Solitude: Getting Away from the Choas

Solitude

Getting Away From The Chaos

By Tracy Abi Najem

Solitude Getting Away From The Chaos

By Tracy Abi Najem

A thesis book for the Final Architectural Project submitted to the Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Art, and Design, American University in Dubai In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture Fall 2020 3

Approval of the Thesis Book for Final Architectural Project Department of Architecture, School of Architecture, Art, and Design, American University in Dubai

Copyright © 2020 by Tracy Abi Najem All rights reserved

Thesis Book Title:

Student’s Full Name:

Solitude Getting Away From The Chaos

Tracy Abi Najem

Student Signature: ___________ Date: ________

Professor Name:

Professor Signature: ___________ Date: ________ 4

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Abstract

regulation in a variety of educational settings”(Russo) therefore helps

“Dubai’s 2020 population is now estimated at 2,878,344.” The

Solitude has also been used for relaxation purposes. Relaxation helps

population of Dubai has grown a total of 477,277 since 2015 representing

people on a physiological level, behavioral level and cognitive level. Each

an annual increase of 3.69% (“Dubai Population 2020 (Demographics,

of these attributes affect the other so that, physiologically relaxation im-

Maps, Graphs)”), furthermore “In a related context, the guest workers

proves the tensions of a body, which leads to better behavioral discussion

(immigrants) have profoundly contributed to this population growth since

making, causing improvement in cognitive function.(Ozamiz-Etxebarria

they constituted 91% of the total population.”(M. Elessawy Fayez) One of

et al.) All these attributes make a person’s life more comfortable because

Dubai’s main is based on tourism and provides high opportunity for work,

of the wiser and clearer conclusions being made.

people to become more content in their lives.

due to this fact, its’ population is ever growing. The country sees a constant migration of people. The 91% that are immigrants move to Dubai and this

Solitude helps separate people from the chaos, which is found throughout

causes a huge impact on the population has leading to overcrowding in

Dubai. What does this mean for architecture? How will the architecture

most places. Many people tend to crave solitude in a place like this be-

adapt to this chaotic life and the needs of the society? This research will

cause of the constant chaos around them, outside and in their own homes.

further inspect the concept of solitude, and will look at new ways that ar-

People want to separate themselves from the outer world pressures that

chitecture may need to adapt to survive the new age.

come with the growing population and work stress. Solitude helps people in many aspects but the most dominate is for religious worship, meditation and relaxation.

Key words: solitude, separation, meditation, mental health, relaxation, reflection, religion, emotional regulation, connection.

Many religious figures and worshipers have taken to solitude, as a way to detach themselves from the world. People need the separation to allow them to reanalyze their beliefs and communicate with their divine leader.

Solitude in this instance shows an introspective quality.

Solitude has also been recently promoted by the youth as a form of meditation. Many have used the concept of solitude to remove themselves from painful situations and in this way solitude is seen as a way of reevaluating their lives and allows them to find solutions to the problems. Meditation has also been found to “[…] (play) its beneficial impact on physical and mental health, as well as […] on cognitive performance and emotional

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Table of Content Part 1 Borken Down

Part 2 Analysed

Chapter 1.0

Chapter 5.0

Why Solitude

Reflection on the Data

1.1. Defining and differentiating 1.2. Finally finding Solitude

Chapter 4.0

5.1. Connection Analysis 5.2. Project Organization

Case studies

8.1. Concept Proposal 1 8.2. Concept Proposal 2 8.3. Concept Proposal 3

4.11 Parc de la Villette 4.12 The Nelson-Atkins Museum 4.13 The Xiangmi Science Library

Chapter 2.0

Chapter 6.0

Why Consider Solitude

Site Context and Analysis

2.1. Why analysis this?

2.2. Evolution of Solitude 2.3. Why solitude?

6.1. Three Potential Sites 6.2. Comparison Analysis 6.3.Site Choice 6.4. Detailed Site Analysis

Chapter 9.0

4.2. Meditation Spaces

Work Cited

4.21 The Care Pavilion 4.22 The Windhover Contemplative 4.23 The Spa Queretaro

9.1. Information Work Cited 9.2. List of Figures

Chapter 3.0

Chapter 7.0

Different interpretations of solitude

Space and Site Correlations

3.2. Solitude in Landscape

Chapter 8.0 Design Approach

4.1 Pavilion Spaces

3.1. Solitude in Art

Part 3 Designed

7.1. Summary and Reflections 7.2. Synthesis

Part 1 Solitude Broken down

Chapter 1.0 Why Solitude

?

Summary This chapter will be define and differentiating isolation and solitude in depth. It will explain why the words are often considered the same and what the very important difference between them is. Then the issue of stress will be introduced and briefly explained. This will help explain why solitude is necessary and will also introduce the different type of uses of solitude that may help stress levels such as religious practice, meditation and relaxation. Each of these uses will be analyzed and explained in detail to better understand the concept of solitude.

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Solitude, on the other hand, is defined as “… a condition of being apart from all human beings or of being cut off by wish or circumstances from one’s usual associates” (“Isolation | Definition of Isolation by Merriam-Webster”) this statement shows that it is “by wish or circumstances” that the

Chapter 1.1

person is being separated, and that it is not mandatory. “The solitary may be deliberately seeking out a retreat or s/he may be forced into isolation.”

(Bergmann Ina and Hippler Stefan) This puts the terms as a positive connotation where the separation from the outside word is actually voluntary.

Defining and differentiating “Loneliness expresses the pain of being alone and solitude expresses the glory of being alone.” (Paul Tillich).

This voluntary separation was widely used in the middle ages for religious purposes and has become increasingly popular with the youth of the 21st century. This type of separation tends to be associated with relaxation, meditation, religion and freedom.

Isolation and solitude are close in definition but carry different meaning.

Theoretically they mean the same thing; a separation or disconnection from the world. Yet further elaboration shows the subtle yet vital difference; the willingness of the people being isolated.

Isolation

Solitude

Unwilling

Willingly

Isolation is defined by multiple dictionaries to be “The process or fact of isolating or being isolated.”(“Isolation | Definition of Isolation by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.Com Also Meaning of Isolation”), or more often as “The state of being separated from other people, or a situation in which you do not have the support of other people” (“ISOLATION (Noun) Definition and Synonyms”) where the second quote refers more to social isolation, therefore the separation from other people instead of just overall separation. The biggest factor associated with isolation is actually the person being “[detached] from others often involuntarily” (“Isolation | Definition of Isolation by Merriam-Webster”). This is stressing the involuntary action of the person and therefore puts the term as a negative connotation

(1.1) Main difference between isolation and solitude

pressing a negative response and view. This type of separation tends to be associated with punishment, loneliness, fear, and anger.

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Chapter 1.2

Low Alpha Waves

Finally finding Solitude With the increase of stress in recent times there has been an increase of research on the subject which have focused on the link between stress and

High Heart Rate

High Respiratory Rate

illnesses (Pollock). Increase stress causes “depression, burnout, anxiety, sleep disturbance, fatigue and substance abuse.”(A et al.). All these health issues can lead to a harder life and if left long-term can cause shorted life span or death. Many of these issues can be prevented or delayed through techniques of solitude such as religious prayer, meditation and relaxation. In these cases solitude has become a method of reconnecting with

High Blood Pressure

one’s self and divine, enjoying time on your own to meditate or pray, and de-stressing.

For several thousands of years monks and other religious figures have gone into devotional solitude and have used meditation as a part of their spiritual action (Long and Averill). The impulse to be alone and have sol-

Constipation

itude is an ancient one(France Peter), one of the oldest techniques of solitude was used for religious prayer. In this way people choose silence and separation so that their thoughts and actions cannot be manipulated by the people around them and cannot keep them from their divine goals and communication. “Religious solitude is a kind of self-correcting social

High Muscle tension

(1.2) Affects of stress on the body

mechanism,” (Deresiewicz), this is to say that people use this time of

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of religious solitude to reevaluate or remind themselves of their religious or moral values without the influence of others, and through this disconnection many find peace from the chaotic and distressing factors of their life. From the first centuries solitude has been used in religious worship and this concept of praying separately from the outside world carried on throughout, still being used today. It is almost impossible to be certain of the use of solitude in the past, even after the early Christian times or the pre Christian mystics the use of solitude cannot be narrowed (Bergmann Ina and Hippler Stefan). Although some of the religions that are most commonly known to use solitude can include sixth century BC Chinese Confucianism and Taoism, both of which chose to avoid or discard social obligations and focus on religious solitude (France Peter), Christi-

Religious Worshipers

anity who have monks and hermits (Long and Averill) who chose to live in solitude and Buddhism in their “notions of savoring and ‘emptiness.’”

(Sundararajan). These are not the only religions but the ones most studied who would go on spirit quests. Most of the worshippers that go into solitude are people referred to as hermits, which are people who choose to

Years

in terms of solitude. There are many others, including the tribal cultures

Religious Figures

venture alone in order to seek peace and further their religious beliefs.

Solitaries and hermits have always had an influence on the human societies and social movements (Long and Averill). This is mostly seen through the famous religious figures such as Moses, Jesus, Mohammed, and the Buddha all of whom went into solitude and returned to preach their findings and knowledge. Furthermore, solitude in the religious sense is inherently social because it depends on the people and how they interpret their beliefs and experiences (Long and Averill). Today in the 21st century it is becoming increasingly seen, especially in places of mix religions and ethnicities. With the colliding cultures and beliefs, people want to have places and time to remember what their own values are and to get rid of any frus-

Hermit Preference for Solitude (1.3) Evolution of religious solitude

trations. For this reason people seek religious solitude in

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holy places, such as church, mosques, or monasteries. These holy sanctuaries allow people to separate themselves from the chaos of the outside world and leave no distractions for the people inside that may stop them from their prayers. These places were made so to solidify the connection between people and the divine and their main function is for religious worship, all else is left behind (Pedley John).

Solitude has been also used in meditation. “Meditation usually refers

Attitudes

Motivation

to a formal practice that can calm the mind and enhance awareness of ourselves, our minds and our environment.” (Montero-Marin et al., Psychological Medicine Meditation Techniques v. Relaxation Therapies When Treating Anxiety: A Meta-Analytic Review). Meditation was once frequently used by monks and religious figures, but now it has become a vital part of the youth of the 21st century. “Over the past 40 years, several hundred research studies have demonstrated numerous significant findings including changes in psychological, physiological, and transpersonal realms.”(Goldberg et al.) With the increasing pressures of society and the every changing needs and wants, teenagers and young adults of

Physical Wellbeing

Cognitive Function

Mental Wellbeing

Higher reaction time

Higher self confidence

this generation are looking for new methods to de-stress and relax. One of the most popular methods has become meditation for its disconnective qualities. New studies found that meditation “reduces stress and anxiety by inducing a physiological state of deep rest.” which is done regularly

No Anxiety

can provide a person with inner peace, less anxiety and more creativity.

(Coppola and Spector). Through meditation people are able to process and come to educated decisions. Also meditation such as yoga can help reduce

Less physical pain

High Decission making

Higher self worth

depression and anxiety (Armat et al.).

Higher qaulity of sleep

More creativity

(1.4) Meditation effects and long term benefits

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Calmer

The time spent alone meditating in silence gives people the space they need to remind themselves of their self-values and to let go of the small problems they cannot solve. Today there are centers for meditation and relaxation that help people find harmony within themselves. Finding time for oneself helps them remember that they are not obliged to be like anyone else, and helps them remember who they are without the pressure of society. Recently due to the corona outbreak it was found that “Structural and functional brain changes have been demonstrated in the brains of peo-

High Alpha Waves

ple with a long-term traditional meditation practice,” and that meditation could be a low cost way for people to reduce their anxiety during the crisis.

