Gendered Dimension of Sustainable Urban form

Gendered Dimension of Sustainable Urban Form Report submitted to WWF-India and NLU, Delhi for the partial fulfilment for the award of the certificate of POST‐GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND LAW (PGDUEML) May 2020-21 BATCH Tripti Tiwari 20/July/2021 CEL, WWF-India

National Law University, Delhi

172-B, Lodi Estate

Sector 14, Dwarka

NEW DELHI – 110 003

NEW DELHI – 110 078

Date 20/07/2021 DECLARATION I declare that the report entitled “Gendered Dimension of Sustainable Urban Form” submitted by me for partial fulfilment for the award of the certificate of Post Graduate Diploma in Urban Environmental Management and Law jointly offered by National Law University, Delhi and WWF-India is my own work. This report has not been submitted for any other degree/certificate in any Institute/University, whatsoever.

TRIPTI TIWARI

2

ACKNOWLEDGMENT I express my sincere gratitude to Ms. Vidhi Thukral for her supervision and valuable insight into my work. Her guidance and expertise have been precious to me. Also, my sincere thank to Mr. Sandeep Sharma for arranging webinars and providing informative resources.

Very special thanks to Ms. Tejasvita Tiwari for helping me to conduct a survey required for the research.

I would want to extend my gratitude to Ms. Vidhi Joshi for her suggestions, encouragement, and help in deciphering legal jargon.

My sincere thanks to urban planner and researchers Jennifer Gardner and Larissa Begault, their article on urban planning and gender equality is my inspiration for the research.

I would like to thank my fellow students and friends Shivani Agarwal and Darshna Rathore, and my family for their feedback, cooperation, criticism and support throughout the research and as well as in general. .

3

Contents Chapter 1 : Introduction

6

Chapter 2 : Let Us See Through a Gender Lens

8

1. Division of Labour

8

2. Pay Gap

9

3. Participation in making decisions

11

4. Legal and social discrimination

14

Chapter 3 : Public spaces and women as user Current scenarios-

16 16

Design perspective-

21

Behavioural / psychological perspective -

23

Chapter 4: Legal progress towards equality

26

Chapter 5: Gender and climate change

30

Women's Contribution to Climate Change Adaptation

31

Integration of a gender-sensitive approach into local climate policy-

31

Chapter 6: Case studies

32

1. Introduce obligational paternity leave to both men and women.

32

2. Include an intersectional feminist perspective in urban planning.

33

3. Event and venue guides to help address safety and security risks for women 34 4. A gender-based audit on Catalonian train stations to understand women’s perceptions of safety.

34 5. Gender Equality in Public Spaces.

35

6. Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project

36

Chapter 7: Conclusion

37

References

39

4

List of figures Figure 1 : Illustration by Pierluigi Longo Figure 2: women representation in parliaments in Asia Figure 3: women in the global workforce Figure 4: The level of discrimination in social institutions Figure 5: Street of Connaught Place, Delhi Figure 6: Paan Shop at Connaught Place, Delhi Figure 7: parking at Connaught Place, Delhi Figure 8: Park circus street, Kolkata Figure 9: Street in Kolkata Figure 10: Garer Math park, Kolkata Figure 11: Health of men and women affected by climate change

5

8 12 13 14 17 18 18 19 20 20 30

Chapter 1 : Introduction According to world health organization Gender refers to the characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially constructed. This includes norms, behaviours and roles associated with being a woman, man, girl or boy, as well as relationships with each other. As a social construct, gender varies from society to society and can change over time.

We have a long history of patriarchal society where women considered as less human than men. They being restricted from basic human rights like education, property, expression etc. even many time in general life and literature they don’t have their own identity, for example in the novel ‘Of Mice and Men’ by John Steinbeck in 1937, there is only one female character Curley’s wife, and in the whole novel not at once her name being mentioned, she always mentioned as Curley’s wife. So as we can see the gender inequality in social scenarios, women never had same respect and importance in society as men. About identity, in 21st century we still 50% of the time women pronounced as Miss or Mrs, when Ms should be used for every woman. And the introduction goes on with D/O or W/O with a man’s name, as there is no identity of your without a concerned man’s name. Moving forward to responsibilities and value it is estimated that women do 75% of the world’s total unpaid care work. In India, women spend 299 minutes a day on unpaid domestic services while men spend 97 minutes, according to the 2019 NSS report on time use. This inequality has a direct correlation with participation in the formal economy.

Since we have persistent gender bias in urban economics, inadequate infrastructure, violence against women in public places, and inadequate representation, Cities as public organization have an important role to establish gender equality.

The planning school of McGill University define urban planning as follows- “ Urban planning can be considered as technical and political process concerned with the welfare of people, control of the use of land, design of the urban environment including transportation and communication networks, and protection and enhancement of the natural environment.”

There are some factors that affect the gender ratio of user, like fear of violence unequal public amenities, inadequate public transport and lighting, etc.

6

Poor families live on a countable distance from city centre due to the affordability of housing. And have to travel in early morning and late evening hours for job and educational purpose (long travel time to cover the distance). Inadequate lighting , insufficient public transport and improper law enforcement, makes the daily travel uncomfortable and unsafe, specially poor women and girls suffers the most as the stereotype count them weak and they become target of crime. Urban planning largely ignores gender specific experiences, needs, and concerns particularly with respect to poor women and girls. (Action Aid, 2012) To design and planning for every gender we have to simply understand the world from both the genders, the next chapter is focusing on some gender inequality issues we witness in everyday life.

7

Chapter 2 : Let Us See Through a Gender Lens Gender lens is like putting spectacles each lens have a perspective of a gender, from one lens, we can see through men’s perspective their participation, needs and roles.

And the other one shows women’s perspective.

Figure 1 : Illustration by Pierluigi Longo

1. Division of Labour in 1950s in the context of post war economic prosperity the Male breadwinner/ Female homemaker family model was ensured mainly by men (Parsons and Bales, 1955), where policies benefits the male earners in order to support family fineness, while the same policies and social conditions become hurdle to women who are divorced, widow or unmarried.

From 1960s/1970s onwards with economic slowdown depressed male family wage and emerging feminist movements for women’s independence and full citizenship.

Hence consistent decline of this family model owing to women’s growing enrolment in paid work.

The change in women’s life didn’t entirely challenge the traditional gender order and it will still take time for men to change their commitment to unpaid work. This state led women double burdened and overloaded to unpaid work.

