

2 KM 1 KM

2 KM 4 KM

Dallas Love Field Airport

1 KM

4 KM

Nashville International Airport

noise contours of airports near water bodies

The 4 airports shown are located near to water bodies such as lakes and ocean.

In the case of Boston Logan and San Francisco international airport, the households affected by aircraft noise are significantly reduced since the aircraft takeoff and landing axises are oriented to the open waters.

60

65

75

65

75

70

70

1 KM 0.5 KM

Buffalo Niagara International Airport

2 KM 2 KM

1 KM

4 KM

O’Hare International Airport all diagrams are created by author

70 75

65 65

60

70

1 KM 0.5 KM

2 KM 2 KM

Minneapolis St Paul International Airport

1 KM

4 KM

John F. Kennedy International Airport

65 70 75 75 70

65

60

1 KM 0.5 KM

Boston Logan International Airport

2 KM

4 KM

1 KM

San Francisco International Airport

4 KM

noise contour (dba) runway strip

Existing Offshore Airports Kansai International Airport | Land Reclamation construction $21 billion

10 million work hours

A million sand drains were built into the clay to remove water and solidify the clay 48,000 concrete tetra-pods were used for building the seawall Three mountains were excavated for 21 million m3 and 180 million m3 of sand was use for land reclamation. sinking airport Kansai airport is “settling” at a pace 44 years ahead of schedule.

Terminal 1 building has 900 jack up columns installed to level the building every few years.

Haneda Airport’s 4th runway | Hybrid structure Structures of D-Runway: (1) Reclaimed land Dimensions: Volume: Technology:

2,020 x 424 m 52 mil m3 of soil, sand & rocks sand compaction pile method (SCP) sand drainage method (SD)

(2) Pile-elevated platform Dimensions: Superstructure Substructure:

1,100 x 524 m composite structure of steel L-girders 10,700 x 6.6m × 3.3 m precast concrete slabs 6,900 x 7.8m x 3.6 m UFC slabs 198 x steel jackets 1165 x steel-pipe piles

Mega Float | Very Large Floating Structure The Mega-Float is a floating airport project developed by Technological Research Association of Mega-Float (TRAM) in Japan from 1995 to 2000.

Using program simulations of hydro-elastic response, test designs of an approximately 5000m long floating airport containing a 4000m class runway were drafted.

The Mega-Float test model built in 1998 in the Tokyo bay is the first sizable floating runway with a length of 1km.

construction process 1. Fabrication of 300m x 60m platform components at shipyard 2. Towing to installation site by tug boats 3. Installation of mooring device comprising of jacket type dolphin, piles and fenders

4. Mooring and join of units

VLFS type

pontoon

overall dimensions

1000 x 121 x 3 m

typology

modular VLFS dimensions module connection

airport runway 300 x 60 x 3 m rigid

runway paving pontoon VLFS breakwater

dolphin fender mooring

Floating Structures VLFS | very large floating structures

pontoon type

semi submersible type

VLFS are considerably new concepts of floating structures which only came into existence in the 1960s.

Compared to ships, these floating structures has unprecedented size and displacement that vary between 103 to 104 m and between 106 and 107 tons, respectively.

There are two classes of VLFS, namely the pontoon type and semi-submersible type.

large platform resting on water surface (suited for calm sea waters, often deployed near shorelines)

existing VLFS applications

ballast column tube raises platform above the water level (suitable for when wave heights are large)

other proposed VLFS applications

oil storage

bridge

performance stage

energy harnessing

rescue bay

oil rig

residential

airport

military airbase

Evergreen Point Bridge | Very Large Floating Structure At 2,350 m floating span, the Evergreen Point Bridge is the world’s longest floating bridge, as well as the world’s widest measuring 35 m at its midpoint.

The floating bridge consists of 77 floating concrete pontoons that are secured by 58 anchors to the lake bottom.

3 designs of pontoon structures: 21 x longitudinal pontoons (to support the deck and structure)

54 x supplemental pontoons (to stabilized the weight of the bridge)

2 x “cross” pontoons (at each end of the floating span which connect the deck to fixed bridges)

highway road

VLFS type

pontoon

overall dimensions modular VLFS dimensions

2300 x 50 m 109.7 x 22.9 x 8.5 m

typology

module connection

girder structure

secondary pontoon primary pontoon

highway bridge

floorplate

rigid

columns

anchor cable

pontoon VLFS

SI T E S T U D I E S Speculation Site Selection Criteria Fabrication-Assembly Routes

E XI STI NG T Y POLOGY Exi sti n g of f sho re air p o r t s assume t he ‘island ’ t yp o lo g y thro u gh the m e a ns of l an d recl am a t io n w hic h tend s to b e c o st ly, t ime-c o nsum i ng a nd s l o w to a da pt to ex pansio n d emand s.

