HANDBOOK TERRARIUM
Tropical company has been present in the zoological market in Poland and in more than 80 countries around the world for over 45 years. We have been using our long experience in food composition and production to create a wide range of reptile foods. It includes not only ready-made foods in the form of extruded granules, but also an interesting line of natural foods – dried and freeze-dried. Our offer is complemented by dietary supplements, care products for reptiles and terrarium substrates.
In order to introduce you to the world of terrarium hobby and to make our offer easier to use, we have prepared this Terrarium Handbook. However, we would like to emphasize that this booklet is not intended as a textbook. It will not answer all the questions of people who want to start their terrarium adventure. We only briefly describe selected issues that beginners usually have to research on their own, reaching to professional literature and exploring thematic websites. Please pay special attention to the applicable legislation.
Tropical tips
Many of the reptile species available to hobbyists have been given legal protection through an international treaty restricting transboundary trade in various species of plants and animals threatened with extinction in the wild and the products made from them – CITES. Animals offered for sale need proper documentation to prove their legal origin. If you are going to buy such a species of reptile, check its status and what conditions you need to meet to become its owner. For details, visit www.cites.org, www.iucn.org.
1. INTRODUCTION
In terraria, we can keep a wide range of species from different groups: all kinds of invertebrates (arachnids, molluscs, crustaceans, myriapods, insects), amphibians, reptiles, and even small mammals. Amphibians are the link between the world of aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates, as they were the first to come out on land. Reptiles are a living reminder of the time when dinosaurs ruled the Earth. Modern living toads, frogs, salamanders, crocodiles, turtles, lizards and snakes are loved for their unusual appearance, attractive colours and interesting habits. The world of invertebrates is rich in fabulously colourful arachnids, mantises, phasmids and beetles of various shapes.
However, it is important to remember that animals kept in terrariums do not meet the requirements most people have for domestic pets. Although some of them can be tamed and recognize the owner and associate him or her with food, you can’t count on a strong bond forming between the animal and the caretaker. In the vast majority of cases, we will not teach them tricks or how to respond to a name. If future keepers of a tortoise, lizard or snake are aware of this and do not expect attachment from their animals, they will certainly avoid disappointment, and terraristics will introduce them to the extremely interesting world of animals.
Those for whom observation alone is not enough will surely find species that they can pick out of the terrarium from time to time to interact with them more closely. However, the vast majority are animals that don’t like to be taken out of their hiding places very often. Before buying the species of your dream amphibian or reptile, it is essential to know its living requirements. Such knowledge will allow you to prepare the appropriate aquaterrarium/terrarium equipped with all necessary accessories. It’s best to start with non-aggressive species, well adapted to terrarium life and known for their resistance
Green anole (Anolis carolinensis) is one of the smaller lizards, and it is relatively easy to keep.
and low food requirements, such as: African mantis (Sphodromantis gastrica), curlyhair tarantula (Tliltocatl albopilosus), Euscorpius italicus, spiny leaf insect (Extatosoma tiaratum), axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), oriental fire-bellied toad (Bombina orientalis), tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum), corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus), the African house snake (Boaedon fuliginosus), crested gecko (Correlophus ciliatus), leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius), central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps), Chinese water dragon (Physignathus cocincinus), green anole (Anolis carolinensis) or semi-aquatic turtles (such as Chinese pond turtle (Mauremys reevesii)).
The best option is to buy your pet in a specialist pet shop or directly from a breeder recommended by other hobbyists. This strategy eliminates the danger that your new pet will be in bad shape and the adventure with terrarium hobby will start with struggling with their illness. A good idea is to visit local fairs and terrarium exhibitions, where you can always meet breeders, other hobbyists and ask them about practical aspects of breeding the group of animals you are interested in. Such conversations are a valuable source of knowledge.
Signs of poor condition or disease may include:
• extreme leanness
• fattening
• presence of parasites (e.g. mites)
• the lack of reaction to the environment
• soiled cloacal region
• skin inflammations
• sunken or suppurating eyes
• nasal discharge
• deformations
The Chinese water dragon (Physignathus cocincinus) requires a spacious, moist terrarium with a water section.
2. PREPARING THE TERRARIUM
Young green iguanas (Iguana iguana) look adorable, but over several years of proper breeding they grow into a strong and often temperamental dragons. They require huge terrariums.
Once you have decided which species of reptile will live with you under one roof and you have collected all the necessary knowledge about it, you can proceed to arrange a suitable tank. The size, mobility and lifestyle of the future inhabitants should always be taken into account when choosing a terrarium, as this determines its dimensions and shape. For animals that spend their lives in trees or like climbing rocks, choose vertical terrariums, where you can place branches, fragments of tree bark or even create structural background and walls for animals to climb over. For terrestrial animals that live in open spaces, an adequate bottom surface will be most important, which suggests the terrarium should be oriented horizontally. Its arrangement should be well thought-out to make sure cleaning and daily maintenance would not be too difficult. It is necessary to plan secluded places –hiding places – where the animal can hide.