8

Some women who can afford choose out sourcing for the work, but it is not a solution for gender inequality, since these occupations are performed by other women in highly segregated labour market at very low wage.

The uneven division of labour still anchored in highly stable gender stereotypes. By disseminating collective beliefs on the proper roles of men and women in society, based on natural masculine and feminine attributes and skills, gender stereotypes continue to assign breadwinning responsibilities to men and care giving responsibilities to women (Cunha et al., 2018)1 All over the world, women are more likely to be given the primary responsibility for family care, including the provision of food and caring for the children, elderly and sick family members. In a situation determined by lack of food security and insufficient access to energy, mobility and water services, these tasks can be extremely challenging and time-consuming. Therefore, in addition to material resources, time is also a scarce resource for many women. In many societies the contribution of this kind of labour to the economy and social well-being is underrecognised and less valued than ‘productive’ labour, and often almost completely neglected in economic statistics. The gender division of labour persists even in countries with a high degree of gender equality and a high share of women in the formal labour market.2

2. Pay Gap Previously, pay gap could be attributed to lower education rates, lower workforce participation, the notion of “feminine” jobs and the lack of legislation pertaining to equal pay, along with a slew of cultural norms about gender roles and attributes, such as women can’t hold power, women are less intelligent, women should be homemakers and women should raise children.

Researchers around the globe have pointed out that increasing the percentage of women in the workforce and ensuring equal opportunities and pay equity can majorly contribute to the economic growth of a country and can prove to be an accelerator in eradicating poverty.

According to the Monster Salary Index 2019, the controlled pay gap stands at 19%, where men (₹242.49) earn ₹46.19 more in comparison to women (₹196.3).

9

The statistics for gender pay gap ratios in countries all over the world echo a similar plight.

The #MeToo movement of 2018, which began as an exposé of sexual harassment and assault, cascaded into the analysis of various prominent issues, one of which being gender inequality in workplace, encompassing not only pay inequity but also barriers to advancement and representation of women in leadership.

The question remains, if it is not about discrimination, then why are women still being paid less? How gender pay inequity has evolved over the years? historically, there have been fewer women in the workforce around the world, they have been less educated and most of them have been involved in menial/repetitive jobs like in factories or assembly lines.

While the uncontrolled or unadjusted pay gap is calculated by taking the ratio of median earnings of all women to all men, regardless of industry, skill level, education or any other type of diverse demographic that can affect an individual’s income.

When one compares the trajectories of the earnings of a woman with kids and a woman without kids, it is evident that the gender pay gap is not as much about being a woman as it is about being a mother (or the possibility of the same).

Despite all the awareness and activism around gender equality, one idea that's stayed stable is the one that women bear children, and, at the end of the day in the majority of places - are expected to be the primary caregivers.

In the US, the UK and even in progressive Scandinavian countries, surveys show that only a fraction of the population thinks women should work full-time when they have young kids, whereas the percentage flips when it comes to their male counterparts.

Henceforth, the man is most likely to be promoted, while she on the other hand has had to turn down some of those assignments, say no to some of the workrelated travel, and this is where the gender pay gap starts perpetuating.

10

Despite the voices demanding “Equal pay, for equal work” there has been a major force in play denying equal opportunity — discrimination; however overt pay discrimination only potentially explains a small part of the pay gap paradigm.

Unless we think of men and women as both care-givers and breadwinners, we will not be able to bridge the gap.

3. Participation in making decisions Women are often dynamic leaders of change, galvanizing women and men to get involved, claim their rights, strengthen their communities and protect their planet.

Their participation is fundamental to democratic governance. Yet women still have far to go towards equal representation in positions of power and leadership, whether in corporate boardrooms or presidential cabinets. 4

Following are some numbers showing women’s participation in decision making Title Parliament Precedent Prime minister

Women’s presence 1995 11.3% 4 out of 152 7 out of 193

4

Table -1 women’s participation in decision making

11

in Women’s presence 2015 22% 10 out of 152 14 out of 193

in

Figure 2: women representation in parliaments in Asia

Today, half the global working population works in services, a sector where women dominate. The share of women in services reaches as high as 77 per cent and 91.4 per cent respectively in East Asia and Northern America. Where women work varies greatly by region and income-level though: In high-income countries, women are concentrated in health, education, wholesale and retail trade sectors, whereas in low-income and lower-middle-income countries women are concentrated in agricultural labour. Sectoral and occupational segregation is a consequence of structural barriers and gender-based discrimination, such as poverty, inflexible working hours, limited or no access to affordable quality childcare, poor parental leave policies and social attitudes, among many other factors. Women’s leadership and representation in trade unions, worker and employer organizations and corporate boards is critical to upholding fundamental labour rights and ensuring decent work for all.

12

Figure 3: women in the global workforce

13

4. Legal and social discrimination In a number of countries, women are not guaranteed basic rights and continue to face gender based discrimination, for instance in land and inheritance rights or through restrictions on their mobility and their personal, social and economic activities outside the home.

The Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) 2019 results indicate that the global level of discrimination in social institutions – i.e. formal and informal law, social norms and practices - is 29%, ranging from 8% in Switzerland to 64% in Yemen

Figure 4: The level of discrimination in social institutions

Note: Higher SIGI values indicate higher inequality: the SIGI ranges from 0% for no discrimination to 100% for absolute discrimination.

Source: OECD (2019), Gender, Institutions and Development Database, https://oe.cd/ds/GIDDB2019 Discrimination in the family seems to be the most difficult dimension to address, regardless of the region or the income level. Social expectations towards women’s reproductive and caring role are still widely widespread and women continue to bear 75% of the burden of unpaid care and domestic work. Moreover, women’s status by law is still subordinate to their husband’s authority: 41 countries recognised a man only as the head of households, while in 27 countries women are required by law to obey their husbands.

14

Despite women’s physical integrity having attracted much attention, guaranteeing women’s and girls’ sexual and reproductive health and rights, as well as their freedom from violence, remain key challenges. The social acceptance of domestic violence – more than one in four women justifies men’s use of violence against their wife/partner- explains partially the high prevalence of survivors.

Discrimination against women’s workplace rights is still a universal issue with 94 countries restrict women’s access to employment and 50% of the global population believing that children will suffer when the mother is gainfully employed outside the home and 17% do not find it acceptable for a woman family member to have a job.