(Montero-Marin et al., Psychological Medicine Meditation Techniques v.

Relaxation Therapies When Treating Anxiety: A Meta-Analytic Review) Low Heart Rate

Low Respiratory Rate

Finally solitude has been used to allow people to fully relax. In this case relaxation doesn’t only refer to the mind but the body as well. Due to the increase of excessive stress people now are constantly anxious and their bodies are constantly tensed. This tension in the body causes many issues for the person like insomnia (Liu et al.), sleep paralysis (Jalal et al.), sleep disturbance in people with chronic illnesses (Mirzanah et al.) and even

Low Blood Pressure

prospective memory performance (Goldberg et al.).

Regularity Low Muscle tension

(1.5) Affects of Meditation on the body

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These issues happen due to the stress of the body stinging the person from breathing properly through the night and there for causing the person pain and waking them up. In the case of prospective memory performance, which “refers to the capacity to encode, retain and execute delayed intentions”, it was found that people exposed to more stress had a direct relation to sleep issues and therefor had longer reaction times to their memory performance.(Goldberg et al.) Progressive muscle relaxation methods, such as breathing exercises and Meditation-Relaxation therapy, improve sleep quality, especially in patients with illnesses (Mirzanah et al.) (Jalal et

Men

al.), decrease the state of anxiety(Chen et al.) and so they would not need as long to recall events. Additionally, stress was found to affect not only

Women

the person but also their offspring. In pregnant women stress may cause

1.6

them to go into premature labor and have lactation issues. These risks are

1.4

highly reduced when relaxation is used to keep the mother and child calm throughout the pregnancy. (Dib et al.) In this situation it was found that

1.2

fective ways of relaxing for the mother. During recent days these issues of muscle and mind relaxation are very relevant since new studies shows that due to the corona virus and the new indoor living clinics have found that the cases of anxiety and sleep deprivation increased dramatically (Liu et al.). These clinics now recommend for people to regularly do muscle relaxation training to reduce these issues and keep people, both infected and not, safe.

Hazard Ratio

guided-imagery meditation audio, and music listening were the most ef-

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

3

4

5

7

6

8

9

10

Hours of Sleep

(1.6) Graph showing mortality rate compared to hours of sleep showing that too much or too little sleep can have poor affects on a person

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Chapter 2.0 Why Should We Consider Solitude?

Summary This chapter discusses the reasons for analyzing solitude in Dubai and in general. The main reason will revolve around office life and work stress with some subcategories or insomnia and anxiety. Open offices will be studied and the issues that come with the lack of privacy and distractions will be included. Solitude in office spaces will be seen as a privilege, in this case, rather than a common occurrence. The chapter will then explain the evolution of solitude, explaining the improbability of an actual timeline and then highlighting the most important eras that used solitude. Concluding the chapter, the problems of lack of solitude will be further discussed in more detail.

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Chapter 2.1 Why analysis this?

“For the last thirty years, Dubai has been experiencing a high economic

245,200

growth that transformed the emirate into a new era competing with the many hubs in the world.” (Al Awad). The increase in foreign population has added variety to the countries culture and socio-economy. (Al Awad). The current population in Dubai in 2020, is approximately 2,878,000 which means it has increased 1.59% since 2019 alone (“Dubai, UAE Metro Area Population 1950-2020 | MacroTrends”). Since the oil discovery in 1973 the average economic growth has increased by 7.8% with the population grew at a 7% increase , while in 1995- 2000 the economic rate decreased so did the population before rising once more after (Al Awad). This shows that the constant migration into Dubai has been seen to be directly related with the economic growth of the country. As seen in image 6 non- Emiratis actually make up more of Dubai’s Population than Emiratis. These workers come to Dubai with the intent to make and send money to their families back in their countries. This means that a majority of the people coming tend to spend most of their times working. However, it has been found that men with jobs that demand more of them and provide them with little control are more likely to suffer from stroke and health issues.

(Tsutsumi et al.).

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Non-Emarati

Emarati

(2.1) Emarati population VS Non-Emarati population in Dubai based on 2017 Dubai Municipality data

To truly see the effects of overworking all aspects must be studied including “the effects of specific stressful events, such as unemployment (Cobb and Kasl, 1977; Dooley and Catalano, 1980; Gore, 1978), bereavement (Stroebe et al., 1982), and exposure to intense levels of noise (Cohen and Weinstein, 1981) and high levels of population density (Sundstrom, 1978).” (Cohen Sheldon et al.). Most of these aspects are found in Dubai, including the high levels of noise that come with city life. This causes chronic stress, anxiety, insecurities and loss of control (KOPP et al., “Chronic Stress and Social Changes: Socioeconomic Determination of Chronic Stress”).

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Chronic stress and anxiety are very dangerous and will affect the lives of the person and are found to have a “… global estimates across countries between 3.8% to 25.0% (Remes et al., 2016).” (Montero-Marin et al., PsyTreating Anxiety: A Meta-Analytic Review). So the main concept became obvious that “In [the] “negative income tax” studies, recipients of more

Stress

chological Medicine Meditation Techniques v. Relaxation Therapies When

money actually report greater level of stress” (Diener Ed and M. Suh Eunkook) and Dubai’s population applies most of its effort on making as much money as possible.

Likeliness of Depression and Insomnia

Stress

Emotional reaction

Pain

Sleep reaction

Income

Physical reaction

Illness Lower life expectancy

Likeliness of Depression and Insomnia

Less productivity

(2.2) Some of the effects of Stress

(2.3) Experiment analysing the issues and causes of insomnia and depression

showing the stress exposure and its effects on these two topics, also showing the higher the saleries the more likely the it is to get insomina and depression

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“In recent decades there has been increasing interest in the subject of

creativity but also their health lowering their live expectancy because of

stress and a proliferation of research into the contribution of stress as a

the higher possibility of disease such as cardiovascular disease.

cause of illness.”(Pollock). People are now much more interested in the (Kopp et al.) For this reasons many of the new office spaces have been reanalyzed and found to be harming people’s health more than helping.

Since the 1970’s the open offices have been debated.(Bergström et al.)

These new style offices were meant to create an atmosphere of community and collaboration but many recent studies have shown that these spaces are actually causing more problems. The biggest issues faced revolve

Outputs of Convergent thinking

working conditions and how it promotes wellbeing and mental health.

around the concepts of noise and lack of privacy. It was actually seen that

Frequency of Unexpected Distractions

the higher the position in the firm the more privacy and solitude you were provided (Kim and de Dear). The lack of privacy caused a lot of distraction, people now had no free space to work without the risk of others coming to

(2.4) Graphs showing the higher the disruptions the more likely for less production

them. This also led to distraction of other’s conversations and this caused

Immediate

for “performance in a memory task decreased in the presence of intelligible speech.” (Brocolini et al.). This proved that noise and distractions

ing that will have to come with it will cause their employees to become less productive.(Henry Ongori and Joseph Evans Agolla) This also creates an issue because the work of the employ will be low in quality and this will effect both the employee and the company in the future. “Weekend workload, low social support at work and low control at work accounted for a large part of variation in male premature cardiovascular mortality rates, whereas job insecurity, high weekend workload, and low control at work contribute most markedly to variations in premature cardiovascular mortality rates among women.”(KOPP et al., “Chronic Stress and Social Changes: Socioeconomic Determination of Chronic Stress”). This means

Processing Disfluency

had become an issue that outweighed the benefits of open offices. Furthermore, the constant interruptions in the work environment and overwork-

Delay

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Low

Moderate Noise Level

(2.5) Graphs showing the higher the noice the more likely for delay to occur

that the pressure placed on the people at work not only hinders their

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the quiet country compared to the civilization (Hoff). From then solitude slowly begins to take form through religious figures such as Moses, Jesus, Mohammed, and the Buddha (Long and Averill). These figures all used solitude for religious peace and from them many learned to use this method

Chapter 2.2

as well, as for pilgrimage. Pilgrimage shows one of the major forms of solitude as its meaning is to journey to a religious location where the people can be closer to God or saints while they worship (Graham and Murray).

This is a way for all the people of the religion to separate themselves from

Evolution of Solitude “Practices of exclusion emerged well before the modern period, and are far from limited to Western cultures, as historians and anthropologists have documented.”(Strange Carolyn and Bashford Alison). Unfortunately it is

the chaos of their normal life and find solitude in the divine land. It is seen that “Pilgrims report a variety of techniques in relation to their walking including using rhythm, `being’ in the moment and narrating.” (SLAVIN) which also shows a new aspect of solitude which revolves around the concept of walking as a method to self-reflect in that time.

almost impossible to know the exact time when it started being used. If

After these events of religious figures the art of solitude was less common

you go back in literature you can find people discussing solitude from over

until its first showing during the Middle Ages and Romanticism. During

150 years ago, like Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden, who is one

both these periods solitude became a major part of the people’s lives. The

of the most influential person of the Western culture in this field (Long).

people of the Middle Ages wanted solitude to be closer to God and their

However there are instances in history that have been well known to use

religious beliefs. The Middle Ages were a time of great pain and diseases

solitude. Some of these times that have a dominant aspect of solitude are

were spreading very quickly so people turned to prayer for answers and

the Middle Ages, Romanticism and the 21st Century. People before the

help. It was said that “in the Middle Ages, the refined and noble retreat

Middle Ages viewed solitude as an equivalent to isolation and therefore

of the Romans was replaced by a primitive wilderness, more suitable to

avoided it at all cost as it was seen as loneliness rather than just simply

the demands of religious meditation” (Hoff). During this time religions,

“being alone”(Long).

especially Christianity, had become increasingly popular and so people

In the earliest known times of man such as the prehistoric eras solitude was not required because people were more interested in connection and communities for security purposes. This concept later became unneces-

craved more time to themselves and their prayers. A majority of time people wanted to find places to pray in piece so many spent it in religious places so as to separate themselves from the outside chaos.

sary when communities grew and cities began to form. It was considered that the concept of vita solitaria (meaning solitude life) started some times during the Alexandrian traditions because of the Roman’s love for

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(2.6) Image of the Middle ages prayers on the left, due to the increase of disease at the time shown on the right

(2.7) Wanderer above the Sea of Fog, a Painting from the the romanticism movement by Caspar David Friedrich showing the emphises on solitude

Continuing to the present day, solitude is still seen in all religious The romanticist movement has a different need for solitude. Romanticism revolved around art, music, architecture and criticism. It was an emotionally based one and required a lot of self-reflecting and self-awareness (Berlin Isaiah). Due to this many people found their method to self-reflect using solitude. Writing, painting and overall creativity can be achieved through solitude (Bergmann Ina and Hippler Stefan) because of its ability to allow us to reflect in peace and be alone with our own thought and beliefs. People during this time wanted to be alone to create and also to be away from the critics because it was seen that “Writing is especially perceived as a solitary activity (Emilyroese).” (Bergmann Ina and Hippler Stefan) Since so many new fields and creations were being made, people began to fight the new, to get away from all the negativity people would go into solitude so as to re-evaluate their emotions and self-worth. The used solitude to stimulate their creativity. (Long and Averill)

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places including monasteries, churches and mosques, where people go to get away from their everyday worries and connect to the divine, but now it is also found in the youth of today. The newer generation found their freedom and relaxation through solitude, most tend to ask for space to re-evaluate and reflect. Pressure on the young person making them more self-conscious, paranoid and emotionally drained. Some of these issues come from ethnic difference, parental acceptance and pride, social life, university and work (Link). Many of the youth today find solitude through meditation, relaxation or even yoga to be a good way to reassert their morals, beliefs and self-confidence. Finding solitude in once home or private space helps people have time to their own thoughts instead of being lost in the chaos of other people and the outside world. Mediation and relaxation helps the youth keep a positive attitude and also helps them rest their minds and bodies.