However, they should be arranged in such a way as to allow monitoring the animal and reacting quickly in case of any worrying symptoms. In all types of terraria, zones with different temperatures must be created to allow these ectothermic animals to regulate their body temperature. Many terraria will also require the source of ultraviolet radiation – UVA and UVB, where the latter is responsible for the synthesis of vitamin D3, hence calcium management in the body and bone and shell formation. Remember to use products and equipment designed specifically for terrariums. We can only give up sources of valuable UV radiation when keeping invertebrates, snakes and species with an extremely nocturnal lifestyle. Good ventilation is also essential. There are different types of terrariums depending on the environment to be recreated.
2.1. DRY TERRARIUM – DESERT OR STEPPE
Dry terrariums are designed for animals living in deserts, semi-deserts and steppes. They are easy to arrange and maintain as long as you use the right materials. To arrange them you usually use structural substrates based on sand with clay, such as Terraclay, which can be used in combination with Bioterra coconut fiber, very fine gravel, stones, fragments of bark and roots. The sand- and clay-based substrates allow for free-forming when wet, and when dry form a compact floor, while retaining the necessary moisture well in the deeper layers. Exactly like it happens in nature. This can be used to create burrows and tunnels where animals feel safe. Make sure that
sand and gravel have a rounded grain shape (therefore products from reliable manufacturers will be the best), and stones and roots do not have sharp edges. Succulents such as stonecrop, aloes, dracaena or sansevieria can provide some variety but avoid plants with thorns and prickles, which can be dangerous to animals. In this type of terrarium it is extremely important to create zones with different temperatures – hot and cold. Here we also use the strongest UV light sources available on the terrarium market. However, remember to protect the heat sources so that animals will not be able to touch them.
Spiny-tailed monitor (Varanus acanthurus) is an increasingly popular and undemanding species to keep. It reaches small sizes, therefore setting up a desert terrarium for it should not be very problematic.
RED / YELLOW / BROWN
Terraclay is a structural substrate based on sand and clay with calcium carbonate. It has been developed with the highest quality standards and without the addition of artificial colorants or binders. Intended for recreating the natural environment for desert and steppe animals. Ensures the maintenance of proper conditions, including humidity, and allows for replicating the natural microclimate of underground burrows. It perfectly absorbs water and retains it in deeper layers. It also minimizes the negative effects of eating the substrate by the animals. In addi-
tion, it makes it easier to keep the terrarium clean – animal feces and food debris are easier to remove from the compact surface than from loose sand.
Terraclay can be used dry or wet. It allows to shape and combine elements of terrarium decor, prepare structural backgrounds and underground burrows. Dry substrate forms a hard and compact structure in which animals can still dig. Thus, it encourages animals’ natural habits. After wetting, it becomes plastic and can be remodeled again. Available in 3 color versions – red, yellow and brown.
The common collared lizard (Crotaphytus collaris) is one of the most beautifully colored lizards. It inhabits desert and semi-desert areas in the western US and Mexico.
The central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) loves to dig burrows where it can hide from predators and strong sun.
Orange baboon tarantula (Pterinochilus murinus) is an easy-to-breed spider, but because of its speed, it is recommended for those with experience with tarantulas.
Scorpions of the genus Androctonus spp. are extremely beautiful and interesting, but also highly venomous animals.
The claws on the paws of the rock monitor (Varanus albigularis) enable it to dig through the hard, compacted soil of termites in search of food and shelter.
Red-tailed green ratsnake (Gonyosoma oxycephalum) is one of the most beautiful non-venomous snakes. It requires a moist terrarium with vertical orientation.
2.2. WET TERRARIUM – TROPICAL
In a moist terrarium you can arrange a section of a tropical jungle. Here you should install UVB sources of lower power than in desert terrariums. A small water tank, a waterfall or an automatic sprinkler system are essential accessories for this type of terrarium. Only in very small tanks manual spraying and a bowl of water placed inside will be enough. Live plants are also indispensable. Remember to plant only species known to be non-toxic if ingested by animals. Many professional guidebooks and websites list which plants are suitable and which should be avoided. However, you should know that keeping them in great shape can be difficult with some reptile species. In humid terrariums, special coconut substrates such as Bioterra or Cocochips are usually used as bedding for the animals and substrate for the plants.
Bioterra is a natural substrate in the form of shredded coconut fibre. The product is free of chemical additives, which guarantees safe use in terrariums with even most delicate animals. Bioterra comes in the form of a briquette, which is made by pressing ground coconut fibre. Before use, it should be flooded with about 3-4 litres of water, which will give you about 8 litres of ready substrate. The delicate, moist substrate obtained in this way can be used in terraria with amphibians and reptiles of tropical forests, in breeding of arachnids and in insectaria. It can be used alone or in combination with other terrarium substrates. Bioterra is also an excellent, loosening component of mixed substrates for plants.
Cocochips is a natural substrate in the form of small cubes made of coconut shells. It is free of chemical additives, which guarantees safe use in terrariums with even most delicate animals. Cocochips comes in the form of a briquette, which is made by pressing fragments of coconut husk. Before use, it should be flooded with about 3-4 litres of water. The moist substrate (about 4 l) obtained in this way can be used in terraria with amphibians and reptiles of tropical forests and in breeding of invertebrates. It can be used alone or in combination with other terrarium substrates. Cocochips is also an excellent, loosening component of substrates for exotic plants (especially epiphytes such as orchids).