Women’s political voice is deeply entrenched social expectations of what a woman’s role in public life should be: 69 countries have no legal quotas or special measures or incentives for political parties to promote women’s political participation; and almost half of the world’s population (47%) believe that men make better political +leaders than women do. This partially explains why fewer than 24% of parliamentary seats are occupied by women, only two points better than in 2014.6 Gender stereotypes - Stereotypes are how societies expect people to act based on their gender. For example, girls should stay at home and help with housework and childcare, should dress modestly and not stay out late at night. People are often judged by how well they adhere to the gender stereotypes.

Objectification and poor representation Objectification is when a person is treated as a commodity or an object without regard to their personality or dignity. It commonly happens in the media where women are photoshopped and airbrushed leading to much more emphasis and value being put on their external appearance above other capacities. This affects girls’ body image, their self-esteem and ultimately the value they put on themselves.

However, girls are also often represented poorly in entertainment and the media in ways that reinforce damaging gender stereotypes and traditional roles.

Objectification must be called out and girls must be encouraged to tell their own stories - ones that reflect their power, potential and diversity.

15

Chapter 3 : Public spaces and women as user Many women in the world don't feel safe, welcome or comfortable being in the public realm. In many places women are still relegated to the confines of their homes with no place in public for them. In places like Saudi Arabia, India, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan and other countries, a woman is considered unvirtuous (and a target for harassment or worse) if she even dares to appear in public by herself.

As Navya Khanna and Prarthana Puthran said in their article (‘Women In Public Spaces: When Gender Is Ignored While Shaping Cities’)-“ If an alien were to walk the public parks of any metropolitan city of India, it must think that everyone in the city is a young, abled heterogeneous man.”

From centuries the segregation of spaces is called public as masculine and privet as feminine, The home and kitchen is still considered women’s primary domain and the world outside, men's. Women are allowed to venture out in public space, but not really own it. As a result of this, young girls in Haryana continue to drop out because of the sexual harassment they face on their way to school, rape victims continue to be blamed for ‘inviting trouble’ for 'being outside' at a particular time.

Current scenarios‐ Five-Part photo series of writer and photographer Sanjukta Basu explained the urban woman’s experience of accessing public space, by photographs in five major cities of India: Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru and Mumbai.

As Delhi ranked at first among 19 cities in the country in recording the highest number of crimes against women (National Crime Record Bureau) and Kolkata recorded least crime against women, here are Sanjukta Basu’s explorations of the Five Part photo series on these two citiesDelhi: Connaught Place is the world's seventh most expensive office site, covering 1.80 square kilometres. The Rajiv Chawk metro station, which is located in the heart of Connaught Place, sees about 5 lakh people per day. In an area like Connaught Place, one might expect both women and men accessing and utilising the public spaces equally. Connaught Place, although being one of the world's most commercially bustling areas, is not the most vibrant and exciting.

Unscrupulous men have taken root in some of these streets, making them unsafe and inaccessible for women. In Connaught Place, there are several benches and slabs 16

for visitors to relax on all around the inner and outer circles. Women usually attend in groups or with a male partner, but nearly never by themselves. Women believe the pedestrian subway to be an unsafe zone because it is frequently dark and unattended.

Figure 5: Street of Connaught Place, Delhi

Women have stated in various media reports that they would rather cross a major road on foot than take the underpass. Wine and liquor shops are considered highly unsafe locations for women. A paan shop located in the well-lit corridors of Connaught Place’s inner circle selling imported cigars, cigarettes, lighters, chewing gums, is considered relatively safe for modern young girls.

17

Figure 6: Paan Shop at Connaught Place, Delhi

In general, parking spaces in Delhi are considered risky for women because various crimes have been reported there. In 2013, three to four unidentified men allegedly gang-raped a teenage girl and dumped her at a parking lot in Connaught Place. Most of the parking areas at Connaught Place appeared unsafe since they were poorly lit, and there were vagabond males looming large, taking drugs and engaging in anti-social acts. Women have to navigate through the parking lot even during the day, as guys loiter in these locations and stare at women.

Figure 7: parking at Connaught Place, Delhi

18

In conclusion men largely occupy the public space in Connaught Place and women found having a constricted body language in public.

Kolkata: Both women and men have been equally active in political and social activities in Kolkata in the past, thanks to the heavy influence of feminism, communism, and Marxism. Student politics, street theatres, protests, marches, labour unions, and strikes are commonplace in the city, with women playing an important role. As a result, one might expect a balance between the two genders in Kolkata's public places. As per Sanjukta Basu women’s presence in public spaces is indeed strong in Kolkata, but spotting an unaccompanied woman is still rare.

Women from the economically-marginalized class are seen accessing public space more than upper-class.

Figure 8: Park circus street, Kolkata

Park Street runs from Chowringhee to Park Circus and is a long road. Some of Kolkata's top pubs and restaurants can be found on both sides of the street. It's where Kolkatans go pub hopping, and where the majority of the city's population celebrates Christmas and New Year in flair. She noticed a shift in the cityscape after taking a few steps off the main street and into the back roads. The streets are dimly lighted, and there are few people to be seen. Paan, bidi, and tea establishments are tucked away in dark alleys, where men occasionally stop for a cigarette, but women hardly visit.

19

Figure 9: Street in Kolkata

The largest urban park in Kolkata, Garer Math or Maidan, is a cultural landmark and is frequently referred to as a simulation of life in Kolkata. On weekends, Maidan hosts a variety of activities ranging from cultural to sporting events, as well as the general adda, which is well known among Bengalis. It's a long walk from one end of Madain to the other, and as she travelled, she noticed the same thing: men and women, boys and girls, in equal numbers. Women and girls, on the other hand, were there for a purpose, whereas men and boys were often idling.

Figure 10: Garer Math park, Kolkata

20

Hence, Kolkata has a well-balanced gender-public-space relationship. Women and men from the working class use the public spaces on a daily basis, yet women are less visible than men.

Improvising public spaces: After the brutal gang rape and murder of 23 year old woman in a city bus Dr Kalpana Viswanath and Ashish Bashu co-founded ‘SafetiPin’, an app to provide credible data and build vibrant ecosystems for safe, inclusive and accesible cities.

The app allow user to rate public places on safety criteria, the app highlight lighting, visibility, transportation, density and more, and together create a map of exactly where and how the design of the city itself disadvantages women. Clearly the design itself becomes the reason of crime commencement, and there is scope for betterment of the public spaces for every citizen including women and elderly.

According to the American Planning Association, “great public spaces” should promote human contact and community involvement, as well as reflect local culture and a place’s special character. They should be safe, welcoming, accommodating and visually attractive.

