Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER CONSTRUCTION Strom Christian Johnson Zachary Mendiolea Joselia
STEEL AND CONCRETE PRE-FABRICATED SYSTEM Autore Jeff Su Mike (Hsing Chung)
SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2010 Aiyappa Anjali Sanchez Josue Masha Pekurovsky
BETA VERSION
/PRECEDENT STUDIES/ ARCHITECTURE (S) SCALE
Cross-Laminated Timber
narrow-side bond
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Cross-laminated timber, or CLT, is an engineered wood product first developed by the Swiss in the 1990’s. It is primarily used in northern Europe, though there is growing interest in CLT in North America.
surface bond
CLT is made by stacking planks of wood cross-wise on top of each other in at least 3 layers (2.24 inches) and up to 11 layers (11.8 inches). There is typically an odd number of layers so that the grain on the outer layers can run at the same angle, parallel to the span direction. Low grade timber is used on the inside, while the outer layers are made of a higer grade. Soft woods such as spruce, larch, douglas, and arolla pine are generally used for CLT.
finger jointing
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The layers are held together by a non-formaldehyde polyurethane adhesive and sometimes finger-jointed to increase length. An alternative is the German Brettstapel technique, in which hardwood dowels are used to fasten the layers. As moisture equilibrium between the different kinds of wood is achieved, the dowels expand and lock the planks together, creating a 100% wood product.
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CLT can span distances of up to 60 feet and can be up to 15 feet wide. It can be used for walls, floors, and ceilings, and can be solely crosslaminated timber or can form composites with other materials. Panels are joined with carpentry connections, traditional fasteners, and an array of more innovative techniques. CLT has a construction process characterized by a faster completion time and minimal waste due to its inherent prefabricated nature, increased safety, and less disruption to the community. Opposed to other wood products CLT is more dimensionally stable. Crosswise gluing at high pressure reduces the expansion and shrinkage of the wood to an insignificant level. Compared to conventional timber construction products, cross-laminated timber offers entirely new possibilities when it comes to load transfer. Not only can loads be transferred in one direction (as is the case, for example, with supports, girders, etc.) but on all sides (referred to as “genuine plate and sheet action”). The design of each project and its dimensions is based on loads, openings and applicable laws. The panels and openings are cut at the plant and delivered to the site as perfectly adjusted components. As soon as they are installed, these solid panels provide protection against the weather and an ideal nailing ground for ventilation systems, electricity, plumbing or interior finishing. The airtightness of cross-laminated timber panel construction depends on the thickness of the panels and the design of the joints. Tests on cross-laminated panels showed that three-layer panels in visible
+ industrial quality (ISI) and five-layer panels in non-visible quality (NSI) were airtight. The exterior surfaces of all joints in the panels are taped to provide airtightness. The critical zones are thus reduced to the construction interfaces, i.e. doors and windows, etc. Using CLT panels can save money. For example, reduced weight of the overall structure allows for a more economical design of the infrastructure and foundations. Cross-laminated timber weighs four times less than a concrete structure bearing an equivalent load. Construction costs are reduced by a shorter installation period; less costly under winter conditions, the possibility of pre-ordering doors and windows, and the high degree of accuracy made possible by the CNC cutting process. The panels are cut and processed using state-ofthe-art CNC equipment. This ensures excellent dimensional accuracy, both in overall panel size and for structural openings.
= max 60’
max 15’
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
Lumber drying The boards must be kiln dried to a moisture content of 12% (plus or minus 2%) . Finger jointing Trimming and finger jointing are used to obtain the desired lengths and quantity of lumber. Panel assembly Panels are assembled in stacks of dimensional lumber - alternating layers at right angles. Gluing The glue used is completely soluble, formaldehyde-free and tested in accordance with DIN 68141 standards. It has been approved for use in load-bearing timber construction elements and special construction methods. Pressing The right pressure and homogeneity are critical. Vertical and horizontal pressing are applied. Lumber planing The assembled panels are planed and sanded for a smooth surface. Cutting (CNC) CNC technology allows for high precision cuts. Panels are cut to size and openings for door/windows/misc. penetrations are routed out.
Optional finishing - example section buildup
construction design
external wall
[mm]
[material]
thickness
Rw
U - value
[mm]
[dB]
[W/mK]
2
fire protection
Finishing Installation of insulation and drilling for service penetrations may take place in the factory. Packaging/Shipping Panels are transported to the building site.