PROPOSE D F LOATI NG T Y POLOG Y Th i s th esi s rec o nsid er s t he sc ale and p ermanenc e of a n offs ho re a i r po r t w i thi n th e geographic al p remises of c it ies alo ng c oast al ed g e s w hi l e s pe cu l a ti ng the avi ati on i n du st r y. Site st ud ies resp o nd to t he c it ies’ d em o gr a phi cs a s we l l a s the ec o no mic al feasib ilit y of t ime and co s t.

Speculation volatility vs pax growth in developed and emerging markets

According to IATA air travel demand, middle to lower income individuals are more likely to travel on short to medium haul routes, with higher incomes leading to a higher frequency of long haul travel.

Indonesia, with the greatest passenger growth, has been chosen among other potential sites as a proof of concept for the proposed system.

speculation of aircraft type 5 most popular commercial aircraft 1. Airbus A320

short-mid haul

2. Boeing 737

short-mid haul

3. Boeing 747

mid-long haul

4. Boeing 777

mid-long haul

5. Airbus A330

mid-long haul

Airbus A320neo passenger capacity: flight range (km):

37.6 m

180 2850

11.8 m

Boeing 737-300 passenger capacity: flight range (km):

35.8 m

39.5 m

186 3250 12.6 m

33.4 m

Site Selection Criteria | demographical population density of Indonesia 2010

Population Density of Indonesia in 2010 2 people per people perkmkm2

≤ 30 ≤30

≤ 100 ≤100

≤ 300 ≤300

≤1,000 ≤ 1,000

≤3,000 ≤ 3,000

existing airports indonesia provinces Sources: Esri, HERE, Garmin, FAO, NOAA, USGS, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community

population growth of Indonesia 2000-2010

Population Growth of Indonesia 2000 to 2010 % growth ≤0.000060 ≤3.694384 ≤9.447682 Population Growth of Indonesia 2000 to 2010 Population Growth of Indonesia ≤12.245423 % growth

percentage % ≤0.000060 growthgrowth ≤3.694384

≤5 ≤9.447682 ≤0.000060

2000 to 2010

≤14.522346 ≤ 30 ≤19.121647

≤ 10 ≤ 35 ≤3.694384 ≤23.470549 ≤ 40 ≤28.105314

≤12.245423 ≤14.522346

≤19.121647 ≤ 15 ≤9.447682 ≤23.470549

≤ 20

≤12.245423 ≤28.105314 ≤35.892033 ≤ 25

≤ 45 ≤35.892033

≤ 50 ≤14.522346 ≤44.723801

≤44.723801

existing airports ≤19.121647 indonesia indonesia provinces

≤23.470549 ≤28.105314

provinces

Sources: Esri, HERE, Garmin, FAO, NOAA, USGS, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community

Site Selection Criteria | geographical bathymetry map of Indonesia

existing airports

Sources: Esri, HERE, Garmin, FAO, NOAA, USGS, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community

shipping routes & bathymetry map of Indonesia

existing airports

Sources: Esri, HERE, Garmin, FAO, NOAA, USGS, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community

Fabrication - Assembly Routes | economical shipping routes & international drydocks North America

Europe

Asia

North America

Africa

South America

South America

Australia

Indonesia manufacturing docks

Antarctica

Sources: Esri, HERE, Garmin, FAO, NOAA, USGS, Š OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community

proposed dock locations for offshore fabrication Singapore

Surabaya

potential sites towing route Indonesia manufacturing docks Sources: Esri, HERE, Garmin, FAO, NOAA, USGS, Š OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community

D ES I G N Planning conventions Rethinking operations Enhancing experience Adaptive growth

Planning conventions | layout & processes Generic inland airport layout

take off

start of runway

landing

elevation diagram of flight path

runway

taxiway

apron

passenger terminal

carparking

*important for take off & landing of aircraft to be in same direction to prevent head-on collisions

Airport value chain aircraft

passenger Arrival terminal

Transport from terminal

Transport to terminal

deboarding + cargo/baggage unloading Baggage Reclaim Turnaround process refueling + cabin cleaning/ catering + technical check

Take-off / Landing

Passenger & Baggage Check-in

Customs

Retail & Lounges Departure terminal boarding + cargo/baggage loading

arrival departure transfer

Security Border Control

Landing

Take-off

Planning conventions | runway & taxiway Existing runway & taxiway network Runways and taxiways account the majority of an airport’s footprint. Constrained by an existing site context, environmental factors and emphasis on efficiency, airport planning fundamentally begins with the planning of runway orientation and taxiway network.