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Chapter 2.3 Why should we find solitude?

Solitude helps in many different aspects of people’s lives. Using solitude

Preformance

Exhaustion

Anxiety/Panic/Anger

Breakdown

Optimum Stress

Too much Stress

Burn-out

Stress Level (2.8) Diagram showing how stress levels and consequences

to relax and meditate helps reduce pain, anxiety, stress and improve cognitive function (Zeidan et al.). Stress today leads people to feel anxiety and pain therefore obstructing their decision making capability as well as causing them irritation throughout the day. Anxiety is one of the biggest issues since it will cause the person to have a cognitive function focused on fear and danger and higher paranoia which can cause many issues in

Mental Focus

Cognition

Mental Focus

Meditation

Stress

Cognition

a person’s life (Montero-Marin et al., Psychological Medicine Meditation Techniques v. Relaxation Therapies When Treating Anxiety: A Meta-Ana-

Memory

Memory

lytic Review).

Stress is also a very dangerous issue because stress leads to lack in sleep,

Heart Rate

Heart Rate

sleep paralysis (Jalal et al.) and even lead to higher chance of disease (Renjen and Chaudhari). Yet meditation can help with treatment of disorders

Repiratory Rate

Repiratory Rate

and increase healthy mind and wellbeing and also improve the psychological capacities of a person so that they are more emotionally capable and area able to pay attention and make educated decisions (Renjen and Chaudhari).

Blood Pressure

Blood Pressure

(2.9) Effects of stress and meditation on the brain

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Solitude helps people not only relax and refresh but also lets them not be

Many people find that sitting in solitude helps separate them from distrac-

overstimulated. Over stimulation and stress can cause people to overdo

tions of the outside world. When you are surrounded by people, objects or

themselves and this is very dangerous for their mental health and bodies

even sounds you tend to become distracted by them and curious to listen

(Cohen Sheldon et al.). This can even lead to restlessness (Jalal et al.),

to conversations or see new things or even talk to people (Hedge). This

depression (Cohen Sheldon et al.) and over tensed muscles (Wells). Lack

phenomenon is mostly seen in the offices’ open spaces plan discussed in

of sleep is not healthy for a person’s body and can make them less pro-

previous chapters. Writers and artists find it easier to create when they

ductive in the long run, if mixed with stress it can lead to sleep paralyses

are alone (Knafo). This helps them think and imagine new ideas and gives

(Fukuda et al.). Getting away from the chaotic world helps calm down the

them the time to put them down on paper. Most people in other fields do

nerves, brain stimulation and can help relax the muscles causing less pain

the same, finding solitude to get creative work done such as “Scientists,

to the person (Wells).

scholars, and all manner of thinkers and planners may retreat from others to bring their ideas into being.” (Knafo). Many studies have come to the conclusion that solitude makes the brain function more creatively and Anxiety

Paranoia

more effectively (Renjen and Chaudhari). It is proven not only through Blood Cholesterol/ Triglycerides

Sensitve eyes

Frequent Urination

Ringing Ears

chemical analysis in the brain but also through experiments and discussions with people who have been left in solitude. Many of these people report that while in solitude they are more creative and free in their work when they are alone because of the lack of judgment or influence of others (Rickards Tudor et al.). The separation from people also allows for a

Pain

Digestive Problems

freedom in surrounding and illuminates the structure implemented by the people around you on your sense (Long and Averill), this means all the things your body tends to see or feel with others are illuminated and all

Muscle Tension

High Blood Sugar

High Blood pressure

that is left is your own feelings and thoughts which you can analysis in your own way and understand in your own time (Long and Averill).

Tense Stomach

High breath rate

Chronic Stomach Problems

(2.10) Effects of hyperstimulation on the mind and body

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Solitude also allows for intimacy and spirituality (Long and Averill). The

20

wants and beliefs. The intimacy of solitude also helps people spiritually to

15

have time to communicate with their Gods (Long and Averill). Time alone

time people spend alone allows them to understand themselves, their

10

allows a person to reflect on their action and understand their reasoning.

5 Bad Work Culture

Self

Physical Environment

Job Resposibilities

Solitude helps them realize why they made certain decisions without the

Constraints

0

Autonomy

Frequency

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opinions of an outside viewer who might not see what you do. Taking time to review your moral and beliefs helps you get closer to you faith and truly understand you ideology. Being alone keeps all the negative influences of the outside world out and allows you to rid yourself of your negativity and replace it with spirituality. It is actually observed that spending time alone brings positive thought rather than negative.(Long and Averill) Many people suffer from stress, overstimulation and self-conscious due

(2.11) Causes of lack of creativity

to the people or circumstances they are in. solitude helps them disconnect from it all and re-evaluate themselves. Being alone isn’t being lonely, sometimes being alone is therapeutic and spiritual. It can help you make decisions, come up with creative solutions and answer questions without

21st Century

Years

Motivation

the influence of others.

Romanticism Middle Ages Environment fit on preference for Solitude (2.12) Graphs showing the correlation between work motivate and autonomy vs want for solitude

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Preference for Solitude (2.13) Increasing solitude over the years

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Chapter 3.0 Different interpretations of solitude

Summary This chapter investigates solitude in different forms such as art and garden solitude. Two exhibitions by CJ Henry will be analyzed in terms of solitude and will show the use of solitude in exhibition spaces. Some green spaces, such as parks and gardens, will be studied in terms of solitude with the idea of separating from the city chaos. The benefits of these green areas will also be highlighted and explained for better understanding.

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people to spend more time with my work,” (Cogley Bridget) said Hendry in an interview for de zeen. This is definitely what is happening because of the art and overall design of the exhibition leaves people questioning their own senses. The exhibition also shows the act of solitude that the world

Chapter 3.1

uses; the creation of spaces and work that is separated from the outside world and provides a break from the outside. The purpose of the exhibition and museums in general is to provide a space for people to experience and enjoy the art work. Visitors go to these places so as to examine the work,

Solitude in art

experience their art, and make their own selective decisions and opinions on what they see (Falk John Howard and Dierking Lynn Diane). This exhi-

As discussed in previous chapters, solitude can play a big role in art and creativity (Rickards Tudor et al.). Solitude allows for more creativity

bition is very similar and follows the same basic ideas of the 2018 installation based on color-themed rooms done by the same artist.

and provides time and space to come up with new ideas and apply them.

Some artists have taken an interest into isolation in a different form, CJ Hendry is one of these artists. Hendry created an exhibition for the Brooklyn Dumbo neighborhood which was based on the concept of isolation. The exhibition itself occupied 279 square meters of a warehouse and required an asylum wristband to be worn as the entrance ticket (Cogley Bridget).

The exhibition was for her art work based on Rorschach psychological test, which is the ink drop shapes that people perceive in different ways. This is quite ironic since the exhibition itself also plays with the perception. It is seen through the inflatable material applied on the walls verses the overall look of an asylum. The material is usually found in children bouncy houses and toys but can also be perceived as the one usually used for sound insulation and safety in an asylum’s isolation room. The contrast also comes out through the art, which is as stated previously, based on a physiological test and yet with the contrast of the childish wall design looks like fun children’s drawing. “With some artworks, some people won’t go and visit

(3.1) Picture of CJ Hendry’s isolation exibit covered with the inflatable material

it because they have no reason or connection or it, whereas this, I can force

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(3.2) CJ Hendry’s RORSCHACH exibition completely seperated from outside

(3.4) Picture of entry bands used to enter

(3.3) Picture of the inflatable materail used to seperation of spaces within

(3.5) Picture of Rorschach psychological test based paintings

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The 2018 exhibition names Monochrome is a series of rooms with minimal furniture and accessories all painted the same color (Gibson Eleanor). As many other art exhibitions, art is expected to be viewed without the outside world disruptions. This exhibition forces the subject by completely separating the art into multiple rooms therefore disconnecting the exhibits and providing different areas to experience each piece of art separately from the other. Each room is completly seperated from the other, connected simply by the door ways. People are meant to be within one room to completely experience the art and color effects before moving on to a new room and experiencing the next piece of art without the influence of the previous room. This pushes the exhibition into more of a solitude based one. Art in general uses solitude to bring out the creativity, and now as discussed above it also plays and manipulates people’s way of experienceing exhibitions and the pieces displayed.

(3.7) CJ Hendry’s Monochrome exibit. The pink room completely seperated from

(3.6) CJ Hendry’s Monochrome exibit. The yellow room completely seperated

(3.8) CJ Hendry’s Monochrome exibit. The blue room showing the only access to

from the rest of the spaces

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the rest of the spaces

the room through the small door way

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Chapter 3.2 Solitude in Landscape “By offering access to nature scenery, parks provide relatively quiet spaces in stark contrast to the noise and distractions of the city surrounding them.” (Thralls). Green spaces such as garden and park provide people

(3.9) Park as the get away from the city

with a place to enjoy nature while taking a break from the chaos of city life. These spaces influences the people at a physical, mental and social level (Finlay et al.). Many of these places have been used as pilgrimage sites inside city locations because of its access to nature and its solitude from the loud life (Thralls). Many people have seen that natural spaces can have a positive effect on stress and the peoples live (Arnberger and Eder). They also promote healthy living such as exercising and social gathering away from the normal day life (Thralls). They help people not only have healthier lives but also decrease possibility of early (all-cause) mortality(van den Berg et al.) It even helps with the cognitive function especially in children (Dadvand et al.). Furthermore, green spaces can be made into a therapeutic location which “are spaces designed for specific clinical or rehabilitative functions, for people with disabilities or ill-health.”(Douglas et al.). This does not mean that they are going to be located at medical centers, it actually implies a normal green space with

(3.10) Park being used to relax way from the city

the intent to provide “good feelings” and separating the negative aspects from the people within (Douglas et al.).

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There are many types of green landscape spaces that are designed for meditational purposes, two such concepts are the Japanese Zen gardens and Labyrinth. Zen gardens were originally designed to allow for spiritual communication with nature and meditate (Lee). They were used for religious uses by the Zen worshippers that also incorporated the Japanese culture and are often referred to as the rock gardens or the karesansui which translates to “dry landscape” (Wicks et al.). The Zen gardens are designed to be as simple as possible with the main focus of the rock placements that represent the “natural formation” like mountains and cliffs (Lee). The rest of the garden is designed using sand and white pebbles as which represent the water of the land allowing for a design barren of a true water source.

This new representation of water was used further push the concept of contemplation, and since the water itself was sacred to the Japanese representing purity and refreshment, it pushed the spiritual journey on to

(3.11) Meditation temple places in solitude green space for relaxing atmosphere

the meditator (Lee). The raking of the sand, which is used to illustrate the waves of the sea, also helped the people relax and reflect, while further amplifying the spirituality of the water for those who sit and meditate after. Muso Soseki, a man considered to be the father of these garden types (Berthier), explains that the use of the Zen gardens is to allow for everyday people to attain enlightenment in a unique location (Lee). In this way these natural landscapes are providing a chaotic free location, separate from the everyday life that allows people to reflect and meditate in peace. Japanese gardens in general are designed with the main concept of seclusion and solitude in mind. They are designed so that they reduce the scale of the park, creating miniature views and such scenic places throughout the park (Mehta and Tada). A person cannot see all components of the garden at once, but instead is constantly have their attention shifted from one main aspect to another depending on where they are (Mehta and Tada).