Design perspective‐ For a better design of gender just cities, following areas require designer’s attention1. Street lighting and public eyes - Women and men benefit from well functioning street lighting in equal measure. Installing efficient lighting technology in the right places makes sure everyone’s needs are met, especially those of the non-motorised road users, i.e. mostly women, children, youth and elderly people. Gender-equitable public lighting is moving away from simply lighting traffic lanes to fully illuminating footpaths and pavements as well.

Outdoor lighting is intended to enhance safety and security at night, but too much lighting can actually have the opposite effect. Visibility should always be the goal.

Glare from bright, unshielded lights actually decreases safety because it shines into our eyes and constricts our pupils. This can not only be blinding, it also makes it more difficult for our eyes to adjust to low-light conditions.

According to Von Soomeren adequate street lighting is important illuminating pathways as well as it allows homeowners and shopkeepers to scan their surroundings clearly and act on any criminal activity they see.

21

Cities need more mixed use land use for better eyes on street function, where the commercial areas feel empty and scary after working hours, mixed use buildings where residential and commercial coexist bring some comfort and safety to the street.

Same way parks and public spaces which includes more activities where people can sit and linger, broaden pathways where strollers and wheelchair can roam, clean and adequately planed seating for nursing mothers, and grounds for different sports to accomplish needs of every gender and age groups.

2. Water and sanitation – School sanitation is a neglected problem in many parts of the world. Hygienic conditions are often very poor, meaning that handwashing facilities as well as separate individual cabins and anal cleansing materials for the pupils are missing in many toilets. Girls, particularly at and after puberty, do miss school or even drop out of their schools due to the lack of sanitary facilities. girls also stay away from school when they are menstruating (GWA 2006; HANNAN and ANDERSSON 2002) Lack of adequate toilets and hygiene in schools is a key critical barrier to girl school attendance and girl’s education. If sanitation facilities fail, women might not attend (vocational) training and meetings (GWA 2006). Simple measures, such as providing schools with water and safe toilets, and promoting hygiene education in the classroom, can enable girls school attendance, and reduce health-related risks for all (UN WATER 2006).

Same as in public places not having access to safe and clean toilets, sometimes lead to another issue for women, which is safety. In absence of public toilets, people urinate in open (in shade and dark or behind bushes) as in India, men urinating in public is normalised, but this become a matter of dignity and safety for women, as they sexualised and being stared. Or often charged more for using unhygienic toilets run privately by men, in that case insuring absence of camera and the continuous fear being trapped making women more uncomfortable and venerable.

Providing adequate public toilets and their proper maintains is highly required for making cities comfortable and safe for women.

3. Public transport – a developed city is not where the poor use car for transport, a city is developed where even rich use public transport. This is just a saying, but if want sustainable development, increasing the road width is not the solution of traffic problem, a well designed public transport is. Good public 22

transport promotes walking and cycling over personal motor vehicle, results good health and cleaner environment.

If we add gender lens to public transport, women tend to use public transport more than men due to unequal authority on motor vehicle in social scenario, fewer opportunities of learning driving skill and restriction on long distance travel. Women often use the less organised public transport, sometimes being harassed and face issues like changing more than two modes of vehicle, insufficient public transportation, human stacking etc.

For sustainable urban development we need to work on the public transport route, design and quality of public transportation vehicle and stations, good tariff plans and bicycle routes and footpaths. Increase the alternate energy as fuel of the mode will decrease the carbon emission as well.

4. Women’s participation and sustainable developmentCities with a gender lens in urban planning are tend to lead in sustainability for example Vienna stands out for its early implemented, comprehensive programmes for climate protection, sustainable procurement, sustainable business, and electronic reuse and recycling. Also the city is recognised as the city with a female face. Another example - Singapore’s transformation into a smart, lush and liveable city has largely been driven by the extraordinary vision of architect and urban planner Dr. Cheong Koon Hean, the first woman to lead Singapore’s Urban Redevelopment Authority and the current CEO of the Housing and Development Board. Not only will Dr. Hean be speaking at the Summit, but World GBC will also welcome trailblazing architect Lisa Bate, a global ambassador for sustainable design, as the new Chair. Singapore, ranked 35th on liveability, and is one of the greenest in Asia. Strong public policy, sustainable planning and innovative green building design have also created affordable housing, resulting in 90% of residents owning their homes Behavioural / psychological perspective ‐ Jennifer Gardner and Larissa Begault explored three ways for designers and behavioral scientists to directly challenge unequal power dynamics: occupying space, enabling authentic representation, and reducing perceived fear.

1. Taking up spaces - Studies of nonverbal behaviour among genders have found

that women in public space use shrinking, timid, or closed body language.

23

When women defy those gender stereotypes by asserting their right to use and control public space, they can reshape what it means to be a woman in public.

For example, TPWC's founders began rehabilitating Toronto's mostly abandoned R. V. Burgess Park more than a decade ago. It is located in the heart of a multicultural, high-rise community dominated by emigrants. Today, its main programme is a weekly market featuring local women's businesses, as well as a café run by local women and teen girls. TPWC increased opportunity and put women in positions of decision-making in the community through organising around public space.

Another example is from Rio carnival; Mulheres Rodadas is a Brazilian feminist activist group that organises a yearly feminist block party during Rio's Carnival to protest street harassment and chauvinism. Women become prominent campaigners demanding respect during the infamously combative Carnival, rather than becoming subjects of harassment and violence. Mulheres Rodadas discovered that linking a protest—and a space—to a significant aspect of Brazilian culture provided it with a broader, public stage and a ready-made audience. Mulheres Rodadas follows in the footsteps of the Take Back the Night Foundation, which organises rallies and actions to raise awareness of women's right to secure communities.

2. Seeing others and being seen ‐ Historically, particularly in the western world,

public spaces were designed predominantly to serve white, working men, while private spaces were associated with women. Today, in cities around the globe, designers and citizens are actively constructing ideas of what it means to embrace the visibility of women in public space. The sense of being seen and knowing the presence of other people of same gender offer feeling of safety and confidence.

Representation entails not just the visibility of faces and bodies, but also the visibility of experience. Hollaback is a non-profit organisation that provides a global forum for women and LGBTQ individuals to tell and map their tales of harassment on the streets. Hollaback conducted poster campaigns and “chalk walks” on public streets in New Orleans, alerting passersby to the unseen harassment that women and some men face in public. Hollaback also

24

collected a group of individuals to paste feminist artwork on the walls of New Orleans, utilising public space as a platform for advocacy and collective action.