Bromelias are mostly epiphytic plants, growing over other plants. Their root system is poorly or very poorly developed. Rainwater is collected in rosettes, in hollows, at the base of the leaves, and stored there. Amphibians use these micro tanks for reproduction.
Did you know that
some plants grow without soil? Their root system has undergone retraction or other modification, allowing them to grow high above the ground in humid climates, overgrowing other plants such as shrubs and trees. They are not parasites, as they are able to feed themselves through photosynthesis. They obtain water from moist air or rain, and they also derive nitrogenous compounds from air and detritus, dead invertebrates, or feces. Epiphytes, as this group of plants is called, are great as tropical terrarium decor. The most popular are tillandsias and many species of ferns and orchids. One such orchid-epiphyte is the well-known vanilla orchid – Vanilla planifolia
Epiphytes are most common in cloud forests growing in tropical mountain ranges where humidity is close to 100%, such as the Monteverde Cloud Forest in Costa Rica or the Ruwenzori Cloud Forest in Uganda.
2.3. AQUATERRARIUM (PALUDARIUM)
Aquaterraria are usually aquaria with a separate land zone or terraria with a significant separate water part, sometimes even bigger than the rest of the tank. The area of the land part depends on the requirements of specific species. While some animals spend most of their time in the water, others like to bask on land between one bath and another. However, regardless of the preference of a specific species, the animal should be able to conveniently leave water (such a place should be neither too steep nor too slippery). In terrarium with reptiles heat and UVB sources in the form of terrarium bulbs and radiant heaters should be installed above the land section. A suitable temperature for other animals can be achieved by using heating mats and cables.
In aquaterrariums, it is extremely important to keep the water clean and in this respect appropriate, efficient aquarium filters will do the job. Frequent, periodic water changes are also necessary, so especially with large tanks it is worth considering the installation of drains that make draining water easier. It is worth using tap water conditioners and water treatment products with bacteria such as Tropical Bacto-Active, which accelerate the decomposition of organic substances and support biological filtration, and Tropical Nitri-Active, a product with nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria, which are responsible for the transformation of toxic ammonia. In this type of tank it is important that the water is not warmer than the air above it, otherwise your animals may develop colds. However, it can’t be too cold either.
The Vietnamese three-striped box turtle (Cuora cyclornata) is one of Asia’s most endangered species. Fortunately, it is successfully bred in captivity.
3. BASICS OF PROPER REPTILE CARE
Most health problems developed by reptiles are the effect of improper care, most importantly poor diet and improper living conditions. This is why it is so important to get to know the requirements of your pet as potential mistakes can have dangerous and irreversible consequences. Apart from bad diet, a common mistake is letting pets roam freely in your apartment. The consequences include mechanical injuries, colds, deformation of limbs (slippery floor), and even poisoning. Animals kept in a terrarium may suffer if their keeper does not take care of the right temperature and humidity for the species and does not maintain hygiene in the terrarium. When feeding fresh plant foods or feeder insects, adequate mineral and vitamin supplementation will be necessary. If you meet all these basic requirements of your animal you will enjoy a healthy pet for years to come.
Hermann’s tortoise (Testudo hermanni). A healthy tortoise has clear, wide-open eyes and nostrils free of secretions. It is strong and it can lift its body on its limbs.
4. REPTILES FEEDING
4.1. TORTOISES
The most common tortoises kept in terraria include Hermann’s tortoise (Testudo hermanni), Greek tortoise (Testudo graeca), marginated tortoise (Testudo marginata) and Russian tortoise (Testudo horsfieldii). The diet of these species is dominated by plant-based ingredients – especially grasses, herbs and flowers. Fruits and vegetables are definitely a smaller part of the diet and you cannot base solely on them. Especially for this group we have developed Biorept L – a multi-ingredient food in the form of extruded sticks for everyday feeding. The proper composition of selected natural raw materials of plant origin covers the nutritional requirements of herbivorous tortoises. Its formula is based on grasses, including timothy-grass, which makes the food very tasty. The addition of dandelion, narrowleaf plantain and marigold flowers provides valuable nutrients and attractive aroma. Excellent taste of sticks encourage animals to feed. Reduced protein and increased fibre levels ensure healthy and balanced soft tissue growth in
Timothy grass (Phleum pratense L.)
Thanks to its high palatability and digestibility all the foods containing timothy are highly nutritious, aromatic and willingly eaten by the animals.
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
It has a diuretic effect, which helps the turtle’s body to remove harmful waste products. It facilitates digestion and has an anti-inflammatory effect.
relation to the tortoises bones and the correct formation of their shells. Adequate calcium to phosphorus ratio (2:1), vitamin, micro- and macroelements content prevents the development of rickets.
Try also Reptiles Herbivore – soft food with herbs and flowers for herbivorous and omnivorous reptiles.
Narrowleaf plantain (Plantago lanceolata)
It is extremely desirable in the diet of tortoises due to its high content of dietary fibre, which determines a proper diet.
Marigold blossom (Calendula officinalis)
It shows anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. It contains triterpenes that stimulate digestion, as well as essential oils, polysaccharides and flavonoids that are considered natural antioxidants.