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(3.12) Monk Raking the Rock Zen Garden

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Labyrinth are also a landscape space that has created an efficient meditational and relaxing location. Some of the oldest labyrinths can be dated back to the 4th century and were used for religious prayer and meditation (Wass). This concept of walking prayer continued on and was also seen through the holy pilgrimages and in churches such as the Church of St Vitale in Europe and Basilica of St Reparatus in North Africa (Wass). In these cases the meditation is done through a journey to get to self-enlightenment and spirituality. Labyrinths unlike mazes do not ask the person to choose a path but instead are “designed to “embrace” and guide individuals through a calming, meditative walk on a single circular path.” (Curry). In this way they do not require thought and focus, rather the person is able to calmly follow the path provided, usually in a circle towards the center. This allows the people to let their mind wonder while moving which helps with health issue such as high blood pressure (San-

(3.14) Circular formation of a Labybrinth

dor and Froman). The labyrinths are designed in three main phases that consist of the walk to the center, which involves relaxation and meditation throughout the journey, the central reach, where you find release of all problems, and finally the walk out where the person reenters the world with new awareness (Monroe). All these aspects help the person re-evaluate their lives and prepare themselves to go back and face their issues.

Phase 2

Phase 1

(3.13) The three main Phases of a Labybrinth

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Phase 3

(3.15) Image of the ciruclating paths towards the center of the Labybrinth

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Over all people tend to be more attracted to green areas because of its engaging and calming effect, it was actually found that “Several studies have shown that properties located close to urban green spaces have a higher economic value” (Arnberger). This means that integrating the natural aspect into the locations can help the area economically as well as healthy wise. Also green spaces offer a wide space where multiple people can reside in while still having space to themselves to reflect, relax, meditate, create and pray. This also means that the area surrounding the green space will be able to use it for multiple purposes making it more useful for the location. Having multiple purposes in the area also makes it a more creative space allowing for different aspects and activates to be done in a single place (Douglas et al.).

Physical and Metal Health

(3.17) Green space being used for meditation

Natural Aspects (3.16) Green space being used for meditation

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(3.18) Zen Meditation center surrounded by greenery, showing integration of architecture and green spaces for relaxation purposes

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Chapter 4 Case studies

Summary This chapter will be analysing multiple case studies revolving around the ideas of pavilions, meditation and relaxation. The main focus of the analysis of the pavilions will be to understand the how the spaces and connections are made, while the meditative projects will be examined by the elements that make them more therapeutic and functional as well as understanding the important programs that should be included in meditative projects.

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Chapter 4.1 Pavilion Spaces

Summary This sub-chapter will be analysing the pavilions to understand the how the spaces and connections are made. Different connections will be studied such as underground, promenade and structured grid connection.

The projects that will be analysed are:

Parc de la Villette by Bernard Tschumi

Nelson-Atkins Museum by Steven Holl

Xiangmi Science Library by MLA+

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Chapter 4.11 Parc de la Villette Architects: Bernard Tschumi Architects Competition: 1982-83 Construction Year: 1987 Location: Paris, France Area: 135acre

(4.1) Sketch of Follie of Parc de la Villette

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(4.2) Follies highlighted in the full parc bird view

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Program Brief The Parc de la Villette, commonly referred to as la Villette, was designed

by Bernard Tschumi for a competition in 1982-83. It was meant to reinterpret the area, which previously was a slaughterhouse. This space was one of the largest areas in Paris so the competition was open to all ideas, architectural or artistic. Bernard Tschumi’s design was chosen over 470 others and he described his work as “the largest discontinuous building in the world”. The parc was designed to merge the natural and artificial to provide a path of discovery. It was meant to consider the contemporary issues and the future rather than remember the past. It was designed to accommodate around 8 million visitors a year.

(4.3) Main elements of the Park

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Contextual Approach The location of the project was to be a 135acre land at the north east side of Paris. It was between the Metro station Porte de Pantin and Porte de la Villette. The full site was approximately 1 kilometer long and 700 meters wide, divided by the Canal de l”Ourcq.

(4.4) The parc located around the canal de l’Ourcq on the between the Metro station Porte de Pantin and Porte de la Villette

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Concept The main idea behind the park was to create for interaction and activity that allowed the people to freely explore while providing simple points of reference throughout the park. 10 themed gardens were placed throughout the park that provided the visitors with different experiences related to relaxation, meditation and entertainment. The park was based on the concept of defragmentation, where the main functional areas are fragmented and scattered all around the park. Also it used new strategies that revolved around ““superimposition” architectural “combination” and “cinematic” landscapes.” (Echeverria Patricio). The path or promenade that the park is based around was said to be inspired by le Corbusier’s Plan Voisin and Plan Obus. Its main function was the experience not the destination.

(4.5) The main functional areas on the left are being defragmented ( the middle image) and the scattered all around the park

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Lines

Design Strategy The key features for this project were the 3 principles of organization known as the points, line and surfaces that made up the whole design.

•Lines which are the main pedestrian path around the park •Points which are the locations of the main functions around the park •Spaces which are the green spaces used for multiple purposes

Points

Spaces (4.6) The three main aspects of the park; Lines, Points, and Spaces

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Points The points which signified the grid of the park consisted on 35 points,

(4.7) Site View of Grid pattern of the Points/Follies

or follies as referred to by Tschumi, at 120 intervals. They provide the dimensionality and organization of the design in the park and also act as the references for the visitors when they are exploring.

(4.8) Axon View of the Follies locations

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Each of the Follies are unique and yet they are used for the same function, as points of references but had the same main dimensions of 10x10x10 meter cubic structure. These follies were also used as “frames that confronts spaces, movements and events”. They are placed where the grid lines connect allowing for the follies to be found easily at any point throughout the park.

(4.10) Follies in 3D created from the original cube form (4.9) Different Plan views of the Follies designs

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Lines The lines refer to the paths laid out across the park. They do not follow a ridged structure rather they lead to areas in the park, constantly intersecting and curving around the spaces.

(4.11) Plan view of Lines/ Path allowing for constant discovery

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(4.12) Images of some of the the spaces scattered on the site

Spaces The remaining spaces are the surfaces, better known as the green spaces. The spaces are multi-functional and allow for all sorts of activities and large gatherings. They had entertainment functions such as sport areas, markets and playing areas.

(4.13) Plan of the Spaces/ Green areas on the site that have multiple functions

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Key Feature Though the park has received much criticism for its large scale compared to the human proportions, this aspect is one of its key features. The scale became a conceptual approach, and was meant to play with the idea of the larger urban scale compared to the people. The follies and green space

(4.14) Birds eye View showing the human scale in comparison to the Follies

became the measuring pieces and helped people identify their locations in the bigger context. Bernard Tschumi said that “in the park, the city is not supposed to exist” and with the large scale he made it so that the city truly did not exist while you were hidden within the huge park.

(4.15) 3d Rendering of the Follies in comparison to human scale

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(4.16) Follies being used as theater spaces and museum spaces (representatively)

Program The park wasn’t designed with a specific program in mind and was made so that it could allow for multiple functions to take places. The follies themselves are based on informal programs as well and it was only in recent times that restaurants, cafes, offices and information centers were places inside them. However, some main activities in the site consist of social and cultural aspects such as workshops, gymnasiums and bath facilities, playgrounds, exhibitions, concerts, science experiments, games and competitions, the Museum of science and Technology, and the City of Music.

(4.17) Follies being used for entertainment purposes

During the summer the playing fields transform into an open-air movie theater able to hold 3,000 visitors. The follies are the areas where most of the functions reside in with the exception of the Museum and the City of music which are found in the remaining intersection grids of the follies.

(4.18) Spaces being used as seating areas throughout the park

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Gardens Some of the main garden spaces inside the park today consist of: a) Jardin de Miroirs (Garden of Mirrors), b) Jardin de vents et des (Garden of wind and Dunes), c) Jardin de la Treille (Trellis Garden), d) Jadin du Dragon (Dragon Garden) , e) Jardin des Frayeurs Enfantines (Graden of childhood Fears), and f) Jardin des Voltige (Garden of movement). Each area consists of different structures and themes.

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f

b a

(4.19) Map showing the garden locations

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(4.20) The main gardens

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Chapter 4.12 The Nelson-Atkins Museum Architects: Steven Holl Architects Area: 15329 m² Year: 2007 Manufacturers: Bendheim, Goppion, Tremco, Artexture Plus, Cricursa

(4.21) Skecth of one of the buildings of the Nelson-Atkins Museum

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(4.22) Meditation center surrounded by greenery

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Program Brief The project, named the Bloch building, was a winner for a competition designed to be the extension building of the Nelson Atkins Museum. The pavilion style building consists of five buildings which are connected

(4.23) Elevation of the project showing the integration with nature and the forced movement to experience the full project because of its split up design

underground. The project allows for each building to be different and provide different angles and visions. The landscape as well as the buildings are designed to allow for a fully integrated experience, where people must discover and move around to truly understand the pavilion. The project is designed to combine architecture with landscape creating new experiences throughout. From outside one building you can see the bellow levels and from the inside you can see bellow and outside, there is full connection to everything around.

(4.24) Image of the first Lense beside the old museum

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Contextual Approach

(4.25) Image of the pavilion at the eastern side of the old museum

The building is an extension of the Nelson Atkins Museum in Kansas City, Missouri. It is at the eastern side of the site and is broken up into 5 upper

5

buildings connected through the underground gallery that spans through

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all 5 buildings.

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Entry Plaza Reflecting Pool Lens 1 Lobby Lens 2 Lens 3 Lens 4 Lens 5 Original Museum Sculpture Park Lawm Garage Below Garage Entrance

(4.26) Site plan of the project with the functions of each building

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Concept The concept of the pavilion itself is made of 5 main buildings that Holl called them the lenses because of their convex shape and glass covering.

The pavilion is designed to optimize movement and experience in the circulation and this is seen within the gallery space the most which is found underground and connects all the above buildings. The concept was to

Library Level

allow the maximum experience in circulation for continuous viewing capability.

Event Room Plaza Entry Museum store

Lobby

Sculpture Garden

Garage Entry Connection to original Building

Featured Exhibitions Contemporary Art Photography and African Art Noguchi Court

(4.27) Diagram of the main design strategy of the split up pavilion connected through the underground galleries

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45 .1 5° 9A m

12Pm 73.81 °

South East Light

North Light

Design Strategy The 260m tall project was designed differently than the original classically 1933 museum. The new building was designed in a more contemporary in style. The pavilion is connected with the old museum through the sculpture

Galleries

court by Isamu Nohuchi. The lenses were designed to reflect the sunlight on the northern side, this was done to heighten the natural light inside the gallery spaces. They are opaque and are made for optimal viewing both in and outwards. The buildings are meant to allow for as much experience

Service Zone (HVAC, Electrical, Data)

(4.28) Diagram of sun light entry at different times show the constant experinec of light throughout the day

and viewing as possible.

(4.29) Image from the interoir of the lenses and the connection with the outside through the glass facade

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Key Feature There are multiple key features for this project, one of the most evident one is the materiality of the buildings, known as lenses, which are made of layers of translucent glass which reflect and diffuse light giving the lenses an ice block look. This effect is event within the gallery areas which glow due to the light entry while at night the sculptures glow from internal lighting.