90 140 22 40 19
BBS | spruce GUTEX Thermowall GUTEX Multiplex-top lathing 60/40 vertical composite board 3-ply, spruce
311
44
0,20
REI 30
[measured]
[calculated]
[tested]
Brettstapel techniques
BETA VERSION
Quality control Before product is released, it is checked at the factory (e.g., bending strength, shear strength, delamination).
Cross-Laminated Timber
Environmental Benefits The manufacturing process is a closed loop; no wood is wasted as all cuts and shavings are used as fuel. CLT easily lends itself to pre-fabrication, saving time, money, and energy. The low/no-VOC adhesives used to bond the layers are safer than those containing formaldehyde and solvents used in other systems; Brettstapel even eliminates the need for adhesives completely. Construction of this type lasts for generations with only minimal maintenace. At the end of the building’s life, the timber can be recovered and recycled. Carbon Sequestration CLT reduces carbon in the atmosphere. Timber acts as a carbon sink, effectively absorbing and storing as much carbon per cubic meter as a car uses over a two month period. Combining this with CLT’s low embodied energy for its weight makes each cubic meter of CLT worth two tons of carbon dioxide. Rating Systems Most rating systems give credits for wood that has been certified by a respected third party verifier as coming from a sustainably managed forest. It is preferably locally sourced. Cross-laminated timber panels can be used to obtain LEED certification by meeting the following four credits: MR c7 certified wood MR c8 sustainable building QEI c4.4 low-emission material; composite wood and adhe sives for laminates IPD innovation credit
energy from sun
oxygen
carbon dioxide
Every plant undergoes the process of photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide from the air is converted into oxygen and energy, on which most organisms on earth depend in one form or another. The carbon dioxide is harbored in the plant. When a tree is cut down to make CLT, the carbon dioxide remains trapped within the wood throughout the lifetime of the building. This is natural carbon sequestration.
photosynthesis
water
mineral salts
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
Performance Structurally efficient Cross laminated timber stands out due to its high load bearing capacity and its dual-axis load-bearing performance when required. Aesthetically attractive Wood interiors and exteriors add warmth and natural beauty to a interiors and exteriors. Wood is an emotive material. It roots us in place and soothes us. Cost-effective & availability Because it is prefabricated in the factory, and dropped into place via crane, money and time is saved. Good fire resistance Large size wood members have the inherent ability to provide fire resistance because of the unique charring properties of wood. CLT panels burn slowly and form protective char layer. Non-burnt wood retains significant strength. Clt assemblies typically have fewer concealed spaces within the wall and floors which can reduce the risk of fire spread. Good resistance to seismic activity In testing, 3 and 7 story CLT build structures performed very well exhibiting no residual deformation under the stress of a 7.2 earthquake. The CLT building showed ductile behavior and good energy dissipation.
Thermal performance The thickness of the panels give CLT twice the thermal mass of brick and also act as an insulator. Using a wood structure significantly reduces the heat bridge effect that occurs in structures built with steel or concrete. Easy to assemble & disassemble Do not require specialized tools or heavy equiptments Convenience (of further add on construction) There is no restriction with regard to fixing loads in solid cross laminated timber components (e.g. for heavy kitchen cupboards
BETA VERSION
Good serviceability (e.g., shrinkage, stiffness, acoustics, etc.)
Savings in Construction Cross Laminated Timber CLT Projects
Building Type: Industrial CMU-Steel Material OH, US Location Floor Area (ft2) 17,000 1 Stories Jan 09 – Sep 09: 9 months Construction Period
Structures built with cross laminated timber have proven both the versatility of the material and limitations of the building range. While the range of structures varies in typology, and scale, CLT has proven itself most economically efficient in small and mid-range industiral and residential projects.
CLT Material 16,000 Area (SqFt) 1 Stories 5 days, 2 persons Construction Time
Completed projects in Europe show that when compared to buildings of similar type and scale, CLT structures can be constructed far more rapidly and with less labor. Murray Grove in London, was completed within forty-nine weeks demonstrating that solid timber construction is a financially viable, environmentally sustainable and beautiful replacement for concrete and steel in high-density housing.
Competitiveness Summary Storey Class
Competitiveness
Market Size
Mid-Rise (Res & non-res)
5+
High
Large
Institutional
1-4
High
Large
Retail
1-4
High
Large
Industrial
1
Medium
Large
Mid-Rise Residential / London, UK / 2009
Non-wood
Brick, PA, US 41,000 5 Nov 92
time sav
An analysis of North American housing markets points to the large savings that are possible with structural wood shells. Cross laminated timber shells are marginally cheaper than non-wood structures, but the difference grows with the scale of the project.