4.2. AQUATIC AND SEMI-AQUATIC TURTLES
Most popular species kept in terraria include ornamental turtles, Chinese turtles, river cooters, northern red-bellied cooters, common musk turtles, African helmeted turtles, West African mud turtles and softshell turtles. Aquatic and semi-aquatic turtles are omnivorous or carnivorous. Their basic food is all kinds of molluscs, crustaceans, insects, fish, amphibians and their larvae as well as algae and aquatic plants. To satisfy their nutritional needs, we have Biorept W – a multi-ingredient food in the form of sticks for everyday feeding. It contains the addition of crustaceans, including gammarus, enriching the food with valuable protein, chitin and unsaturated fatty acids (Omega-3 and Omega-6).
Spotted pond turtles (Geoclemys hamiltonii) are some of the prettiest semi-aquatic turtles. Due in part to uncontrolled and illegal trade, this species is threatened with extinction in the wild.
The food has been enriched with Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Fly) larvae. It is a valuable raw material rich in essential amino acids, fatty acids, macronutrients and trace elements. It contains highly digestible calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, which play an important role in the development and maintenance of bones. It has a favorable ratio of calcium to phosphorus, rarely observed in other insects. The calcium concentration in Hermetia illucens is much higher than in milk. Excellent flavor of extruded sticks encourages animals to feed. Vitamins and trace elements ensure proper development of the skeleton and shell of turtles, preventing deformations and other serious health problems. Turtles fed regularly with Biorept W develop properly and stay in
Did you know that
predatory aquatic turtles have a sharp horny ridges instead of teeth, which they use to grab prey and cut off bites of food? An exception is the secretive mata mata tortoise (Chelus fimbriata), which has neither teeth nor any sharp horny ridges. It hunts prey from its hidden place, and when any fish comes near its mouth it opens it and sucks in huge quantities of water along with the prey, thanks to the negative pressure created by the rapid expansion of its mouth and neck.
excellent condition. Intended for feeding the following species: Apalone, Chrysemys, Clemmys, Deirochelys, Glyptemys, Graptemys, Kinosternon, Malaclemys, Mauremys, Pelodiscus, Trachemys, Sternotherus
The menu of semi-aquatic turtles and aquatic turtles can be varied with dried or freeze-dried foods for reptiles from Natural Line (see table on page 32).
Try also Reptiles Carnivore – a soft food for carnivorous and omnivorous reptiles.
Mata mata (Chelus fimbriata).
4.3. AXOLOTL
The axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), also known as the Mexican walking fish, is an amphibian known for its so-called neoteny, the ability of larvae to reproduce sexually. The axolotl spends its entire life as an aquatic larval form (tadpole) and never develops into an adult. Nevertheless, it reproduces sexually at this stage. Historically, under natural conditions, this ambystoma was found
in two lakes: Xochimilco and Chalco, at an altitude of 2300 m. Currently, its range is limited to Lake Xochimilco and the surrounding wetlands. Wild individuals come in various shades of brown. Among amateurs most popular are leucistic forms – with creamy white body and dark eyes, and the albino forms – with yellow body and red eyes. Their gills, regardless of the variety, come in
Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is nothing more than a tadpole of the Mexican salamander, which never undergoes metamorphosis and reproduces sexually in the larval stage.
A wild, natural colour variety of axolotl. Apart from the albino form, several other colour varieties are known.
shades of pink and red. Pale, poorly feathered gills may indicate insufficient oxygenation and high water temperature. These animals prefer cooler water with a temperature of no more than 22oC, which can be troublesome to maintain on hot summer days. In the wild, axolotls hunt for small aquatic invertebrates (mainly insect larvae), but they will also eat fish and amphibians. In aquariums, they are usually fed with bloodworms, tubifex, earthworms and frozen fish and crustaceans. For Mexican walking fish we have prepared Axolotl Sticks – sinking sticks containing among others fish, molluscs and crustaceans, which are the source of easily assimilable high quality animal protein. Adequately balanced composition of vitamins and minerals ensures proper growth and development of animals and the addition of astaxanthin and pepper extract intensifies their coloration. Natural immune stimulator, beta-glucan, enhances amphibians’ immune system and facilitates regeneration. Axolotl Sticks can also be used for feeding Iberian ribbed newts, African clawed frogs and other aquatic amphibians.
4.4. TRIOPS
Triops are small freshwater crustaceans. They inhabit periodically drying reservoirs almost all over the globe. Thanks to their interesting way of breeding, unusual appearance and easy care they have a great number of lovers, also among the youngest hobbyists. To make feeding them easier we have prepared a multi-ingredient food Triops in the form of fine, sinking granules. Thanks to its varied composition with a high proportion of protein from fish and aquatic invertebrates you can be sure that your pet will receive all the necessary nutrients. Beta-glucan enhances their natural immunity and well-balanced ingredients encourage proper growth and development
Triops (Triops spp.).
4.5. SOFT LINE SOFT FOODS FOR REPTILES
Feeding reptiles is not as easy as it may seem. Many carnivorous species of reptiles accept only live or frozen (thawed) foods. Herbivorous reptiles’ diet is also based mostly on fresh ingredients. These foods are not always available and due to the enormously varied and rich diet of wild animals, they will not provide all the necessary nutrients and animals will need supplementation with mineral and vitamin products. New Soft Line foods for reptiles are a unique combination of soft granules with ingredients such as dried crickets and mealworms (for carnivorous reptiles) and dried herbs and flowers (for herbivorous reptiles). These additional components also have soft texture, and hence are more readily accepted by animals.