(4.30) Image of the exteroir facade (4.31) Image of the exteroir facade glass detailing

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(4.32) The continuation of lanscape ontop of the building Another key feature is the sustainability aspect of the pavilions. The project was designed to integrate the landscape of the sculptural garden which continue onto the gallery roofs. They are designed to act as the sculpture courtyards connecting the lenses together and are also used as thermal insulation and storm protection for the functions within.

(4.33) Lanscaping integrated over the roofs of the pavilion and covering the underground galleries

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Also the facade of the building is “double glass skin ventilated façade”(“The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art / Steven Holl Architects”) allowing for sustainable passive heat protection and due to the suspension structuring

(4.34) Space provided through the structure and design to allow for HVAC and service systems

allows for HVAC ducts location, rainwater collecting systems, recycling system, and controlled sunscreens that adapt to the light due to insulating fibers in the glass cavities. The glass material also allows for interior con-

North Light

trolled environment because it is able to collect heat in winter and expire the heat in summer.

Galleries Service Zone (HVAC, Electrical, Data)

(4.35) Space provided for HVAC and service systems as sustainable design

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Materials The building has a full translucent glass façade on all the lenses that can be adjusted to the sun light exposure throughout the seasons. The inner layer of the glass is made of approximately 6,000 panels of laminated low iron glass (Singhal). These panels allow for a comfortable experience

(4.36) Diagram of Concrete feautures, which is used for all structural aspects

throughout the seasons. The structure of the building is made mainly of concrete slabs on metal decking, retaining walls, steel framing and trusses that are hidden behind the facade and painted over in white paint. This allows for weightless look on the exterior while also being able to have the full underground design.

(4.37) Sectional diagram showing the metal decking and retaining walls

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Glass Panels White Painted Accoustic Ceiling Wooden Panel Flooring White Plaster

The interior gallery spaces have floor finishes of stained end grain red oak block, terrazzo and granite. The walls of most of the public spaces are finished with plaster while the galleries are finished with gypsum board. The ceilings are all covered with acoustic plaster in most areas aside from the larger meeting areas which use wooden acoustic ceiling. The acoustics are used to provide as little noise entry as possible.

(4.38) The varies materials used inside the building

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Connections The outer circulation shows the building gallery areas stepping down in level to match the south lawn while the interior ceiling is goes in opposition, instead increasing in height to overcome the ground level. This creates a powerful effect of the interior spaces making them more dominant. Also this “stepping” movement of the buildings creates a connection between the circulation and the exhibits below because people are able to look into the exhibitions while walking around the pavilion.

(4.39) Sectiong showing the declining design of the lenses

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Circulation The outdoor circulation is open and does not have a specific structure although through the stepping movement people are pushed in the direction of the buildings placement therefore in a line to pass besides each building.

(4.40) Ciruclation on the ground floor showing the main closed cirulcation and in a lighter color the open circulation

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(4.41) Plan of the first lense on the ground floor which has the main ramp going In the underground gallery area there is a mix of an open yet closed cir-

bellow

culation. This is because the overall circulation is very open and allows for constant roaming without a direct path, yet the buildings themselves

Photography and Special Exhibitions Modern and African Art Contemporary

create a ridged base circulation pushing people from one end of the building to the other which is the closed aspect of the circulation. Also there is a single path inside the galleries connecting the old museum to the new extension.

Lobby (12) Birds eye View showing the human scale in comparison to the Follies Noguchi Court To Sculpture Garden

Connecting the upper and lower parts are ramps (the Vertical Circulation) that go down into the gallery areas allowing for a smoother promenade

Main Entrance

and experience.

(4.42) Interoir circulation plan showing the main directed circulation and in a lighter color the open circulation

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Program The outer area of the pavilion also holds public functions such as the sculptural gardens which connect the lenses and the outdoor water mirror which is in front of the old building playing with the buildings reflection.

Connected to both floors is an underground parking made fully out concrete. This parking area is below the reflective water which brings in light

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Entry Plaza Reflecting Pool Lens 1 Lobby Lens 2 Lens 3 Lens 4 Lens 5

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Original Museum Sculpture Park Lawm Garage Below Garage Entrance

(4.43) Site plans highlighting the main outdoor functions which are the garage, water area and the sculptural garden

into the space.

(4.44) Reflective Pool above

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(4.45) Underground Parking

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connected to both ground and the bellow floor of the new section. Each

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box or lenses has different functions and are all connected through the underground galleries. The first box hold a lobby with a café, library, and a bookshop. This lenses is also the connection between the new section

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and the old museum. The other four pavilions are placed on 5 different

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levels and hold all the galleries from contemporary to African art and spe-

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cial exhibits. The galleries are places in sequence and are visible from the

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punctured views above. Bellow the gallery level is the service level which is continuous and hold storage, and delivery areas completely separated from the gallery spaces.

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Library Upper Lobby Event Room Museum Store Lower Lobby Contemporary Art Photography African Art Featured Exhibitions Nogachi Court Art Service Level Painting Auditorium Cafe Mechanical Parking

(4.46) Plan and sections showing the interoir functions of the underground galleries

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Chapter 4.12 The Xiangmi Science Library Architects: MLA+ Year: 2017 Manufacturers: LG Electronics Area: 1500 m²

(4.47) Skecth of the Xiangmi Science Library

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(4.48) Main view of the bridge connecting to the library

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Books

Program Brief

Tree Building

(4.49) Main concept behind the library

This project was made as a part of the masterplan done by the MLA+ Company. It incorporated around 45-hectare Park and other elements already on the site. The idea was to add buildings that both created an experience and educated the people of the area. The master plan was meant to preserve the natural aspects already on the site while also adding new spaces for education and entertainment. The Xiangmi Science Library was designed to incorporate both concepts of nature and education while preserving the context. It also links the library area with the park space through a long bridge that provides a promenade experience for the visitors.

(4.50) Image of the main bridge journey towards the library

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Tree of Knowledge

Contextual Approach The library is located in Shenzhen’s central Futian District in China. The park was once used as an agricultural research center but throughout the years it was swallowed by the changes of the city. The center preserved

(4.51) Image of the site of the library and the bridge path

many of the natural aspects around it such as the orchards, fish ponds and many of the trees and plants. The area has always been a natural space in an industrial city and now it is used to promote healthy life.

(4.52) Top view of the library and the connected path

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Knowledge Center

Full Viewing

Connection Bridge

Concept

Park

The library was designed to look as though it is placed between the tress and gives the visitors different experiences depending on which floor and side they visit. The second floor terrace has a bridge connected to the main

(4.53) Image of the Main concepts of the building

park space, this bridge is the secondary purpose of the library which is to be an observatory and transitional area. It is meant to connect the educational aspect with the natural word while allowing for a continuous experience throughout the circulation.

(4.54) Interoir view towards the teracce space

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Design Strategy The building was designed to be a lightweight building, so that the first floor is enclosed by slated metal struts giving it the form that mimics the

(4.55) View of the full library with the connected bridge showing the integration with the context

surrounding tree trunks allowing it to become part of the landscape. The upper floors are integrated with the tree tops and are designed to feel enclosed by the trees providing an intimate feeling within. It was designed to provide a different experience on each floor and a constant change in views from all around. The full experience of the building was designed to feel like climbing a tree of knowledge.

(4.56) Image of the ground floor of the building showing its entry and connectiong with surround

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Key Feature One of the key features of the building is the cantilevers which are met-

(4.57) Section showing the cantilevers

al coated with power used for shading. They are used to provide relaxing shaded areas bellow and connect to the second main feature which is the walking bridge.

(4.58) Image from the cantilevers looking out into the site

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The bridge, or path, was designed to connect the library to the main park and was create so that it allowed people to have a full experience of the nat-

(4.59) Top view of the path with the side stairs highlighted showing the alternative paths on the bridge

ural parts of the park. The path bends and curves around the tress to allow for an interesting promenade as provides multiple sets of stairs throughout the journey to allow visitors to get off the bridge and into the park at different areas. The path provides and journey to connect the concept of education and knowledge with the nature allowing people to enjoy the outdoors.

(4.60) Image of visitors jounry on the bridge

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Materials The main materials used in the building are the steel framework holding the glazed walls which connect the outdoor spaces with the indoor. The exposed façade is protected by metal cantilevers that relate to the local vernacular architecture. The materials are used and colored it help the build-

Metal cantilevers Glass Panels Steel Framing (4.61) Materials used on the building

ing blend in with the context.

(4.62) Image of the colors and materials used in the building to connect it to the surrounding

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Circulation The circulation within the building is based on stair cases circling around the each floor at the back of the building. Its main function is to connect the ground floor with the promenade bridge which connects the building to the park. The main circulation is of the bridge that connects the park and the library, found within the tree tops of the woods.

(4.63) Ciruclation inside the libbrary which connects the ground to the main bridge

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Connection The Connection of the bridge between the park and the library is the main aspect of the project. It is designed to curve around the tree tops giving viewers a continuous experience while they walk. The bridge also has points where stairs can be found connecting the below green spaces with the bridge to allow for visitors to stop they journey and go to the spaces beneath.

(4.64) Main concept of circulation, the bridge

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(4.65) Section showing the main functions of the buildings

Program The library is made up of a meeting room, reading area, a book magazine, and terrace area and administration offices. The public spaces are places above ground to allow for more connection with the site on the ground floor. Also moving the public space higher up is done to promote the viewing areas places on top which provide a more diverse experience.

First Floor

Second Floor

Third Floor

Fourth Floor

(4.66) Plans of the four floors of the building with the functions

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Chapter 4.2 Meditation Spaces

Summary This sub-chapter will be analysing the meditative projects, and will examine all elements that make them more therapeutic and functional. The programs will be studied to understand the requirements and functions needed in a meditative space.

The projects that will be studied are:

Care pavilion by Hendrik-IDO-Amacht

Spa Queretaro by Ambrosi I Etchegaray

Windhover Contemplative by Aidlin Darling

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Chapter 4.21 Care Pavilion Architects: AANN Design Team: Luuk Stoltenborg, Rik de Ruiter Construction Year: 2017 Location: Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht, Netherlands Area: 755sqm Client: Bruderer Property by Contractor: Pieters Bouwtechniek

(4.67) Skecth of the Care Pavilion

(4.68) Front View of the Pavilion

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155

Program Brief The Care pavilion, was designed in 2017 to be a medical center with the core concept of a welcoming building that doesn’t compromise privacy of the center.

(4.69) Facade of the pavilion showing the openess of the design, yet the interoir private spaces are hidden, showing harmoney in the design

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157

Context The location of the project is a 755sqm green space in Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht, Netherlands. The green area of the site is shared with the surrounding buildings, but the project was able to create a new garden that connects it with surrounding water source and public roads. This means the project exceeds its site boundaries. Also the plot is slightly raised placing it on a slight hill. The area of the site is a post war residential location, and add-

(4.70) Site plan of the pavilion showing the surrounding and garden exceeding the boundary

ing the medical center with its detail and materialize gave the location a different image.

(4.71) The pavilion located on a hill with the water source at its east entrance

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159

Concept The main concept of the pavilion was to combine the public and private concepts allowing for the building to be public while leaving privacy uncompromised. This theme was achieved by its design as a freestanding pavilion with the main functions connecting into the center. The central space is designed to act as the transparent “public street”(“AAAN, Sebas-

Private Area Public Area

tian van Damme · Care Pavillion Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht”) connecting all the private functions into the public center.