Mid-Rise Residential / Sweden / 2008
5 13 Months
Building Type: Residential, Mid-Rise Brick Material IL, US Location Floor Area (ft2) 111,000 6 Stories Jul 01 – Aug 02: 13 months Construction Period
CLT Material 115,00 Area (SqFt) 7 Stories Shell: 3 days per Construction Time CLT 22 weeks
8 Stories
CLT
5 Stories
Wood
Building Type: Residential, Mid-Rise Brick Material NY, US Location Floor Area (ft2) 23,800 5 Stories Feb 94 - Mar 95: 13 months Construction Period Murray Grove and Vaxjo: 30%
1 concrete + 8 CLT Stories Shell: 3 days per Construction Time CLT 22 weeks
Shell Cost ($/ft2)
Non-wood
CMU-Steel 17,000 1 9 months
CLT Material Brick Savings in Construction Time 23,500 Area (SqFt) 23,800
Competitiveness: Apartments
CLT
Savings in Construction Ohio, NY / 2009
Industrial / Norway / 2010
Building Type
Wood CO, U 16,000 1 Mar 01
New York, NY / 1995 Concrete CLT CA, US Vaxjo, Swed 127,000 115,000 10 7 Sep 91 – May 93: 20 months Shell: 3 days 30% savings
Concrete 127,000 10 20 Months
CA, US / 1993
Pushing the limits: Engineers in Norway are currently studying the feasibility of a 20 story building in Kirkenes, northern Norway. If built, the Barents House will be the tallest wood structure in the world. Designed by Reiulf Ramstad, the building consists of a system of columns and beams using glue laminated wood, with diagonal elements dealing with stability. Massive floor elements of cross laminated timber (CLT) are fitted into the construction. The faรงade glass system is a secondary construction attached to the primary one. The architects are in close collaboration with engineers and specialists in constructions and fire safety, representatives from the Norwegian wood industry and the technical wood institute of Norway. A study has concluded that the project is technically possible to realize.
BETA VERSION
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
Cross Laminated Timber CLT in the Hudson Valley
There is an enormous and unsaturated market for CLT in North America. While there is an outstanding potential for CLT production throughout North America, the Hudson Valley Region has several advantages over other regions. Commercially produced CLT panels in Europe are typically made from 90% C24 and 10% C16 European spruce, with larch and pine as substitutes. In New York State these wood types are less available than the much more prevalent hardwoods. Where the natural resources may be lacking, the region should invest in innovation as much as production. The construction and manufacturing sectors comprise ten percent of all employment in the Hudson Valley region. CLT production can build on existing industrial skills and heritage to create a significant new industry.
North American Markets by Metro Area
Forest Types, New York, 2005 Elm/ Ash/ Red
Other 23%
White/Red Pine 5% Northern Hardwood 40%
Aspen/ Birch 4% Spruce/ Fir 1% Oak/ Hickory 11%
Hudson Valley Employment Sectors: 2000-2010 Information Other Services Natural Resource, Mining and Construction Financial Activities Manufacturing 2000
Leisure and Hospitality
2010
Professional and Business Services Trade, Transportation and Utilities Government Educational and Health Services 0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
20.0% 25.0%
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
Natural Resource Management: Continued and improved responsible stewardhip of the Hudson Valley region’s natural resources. New industry would require new assessments and initiatives.
Green Manufacturing: Sustainable production of materials keeps the environment clean. Incentives to convert existing brownfields into modern production facilities.
Green Innovation: New strategies, research, technology, and business ideas are spawned by industry.
Existing infracture and resources in HV
Green Living: Planning, design, and building do not necessarily negatively impact cost, durability, comfort, or utility. Clean, healthy and sustainable living has the potential to increase quality of life throughout the region.
BETA VERSION
Green Services and Skills: Employment diversification and opportunities grow as new industrial sectors emerge.
Prefabricated Construction Sustainable Living Innovations - Seattle, WA
Prefabricated Construction Type Kit-of-parts (exoskeleton) Major elements fabricated at McKinstry warehouse. All components assembled at job site, including some elements that are installed individually by trades not included in factory construction process.
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Vendor
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Vendor
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Walls, doors, millwork are attached to slabs. Floor is lifted into place.
do
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do
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r Ve n Vendor
Parts delivered to site for assembly
Roof slab is lifted into place.
do
Vendor
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Vendor
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Ve n
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McKinstry MEP
Steel exoskeleton is erected around slabs
n Ve
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Concrete floor plates are stacked on building slab
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Footers/slabs are poured on site during factory
DCI Engineering
n Ve
Economic Benefits Designed for mid-rise, multifamily renter settings. Improved building quality with less required maintenance and upkeep yield lower risk for development team and create a better investment for finance corporation. Improved crafstmanship & reduced contruction costs return savings to occupants in form of higher property value. Fixed-price proposal limits client exposure to cost overruns. Construction model produces less time lag. (Building can be designed and constructed in same economic cycle.)