Due to their soft texture and a wide range of components Soft Line foods ensure convenient feeding that matches habits presented by the animals in the wild.
NATURAL ADDITIVES IN FOOD
marigold blossom
parsley
dandelion leaf
blackberry leaf
Did you know that
in equatorial forests it rains practically every day and the humidity is close to 100%?
The temperature throughout the year practically does not fall below 20oC, and daily temperature differences between day and night rarely exceed 5oC. Sunrise and sunset occur very rapidly, because at the equator the seasons of dusk and dawn are very short, and night and day last equally twelve hours each. These areas have the greatest diversity of life forms. One type of such forest is cloud forests, such as Monteverde Cloud Forest in Costa Rica or the Ruwenzori National Park on the Congo-Uganda border.
Fiji banded iguana (Brachylophus fasciatus) is a beautiful, herbivorous lizard whose diet, especially when young, should be supplemented from time to time with insects.
4.5.1. REPTILES CARNIVORE
It’s a multi-ingredient food with dried mealworms and dried crickets intended for everyday feeding of carnivorous and omnivorous reptiles. The main components of the food is extruded sticks, which include fish, shrimps, krill and gammarus. The food also contains chitin, which regulates digestion. The correct calcium/phosphorus ratio prevents rickets, and with carefully selected levels of protein, fat, fibre, vitamins and trace elements, the food prevents deficiencies of these substances and keeps reptiles in excellent condition. Thanks to its soft texture the food is readily accepted by the animals.
Particularly recommended in feeding: monitor lizards, tegus, bearded dragons, Chinese water dragons, frilled-necked dragons, tiliquas, girdled lizards, aquatic and semi-aquatic turtles, red-footed tortoise, horned frogs and toads.
Chinese water dragon (Physignathus cocincinus).
Horned frog (Ceratophrys sp.).
Diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin).
4.5.2. REPTILES HERBIVORE
It’s a multi-ingredient food with added dandelion leaves, blackberry leaves, marigold flowers and parsley leaves, for everyday feeding of herbivorous and omnivorous reptiles. The main component of the food is extruded sticks, which include alfalfa, grasses and fruit. The correct calcium/phosphorus ratio prevents rickets, and with carefully selected levels of protein, fat, fibre, vitamins and trace elements, the food prevents deficiencies of these substances and keeps reptiles in excellent condition. Thanks to its soft texture it is more readily accepted by the animals.
Particularly recommended in feeding: bearded dragons, spiny-tailed lizards, herbivorous tortoises (Mediterranean, Hermann’s tortoise, Russian tortoise, Kleinmann’s tortoise, marginated tortoise, African spurred tortoise, leopard tortoise, Indian star tortoise), red-footed tortoise, iguanas (green, Cuban rock iguana).
Central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps).
Spiny-tailed lizard (Uromastyx nigriventris).
African spurred tortoise (Centrochelys sulcata).
Green iguana (Iguana iguana).
Did you know that
the defensive strategy of playing dead is the domain of some snake species? Some grass snakes (Natrix spp.) exhibit this behaviour, but the popular terrestrial western hognose snake (Heterodon nasicus) is also well known for this behaviour. It often first tries to frighten an attacker by flattening the front part of its body, puffing up and hissing alternately. Eventually it bends its body, writhing and turning over on its dorsal side pretending to be dead, emitting a foul smelling odour in the process.
The same behavior of the grass snake (Natrix helvetica).
The western hognose snake (Heterodon nasicus) pretending to be dead.
Western hognose snake (Heterodon nasicus).
Did you know that
until recently, venom in reptiles was thought to be found only in snakes and members of the genus Heloderma? However, it turns out that it is also present in many species of monitor lizard. Not all of them have been studied yet, but it is already certain that these animals can produce it in their venom glands, which come from evolutionarily transformed salivary glands. Venom in monitor lizards may serve four functions: defence, aid in hunting, aid in digestion, and aid in oral hygiene. The theory attributing deaths after the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) bites to toxins from a specific bacterial flora inhabiting the mouths of these animals is a myth.
The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) is the largest lizard in the world. Recent research indicates that these reptiles are venomous.
The Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) and its cousin, the Mexican beaded lizard, were until recently considered the only venomous lizards.