Morever, addition of runways and taxiways often proves difficult in land starved sites, often resulting in new standalone terminals separated by taxiways.

30 busiest European airports in 2017

Annual passengers

1 annual passengers (m) 2 no. of runways

< 30 mil

HEL

ARN

21 | 3

27 | 3

TXL

DUS

22 | 2

VIE

27 | 2

DME

30.7 | 2

OSL

MXP

23.5 | 2

PMI

27.5 | 2

BRU

24.6 | 2

STN

27.9 | 2

24.7 | 3

AYT

SAW

28 | 2

26.3 | 3

28.3 | 1

LIS

29 | 2

SVO

40.1 | 2

< 50 mil

CPH

30 | 3

ZRH

31.1 | 3

DUB

31.5 | 2

ORY

MUC

33.1 | 3

34.7 | 2

FCO

43 | 4

< 90 mil

BCN

50.2 | 3

MAD

57.9 | 4

ISL

68 | 3

FRA

70 | 4

AMS

71.1 | 6

CDG

72.2 | 4

LHR

80.1 | 2

D E S I GN ME TH OD OLOGY 1. Re t hinking con ven tion al layou t an d operation s of a n a i r po r t thro u gh te cto ni cs and tec hno lo g y of float ing st ruc t u re s 2. Enhanc ing passen ger experien ce t hro ug h t he seri e s of cu r a te d m o m e nts .

3. Desi gn i n g a catalogu e of specialized modu les t hrou gh o pe r a ti o na l re l a ti o nship s of an airp o r t to allo w modu lar ex pa n si o n

Rethinking operations | taxiway network Operation based network After decades of optimization, taxiway system and aircraft ground operation paths are becoming increasingly complex.

The open waters of the sea, relieved of site constraints, provides the opportunity to reconsider the complexity and efficiency of runways.

Initial diagram studies explore how different taxiway configurations and decentralised terminals allow for phased growth and efficient aircraft turnaround processes.

Initial taxiway system explorations 2. DEBOARDING + TURNAROUND SERVICES

6. RE-DOCKING OF EMPTY APRON UNIT 5. TAXIWAY LINE-UP 2. DEBOARDING + BAGGAGE DELOADING

AIRCRAFT MOVEMENT 1. EXITING RUNWAY RUNWAY 3. BOARDING

4. TAXIWAY LINE-UP

3. REFUELLING + CABIN CLEANING + INSPECTION

5. TAXIWAY LINE-UP

TAXIWAY

4. BOARDING + BAGGAGE LOADING

SUPPORT FACILITIES

ARRIVAL TERMINAL

DEPARTURE TERMINAL

DEPARTURE TERMINAL SUPPORT FACILITIES

BAGGAGE RECLAIM

BAGGAGE DROP & CHECK-IN

ARRIVING PASSENGER

ARRIVING PASSENGER

3. FERRY TO LAND + BAGGAGE RECLAIM

2. BOARDING

DEPARTING PASSENGER

2. BOARDING

DEPARTING PASSENGER 1. LANDING RUNWAY

RUNWAY

1. LANDING 2. DEBOARDING

MODULAR TERMINAL (ARRIVAL)

2. BOARDING

TAXIWAY

5. TAKE OFF

MODULAR TERMINAL (DEPARTURE) 1. FERRY FROM LAND + BAGGAGE DROP & CHECK-IN

FERRY UNITS

ROTATING APRON PLATFORM (ARRIVAL)

ARRIVING PASSENGER

2. DEBOARDING 2. DEBOARDING RUNWAY RUNWAY

1. LANDING 1. LANDING

TAXIWAY TAXIWAY

ARRIVAL TERMINAL

DETACHABLE DETACHABLE APRON PLATFORM APRON PLATFORM

DEPARTURE TERMINAL

ARRIVAL TERMINAL

FERRY UNIT

DEPARTURE TERMINAL

ARRIVAL TERMINAL DEPARTURE TERMINAL

ROTATING APRONS

FERRY UNIT

FERRY UNIT

1. FERRY FROM LAND + BAGGAGE DROP & CHECK-IN

radial taxiway network modular micro-terminals individual rotating aprons

ARRIVING PASSENGER

DEPARTING PASSENGER DEPARTING PASSENGER 3. TAKE OFF 3. TAKE OFF

TAXIWAY

2. BOARDING

3. FERRY TO LAND + BAGGAGE RECLAIM 3. FERRY TO LAND +

1. FERRY FROM LAND + BAGGAGE DROP & CHECK-IN 1. FERRY FROM LAND +

3. FERRY TO LAND + BAGGAGE RECLAIM

3. TAKE OFF

RUNWAY

DETACHABLE APRON PLATFORM 1. EXITING RUNWAY

SUPPORT FACILITIES

2. DEBOARDING

AIRCRAFT MOVEMENT

TAXIWAY

ROTATING APRON PLATFORM (ARRIVAL) ARRIVAL TERMINAL

ROTATING APRON PLATFORM (DEPARTURE)