Collins-Woerman Architects
do
Ecological Sustainability All structures have a minimum of LEED Silver certification. Construction method reduces 50% of waste from standard building practices. Design model eliminates windowless spaces and corridors to reduce building area and footprint by 20%, which yields a 20% reduction in waste and building materials. Steel is more easily recovered for recycling at end of building’s lifespan.
Lydig Construction
Ve n
Life Expectancy 60-100 years Construction model yields long term maintenance & durability. Steel and concrete have an unlimited lifepan when compared to typical wood frame construction. Base model is designed to seismic standards.
Glazing systems fold up to form exterior enclosure.
SLI one-bedroom floor plan Traditional one-bedroom floor plan 15% ineffective space
65% less valuable space Top left: area map of Seattle and SLI supply area. Knowledge base inputs converge at McKinstry MEP warehouse where fabrication occurs. Most vendor partners supply equipment to SLI during factory construction phase while others install individually in the field. Bottom left: construction process Top right: diagrammatic view of SLI workflow. Bottom right: comparison of SLI and standard floor plans
BETA VERSION
CROSS 2 DESIGN GROUP (envelope consultant)
SUPERIOR STEEL (engineering for steel erection & slab lifting)
STORM SOLUTIONS (window shading device ins tallation)
NORTH CLAD RAINSCREEN (exterior system installation)
LUTRON (dimming control installation)
EAST & WEST ALUM CRAFT (alum. railing installation)
OFF-SITE CONSTRUCTION
BOTANICAL DESIGNS (landscaping)
Bo CONCEPT (furniture system installation)
AAA KARTAK (glass doors/partitions installation)
STARLINE (aluminum window system supply)
SPARLING (theater lighting design & supply)
RUNTAL (hot water radiator supply)
QTRAN (lighting supply)
PENTAL GRANITE (countertop & wall tile supply)
PACIFIC CREST (millwork & interior partition supply)
OLYMPIAN PRECAST (precast walkway supply)
KOHLER (plumbing fixture supply)
EXPERT DRYWALL (ceiling system supply)
SLI
CORNING (glass canopy & railing supply)
BAMBOO HARDWOODS (exterior panel supply)
ALBERT LEE (appliance supply)
MCKINSTRY MEP
DCI ENGINEERING
LYDIG CONSTRUCTION
COLLINS-WOERMAN
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
CLIENT
+
ON-SITE ASSEMBLY
Prefabricated Construction Kullman Offsite Construction - Lebanon, NJ
Prefabricated Construction Type Modular (endoskeleton) All elements are fabricated and assembled in factory and delivered to site in completed form. On-site assembly is minimal when compared to Kit-of-Parts systems. Process Procurement options include a standard design-bid-build or negotiated bid process, with the latter providing the greatest opportunity for collaboration among client, architect, and Kullman’s team. In a negotiated bid, outside architects operate with Kullman as a consultant throughout the design process, allowing them to work with their own subcontractors while ensuring that all work is compatible with Kullman’s practices. For larger projects, prototypes or mock-ups may be built at the beginning of the design process to accurately gauge costs and test construction methods. A long, collaborative construction document phase follows. Life Expectancy 50 Years Long term maintenance & durability. Steel and concrete have an unlimited lifepan when compared to typical wood frame construction. Ecological Sustainability Kullman’s practices lead to a significant reduction in waste, transportation, and construction site disturbances. Steel is endlessy recyclable and more easily recovered from modular construction than typical insitu projects. Future relocation of structures is possible. Economic Benefits Increases predictability of quality and cost; reduces client risk. Time and material savings are passed on to client. Reduces construction time up to 50%. Projects are more easily financed due to the guaranteed quality and faster return on investment.
Top left: on-site assembly of prefabricated modules Top right: factory construction processes
Craning diagram shows ability to maneuver modules over large area with minimal equipment movement.