Allowing individuals to articulate their own lived experience, whether through sensitive research or innovative communications tactics, can transform how others view space. The sensation of belonging in a place, to a group, and to a wider society is linked to seeing others and being recognised for who we are.

Designers must consider who they represent and how they represent them, relying more on representation and interaction to guarantee that good intentions don't lead to more stereotyping or tokenization, diminishing the impact of interventions aimed at making vulnerable groups visible.

3. Reducing perceived fear- Designers working on places for women are

frequently driven by the need to keep them safe, whether through crimeprevention methods or by making women's regular patterns of mobility and usage of the city more convenient. Women's engagement in public life in many areas of the world is dependent on these changes. Women's concerns of personal safety from male violence might prevent them from comfortably walking through public spaces. However, features intended to keep women secure might often make them feel less protected.

The possible threat of male violence against women is deeply embedded in the predominant narratives that women across cultures carry with them, so much so that those narratives shape women’s everyday experiences and often limit their choices, even in places when real danger is quite rare. In this way, perception of crime or danger may in some cases be more of a persistent problem for gender equality in public spaces than incidences of crime—and one rooted deeply in unequal, gendered power dynamics.

To add to the difficulty, common design features meant to increase safety and prevent crime might actually backfire when it comes to increasing safety perception.

Bright floodlights, for example, are frequently used in lighting enhancement schemes, but they also generate pockets of darkness. Hedges and fences may stop attackers from entering a property, but they also limit vision and provide gaps that may be viewed as hiding spots for a possible assailant. Women may be discouraged from using public areas as a result of these design choices. In other words, we must consider whether our current design vocabulary is capable of addressing the real and perceived systemic and lived safety concerns of women in public spaces.

25

Chapter 4: Legal progress towards equality Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 – The act came into force on February 3, 2013 amended as well as inserted new sections in the Indian Penal Code with regard to sexual offences. Some of the new offences recognized by the Criminal Law Amendment Act are acid attacks, voyeurism, stalking, intentional disrobing of women and sexual harassment.

PoSH Act 2013 – the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 (“POSH Act“) enacted by the Ministry of Women and Child Development, India. Workplace sexual harassment is a form of gender discrimination which violates a woman’s fundamental right to equality and right to life, guaranteed under Articles 14, 15 and 21 of the Constitution of India. The POSH Act had been enacted with the objective of preventing and protecting women against workplace sexual harassment (which include creation of a hostile work environment) and to address complaints of sexual harassment.

Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017 (“Maternity Amendment”) – 2017 witnessed the bold amendment to the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 (“Maternity Act“).The Maternity Amendment extends paid maternity leave for women employees with less than two surviving children, from the original twelve (12) weeks to twenty-six (26) weeks. A maximum of eight (8) weeks can be taken before the expected delivery date and the remaining after childbirth. Women expecting their third child were also provided with the right to take twelve(12) weeks of paid maternity leave—six (6) weeks before childbirth and six after.

The Maternity Amendment provided for mothers adopting a child below three months of age, or “commissioning mothers” to take twelve (12) weeks of maternity leave from the date of receiving the child. The Maternity Amendment enables mothers to work from home after completing twenty-six (26) weeks of leave subject to their work profiles and the employer’s consent. The Maternity Amendment also mandates establishments employing 50 or more employees to have a creche which is required to have prescribed facilities and amenities. Women employees have a right to visit the crèche four times a day, including during their rest interval

26

Decriminalizing of Adultery – On September 27, 2018, a five-judge bench of the Supreme Court of India struck down another colonial-era law, Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code that prescribed a maximum imprisonment of five years to men for adultery.

Unlike India’s sexual assault laws, which are linked with consent of the woman, the 158-year-old adultery law did not consider the woman’s will. Though women couldn’t be punished under the provision, a husband could prosecute the man who had sexual relations with his wife, even if the wife was a voluntary participant in the act.

This was the second colonial-era law struck down by the Supreme Court after it struck down the 157-year-old law which criminalized gay sex in India.

Triple Talaq – Instant Talaq or “Triple Talaq” or “Talaq-e-Biddat” is an Islamic practice that allows men to divorce their wives immediately by uttering the word “talaq” (divorce) three times.

The Supreme Court, once again in its recent landmark judgment of Sayarabano Vs. Union of India pronounced on August 22, 2017, set aside the practice of “Triple Talaq”. The bench declared Triple Talaqas unconstitutional by 3:2 majorities. The Judgment by the minority bench also further directed the Government of Union of India to lay a proper legislation in order to regularize the proceedings of divorce as per Shariat law.

The Triple Talaq Bill makes declaration of talaq a cognizable offence, attracting up to three years’ imprisonment with a fine. The offence will be cognizable only if information relating to the offence is given by: (i) the married woman (against whom talaq has been declared), or (ii) any person related to her by blood or marriage.

Sabrimala Issue The Supreme Court on September 28, 2019, delivered one of the most keenly awaited judgment in the Sabarimala case. By a 4:1 majority, the Supreme Court permitted entry of women of all age groups to the Sabarimala temple, holding that ‘devotion cannot be subjected to gender discrimination’. The lone woman in the bench, Justice Indu Malhotra, dissented. Then Chief Justice Dipak Misra, Justice R F 27

Nariman, Justice AM Khanwilkar and Justice DY Chandrachud constituted the majority.

The judgment was delivered in a 2006 PIL filed by Indian Young Lawyers Association challenging the centuries-old tradition of Sabrimala Temple banning entry of women of menstruating age inside the temple.

Justice R F Nariman held that the customs and usages of Sabarimala temple must yield to the fundamental right of women to worship in the temple There are a great many difficulties that many Indian women face, which include poverty, female feticide, sexual harassment, lack of education, job skill training.

India still ranks 140th among 156 countries in the World Economic Forum’s (WEF) Global Gender Gap Index, 2021 There are some laws in our country, which clearly favour men over women, according to Quartz India. In a recent UN report on India's legal code lists, here are some of them: Hindu laws of inheritance: Different religions have different inheritance laws.

According to the Hindu inheritance law, the property of a woman who dies without a will is handled differently from that of a man. In the absence of spouse and children, the husband’s heirs inherit the woman’s estate.

Parsi laws of inheritance: Despite decreasing numbers in the Parsi community, those who marry outside the community are penalised. A non-parsi woman who is either a wife or a widow of a Parsi man cannot inherit. However, their children can. But again, a Parsi woman marrying a non-Parsi man cannot be considered a part of the Parsi community.