4.5.3. BIOREPT SUPREME YOUNG
It’s a soft food with the addition of probiotic for young and growing aquatic and semi-aquatic turtles, including: Batagur, Chrysemys, Cuora, Glyptemys, Graptemys, Mauremys, Trachemys, Ocadia, Malaclemys, Clemmys, Cyclemys, Kinosternon, Sternotherus, Claudius, Rhinoclemmys, Apalone, Pelodiscus, Chelydra, Macrochelys with a carapace length of at least 4 cm. Its soft texture
4.5.4. BIOREPT SUPREME ADULT
Food with the addition of probiotic for adult semi-aquatic turtles, including: Batagur, Chrysemys, Cuora, Glyptemys, Graptemys, Trachemys, Pseudemys, Mauremys, Ocadia, Malaclemys, Clemmys, Cyclemys, Kinosternon, Rhinoclemmys, Sternotherus, Claudius. Soft texture resembles foods that turtles eat in the wild. Probiotic in the form of viable endospores of Bacillus subtilis bacteria stabilizes intestinal microflora,
resembles foods that turtles eat in the wild. Probiotic in the form of viable endospores of Bacillus subtilis bacteria stabilizes intestinal microflora, which improves food utilization, reducing unpleasant odour of faeces and water pollution. Hermetia illucens larvae are a source of essential amino acids and calcium and phosphorus in a favourable ratio not found in other insects. Fish, crustaceans (krill 10%, shrimps 10%) and molluscs (squid 6%) with their exceptional aroma encourage turtles to feed. A high level of protein with an appropriate calcium/phosphorus ratio (2:1) satisfies the nutritional requirements of growing turtles and supports the proper structure of their shell. Astaxanthin added to the food stimulates natural coloration in turtles. Food can be successfully fed to large predatory fish.
which improves food utilization, reducing unpleasant odour of faeces and water pollution. Optimal protein, fat and fibre levels are in line with dietary preferences of adult semi-aquatic turtles and keep them in excellent condition. Narrowleaf plantain and dandelion provide valuable plant substances that have a positive effect on turtles’ bodies. Hermetia illucens larvae are a source of essential amino acids and calcium and phosphorus in a favourable ratio not found in other insects. Fish, crustaceans (shrimps 8%, krill 2%) and molluscs (squid 3%) with their exceptional aroma encourage turtles to feed. Adequate calcium to phosphorus ratio (2:1), and rich content of vitamin, micro and macroelements prevents development of rickets. Astaxanthin added to the food stimulates natural coloration in turtles. Food can be successfully fed to large omnivorous fish.
Chinese turtle (Mauremys reevesii).
Did you know that
geckos have hundreds of tiny microscopic hairs on their toes that allow them to move on flat, smooth, vertical surfaces? They are called lamellae. They are made up of micro structures resembling overlapping flat slats, equipped with hundreds of thousands of even smaller hairs with hooks. These structures are so small that they easily catch and resist even the irregularities of the glass pane. Recent studies have shown that this mechanism takes place at the molecular level and van der Waals forces are involved. This allows these reptiles to move smoothly on vertical surfaces, even bamboo shoots, large leaves or terrarium glass. This is one of the characteristics that distinguishes geckos from eublepharid geckos. The common leopard gecko does not have lamellaes on its toes.
Magnified top side of the foot of giant day gecko (Phelsuma grandis).
Magnified surface area of tokay gecko’s (Gekko gecko) foot.
Tropical tips
Before buying any reptile, spend some time getting reliable information. Keep in mind that you must first prepare the terrarium and check its functionality, only then can you go get your pet. Never do it the other way around! Reptiles are extremely susceptible to stress of transportation. Acclimatization to new conditions must be carried out immediately in a properly arranged terrarium, in which the reptile feels safe and comfortable.
The movable eyelids and lack of lamellae of the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) distinguish it from proper geckos.
Absence of movable eyelids in crested gecko (Correlophus ciliatus).
Giant day geckos (Phelsuma grandis), unlike other geckos, have a diurnal lifestyle. Apart from insects, they feed on fruit pulp and flower nectar. They are a very interesting object of observation.
4.6. CRESTED GECKOS AND OTHER INSECT- AND FRUIT-EATING REPTILES
The crested gecko (Correlophus ciliatus) is a lizard native to New Caledonia, a region characterized by its humid tropical forests. These forests serve as the natural habitat for crested geckos and other endemic reptile species. In recent years, the crested gecko has gained popularity as a pet, thanks to its remarkable, dragon-like yet charming appearance, its wide variety of color forms, and its small size. Its gentle nature, relative ease of feeding and breeding, and high availability in the market further contribute to its appeal.
Crested geckos do not require large terrariums or energy-intensive heat lamps. With a properly supplemented diet, they can thrive without a specialized UVB light source, as they are nocturnal animals, active from dusk to dawn. During the day, they remain hidden among leaves or in branch hollows, typically near the ground at low altitudes. At night, they emerge to search for food or a breeding
These geckos do not need to be regularly fed live insects, as they thrive on commercially available, balanced foods like Gecko , which is prepared as a mousse. However, offering live insects can provide dietary enrichment, an additional protein source, and stimulation of natural behaviors. With proper care, crested geckos are relatively long-lived, often reaching 15 to 20 years of age.
Crested gecko (Correlophus ciliatus).
Gargoyle gecko (Rhacodactylus auriculatus).
Standing’s day gecko (Phelsuma standingi).
Giant day gecko (Phelsuma grandis).
Klemmer’s day gecko (Phelsuma klemmeri).
Gecko Cream is an exceptionally palatable and nutritious powdered food to be prepared as a mousse for insect- and fruit-eating geckos of the following genera: Correlophus (crested gecko), Rhacodactylus (gargoyle gecko, New Caledonian giant gecko), Phelsuma (giant day gecko, Klemmer’s day gecko, and others). It is available in three flavors: apricot , fig, strawberry.
The main ingredients of Gecko Cream include: Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Fly) larvae, silkworm pupae, mealworms, freeze-dried fruits, honey, pollen, minerals (including calcium), vitamins (including D3 and K) and other biologically active substances.