Materials are sourced within a 500-mile radius of Kullman’s New Jersey factory
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
Module combination options
Construction Timeline
Exploded axon of typical modular construction
BETA VERSION
Module breakdowns of built/proposed projects. Gray indicates factory-built modules. White indicates site-built elements
Prefabricated Construction Economic Implications
Existing market conditions
As of September 9, 2011, the MPI (Multifamily Production Index) is at 44.4%, up from 41.7% last quarter. This marks the fourth consecutive quarter of improvement in this area. (National Association of Homebuilders) Influx of renters in market have produced gains in multifamily construction and will likely continue this trend. The Northeast US posted 35.1% increase in construction starts since January 2011, which is higher than the national increase of 30.4%. Issuance of building permits has increased in multifamily construction as well, which is promising for the future. (NAHB) Lack of access to construction credit remains obstacle to starting new projects and getting crews. This increases the viability of modular construction projects as they are more easily financed than insitu counterparts. (NAHB)
There is pent up demand for multifamily housing that developers have not been able to meet due to credit issues. (NAHB)
Gap between current production and potential housing construction represents 3,000,000 untapped jobs. These are jobs that could easily manifest themselves in new modular construction upstarts. (NAHB)
Industry Effects
Insitu construction industry fears loss of jobs. Until there is an industry-wide shift toward prefabricated construction, standard construction jobs will be lost. Less risk for developers and more attractive investements for financial institutions. Developer can expect to reduce construction costs by 20% due to lower labor costs. (New York Times) Not all modular construction companies are unionized. Unionized NYC construction worker earn $85 an hour. Workers at Capsys, NYC’s only modular construction company, earn $30 an hour. (New York Times).
National effects
Mass customization will produce economies of scale. Modular construction lends itself to multifamily housing because it is a sitatuation where customization is particularly desirable. More renters mean a more mobile work force, which helps the economy adapt to recessions. Modular construction makes it easier to integrate green technology, which is a boon to the sustainable construction and materials market. This will increase demand for such products and fuel growth in the sector. Prefabricated construction is predisposed to multifamily housing. It is most cost-effectve in multistory structures because there is increased reliance on stacked modules, versus construction that must react to the ground plane.
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
Sustainable Living Innovations Advantages All architectural, MEP, engineering, and general contracting is integrated from start to finish. All SLI designs eliminate windowless spaces to reduce building area by 20%. Construction model is designed specifically for multifamily residences. SLI does not offer options for single-family homes. Exoskeleton increases ease and likelihood of steel recycling at end of building life. Limitations Exoskeleton remains visible in all designs and influences aesthetic. System appears to be optimized for Pacific Northwest. Multifamily residential models feature open-air walkways configured around courtyards. Standard model uses floor-to-ceiling glazing systems and does not take into account excessive heat gain/loss or site orientation. Considerably more on-site activity is required of trades not integrated into the factory construction process. Maximum 6-story building height.
Kullman Offsite Construction
Option to build up to 33-stories. Endoskeleton does not dictate building aesthetic. More rapid on-site installation with less trades involved. Kullman offers clients the choice of their own architect, and allows Limitations Maximum module dimensions are dictated Federal Highway Administration’s regulations. Process is less streamlined than SLI’s workflow.
BETA VERSION
Advantages Proven system with multiple built and propsed projects.
SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2010 Madrid, Spain
In June 2010 ministry of housing from Spain in cooperation with US Department of Energy organized the first Solar Decathlon competition in Europe in Madrid. The competition simulated the design and construction process of a real-life project. The outcome were residential units powered by solar energy and connected to the municipal grid. Proposals were evaluated based on architectural design, engineering & construction, solar systems & hot water, energy balance, comfort conditions, appliances & functionality, affordability, industrialization & marketability, innovation and sustainability.
LUMENHAUS COMPETITION SCORE: 811.83
There is no credit within the competition for other design issues such as water conservation or materials reuse recognized by LEED. 17 teams from all over the world had 12 days to construct on-site their designs of prefabrecated houses. About 500 engineering and architecture students and faculty members participateded in this process. During the week of the comptetition that opened on June 18, 2010 a total of 10 evaluations were judged individually and teams ranked separately for each category. The sum of all competitions dictated final score and winner.
IKAROS COMPETITION SCORE: 810.96
The Solar Decatholon is an opprtunity for universities to showcase their student and faculty talent, and create awareness. The event also includes workshops for the public and professionals. Participanting teams receive a budget from the competition, grants and sposnsorships from leaders of the construction industry. For United States participants, entries are required to be between $200,000-600,000.