Prohibition of Child Marriage Act: The law only prohibits the marriages of children; it does not render them illegal once they actually happen. The married children, however, have the right to declare it void. A woman can call off a marriage until she turns 20, whereas a man has till age 23.

Age of consent: Sexual intercourse with a girl below the age of 18 is considered rape.

But since child marriages don’t get dismissed if it done already, a man can legally have sex with his wife even if she is a minor, as long as she is above the age of 15.

Further, marital rape is still not criminalised in India.

Rape of a separated wife: The rape of a separated wife carries lesser punishment than the rape of any other woman. Forced sexual intercourse with the former is 28

punishable with two to seven years of imprisonment. The prison for the rape of any other woman ranges from seven years to life.

Marriageable age: The minimum age for marriage for a boy is 21, but 18 for a girl.

This is a legal extension of the patriarchal mindset that believes that a wife should always be younger than the man.

Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act: Women are still not equal guardians of their children. A father is considered the “natural guardian” of a child, although the custody of offspring under the age of 5 will ordinarily be awarded to the mother.

The Goa Law on polygamy: A law recognises the second marriage of a “Gentile Hindu” man of Goa if his previous wife does not have any children before the age of 25 or if she does not have a male child by 30.

29

Chapter 5: Gender and climate change In 2016 Dr. Sam Sellers, a climate change and health researcher formerly based at the University of Washington, research on gender and climate change. In the research report the map below displays 130 studies that investigate how the health of men and women is affected by impacts associated with climate change. These impacts include: death and injury from extreme weather; food insecurity; infectious disease; mental illness; and poor reproductive and maternal health.

Figure 11: Health of men and women affected by climate change

Interactive map displaying 130 studies that investigate how men and women are affected by climate change. Data source: Global Gender and Climate Alliance (2016). Additional analysis by Carbon Brief. Map by Joe Goodman for Carbon Brief.

[The software used to make the map currently only works with a Web Mercator projection (as used by virtually all major online map providers). It is worth noting that this – like all map projections – offers a somewhat distorted view of the world.]

Around 68 percent (89) of the 130 climate and health research analyzed revealed that women were more affected than men.

Women are more likely than males to be affected by climate-related food poverty across the world, as well as to experience mental illness or interpersonal abuse as a result of extreme weather events.

New research published in Nature Communications suggests that empowering women via greater healthcare, education, and political participation might help countries adjust to the effects of climate change more rapidly and easily.

30

According to the survey, more than 70% of females – mostly in developing nations – are subjected to significant levels of gender inequality. It does, however, conclude that if society can follow a path of sustainable development in the following decades, advances toward gender equality might see this percentage fall below 25% by 2030.

Women's Contribution to Climate Change Adaptation The vulnerability of a country to the effects of climate change is primarily determined by how fast and effectively it can adapt to changes. A country that can swiftly construct defences against rising sea levels, for example, may be less exposed to the harmful effects of floods than one that cannot.

A person's sensitivity to the effects of climate change is influenced by a variety of characteristics, including income, employment, and education. Due to ingrained societal conventions and socio-economic systems in many countries, women are disproportionately affected by these issues. (Carbon Brief recently explored the published literature on this topic.)

Research analyst at Climate Analytics Marina Andrijevic found through her work that the least gender-equal societies are often the most vulnerable to climate change.

The research highlights that countries with lower levels of gender inequality usually take more action on climate change and are less vulnerable to the negative impacts of climate change, Andrijevic says. She notes that “improvements in gender equality contribute to climate resilience”, adding that gender equality is crucial “not only for women but for the society as a whole”.

Integration of a gender‐sensitive approach into local climate policy‐ Because inequalities in access to energy, transportation, and other services are often visible at the city level, mitigation policies and measures should aim for a broader multi-dimensional approach to becoming low-carbon, resilient, equitable, genderjust, and inclusive, rather than merely achieving short-term greenhouse gas emission reductions.

The multidimensional approach includes 1. At the city and community levels, including women and men equally in decision-making and execution while taking into consideration their diverse needs and abilities.

31

2. Recognizing and considering the informal and care economies, for example, by enhancing infrastructure and services to accommodate family care and livelihoods.

3. As a priority for adaptation, towns and neighbourhoods must promote sustainability. Robustness, flexibility, diversity, modularity, and the willingness to learn and make required adjustments in order to adapt to unanticipated situations are all part of this.

4. In terms of housing, energy, transportation, and consumption, addressing both poverty and affluence.

5. This entails taking a pro-poor stance. Multiple forms of discrimination against women and girls should be addressed and abolished, including discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, handicap, age, or sexual orientation.

6. Creating a liveable city by combining clean air policies, noise reduction, and public space reallocation.

Climate policy interventions that include mitigation, low-carbon development, and adaptation are vast undertakings that include practically every industry. To achieve sustainable development, it is critical to incorporate a multi-dimensional strategy that encompasses social and gender elements of climate change.

Climate change affects or contributes to most aspects of urban policy, including urban planning, housing, energy, transportation, infrastructure, water management, and waste management.

Climate change policy must consequently have a comprehensive view and include all relevant sectors, especially when dealing with both mitigation and adaptation. Climate change must be mainstreamed in order for climate issues to be integrated into all relevant sector policies and administrative procedures.

Chapter 6: Case studies 1. Introduce obligational paternity leave to both men and women.

Location: Iceland

32

Ever since the huge grass-root wave of 1975 in Iceland, where women went out to the streets to object to the prevalent gender pay gap, the representation of women in politics skyrocketed, and in merely 5 years, in 1980, Iceland voted in the first democratically-elected female president in the world. With higher representation in the houses, policy changes followed, and in 1986, when guaranteed maternity leave was a novel idea, Iceland passed a resolution ensuring 6 months of paid maternity leave.

But as progressive as this law was, it defeated the very purpose for which it was introduced. It encouraged new mothers to stay at home, while the new fathers kept working, thus reinforcing the cultural norms and stereotypes at the heart of the pay gap. To overcome this shortcoming, the lawmakers formulated a radical legislation — paternal leave to new fathers on a use it or lose it basis, which pressurized them to take it.

The Prime Minister of Iceland, Katrín Jakobsdóttir, asserts that obligational paternity leave has made a positive impact on the culture of men in Iceland. It really makes all the difference, not just at home, but also in the job market, because now while hiring either a man or a woman, the recruiter is aware that both will take a maternity/paternity leave.

Currently, Iceland has been on the top of Gender Pay Gap Index by the World Economic Forum’s Gender Pay Gap Report for 11 years in a row.