Peacock day gecko (Phelsuma quadriocellata).
4.7. NATURAL FOODS FOR REPTILES
One of the biggest problems in feeding carnivorous reptiles is the limited availability of animal food (live or frozen). In such a situation, it is indispensable to have at home convenient-to-store and easy-to-dose food, which has been obtained by drying or freeze-drying feeder animals.
- nutritional values of fresh fish - high palatability
- nutritional values of fresh insects
- chitin regulates digestion
- natural, high-energy food for reptiles - source of easily digestible protein
- nutritional values of fresh chironomid
- source of easily digestible protein
- pathogen-free food (freeze-drying destroys dangerous pathogens)
- nutritional values of fresh shrimps - high palatability
- chitin regulates digestion
- natural food for reptiles
- source of micro and macroelements
- chitin regulates digestion
- beta-carotene has a positive effect on the immune system and many physiological processes in animals
Dried Fish
fish
Crickets dried crickets ( Acheta domesticus)
MealWorms dried mealworms (Tenebrio molitor)
Gammarus
dried Gammarus pulex
FD BloodWorms
freeze-dried bloodworms (Chironomus)
larvae
River Shrimps
dried river shrimps
Did you know that
sex in the vast majority of reptile species is determined by external factors such as temperature? The sex of the hatchings does not depend on the genotype of the animal or the set of chromosomes it received from its parents through fertilization, but on the temperature range in which the egg develops. There are two mechanism: with one cut-off point (where one sex is formed at one extreme of the temperature range and the other at the other) as well as with two cut-off points (where one sex is born at both extremes, lower and upper, and intermediate values between them determine the opposite sex).
The tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) is one of the most popular gecko species, although due to its „hot” temperament it is not recommended to beginners.
Did you know that
snakes are deaf? They have no external auditory openings or inner ears, so they cannot hear sounds. They perceive information about approaching danger using their whole body, which is sensitive to vibrations of the ground and air, so they are able to sense vibrations caused by low-frequency sounds (bass, rumble). As a result, they are able to pick up information about an impending threat quickly enough to escape and take shelter safely. Snakes do not hunt humans and only bite as a last resort to defend themselves from an attacker! Please don’t kill them, and when you come across one, just leave it alone!
Papuan monitor (Varanus salvadorii) is also sometimes called the crocodile monitor because of its large and sharp teeth.
Did you know that
the Texas horned lizard living on a desert (Phrynosoma cornutum) can gush blood fromthe corner of its eye to frighten and temporarily blind a predator? Phrynosoma genusincludes 17 species, but not every species presents this defensive strategy. Ants make up the vast majority of their diet, which is one of the difficulties for terrarium keepers. The Texas horned lizard can eat up to several hundred of ants a day. These reptiles also have the ability to collect dew on their spiny body, the drops of which then flow down through a network of hollows and depressions between the scales straight into the lizard’s mouth.
The green tree pythons (Morelia viridis) are arboreal snakes that inhabit the moist evergreen forests of Papua New Guinea and are mainly active at night.
Cuvier’s dwarf caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus).
Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum).
5. CARE PRODUCTS FOR REPTILES MINERAL AND VITAMIN MIXTURES
Despite their caretakers’ efforts, reptiles living in terraria do not receive food as rich in minerals and vitamins as they would in their natural environment. Hobbyists generally do not have access to plants and animals typical of the area in which their reptiles originate, so they have to use substitutes that do not always cover the reptiles’ nutrient, vitamin, and macro- and micronutrient needs.
Access of reptiles to sunlight, which not only provides life-giving warmth, but also enables the production of vitamin D3, which is responsible for the calcium-phosphorus balance of the body, is also very important.
In terrarium conditions, the quality and length of UVB exposure is not always sufficient to ensure the production of satisfactory amount of vitamin D3. This is why supplements are so important in the diet of reptiles, because they complement it with essential vitamins and minerals. Proper mineral-vitamin balance improves appetite, vitality, condition and ability to fight against infections.
To make reptile care is easier we have developed a series of Vigorept – modern, supplementary mineral and vitamin-mineral mixtures. They come in the form of micronized powder, which makes them easy to administer as they effortlessly adhere to the surface of the food, including food insects. Regular calcium supplementation and appropriate vitamin supplementation ensure proper growth and development of reptiles and prevents rickets and turtle shell deformities, as well as other dangerous health effects of calcium, D3 and K deficiency. Vitamins enhance reptiles’ general condition, ensure proper functioning of their skin and its beautiful looks, especially during moulting period. The immune system of reptiles is activated by the natural immune stimulator beta-glucan, increasing their ability to defend against infections.
Young green iguanas (Iguana iguana) are really cute.
It’s a mineral mixture for reptiles and amphibians. It is intended for daily use – simply and effectively provides the calcium needed in the diet of reptiles and amphibians. If used regularly with Vigorept Multivit it ensures proper growth and development, prevents rickets (MBD) and other dangerous effects of calcium and phosphorus deficiency. It also prevents shell deformations in turtles. It contains varied sources of calcium, including organic calcium from Lithothamnium calcareum algae with high bioretention potential. Lithothamnium calcareum is also a source of natural, highly absorbable magnesium and other microelements. The form of micronized powder ensures good adhesion of the product to the surface of food insects and fresh plant foods.