HAUS+ COMPETITION SCORE: 807.49
Competition Rating System/ Metrics
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
1ST AWARD VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
2ND AWARD UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES ROSENHEIM
HOCHSCHULE FĂœR TECHNIK STUTTGART
Our study of the three winning entries revealed that all projects used some Solar Passive design strategies in combination with Active Solar Design Strategies. 1. Solar Power Harvesting with Solar Roof Panels 2. Solar Power Harvesting with Photovoltaic units 3. Radiant Heating Flooring 4. Reversable Ventilation Pump 5. Geothermal Pump 6. Real-Time Reporting System 7. Shading controls
BETA VERSION
3RD AWARD
Competing entries were designed for performance in Hot and Arid climate. The Psychrometric Chart above indicates recommeded Solar Passive strategies: 1. Passive Solar Heating 2. Thermal Mass Effects 3. Exposed Mass+ Night Purge Ventilation 4. Natural Ventilation 5. Direct Evaporation Cooling 6. Indirect Evatporation Cooling
HAUS+
HOCHSCHULE FÜR TECHNIK STUTTGART
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES ROSENHEIM
lumenHAUS
VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
BETA VERSION
IKAROS
HAUS+ Hochschule für Technik Stuttgart
HAUS+ began in 2008 when a group of students from the Hochschule für Technik Stuttgart accepted Solar Decathlon Europe challenge. This project was ranked 3rd in the overall competition. North-South Orientation Orientation with the longer sides to East and West is overexposing the building to solar radiation during the day. Starting from the morning hours on the East and up to sunset on the West the solar energy gain is maximized. This strategy is important to allow to functioning of the photovoltaic units that are cladding the walls. If building orientation would be North-South, there would not be as much solar energy collected with this strategy. For example, North facade would not be participating in the harvest of solar energy from PV units. Solar Passive Design strategies This design entry combines Passive and Active strategies for solar design. An integrated “Solar Module” that consists of Solar Chimney and Direct Evaporation Cooling system allows to control heating and cooling of the residential unit. Solar Chimney is created with the use of two operable glass partitions and an empty void (used for vegitation) in between. The exterior plane are glass louvers and the interior plane are operable windows. When closed, this module collects heat and participates in solar insulation of the house. When open, this module allows for cross Natural Ventilation. Roof Cooling is stimulated by insulated roof construction as well as raised Solar and PV units that shade the roof and allow for water to drain under the panels. Phase Changing Material as Ceiling finish allows for rapid itnerior temperature change. Unlike generic ceiling finish PCM stores collected energy during the day and slowly releases it during the night. Solar Active Design Strategies Solar Panels on the roof harvest solar energy and feed it to the urban grid. Photovoltaic Units that function as exterior rain-screen are also participating in this effort. The ambition of the project is to produce more energy than the residence consumes. Although we are used to seeing Solar Panels installed with an angle to allow for direct sun rays collection, this design accomodates the panels in flat arrays. Direct Evaporation Cooling systems is used to chill the interior space in addition to adding humidity. Reversable Heat Pump is in place to allow for further venti-
lation if required to pull out the aggregated hot air. Radiant Floor is activated during the cold months to maintain comfort zone conditions.
SLEEPING AREA
Constuction Method The project consists of Modular Units that were pre-fabricated from wood and installed on site in Madrid. This construction method allows for higher quality control and faster on-site installation than traditional methods of poured-in-place concrete.
KITCHEN
Design Flexibility Modual construction does not offer much flexibility for future expansion or additions. The question of transportation is not addressed: there is no garage or other shade or partial enclosure for either car, motor-bike or a bike.
LIVING RM
On-Site Positioning The proposed unit is raised from the site and the topography is addressed by means of an extensive terrace that serves for landscape and hosting neighbours.
ENTRY
solar chimney evaporation cooling photovoltaic units exterior cladding roof-based solar panels
movable screen partition to block direct sunlight during the day
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
SOLAR CHIMNEY
DIRECT EVAPORATION MECHANISM
SOLAR CHIMNEY
Section at Energy Module that consists of Passive Solar aggregation wall and integrated direct evaporation “closet�. Solar Chimney simulates thermal mass and collects solar heat during the winter months that helps to heat the building. During the summer months operable glass partitions on the interior and the exterior allow for natural ventilation.
Interior view of finished HAUS+ in June 2010. Open plan layout provides for minimalist functional interior. Built-in evaporation cooling is functioning as privacy screen between the public and private zones of the house. Kitchen appliances as well as interior lights are powered by solar energy. Shading screens with automated controllers are filtering natural light at windows and clerestories.
BETA VERSION
Photovoltaic Units contribute to production of solar energy. These panels are constructed as exterior rainscreen system. Mechanically operated glass louvers control air intake and natural ventilation.
