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Vassar College, Poughkeepsie ​an outboard motor is a propulsion system for boats consisting of a self-contained unit that includes engine gearbox and propeller or jet drive designed to be affixed to the outside of the transom they are the most common motorized method of propelling small watercraft as well as providing propulsion outboards provide steering control as they are designed to pivot over their mountings and thus control the direction of thrust the skegge also acts as a rudder when the engine is not running unlike inboard motors outboard motors can be easily removed for storage or repairs in order to eliminate the chances of hitting bottom with an outboard motor the motor can be tilted up to an elevated position either electronically or manually this helps when travelling through shallow waters where there may be debris that could potentially damage the motor as well as the propeller if the electric motor required to move the Pistons which raise or lower the engine is malfunctioning every outboard motor is equipped with a manual piston release which will allow the operator to drop the motor down to its lowest setting general uses equals large outboards equals large outboards are usually bolted to the transom and are linked to controls at the helm these range from 2 3 and 4 cylinder models generating 15 to 135 horsepower suitable for hulls up to 17 feet in length two powerful v6 and v8 cylinder blocks rated up to 557 horsepower with sufficient power to be used on boats of 37 feet or longer equals portable equals small outboard motors up to 15 horsepower or so are easily portable they are affixed to the boat via clamps and thus easily moved from boat to boat these motors typically use a manual start system with throttle and gear shift controls mounted on the body of the motor and a tiller for steering the smallest of these weigh as little as 12 kilograms have integral fuel tanks and provide sufficient power to move a small dinghy at around eight knots this type of motor is typically used to power small craft such as jon boats dinghies canoes etc to provide auxiliary power for sailboats for trolling aboard larger craft as small outboards are typically more efficient at trolling speeds in this application the motor is frequently installed on the transom alongside and connected to the primary outboard to enable helm steering equals electric powered equals commonly referred to as trolling motors or electric outboard motors electric outboards are used on very small craft or on small lakes where gasoline motors are prohibited as a secondary means of propulsion on larger craft and as repositioning thrusters while fishing for bass and other freshwater species and any other application where their quietness and ease of operation and zero emissions outweigh the speed and range deficiencies equals pump jet equals pump jet propulsion is available as an option on most outboard motors although less efficient than an open propeller they are particularly useful in applications where the ability to operate in very shallow water is important they also eliminate the laceration dangers of an open propeller history and developments the first known outboard motor was a small 5 kilogram electric unit designed around 1870

by Gustav trova copyright and patented in May 1880 later about 25 petrol powered outboards may have been produced in 1896 by American Motors Co euro but neither of these two pioneering efforts appear to have had much impact the Waterman outboard engine appears to be the first real gasoline-powered outboard offered for sale developed by Cameron Waterman a young Yale engineering student it was developed from 19 03 with a patent application filed in 1905 starting in 1906 the company went on to make thousands of his Porter motor units claiming 25,000 sales by 1914 the inboard boat motor firm of kale Motor Company of Detroit were instrumental in making the cylinder and engines the most successful early outboard motor was created by norwegian american inventor Alayah vinod in 1909 between 1909 and 1912 evinrude made thousands of his out boards and the three horse units were sold around the world his aviod outboard company was spun off to other owners and he went on to success after starting the elt Oh company to produce a two cylinder motor elt Oh stood for a vineyard light twin outboard the 1920s were the first high water mark for the outboard with evinrude Johnson elt o-h water Lockwood and dozens of other makers in the field historically a majority of outboards have been two-stroke powerheads fitted with a carburetor due to the designs inherent simplicity reliability low cost and lightweight drawbacks include increased pollution due to the high volume of unburned gasoline and oil in their exhaust and louder noise equals four stroke outboards equals although four stroke outboards have been sold since the late 1920s particularly rawness and sharland in 1962 homelite introduced a commercially viable for cycle outboard a 55 horsepower motor based on the four-cylinder crossly automobile engine this was called the bark at that was later purchased by Fisher Pierce who are the makers of Boston Whaler for use in their boats because of their technical superiority and efficiency over two strokes in the early 1980s Honda Motor Company introduced its first four-stroke powerhead in 1984 yamaha introduced their first four stroke power head these motors were only available in the smaller horsepower range in