2. Include an intersectional feminist perspective in urban planning.

Location: Barcelona, Spain Organization: Col·lectiu Punt 6 Women have always been marginalised in urban planning. Collectiu Punt 6, a feminist collective of female architects and urban planners located in Barcelona, Spain, has created planning approaches and tools that incorporate women as both objects and subjects of urban planning, as well as experts in everyday life.

The article focuses on Collectiu Punt 6's participatory tools, which can be utilised at many phases of planning, from assessing to evaluating policies and interventions, as well as tools for women's empowerment with the objective of encouraging bottom-up planning models.

33

It is demonstrated how, by utilising these methods, planning becomes more inclusive of not only women in all of their variety, but also children, youth, the elderly, individuals of all races, ethnicities, income levels, sexual and gender identities, and talents. Examples from Spain and Latin America are given in various situations.

3. Event and venue guides to help address safety and security risks for women Location: Melbourne, Australia Organization: City of Melbourne The City of Melbourne is dedicated to making licensed venues, events, facilities, and services in the municipality safe, inviting, and inclusive for all residents. These resources will assist venues, facility managers, and event planners in addressing safety and security concerns while also taking into account the requirements of women and girls. The following are the three guides: 1) Checklist for gender safety audits in licensed venues - This gender and safety audit checklist aims to identify and address venue design concerns as well as management practises that may be contributing to sexual harassment and assaults within and around authorised venues.

2) Organizing safe and inclusive events - How to make women feel secure and included at events.

3) Safe people, safe spaces–assessment tool for facilities– If you manage or run a leisure facility, an aged care facility, a community centre, or a library, for example, this tool will assist you in determining how safe, inviting, and inclusive your facility is, especially for members of the community who may be at danger of domestic violence.

4. A gender‐based audit on Catalonian train stations to understand women’s perceptions of safety.

Location: Catalonia, Spain Organization: Col·lectiu Punt 6 and FCG The objective of this audit was to examine railway stations in order to better understand women's experiences and views of train station safety. Individual station sections, including as platforms, connections, major entrances, and station surrounds, were studied to see how gender-based design could be reflected in station design. The audit evaluated at whether the station met six criteria: visible, vital, informal surveillance, signs / navigation, equipped, and 34

communitarian. To learn more about the experiences of women who use railway stations, they performed participant observations at various times of the day and night, as well as interviews with female rail company employees.

The rail companies were given recommendations on how to make their stops more women-friendly. Criteria for the design of new stations were included in the suggestions.

The experience was quite good, and it boosted awareness among employees at the rail business who had previously been unaware of gender issues. The experiment inspired them to think about how they may build stations with a more gender-based approach. Speaking with female station employees provided a firsthand insight at how the stations operated, as well as an understanding of female station employees' experiences and opinions on safety at various times of the day and night.

5. Gender Equality in Public Spaces.

Location: Vienna, Austria Organization: Urban Development Vienna Vienna, Austria's capital, serves as the country's economic, cultural, and political hub. Since 1990, it has prioritised gender mainstreaming in the design of public areas, housing, mobility, and infrastructure. Gender mainstreaming is primarily used in the design of streetscapes, public squares, and public parks.

The City of Vienna saw a need to redesign Einsiedler Park and St. Johann Park after finding that girls aged 10 to 12 were using parks less. Gender sensitive solutions were introduced to make them feel safer and better in these areas by concentrating on their interests (UCLG, 2016). (Policytransfer.metropolis.org, 2018) The project's primary objectives were to - encourage females and young women to use parks more frequently - improve park safety perceptions - Enhance components that appeal to the elderly and parents of toddlers, and - Engage in a robust professional exchange of ideas during the planning phase.

Through a design contest, the city of Vienna chose Tilia planning office's and Koselika planning office's design ideas for Einsiedler Park and St. Johann Park, respectively. By 2001, thorough planning and design work for re-structuring and re-designing the parks had been accomplished.

35

6. Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project Location : Kochi, Kollam, Kozhikode, Thiruvananthapuram, and Thrissur . The Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project sought to: (i) improve and expand urban infrastructure and services; (ii) enhance livelihoods; and (iii) strengthen urban management, planning, and the financing capacity of institutions for sustainable provision of urban infrastructure and services in five cities (Kochi, Kollam, Kozhikode, Thiruvananthapuram, and Thrissur).

With the project interventions, improvements in urban infrastructure (water supply, sewerage and sanitation, solid waste management, and road transportation) have enhanced the quality of life in these five cities.

Improvements in access to safe water and sanitation facilities have reduced the workloads of women and girls. Women’s and girls’ mobility is also now safer, and family hygiene practices are healthier. The project offered vocational training in a number of areas supporting women’s business initiatives. Thus, women and men have more opportunities for employment and to initiate income-generating activities. Women’s participation in the project initiatives has enhanced their self-esteem and nurtured their leadership abilities.

Processes and management tools- A gender action plan was prepared during project design, highlighting the importance of women’s participation in all project activity components. Community participation initiatives took specific measures to ensure women’s participation and the inclusion of women’s perspectives.

36

Chapter 7: Conclusion To build a more equitable or shared city – one that can accommodate everyone – we need to be more thoughtful of who we are creating and planning for. We need to know how women in municipal leadership roles are changing the way our cities are shaped, and whether a city that provides for both men and women equally looks any different than a city that is developing as usual.

The necessity for these spaces to be built with the involvement of all users is reflected in concepts like as inclusive master planning, human-cantered design, and co-design. It all comes down to developing a strong sense of empathy for the people you're planning for and alongside, and understanding that what defines quality of life varies from location to place, community to community, and throughout the course of a person's life.

To be inviting and helpful to the whole community, planning and design must take accessibility into account. If we want communities to own, care for, and share their common places, this is essential. More diversified land uses, better and more accessible public transportation (that can accommodate a variety of patterns and multi-journey excursions), safety and security, and the co-location of social infrastructure are all priorities Short-distance cities - these are significant factors in making cities more female-friendly and, more crucially, inclusive cities for all.

Policies, projects, and tools must be tailored to the local context and specific thematic issues, broad tactics can be utilised to address a wide range of gender issues. The measures listed below work together to combat the prejudice and exclusion that women face in cities, while showing the way forward in terms of designing cities that empower women and girls by involving them in decisionmaking and urban planning and design.