IKAROS TU Rosenheim
The Ikaros House generates more solar power than is needed to run the home and is designed to accommodate four persons. Super tight insulation provided by vacum insulation panels, energy efficient design and efficient mechanical systems ensures that the home uses very little energy. Natural ventilation is optimized to keep the house cool, and excess heat from the cooling system (a heat pump) is used to make hot water. The home is modular in construction and is most notably characterized by a zig-zag facade , which shades the home and optimizes the use of sunlight as it changes throughout the day and seasons. Prefabricated from wood, Ikaros is estimated to cost around 27,0000 Euros but has the potential to sell back renewable energy to the grid for an annual gain of 4,600 Euros.
SOLAR PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES Natural Ventilation Facade Sun Screen SOLAR AVTIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES Photovoltaic Units Radiation Cooling CONSTRUCTION METHODS Prefabricated Wood Modular Design Vaccum-Insulated Panels Triple Glazing TECHNOLOGY On-board energy usage calculator
Interior design, architecture, construction and technology represent the decisive factors in the design of the house. The effective space comprises approximately 45 square meters. Private as well as common rooms are designed to be developed for a growing family.
Bathroom Kitchen Living
Bedroom
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
SOLAR SHADING The east and north facades are detailed with a zig-zag window unit for passive solar shading. The adjustable systems allows for an additional temerpature and light control, bringing distinctive shadows to the living space. The frame is adjustable allowing the user to control the form of the shadows in the interior space.
Absorb Air By Day
Storage
Dispense Air at Night
Storage
Heat-Cool Ceiling
Hot Water Storage
Ventilation
RADIATION COOLING AND ENERGY STORAGE Ikaros is designed to produce more energy than it needs for daily function. A photovoltaic design on the roof collects air and solar energy by day and dispenses it evenly throughout the house in the evening via a ventilation system. Ecxess energy and water are collected in a below-grade storage unit and re-dispensed as hot water, while reserves can also be distributed to the energy grid, providing income for the home’s owner. The use of triple glazing and vacuum insulating allows the house to maintain a comfortable temperature without the need for excess heating controls. The house’s energy usage can be monitored and adjusted via a centrally-located computerized meter.
BETA VERSION
Radiation Cooling
lumen HAUS Virginia Institute of Technology
The winner of the Solar Decathlon competition of 2010 is the University of Virginia. They designed the “Lumenhaus”. Lumenhaus epitomizes a “whole building design” construction approach, in which all the home’s components and systems have been designed to work together to maximize user comfort with environmental protection. Lumenhaus uses technology optimally to make the owner’s life simpler, more energy efficient and less expensive. On the cutting edge of responsive architecture, Lumenhaus can operate completely self-suffi ciently, responding to environmental changes automatically to balance energy efficiency with user comfort.
Fansworth House, Mies Van der Rohe, 1951
LumenHAUS, University of Virginia, 2010
Lumenhaus is a zero-energy home that is completely powered by the sun. Other sustainable features include the use of passive energy systems, radiant heating and building materials that are from renewable and/or recyclable sources. 1
The Lumenhaus is delivered as one prefabricated unit, transported on a trailer and by arrival placed on the right position, like a caravan. The house is orientated with the long transparent façades to the North and South direction this will lead to extra sunshading on the transparent South façade. The photovoltaic’s and thermal solar collectors are located on an adjustable structure on top of the roof, this optimize the angle of the energyproducers to get a higher energy production. The photovoltaic’s making use of the bifacial effect, meaning both sides of the photovoltaic panel will be used to capture energy. The top of the panel use direct sunlight to convert this to electricity, the backside is making use of indirect light. This realized a higher energy efficiency.
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Fansworth House First Floor Plan
LumenHAUS, First Floor Plan (1. Closed Plan 2. Open Plan)
The LumenHaus concept seeks to adapt the house according to family needs by adding components to increase the size of the house. It can simply start by being a two person, one room house, all the way to a 4 person 4 rooms house, just by adding the components.
The LumenHaus has a facade designed called the Eclipsys System. It is an advanced facade that is composed of two layers: one metal shutter and a insulating panel that is translucent. These panels slide along the North and South Facade, providing protection from direct sunlight while still at the same time allowing natural light to filter in.
The load bearing structure is made of steel. The close parts of the house are filled in with SIPs (Structural Insulated Panel). Façade: The load bearing structure is made of a steel frame. façade consist of several layers The Lumenhaus adapt on the climate during the season and day. The North and South façade exists of several layers with different properties who slides during climate changing to achieve the optimum climate conditions inside the house. The transparent parts of the façade consist of glass windows, fi xed in an aluminum window frame. The Design of the lumenHAUS was inspired by the famous Fansworth House created by Bauhaus architect Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe. The concept of the house is based on an open flowing plan that allows to connect interior and exterior parts of the house. The lumenHAUS is just 575 sq ft in space, but due to the openings in the north and south facade it seems more spacious thanks the entrance of natural light and the visual connection to the exterior.