(4.72) Plan showing the main public center and the uncompomised private spaces

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161

Private Area

BOH Area

Public Area

Design Strategy The Pavilion is designed with an open style plan in mind allowing for the north entrance to connect with the south water space through the main central space shows it open plan strategy. The main central space connects all the functions of the building, placing all the functions parallel to each other around the center, pushing the main spaces outwards towards the façade. The center is also enclosed or bound by the back of house spaces, which are creating the division of public vs private spaces. The Interior areas have open skylights combined with the same wooden paneling style for light and to make the space more warm and inviting.

(4.73) Plan and Section showing main public, private and BOH

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163

The exterior is based on a simplistic volume design, the walls are long and closed off in character. All the entrances and expositional areas are carved

(4.74) The Entrance door niched into the facade

in the facade as large openings. The rest of the building is a glass box covered by wooden louvers acting as both privacy and protection from the sun. The louvres are spaces out at 1.2m distances to allow for freedom in interior space design. This allows for interior light exposure which is warm and bright.

(4.75) 1.2m distance between louvers, louvers and wooden panels used for privacy

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Key Feature The key feature of the pavilion was actually its starting point revolving around the concept of an energy neutral building. The project has an inte-

(4.76) Geothermal Heating system

gration of passive heating through geothermal systems and also integrates solar panels in the roof design. The solar panels allow for adjustments to between suit the needs of the people within.

(4.77) Adjustable solar panels on the top of the building

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167

Materials The main structure of the building is a simple white aluminum framing holding full glass panels connected by infill. The front façade is covered by western red cedar panels while the rest of the sides have wooden louvers protecting the interior from the sunlight.

The interior space is covered with wooden panels while the carved out niche areas are painted a white color.

Wooden Panel White Paint

Wooden Louver White Aluminum Framing Glass Panels Western red cedar panels

(4.78) Materials used in the pavilion exteroir

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169

Circulation The circulation, as discussed in the previous parts, is based on a central public place that connects all the private functions.

(4.79) Circulation through the main public space into the private areas

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171

Toilets Storage Rentable Space Utilities Entrance

Program

Exposition Room Waiting Room

The program of the care pavilion surrounds the main public center. In the center resides an entry, a waiting room and an expositional space to receive the visitors and allow for interaction. Also there is a utility space of bathrooms and a storage on either side of the public area acting as buffer zones. Inside the building is the care facilities which can be found through their large niches in the interior wood walls, each having an approximate size of 250m2. These spaces are flexible, allowing for sharing, and can hold up to eight renters.

(4.80) Program of the Pavilion

172

173

Activity Space Relief

Toilet

Area Unit Total (m2)

(m2)

6

3

18

4 6

2 1

8 6

13

2

26

17.5

1

17.5

75

1

75

44

1

44

250

2

500

Connected Toilet

Service

Store

Storage Janitor Storage Large Storage Utilities

Cooking

Kitchen

Creative

Meditative

Tranquillity

Information Info. Vestibule Enter Eating Waiting

Entrance Cafeteria Waiting Room

Meditating

Large Yoga Room Small Yoga Room

Relaxing

Large Spa Room Medium Spa Room Small Spa Room Exteroir Courtyard

Enter

Outdoor Gravel Area Entry Garden

Meditate

Meditation Labyrinth

Reflect

Contemplative Grove

Relaxing

Private Garden Reflecting Pool Small Indoor Garden Med. Indoor Garden Large Indoor Garden

Viewing

Exposition Room Gallery

Care Activities

Rentable Space Multipurpose

174

(4.81) Program showing Back of House (BOH), Private and Public Spaces

175

Chapter 4.22 Windhover Contemplation center Architects Aidlin Darling Design Project Year: 2014 Design TeamJoshua Aidlin (Principal in Charge), David Darling (Principal), Roslyn Cole (Project Manager), Kent Chiang (Senior Designer), Melinda Turner (Designer) Landscape Architect:Andrea Cochran Landscape Architecture Area: 4000.0 ft2

(4.82) Skecth of the Windhover Contemplation Center

176

(4.83) Front view of the Center

177

Project Brief This project won the 2016 Hone Award, given to them by the AIA. The Windhover contemplative center was designed through the inspiration

(4.84) Interoir view of Nathan Oliveira’s painting with exteroir viewing

of Nathan Oliveira’s Meditative Windhover paintings. The building is a 371.6122m2 spiritual get away allowing the people working and studying at the university to get relief after a long hard day of hard work. It gave them a place to disconnect and find peace in the solitude.

(4.85) Interoir view of Nathan Oliveira’s painting with exteroir light entry

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179

Context

(4.86) Image of the Oak path

The project is located in the University of Stanford, northern California, facing Roble hall. It is beside an oak grove which is designed as the path away from the chaos of the university life. In front of the entrance the grove is designed to be a private garden surrounded by bamboo trees covering 13

the area making the visitors feel as though they are being sheltered from the outside.

11 12 8

10

7

9

2

6

5 4

3

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Bike Path Entry Trees Bamboo Hedge Entry Walk Building Entry Reflective Pool

8 9 10 11 12 13

Stone Sculpture Open Courtyard Stone Fountain Oak Woodland Bike Parking Stone Labyrinth

0’

(4.87) Site plan highlighting the oak path

180

181

10’ 20’

40’

80’

Concept The main idea used to bring all these to life was the concept of a sanctuary within a sanctuary. The outdoor green site was the macro sanctuary holding within it the micro sanctuary close to the building itself including the garden and water spaces and the meditation labyrinth. Within the micro sanctuary was the perimeter cradle that was the main walls binding the building and inside that is the gallery spaces and relaxation areas.

(4.88) Sketch showing the Macro Sanctuary, Micro Sanctuary, Perimeter Cradle and Interior Cradle

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183

The main concept was based on a painting by Nathan Oliveira who said

(4.89) Large windows connecting the interoir to nature

that “These paintings are like a catalyst that can take you where you want your mind to fly”. The building was building around the idea of his paintings being exhibited within but mostly it was made to be a get away from the university life. The students, faculties and visitors could come to this building for freedom from their daily troubles. The building itself was designed to be a place of solitude so its main concept was spaces of contemplation and viewing in peace.

(4.90) The paintings being shown with the light entering from the windows and skylights

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185

(4.91) Facade showing some of the louvers

Design Strategy The building was designed in a rectangular shape and an interior open plan allowing for continues movement. The building as a whole was designed to be very open and integrated in nature. The façade is a glass based one with louvers for shading, but there are multiple subtractions in the façade allowing for wind to flow throughout the building. The façade has many open areas allowing for wind circulation throughout the building

(4.92)

Integrationg of nature in the space through subtraction in tha facade for wind ac-

(4.93) Integrationg of nature through the large windows

while also providing viewing to nature as relief from the city views.

(4.94) Substracted spaces in the facade and the glass and wooden louver design in the facade

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187

Furthermore the glass façade allow for as much natural light to enter as possible allowing for viewing of the paintings from the outside as well as

(4.95) Sunlight on the paintings in the interoir space

within. This openness concept also allows for connection with the outside nature. This is also see through the open skylights above all paintings allowing more natural light to enter the space.

(4.96)Subtraction in the facade and the use of skylight for light to enter

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189

Key Feature All of the key features of this building is its connection with nature and sustainable designing. Some of these are; the passive solar system using the overhand to shade the exposed glass, the cross ventilation system seen

1 repurposed stone 2 reflecting pool

Old scultpures and stone benches salvaged Natural cooling through shallow water feature

3 deep overhangs

Insulation through Deep roof system

skylight allowing for natural lighting, the radiant floor system for cooling

4 radiant floor system

Heating, cooling and noise insulation through radiant floor system

and warming as well as not allowing for vibration and sound to enter the

5 diffuse natural light6 courtyard

Skylight with motorized louvers and translucent fabric for natural lightinging and control Open courtyard for natural light

7 cross ventilation

Natural air traveling from north to south

through the different roof height allowing for wind to enter from above and the open areas to the outdoors allowing for entry from the sides, the

same, the reuse of stone material a statues and finally the water pool used for cooling the space.

1 repurposed stone 3 deep overhangs

5 diffuse natural light-

2 reflecting pool 4 radiant floor system 6 courtyard (4.97) Section of all the sustinable aspects of the building

190

191

7 cross ventilation

The water sources are spread inside and out of the building and are being used for different functions depending on their location. The interior

(4.99) Exteroir water source

water wells are used for ambient sounds that help people relax while the outer wells are still and reflect the nature around the garden.

(4.98) Design of concepts of the water sources sketch

192

(4.100) Final design concept of the water sources sketch

193

Materials

(4.101) Plan highlighting the earth walls

The building itself is based on the vertical cedar slats and walls of excavated soil. The soil used is from the excavation of the site foundations

Earth Walls

making it able to withstand the climate and site issues because it is from the local land. Also the soil material give the building a natural look and feeling allowing people to feel more relaxed.

(4.102) Earth wall made of excavate soil

194

195

Wooden Bench Wooden Floor

The finishes on the inside and louvers are made of wooden material further emphasize the natural aspect. The floors, benches and ceiling are all

Wooden Ceiling Earth Walls

wooden giving the space a warm natural feeling. These uses of natural materials allow for a more nature based “experience acoustically, tactilely, olfactory, as well as visually.”(Rosenfield)

(4.103) Materials used inside the building

196

197

Glass Panels

The full space is bounded by the glass façade that is the only thing separating the outdoor from the inside, yet the glass is fractures or subtracted at

Wooden Louvers Subtracted Volume

many points allowing for connection with the outdoors.

(4.104) Materials used on the exterior of the building

198

199

Circulation The circulation is an open plan based one, with glass covered paths circulating around the very open spaces.

(4.105) Circulation through the building, very open plan allowng for full circulation

200

201

Toilets Storage Contemplative Grove Information Vestibule Meditation Labyrinth Reflective Pool

Program

Exteroir Courtyard The program of is based around the paintings being displayed. The central

Gallery

space that holds the 5 of the largest paintings is divided into 3 room. This central area is fully opened to the outdoors and allow as much natural light in as possible through the louvered skylights over the large paintings. This concept of nature is so strong that even some of the interior has indoor gardens.

The main functions of the building are slit up into the Entry, open air courtyard area, information vestibule, split gallery, meditation labyrinth, contemplation grove and reflective pool area and service area which holds the restrooms and a storage.

(4.106) Detailed program on site plan

202

203

Service

Activity Space

Tranquillity

(m2)

(m2)

Relief

Toilet

40

1

40

Store

Connected Toilet Storage Janitor Storage

4

1

4

9 8

1 1

9 8

55

1

55

Enter

Outdoor Gravel Area Entry Garden

200

1

200

Meditate

Meditation Labyrinth

128

1

128

Reflect

Contemplative Grove

180

1

180

Relaxing

Private Garden 122

1

122

198

1

198

Large Storage Serve Cooking

Utilities Kitchen

Information Info. Vestibule Enter Entrance

Meditative

Area Unit Total

Eating

Cafeteria

Waiting

Waiting Room

Meditating

Large Yoga Room Small Yoga Room

Relaxing

Large Spa Room Medium Spa Room Small Spa Room Exteroir Courtyard

Reflecting Pool Small Indoor Garden Med. Indoor Garden

Creative

Large Indoor Garden Viewing

Exposition Room Gallery

Care Activities

Rentable Space Multipurpose

204

(4.107) Program showing Back of House (BOH), Private and Public Spaces

205

Chapter 4.23 The Spa Queretaro Architects: Ambrosi yo Etchegaray Location: Carretas, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, México Collaborators: Miguel Montor, Julie Rousset, Ricardo Carrillo Contractor: Octavio Pérez Area: 490 m² Year: 2010

(4.108) Skecth of the Spa Queretaro

(4.109) Front view of the Spa

206

207

Program Brief The task for this project was to design a Yoga and Spa center in an irregular 418 m2 plot. The main concept of this project was for the building to create a connection with nature. The building is designed to integrate itself with

(4.110) Interoir Garden relaxing area

the outdoor nature as well as incorporate it into the interior allowing for many natural relaxing patios.