1. Examine gender issues in relevant programmes, policies, campaigns, and organisations.

2. Increase data collecting based on gender.

3. Ensure that gender mainstreaming is incorporated into all national and local policies.

4. Promote women's engagement and empowerment at the grassroots level.

37

5. Encourage men and boys to speak out in support of women's rights and gender equality.

6. Establish methods for women's monitoring (observatories) on gender equality.

7. Make public areas that are gender-sensitive and inclusive 8. Ensure well planned and managed public transportation, water and sanitary systems.

9. Provide gender-sensitive training to key city stakeholders (police, traffic officers, urban planners, and national and local government officials).

10. Promote more mixed land-use to ensure ‘eye on the street’ concept which contributes to public safety.

Women's knowledge and leadership must be incorporated and benefited from in environmental policies, programmes, and budgets, as well as women being supported as they face today's tremendous environmental challenges. If given the necessary tools and assistance women are a driving force for the new, more egalitarian, and more sustainable model of growth.

Recommendations- as far as we came to establish gender equality, to create genderjust sustainable cities, we need to see through a gendered lens at every stage, from general behaviour and labour division to decision making, female involvement or more correctively, involvement of feminist perspective is required. Following are some important areas which can be improved for a greater impact – 1) Improvising the design of public spaces for women elderly and specially able by widening the footpaths, adding different activity spaces and benches, and providing well maintained universal toilets.

2) Adequate Street lighting, not dim not too bright.

3) Improve public transport route and quality.

4) Educate people about human rights and gender equality.

5) Educate citizens about climate change and ecologically sustainable products and practices.

6) Prioritizing ecological sustainability in development goals.

7) Most importantly as society, brush off gender stereotypes.

38

References 1 Vanessa Cunha and Susana Atalaia (2019), The gender(ed) division of labour in Europe: patterns of practices in 18 EU countries, Lisbon: Centro de Investigação e Estudos de Sociologia 2 Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (2015), Gender and Urban Climate Policy, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH in collaboration with United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) and GenderCC-Women for Climate Justice 3: Namrata Jha (2020), Why Women Are Paid Less: Reflections on a Netflix Episode of 'Explained' (Online:web) accessed 17 may 2021, URL https://hackernoon.com/why-women-are-paid-less-reflections-on-a-netflix-episodeof-explained-e05d3uhx 4. UN Women (2015), the Beijing declaration and platform for action turns 20, Women in power and decision making, (online: web) accessed 24 May 2021, URL: https://beijing20.unwomen.org/en/in-focus/decision-making 5 UN Women (2016), Explore the facts: occupational segregation, (online: web) accessed 24 may 2021 , URL: https://interactive.unwomen.org/multimedia/infographic/changingworldofwork/en/i ndex.html 6. OECD (2019), A long way before turning promises into progress: discriminatory laws and social norms still hamper gender equality, (online: web) accessed 25 may 2021.

URL https://www.oecd.org/gender/data/a-long-way-before-turning-promises-intoprogress-discriminatory-laws-and-social-norms-still-hamper-gender-equality.htm 7. Plan international (2020) , Challenging Gender Discrimination: A How-To Guide, (Online: web) accessed 27 may 2021, URL: https://plan-international.org/girls-getequal/calling-out-discrimination 8. Sanjukta Basu (2017) ,Where are the women, (online: web) accessed 28 may 2021, URL: https://www.firstpost.com/long-reads/where-are-the-women-an-examinationof-gender-and-public-space-in-five-indian-cities-3955155.html 9. City of Vienna (2021) , Public lighting - ways to implement gender mainstreaming (online: web) accessed 06 June 2021, URL:

39

https://www.wien.gv.at/english/administration/gendermainstreaming/examples/ligh ting.html 10. Meiyoshi Acabal Masgon Robert Gensch (2009), Water sanitation and gender, (online: web) accessed on 05 June 2021, URL: https://sswm.info/arctic-wash/module1-introduction/further-resources-sustainability-relation-water-sanitation/water%2Csanitation-and-gender

11.

URBACT (2020), Cities through a gender lens, (online: web), URL: https://urbact.eu/cities-through-gender-lens 12. Jennifer Gardner Larissa Begault (2019), How Better Urban Planning Can Improve Gender Equality, (online: web), accessed on 19 April 2021, URL: https://behavioralscientist.org/how-better-urban-planning-can-improve-genderequality/ 13. Ashima Obhan Vrinda Patodia (2017), Women Centric Changes in Indian Law, (online: web), accessed on 10 June 2021, URL: https://www.obhanandassociates.com/blog/women-centric-changes-in-indianlaw/?utm_source=Mondaq&utm_medium=syndication&utm_campaign=LinkedInintegration 14. Nation Current affairs (2019), Gender equality? Nine laws in India that make women less equal than men, (online:web), accessed on 09 June 2021, URL: Gender equality? Nine laws in India that make women less equal than men (deccanchronicle.com) 15. Ayesha Tandon (2020), Tackling gender inequality is ‘crucial’ for climate adaptation, (online: web), accessed on 15 June 2021, URL: Tackling gender inequality is ‘crucial’ for climate adaptation | Carbon Brief 16. Daisy Dunne (2020), Mapped: How climate change disproportionately affects women’s health, (online: web) accessed on 15 June 2021, URL: Mapped: How climate change disproportionately affects women’s health (carbonbrief.org) 17. International union for conservation of nature (2015), Gender and climate change strengthening climate action by promoting gender equality, (online: web) accessed on 15 June 2021, URL: Gender and climate change | IUCN

40

18. Women friendly cities challenges, feminist urban planning, (online:web) accessed on 09 Jul. 2021, URL: https://womenfriendlycitieschallenge.org/explore-wisepractices/wp/feminist-urban-planning/?

19 Women friendly cities challenges, Gender and safety audit tool for events and venues, (online: web) accessed on 09 Jul. 2021, URL: https://womenfriendlycitieschallenge.org/explore-wise-practices/wp/gender-andsafety-audit-tool-for-events-and-venues/?

20 Women friendly cities challenges, Gender Audit on Train Stations for Catalan Rail Company, (online: web) accessed on 09 Jul. 2021, URL: https://womenfriendlycitieschallenge.org/explore-wise-practices/wp/Gender-Auditon-Train-Stations-for-Catalan-Rail-Company/?

21 UN Habitat (2012), Gender issue guide urban planning and design, UN Habitat 22 UNEP (2015), Gender equality and the environment policy and strategy, UNEP 23.

India Resident Mission (2015), Gender mainstreaming case study—India: Kerala

sustainable urban development project, Asian Development Bank

41