3. REFUELLING + CABIN CLEANING + INSPECTION 2. DEBOARDING + BAGGAGE DELOADING

RUNWAY

1. EXITING RUNWAY

TAXIWAY ROTATING APRON PLATFORM (ARRIVAL)

4. BOARDING + BAGGAGE LOADING

AIRCRAFT MOVEMENT

modular micro-terminal shared rotating apron individual closed loop taxiway

modular micro-terminal rotating, detachable apron platforms open-network taxiway

advantages possible expansion through further branch connections easy terminal expansion along circular taxiway

reduced taxi-ing time easy terminal expansion along circular taxiway

less taxiways required possible expansion through further branch connections

expansion limited along runway operational hiccup affects downstream operations

added complexity of water traffic caused by detachable apron units operational hiccup affects downstream operations

disadvantages complex taxiway network significant taxi-ing period taxiway bottleneck implications

Rethinking operations | aircraft processes Turnaround process Apart from taxi-ing, the turnaround time of aircrafts is critical to the operation cost of an airline and efficiency of an airport. Conventionally, aircrafts are parked on the apron where turnaround process occurs between deboarding and boarding of passengers, while occupying the boarding gate the entire time.

The turnaround process is scheduled such that various specialised land vehicles service the aircraft concurrently while housekeeping and catering are carried out.

Gantt chart of A320neo turnaround time

*conventional aircrafts are designed for passengers boarding on the left (design constraint)

Specialized turnaround module Separating the turnaround station allows the boarding gate to be twice as efficient (seen from Gantt chart below). In addition, ground service vehicles can be replaced by elevated platforms to further optimize turnaround duration. Service ferries easily access for refuelling and restocking without a need for complex ground circulation. landing to takeoff time comparison

proposed turnaround process electrical power unit

42.2 min

turnaround at boarding gate

fuel refill unit water service unit

turnaround at separate station

catering resupply unit de-boarding

turnaround

boarding

lavatory servicing unit

separate turnaround modules with elevated servicing platforms

Rethinking operations | taxiway network Proposed taxiway system Initial explorations of branching networks, rotating aprons and individual closed-loop taxiway looked into easy future expansion, reducing operation time as well as simplifying ground operations.

These 3 principles inform the eventual taxiway system through future integration with the runway.

1. conventional vehicular access from landside

2. ferry access on both sides

3. decentralized terminals for phased growth

runway arrival module

apron

departure module

4. lifting runway to create main taxiway under

5. specialized modules for densification

taxiway

Overall modular system

fuel storage

taxiway network

turnaround services departure terminal B

centralized commercial spine

arrival terminal departure terminal A

passenger terminal turnaround module hangar module

overhead runway

Rethinking operations | overall system in context

Enhancing experience | ferry experience

Landside ferry terminals along the city coast provide multiple points of access directly to the boarding gates to minimize walking distances.

In addition to the scenic commute, automated check-in counters on board streamline passenger and baggage check-ins to minimize waiting times.

ferry access from land ferry access to land

Enhancing experience | passenger journey

Departing sequence

ferry to departure terminal

security check

Onboard passenger and baggage self check-ins reduce waiting time.

Direct access to boarding gate upon security checks & customs on level 1.

taxi-ing

aircraft deboarding

Arriving aircrafts are guided to the arrival terminal by electrical towing units on the taxiway network.

Arrival gate is situated less than 1 minuteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s walk away from ferry boarding towards the city.

Arriving sequence

boarding gate waiting area

aircraft boarding

Expansive waiting area allows clear wayfinding with a view of all aircraft operations.

Intimate terminal design engages the aircraft at a humanized scale, providing a new travel experience.

transit/retail corridor

ferry access to city

The retail corridor under the runway on the second level provides entertainment for transiting passengers.

Waiting area for the ferry looks into the sea under the wings of taxi-ing aircrafts.

Adaptive growth

Prefabrication of buoyant modular sub-assemblies in offshore dry docks are transported and assembled on site to reduce construction time and costs.

Phased expansions can be carried out to accomodate future growth with minimal disruption to existing airport operations by adding on terminal and service module to existing infrastructure.

1. fabrication at dry docks

2. towing to site

3. assembling structural modules on open sea

4. ballasting for stability

5. assembling & welding beams & trusses

6. installing runway decks & aircraft rails

7. de-ballasting to desired water line

8. insertion of terminal modules

1 : 750 systems model

1 : 150 detail model

TRUMAN NG trumanngwc@gmail.com +65 94550121