(4.111) Interoir Garden waiting room

208

209

Context The project is located in an uneven 418 m2 site in Colonia Carretas. It is only 2 blocks away from the historic Arocs area. The side is surrounded by trees and has access to one road on one side. The rest of the sides are blocked by other buildings.

(4.112) Site plan of the Spa showing the surrounding

(4.113) The entrance of the spa with natural aspects integrated

210

211

Concept The main concept was based on the concept of connecting with nature. To

(4.114) Section showing the indoor gardens

do so the slabs were designed to be thick. Yet they are not uniform, but instead the floors of the building have perforations throughout to allow for indoor patio gardens to integrate with the spaces. These patios are the connections for the spaces of the building acting as the constancy in the project.

(4.115) The interoir garden connecting the cafeteria and multipurpose

212

213

Yoga Room

Massage Area

Design Strategy

WC

Massage Area

(4.116) Section showing the functions

The project is made up of two levels. The first is a sequence of subdivided spaces being divided by garden patios. The rooms are places in an assembly of volumes creating a grid of corridors around the spaces. The upper floor contain only the yoga pavilions for complete separation from the chaos bellow and have large glass facades for maximum viewing. From these pavilions an outdoor gravel green spaces are found that are used for breaks further expressing the connection to nature.

(4.117) Plan showing the grid based ciruclation

214

Yoga Room

215

Massage Area

On both floors the design is made to allow for as much viewing areas as possible much like the upper floor viewing and the patios both internal and

(4.118) Full open view on the first floor used for further connection to nature

external on the ground floor.

(4.119) Ground floor full glass viewing area as connection with the outdoor nature

216

217

Key Feature In this project the key feature is the natural aspect that is the main concept. The building has internal garden patios connecting the natural world

(4.120) The use of the indoor gardens to connect the interoir spaces with nature

to the building. Also on the second floor even has nature integrated in it with the concept of the break area gravel garden connected to the yoga spaces. The concept of greenery is very beneficial to the meditative and relaxing experience and so the building takes this into consideration in every aspect.

(4.121) Gravel outdoor area on the first floor for use during breaks

218

219

Materials The building itself is made of concrete but has a painted finish resembling panels. The ground floor is defined by these colored concrete walls that create the overall boundaries and spaces. The interior walls are not concrete but are instead are a wooden for a more warm feeling and play with the light and rumbling circulation and are used for the spa and relational

Wooden Panel Concrete Roof/Floor

facilities.

Concrete Roof/Floor Wooden framing Spa Area

Wood Floor Panel

(4.122) Materials used in the ground floor of the Spa interoir

220

221

On the other hand the upper floor is made of steel and glass for maximum viewing of the outdoors and gardens. The floors of both floors are very thick to allow for the depth of the garden patios to be seen and to allow for a power full depth and connection between the ground and first floors.

Black Frame Gravel

Concrete Roof/Floor Black framing

Thick Wood Floor Panel on concrete

(4.123) Materials used in the first floor of the Spa

222

223

Circulation Vertical Circulation The circulation is a grid based one confined by the scattered inner functions on the ground floor and the garden patios that divide the spaces.

While on the first floor plan is defined by only 2 functioning volumes but

Private Circulation Public Circulation

also have many of the garden patios as the division of the circulation due to the voids to bellow. The two floors are connected with two side stair cases found behind the walls separating the stairs from the main patio gardens.

(4.124) Vertical and Horizonatal circulation, where horizontal is broken up into public and private circulation

224

225

Toilets

Multipurpose Room

Program

Storage

Exteroir Garden

The programs of the within the building are all based on relaxation and

Kitchen

yoga spaces. On the ground floor, the spaces divided by the garden patios

Cafeteria

Spa Area

Indoor Garden Entry

are the multipurpose room and the cafeteria. Adjacent to these courtyard areas is the spa entrance holding the cubic volumes that hold the massage room. These rooms open to a private triangular patio allowing for connection with nature during breaks.

(4.125) Plan and Axon showing the program of the first floor

226

227

Yoga Room The upper floor hold two large yoga pavilions connected to a gravel vege-

Exteroir Gravel Area

tation garden for relaxation. Also the upper floor has voids that look to the bellow patio garden spaces allowing for further natural connection.

(4.126) Plan and 3D showing the program of the first floor

228

229

Creative

Meditative

Tranquillity

Service

Activity Space

Area Unit Total (m2)

(m2)

Relief

Toilet

5.3

1

5.3

Store

Connected Toilet Storage Janitor Storage

2 3

2 2

4 6

Large Storage

5

1

5

Serve

Utilities

Cooking Information Enter Eating

Kitchen Information Visibule Entrance Cafeteria

10

1

122

8 22

1 1

8 22

Waiting

Waiting Room

75

1

75

Meditating

Large Yoga Room

83

1

83

Small Yoga Room

58

1

58

Large Spa Room

18

1

18

Medium Spa Room

15

2

30

Small Spa Room

10

1

20

Exteroir Courtyard Outdoor Gravel Area

140

1

140

5

1

5

Relaxing

Enter

Entry Garden

Meditate

Meditation Labyrinth

Reflect Relaxing

Contemplative Grove Private Garden Reflecting Pool

43

1

43

Small Indoor Garden

11

1

11

Med. Indoor Garden

14

1

14

Large Indoor Garden

18

1

18

Viewing Care

Exposition Room Gallery Rentable Space

Activities

Multipurpose

230

(4.127) Program showing Back of House (BOH), Private and Public Spaces 22

1

22

231

Part 2 Solitude Analysed

Chapter 5.0 Reflection on the Data

Summary This chapter will analyse and compare the information collected from the case studies. The first part will look at the pavilion case studies and compare the different circulation strategies to come to a conclusion on the different types of connections that were used and the reasons why. The second part will analyse the meditative case studies and begin to produce a new project to be made. The new program will be broken down and the reasons behind the choice fully examined.

237

Chapter 5.1 Connection Analysis The first three case studies, Parc de la Villette, the Nelson-Atkins Museum, and the Xiangmi Science Library, were pavilions which were analysed for their connection with the environment and its connection of its separated buildings. The pavilions are designed to create an experience for the visitors but they use different methods on circulation to create a different promenade experience and this creates different overall viewing and encounter with the functions within and the outer environment.

The Parc de la Villette analysis a circulation system based on the ground level, while the Nelson-Atkins Museum has a circulation below ground and the final Xiangmi Sciece Library has a circulation based above ground.

Each of these provide a different experience and overall promenade.

(5.1) the three case studies: the Parc de la Villette, the Nelson-Atkins Museum, and the Xiangmi Science Library,

238

239

Park de la Villette The Parc de la Villete has a circulation system based on a grid format on the ground level. The areas of function are at the intersection of the grids and the rest of the space is based on a free circulation. The main path that circulates the entire park are based on intersecting lines and go around the whole park to allow for full experience of the park. The grid allows for a dominate path to be known and yet also allows for open circulation of all the spaces. The promenade made by the Parc de la Villette is fully integrated in nature allowing for a relaxing walk around the park.

(5.2) 3D of the Parc de la Villette and its main features

240

241

Nelson-Atkins Museum The Nelson-Atkins Museum extension building had a circulation based underground. The buildings were split into 5 lenses and connected by an underground gallery space. The main circulation was based in a straight path from one side to the other while the secondary circulation was an open based one that allowed for constant movement. The connection to the upper floor was through a main ramp and multiple side stair cases. The separated from the above provided insulation, acoustic insulation and sun control. The circulation of the building also used the separation of level to allow for a more interesting promenade experience which allowed viewing from above to the bellow gallery.

(5.3) 3D of the Nelson-Atkins Museum and its main features

242

243

Xiangmi Science Library The Xiangmi Science Library has two main circulation concepts that are used to help one another. The main circulation connects the building to the main park space, meaning it is a connection on top of the ground, while the secondary circulation allows people to move upwards throughout the building to the various floors, going vertically, and connect the building to the main circulation bridge. The bridge allows for an integrated promenade experience in nature allowing for separation into the park area at multiple small intervals. The overall experience in nature provides people with a relaxing and meditative experience taking people from the enjoyable park to the informative and integrated library.

(5.4) 3D of the Xiangmi Science Library and its main features

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245

Chapter 5.2 Project Organization The last three case studies analyzed, the care pavilion, the Windhover Contemplation center, and the Spa Queretaro, were studied completely to understand their concepts and programs. The programs are placed beside each other and compared to discover the main functions an areas required for the functions to be used. The main functions such as the entry and the waiting rooms were considered and added as functions to the new project being designed and so were the other programs such as the meditative functions which were designed to help people relax and enjoy time away from the chaos.

All the functions will full under the three main categories of meditation, tranquility and creativity and will be considered based on their acoustic, natural requirement, occupancy and main aspects to be able to understand what their requirements are. The new project will be designed to connect people that work in the area to a location of relaxation that they can use to get away from their everyday stress of work. It will be designed with the concept of broken pavilions in mind to allow for interesting promenade and to grant access to all the people around the area.

(5.5) the three case studies: the care pavilion, the Windhover Contemplation center, and the Spa Queretaro

246

Case study 2

Case study 3

Further additions:

•Lobby

•Reading room

•Sleeping pod Area

•Library

(for library)

•Small gym

•Stacks room

•Promenade

(for library)

•Art Room

•Café

Additional functions Activity Space

Further functions are to be added to the program of the current “new of these functions are taken from the pavilion case studies, since these case studies were not based on meditation projects the functions but are more towards the creative aspects such as reading areas and a library. There are also added functions not found through the case studies that are being included to help solve some of the issues discussed in previous such as the lack of sleep, muscle tensions and lack of creativity. These are being solved through the added sleeping pod area to allow for naps, whose area was calculated based on the standard size of sleeping pods and to accommodate approximately 20 people, gym are which allows for release of tensions and stiffness that comes will long office hours, and an art room to allow for a creative atmosphere. The overall function/activity that will also be included in the new program is the promenade that provides people a place/ places to walk and meditate or relax while enjoying the nature around.

This will be integrated within the pavilions rather than being a separate

Creative Meditative Tranquillity Service

project” that will allow more areas to be able to meditate and relax. Some

Entrance

Lobby

Store

Stacks Room Storage

(m2)

(m2)

200

3

600

80 6

3

240

1

6

110

3

330

Relaxing

Cafe

Reading Sleeping

Reading Room Sleeping pod Area

90 72

1 3

90 216

Activities

Small Gym

20

2

40

Meditate

Promenade

Reading

Library

275

1

275

Creativity

Art Room

20

1

20

entity.