1990 honda released 35 horsepower and 45 horsepower four-stroke models they continued to lead in the development of four-stroke engines throughout the 1990s as US and European exhaust emissions regulations such as C ARB led to the proliferation of four stroke outboards at first North American manufacturers such as mercury and omc used engine technology from Japanese manufacturers such as Yamaha and Suzuki until they were able to develop their own four-stroke engine the inherent advantages of four stroke motors included lower pollution noise reduction in increase fuel economy increased low-end torque and smoother operation Honda marine group mercury marine mercury racing Nissan marine Suzuki marine toll at Sioux outboards Yamaha marine and China oceany from marine have all developed new four-stroke engines some are carburetted usually the smaller engines the balance are electronically fuel-injected depending on the manufacturer newer engines benefit from advanced technology such as multiple valves per cylinder variable camshaft timing boosted low-end torque three-way cooling systems and closedloop fuel injection mercury verado four strokes are unique in that they are supercharged mercury marine mercury racing tohatsu yamaha marine nissan and a vineyard each developed computer-controlled direct-injected two-stroke engines each brand boasts a different method of di fuel economy on both direct injected and four stroke outboards measures from a ten percent to eighty percent improvement compared with conventional two strokes depending on rpm and load at cruising speeds figure on about a thirty percent mileage improvement outboard motor selection it is important to select a motor that is a good match for the hull in terms of power and shaft length equals power requirements equals overpowering is a dangerous condition that can lead to the transom accelerating past the rest of the vessel and under powering often results in a boat that is incapable of performing in the role for which it was acquired boats built in the US have a Coast Guard rating plate which specifies the maximum recommended horsepower for the hull a motor with less than seventy-five percent of the maximum will most likely result in unsatisfactory performance equals shaft length equals outboard motor shaft lengths are standardized to fit 15 inch 20 inch and 25 inch transoms if the shaft is too long it will extend further into the water than necessary creating drag which will impair performance and fuel economy if the shaft is too short the motor will be prone to ventilate even worse if the water intake ports on the lower unit are not sufficiently submerged engine overheating is likely which can result in severe damages equals general dimensions equals different outboard engine brands require different transom dimensions and sizes that affects performance and trim operational issues equals motor mounting height equals motor height on the transom is an important factor in achieving optimal performance the motor should be as high as possible without ventilating or loss of water pressure this minimizes the effect of hydrodynamic drag while underway allowing for greater speed generally the anti ventilation plate should be about the same height as or up to two inches higher than the keel with the motor in neutral trim equals trim equals trim is the angle of the motor in relation to the hull as illustrated below the ideal trim angle is the one in which the boat rides level with most of the hull on the surface instead of plowing through the water if the motor is trimmed out too far the bow will ride too high in the water with too little trim the bow rides too low the optimal trim setting will vary depending on many factors including speed hull design weight and balance and conditions on the water many large out boards are equipped with power trim an electric motor on the mounting bracket with a switch at the helm that enables the operator to adjust the trim angle on the fly in this case the motor should be trimmed fully into start and trimmed out as the boat gains momentum until it reaches the point us before ventilation begins or further trim adjustment results in in a PM increase with no increase in speed motors not equipped with power trim are manually adjustable using a pin called a topper tilt lock equals ventilation equals ventilation is a phenomenon that occurs when surface air or exhaust gas is drawn into the spinning propeller blades with the propeller pushing mostly air instead of water the load on the engine is greatly reduced causing the engine to race and the prop to spin fast enough to result in cavity asian at which point little thrust is generated at all the condition continues until the prop slows enough for the air bubbles to rise to the surface the primary causes of ventilation are motor mounted to high motor trimmed out excessively damage to the anti ventilation plate damage to propeller foreign object lodged in the diffuser ring equal safety equals if the helmsman goes overboard the boat may continue under power but uncontrolled risking serious or fatal injuries to the helmsman and others in the water a safety measure is a kill cord attached to the boat and helmsman which cuts the motor if the helmsman falls overboard equals cooling system equals the most common type of cooling used on outboards of all eras use a rubber impeller to pump water from below the waterline up into the engine this design has remained the standard do mainly to the efficiency and simplicity of its design one disadvantage to this system is that if the impeller is run dry for a length of time the impeller is likely to be ruined in the process air-cooled outboards air-cooled outboard engines are currently produced by some manufacturers these tend to be small engines of less than five horsepower outboard engines made by briggs & stratton are air-cooled closed-loop cooling outboards manufactured by seven marine use a closed-loop cooling system with heat exchanger this means salt water is not pumped through the engine block as is the case with most

outboards but still has to be pumped through the heat exchanger other outboard motoring method in Vietnam and perhaps other parts of Southeast Asia such as Thailand designs perhaps adapted from the predecessors of one such as this Kola longtail using locally materials are used until the present in Vietnam they are called made you are Tom shrimp tail motor the outboard motors which can be smallish air-cooled or water-cooled gasoline diesel or even modified automotive engines a bolted to a welded steel tube frame with another long steel tube up to three metres long to hold the driveshaft driving a conventional looking propeller the frame that the motor has a short swiveling steel pin tube approximately 15 centimeters long underneath to be inserted into a corresponding hole on the transom or a solid block or would purposely built in there of this drop in arrangement enables extremely quick transfer of the motor to another boat or for storage all that is needed is to lift it out the pivoting design allows the outboard motor to be swiveled by the operator in almost all directions sideways for direction up and down to change the thrust line according to speed or bow lift elevate completely out of water for easy starting placing the drive shaft and the propeller forward along the side of the boat for reverse or put them inside the boat for propeller replacement which can be a regular occurrence to the cheap cast aluminum propellers on the often debris prone inland waterways this design is utilized to propel longtail boats manufacturers aqua watt electric outboard motor belinda briggs & stratton USA up to five horsepower simcoe marine a be dbd marine ELT Oh Avenue Johnson a division of bombardier recreational products USA up to 300 horsepower Heidi China Honda marine group Japan up to 250 horsepower Kohler Company Jarvis marine Max's up boards mudskipper lontel outboard McCulloch mercury mariner USA up to 300 horsepower Nissan marine ocean Ephraim marine parson china cell vermarine italy up to 250 horsepower seven marine USA one model of 557 horsepower utilizing general motors power plant suzuki marine japan up to 300 horsepower tohatsu japan tamos torque ido electric outboards zomer ulyanovsk motor plant west bend yamaha outboards japan up to 350 horsepower equals former manufacturers equals british anthony british sea gull yanmar diesel see also electric outboard motor luxury yacht tenders pneumatic motor sterndrive references external links how a kicker works jun 1951 popular science by george w waltz jr. one of the best basic articles on outboard motors with lots of drawings and illustrations the antique outboard motor club internacional the super alto outboard motor Smithsonian Institution libraries the antique outboard wiki early outboard motor boat racing in British Columbia patents u.s. patent 1,000,000 1260 marine propulsion mechanism US Patent 1 million 11,000 930 canoe and other small craft Fashion Institute of Technology.

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