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design
1. Photovoltaic array 2. Slips Wall Panel 3. Zinc Cladding Spec 4. PVC Membrane Roofing 5. Tapered Insulation on Roof Panel 6. Mapel Veneered Wood Cabinet 7. Granite Countertop 8. Mapel Veneered Base 9. Concrete Floor on Steel Deck 10. Spray Foam Insulation 11. IPE Wood Decking 12. Foundation Support 13. Metal Shading/Pri vacy Screen 14. Insulation Panel 15. Sliding Glass door system
The house has movable walls that break the barrier between interior and exterior. At the same time the flexibility of its design allows the owner to change the needs of the space according to his or her life circumstances. That is possible by having furniture that can serve for different purposes and that can adapt to the owner.
Detail Section 1. Shutter Shade 2. Insulating Panel 3. Sliding Bug Screens 4. Sliding Glass Doors 5. Sliding Muslin Curtains
In terms of electricity it is able to plug to a smart grid network that allows the excess energy it produces to feed back to the community allowing the houses to not only be a consumer of energy but also a producer.
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In terms of space the house is based on prefabricated expansion rooms, which allows the house to add modules in order to increment or shrink the size of it according to family’s needs. In terms of climatization the house posses a passive cooling and geothermal heating that maintains comfort at minimal cost to both the environment itself and the owner. The lumenHAUS with meaning “lumen” or “the power of light” , and “haus”, as reference to the Bauhaus movement carries out design elements not found in an ordinary home. All the features that make this house work posses an environmental approach that uses technology to achieve a sustainable living.
steel frame structure
radiant floor within steel frame
concrete floor and roof installed
steel frame with wall enclosures
The concrete floor of the house has a radiant floor heating system. This particular system heats the house by means of a water to water heat pump that its intention is to extract heat from the earth during the cold months and use the Earth as a coolant in the hot months. This allows the system to be in less strain, making it more energy efficient. The lumensHAUS Solar System has panels that are tilted at an especific angle in order to achieve 90 degrees for a good collection of energy resources. The powerful array of Photovoltaic panels provides carbon neutral energy to the house. The PV, are arrange in a single array to cover the entire roof and are built in the house during construction.
interior and finishes constructed
eclypsis system shutters installed
photovoltaic panels installed
decking and landscape assembled
BETA VERSION
In terms of Construction, the lumenHAUS is the next level in prefabricated-homes. The entire house can be transported using just one trailer and it terms of structure its frame is made from steel. The idea of this house is to eliminate the stigma often associated with factory-built modular homes. The lumenHAUS is a solid and durable made from polished gray concrete floor and solid steel beams that make the frame.
Comparative Studies lumenHaus, IKAROS, HAUS+
lumenHAUS
IKAROS
HAUS+
South Facade
North Facade
Energy Production Solar Energy Harvesting
solar panels photovoltaic units
Solar Energy Diagram
Solar Panels Photovoltaic Units Geothermal Energy System Comfort Control with means of Passive and Active Solar Design Strategies
solar direct and indirect rays cross ventilation
Natural Ventilation
eclypsis screening system
Cross Ventilation Natural Light Low-e Glazing
Natural Ventilation Diagram
Exterior Shading System Glass Integrated Shading Radiant Concrete Flooring Phase Changing Material Ceiling Solar Chimney
radiant flooring system
Evaporation Cooling
geothermal energy collector
Water Conservation
earth ground
Low Flow Toilet Fixtures Rain-Water Harvesting
Geothermal Energy System
Transition Studio 2.0 --------> Precedent Studies Pratt Institute:: Graduate Architecture and Urban Design roof breathing zone
solar panels South Facade
North Facade
East Facade
West Facade
photovoltaic units solar chimney solar heat gain
Radiation and Cooling Diagram
cool air warm air sun shade glazing
Solar Energy System Diagram
evaporation cooling
energy feed to city grid
hot air
cool air warm air built-in natural light filtration system shading screen control
solar panels
solar chimney
cool air
solar heat gain
warm air
hot air
energy storage
Excess Energy Storage Diagram
Solar Chimney Diagram
BETA VERSION
Natural Light & Ventilation Diagram
Natural Ventilation Diagram