5.1. VIGOREPT MINERAL 5.2. VIGOREPT MULTIVIT
It’s a vitamin-mineral mixture with prebiotic for reptiles and amphibians – it simply and effectively provides vitamins D3 and K and other valuable biologically active substances. If used regularly with Vigorept Mineral, it ensures proper growth and development. It also supports calcium absorption from the digestive tract, regulates its proper balance in the body and prevents rickets and deformities in reptiles and amphibians, as well as other dangerous effects of vitamins and minerals deficiency. It also prevents shell deformations in turtles. It has a high and at the same time safe content of vitamins D3 and K. The presence of vitamin D3 determines the absorption of
Did you know that
calcium from food into the blood, while vitamin K is responsible for the resorption of calcium from blood to bone. It contains beta-carotene, which is an antioxidant and a safe source of vitamin A. It also contains prebiotics, including beta-glucan and chicory root inulin, which are natural immune stimulators that increase digestion, vitality and defence against infection. Thanks to the presence of spirulina, chlorella and Kelp algae, it provides many essential amino acids, fatty acids and highly absorbable microelements. The form of micronized powder ensures good adhesion of the product to the surface of food insects and plant foods.
some organisms living in extremely dry and hot climates fall into a summer sleep, called estivation? It involves slowing down their vital processes due to the lack of activity and lowering their metabolic rate.
This way many animals, including reptiles and amphibians, but also fish (usually buried in dried mud, or in burrows in the ground and surrounded by a cocoon of mucus) can survive the adverse conditions caused by the lack of water and food and high temperatures. Species that enter estivation in summer include the Kleinmann’s tortoise (Testudo kleinmanni), the Mexican beaded lizard (Heloderma horridum) and the African bullfrog (Pyxicephalus adspersus).
Sand goanna (Varanus gouldii) is perfectly adapted to predation.
5.3. SANIREPT
When looking at the turtle we pay attention mostly to its protective shell – the most characteristic feature of this group of reptiles. What matters to hobbyists is the healthy appearance of the shell and its aesthetic qualities. A turtle’s shell is a reflection of its condition. Poor diet, vitamin and mineral deficiencies, and problems with kidneys loaded with excessive protein result in irreversible carapace deformities. Turtle shell is generally affected by many factors. The animals should be provided with appropriate living conditions (a spacious and clean terrarium, proper humidity, temperature and lighting as well as UVB radiation) and a varied and balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D3. The shell should be kept clean. We recommend refreshing the shell of tortoises with Sanirept with caryophyllus oil after each bath. This way it will remain glossy and healthy looking. Caryophyllus oil cares for the shell, removes impurities, refreshes and the substances contained in it have a nourishing effect.
Leopard tortoise (Stigmochelys pardalis).
Hermann’s tortoise (Testudo hermanni).
Did you know that
some amphibians reach enormous sizes? The Cane toad (Rhinella marina) or the African bullfrog (Pyxicephalus adspersus) are able to swallow an adult rat! The real amphibians giants include the Japanese and Chinese giant salamander, the socalled water dog, which feeds on crustaceans, fish and other amphibians, among other things. They reach about 1.5 m in length. These animals spend their entire lives in the water. They are threatened with extinction, mainly due to habitat loss caused by pollution and artificial river regulation.
Russian tortoise (Testudo (Agrionemys) horsfieldii)).
African bullfrog (Pyxicephalus adspersus).
Cane toad (Rhinella marina).
5.4.
OPHTALVIT-A CHELONIA
Ophtalvit-A Chelonia, a lavender-eyebright balm for reptiles’ skin and eyes, is an innovative Tropical product that uses well-documented properties of two medicinal plants: common eyebright and lavender. The inconspicuous eyebright is a treasury of valuable, biologically active substances. It contains, among others, phenolic acids, tannins and aucubin. Its active substances show anti-inflammatory and bacteriostatic effects, moreover, they seal blood vessels, preventing retinal bleeding. The common eyebright has been used in folk medicine for ages, and nowadays it is
The Chinese stripe-necked turtles (Mauremys sinensis), although great swimmers, love sunbathing. This should be kept in mind when arranging the land part.
an ingredient in many cosmetics and medical products designed for eye care with various problems. Active substances of lavender show anti-inflammatory properties and additionally accelerate regeneration of epidermis. The combination of extracts from these two plants in Ophtalvit-A Chelonia resulted in a high-class balm for the care of reptiles’ eyes, especially in cases of irritation of their delicate structures by dust, sand or inflammation caused by drafts. Ophtalvit-A Chelonia is also used to treat abraded or injured areas.
Did you know that
deserts have huge temperature fluctuations throughout the day? This difference can reach 40oC, when during the day the sun heats the air above the ground to 50oC, and at night it drops to near 0. This is because of the low humidity and virtually no water in this environment, which is slower to give off heat than rock or sand. The only chance for animals to replenish their water is through drops of morning dew, created by condensing the moisture that has accumulated over the desert during the night. The animals living there show most activity in the early morning and late afternoon.
The Namaqua chameleon (Chamaeleo namaquensis) has the ability to drink dewdrops from the surface of its body.