(5.6) Chart showing the additional functions

248

Area Unit Total

249

Activity Space

Creative

Meditative

Tranquillity

Service

Relief

Toilet Connected Toilet Storage Store Janitor Storage Large Storage Serve Utilities Cooking Kitchen Information Info. Vestibule Entrance Enter Eating Cafeteria Waiting Waiting Room Entrance Lobby Store Stacks Room Meditating Large Yoga Room Small Yoga Room Relaxing Large Spa Room Medium Spa Room Small Spa Room Exteroir Courtyard Outdoor Gravel Area Enter Reading Sleeping Activities Meditate Reflect Relaxing

Care Pavilion Area Unit Total (m2)

6

(m2)

3

4

2 1

6 13

2

18 8 6

Meditate Viewing Care Activities Reading Drawing

Gallery Rentable Space Multipurpose Library Art Room

(m2)

40 4

(m2)

(m2)

(m2)

(m2)

1

40

5.3

1

5.3 4

18 2 4

1

4

2 3

2 2

5

1

5

10

1

122

6

26

17.5

1

17.5

75

1

75

9 8

55

Cafe Entry Garden Reading Room Sleeping pod Area Small Gym Meditation Labyrinth Contemplative Grove Private Garden Reflecting Pool Small Indoor Garden Med. Indoor Garden Large Indoor Garden Promenade Exposition Room

Spa Queretaro New Project Windhover Area Unit Total Area Unit Total Area Unit Total

44

1

44

250

2

500

1 1

1

9 8

55

200

1

200

128

1

128

180

1

180

122

1

122

198

1

8 22 75

1 1 1

1 1 1 2 1

83 58 18 15 10

8 22 75

83 58 18 30 20

140

1

140

5

1

5

(m2)

2 2 2 1 1 1 1

6 5 13 10 9 10 22 75 200

1 1 1 1 3

80 83 58 18 15 10 55 140

3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1

36 4 8 6 5 13 10 9 10 22 75 600 240 83 58 18 15 10 55 140

3 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1

330 200 90 216 40 128 180 43 122 11

43

1

43

11

1

11

110 200 90 72 20 128 180 43 122 11

14 18

1 1

14 18

14 18

1 1

14 18

44

1

44

198 250

1 1 1 1 1

198 250 22 275 20 3,618

198 22

1

22

22 275 20

Total

Mindfulness Practice

Meditation Labyrinth Contemplative Grove Reflective Pool

Spatial Organization

Private Garden

Small Meduim

The programs of the prevouis case studies are analysied in every detail allowing for a clearer image of the uses and reqquirements of the funtions found. The diagrams following show the different aspects that are deduced from the case studies and also are going to be included within the

Indoor Garden

Meduim

Spa Room

Large

Yoga Room

chaos of their daily lives.

Small

Tranquillity

Large

new project to allow for the most relaxing, meditative and creative spaces that help people working in the offices around find solitude from the

Small

Gravel Area

The main functions area based on the 4 main categories of mindfulness,

Exteroir

tranquility, creativity and service areas. Within the categories the 3 based

Courtyard

Multipurpose Room

on the meditative, relaxing and creative aspects have some of their func-

Rentable Space

tions that blend within both categories. The diagram on the next page shows the blending of the functions using the fading of colors into each of the functions.

Gallery

Creativity Exposition Room (5.7) Diagram showing the main categories for all the functions and how some of the functions blend into multiple categories

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253

Integrated Nature

Creative

Meditative

Tranquillity

Service

Space Toilet Connected Toilet Storage Janitor Storage Large Storage Utilities Kitchen Info. Vestibule Entrance Cafeteria Waiting Room Lobby Stacks Room Large Yoga Room Small Yoga Room Large Spa Room Medium Spa Room Small Spa Room Exteroir Courtyard Outdoor Gravel Area Cafe Entry Garden Reading Room Sleeping pod Area Small Gym Meditation Labyrinth Contemplative Grove Private Garden Reflecting Pool Small Indoor Garden Med. Indoor Garden Large Indoor Garden Promenade Exposition Room Gallery Rentable Space Multipurpose Library Art Room

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Water

Green

Occupancy Common

Individual

Acoustic Low

High

Main Aspect

Service

Space

Project Aspects The main aspects were divided into two groups; meditation and relaxation ics. The majority of the functions were found to help with the relaxation aspect while a few of the important functions are meditative. This allows for constant relaxation in most functions with special spaces made for the meditation time.

The human aspects of the projects were studied to understand what main

Tranquillity

since the project is means to solve or aid in achieving one of these two top-

human trait the functions will be addressing. The categories were split into three, mental, physical and emotional. The activities such as the entry gar-

spaces on the mental works. Most of the features were actually found to fit two of the categories simultaneously such as the spa and Yoga rooms which are both physically and emotionally beneficial.

256

Creative

gardens and the reflective pool are based on the emotional and the gallery

Meditative

den was found to be more focused on the emotional side, while the indoor

Toilet Connected Toilet Storage Janitor Storage Large Storage Utilities Kitchen Info. Vestibule Entrance Cafeteria Waiting Room Lobby Stacks Room Large Yoga Room Small Yoga Room Large Spa Room Medium Spa Room Small Spa Room Exteroir Courtyard Outdoor Gravel Area Cafe Entry Garden Reading Room Sleeping pod Area Small Gym Meditation Labyrinth Contemplative Grove Private Garden Reflecting Pool Small Indoor Garden Med. Indoor Garden Large Indoor Garden Promenade Exposition Room Gallery Rentable Space Multipurpose Library Art Room

Human Aspect

Meditation Relaxation Mental Physical Emotional

Toilet Storage Janitor Storage Utilities Connected Toilet Large Storage Kitchen Info. Vestibule Entrance Cafeteria Waiting Room Large Yoga Room Small Yoga Room Spa Room (All) Exteroir Courtyard Outdoor Gravel Area Entry Garden Meditation Labyrinth Contemplative Grove Private Garden Reflecting Pool Indoor Garden(All) Gallery Rentable Space Multipurpose Exposition Room Lobby Stacks Room Cafe Reading Room Sleeping pod Area Small Gym Library Art Room Toilet Connected Toilet Storage Janitor Storage Large Storage Utilities

Function connection

Kitchen Info. Vestibule

The project functions are compared to one another so as to find what functions require a connection between each other. This will help understand the relation between the functions and which have a higher priority.

Entrance Cafeteria Waiting Room Yoga Room (All) Spa Room (All) Ext. Courtyard Outdoor Gravel Entry Garden Med. Labyrinth Contemp. Grove Private Garden Reflecting Pool In. Gardens (All) Gallery Rentable Space Multipurpose Exposition Room Lobby Stacks Room Cafe Reading Room Sleeping pod Small Gym Library Art Room

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259

Must be Might be Nice to be

Chapter 6.0 Site Context and Analysis

Summary This chapter will analyze and compare three different possible site locations where the new project will be designed. The chapter will analyze Dubai as a whole to understand the most dense and stressful areas so that three potential areas can be deduced. Next the three areas will be studied and compared to further understand their advantages and disadvantages so that the final area will be decided and the site will be chosen. Finally the chosen site will be analyzed in detailed to be able to see all the accesses, circulation, sun and wind direction and all other aspects that will help create the design for a potential project.

263

15.0% Egyptian

6.1%

Chapter 6.1

38.2%

Bangladeshi Pakistani

9.4%

Philippines Others

9.5%

Three Potential Sites As seen in chapter 2, Dubai due to the large immigrant population coming

Indian Emirati

10.2%

11.6%

(6.1) Chart of the percentage of ethnicities in dubai

for work are constantly under a lot of pressure and stress constantly trying to make money to be able to live and provide for their families. It has also been found that people in Dubai tend to have high rates of depression, anxiety and stress in its residence (Monsef et al.). Also throughout part 1 it was seen that the open plan that most offices have adopted the stress and problems have increased rather than decreased. For this reason Dubai is to be studied in terms of office locations.

4,000,000

3,327,2677

3,000,000

2,566,209 1,837,610

2,000,000 1,000,000 0

689,420 276,301 1980

1995

2010

2016

(6.2) Dubai population increasing from 1980 to 2018

264

265

2018

Ras Al Khaimah Persian Gulf

Oman

Umm Al Quwain Ajman

Qatar

Fujairah

Dubai

Abu Dhahi

Population Density

Oman

Saudi Arabia

Furthermore the locations are decided based on the density of

(6.3) Map showing Dubai, which is the city location

population. Dubai holds 35.7% of the UAE’s population making it the highest in terms of population in the UAE (“UAE Population. Emiratis of Abu Dhabi vs Dubai.”). High density in a location can cause higher chaos(Neubert and Caswell) in which will lead to more stressful situations for the people there. From the diagrams, it can be seen that Dubai is one of the most densely populated cities of the UAE with around 500-999 persons

< 50 persons by Km2 Ras Al-Khaimah

50-99 persons by Km2 100-499 persons by Km2

Umm Al-Quwain

500-999 persons by Km2

Sharjah Dubai

>1000 persons by Km2

per Km2.

Fujairah

Abu Dhabi Oman Saudi Arabia (6.4) Map showing the population density which shows Dubai being one of the highest density

266

267

0 persons

Through further inspection it can be found that within Dubai there are areas with much higher density then others. Areas closer to the sea are found to have a much higher density, and those to the right of palm Jumeriah even higher in population then those on the left.

171,954 persons

(6.5) Map of dubai close up showing the population density where the desity at the top right being the highest

>50,000persons by Km2

10,000-25,000persons by Km2

25,000-50,000persons by Km2

<10,000persons by Km2

(6.6) Map of the most dense area of dubai close up, with a more detailed population desnity count

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269

Offshore Area Metropolitan Area

Area / District Analysis

Non-Urban Area

By analyzing Dubai’s most popular commercial and office areas, the most stressful locations can be deduced, which would be in most need for

Non-Urban Area

solitude. Through the study of Dubai’s masterplan it was found that there are 4 main sections of the city. The offshore area, past the land boundary, the metropolitan area which holds the urban functions, and the two non-urban sections that hold the farm land and noncommercial functions.

(6.7) Map of dubai showing the Area typology

Within these sections are the 12 main sub sectional areas 4 of which make up the commercial districts of Dubai; Sheikh Zayed Road, Business Bay, Palm Deira

Dubai international financial center, and Dubai city.

The Palm Jumeirah Jebel Ali World Aid City Dubai World Centeral

Jumeirahs

Sheikh Zayed Road Business Bay

Dubailand

Dubai City

Dubai International Mushrif Park Financial Centre

(6.8) Map showing the main 11 districts of Dubai, with the commercial areas highlighted

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271

Dubai District DIFC Business Bay Dubai Internet City Barsha Heights (Tecom) Dubai Media City

Looking closer at the districts, and with the comparison of the population density, it’s found that the most popular commercial areas within the 4 sub-districts is Dubai Media City, Barsha Heights (Tecom), Dubai Internet City, Business Bay, DIFC, and Dubai Design District. This brings a clearer image of a potential site location.

(6.9) Map showing more specifically the commercail areas

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273

No sales 1M-2M 2M-5M 5M-10M 500K-1M >10M

Cost and District Analysis To find more accurate locations of office areas the rent per square foot is analyzed and the most popular areas to rent an office being; Business Bay, Jumeriah Lake Towers, Sheikh Zayed Road, Barsha Heights and Deira. To confirm this it was compared to the most popular areas to buy an office

(6.10) Land selling rates of dubai, the more expensive being more likely for commercial

building which were found to be; Business Bay, Jumeriah Lake Towers, Barsha Heights, Dubai Silicon Oasis and Downtown Dubai (“Office Rent and Sale Price Trends in Dubai and Abu Dhabi ”).

Renting Offices (2017-2018)

Buying Offices (2017-2018)

Avg Rent /sq*ft (AED)

Avg Rent /sq*ft (AED)

Business Bay

100

Downtown Dubai

3,103

Deira

110

Business Bay

1,194

Sheikh Zayed Road

120

Jumeirah Lake Tower

1,050

Barsha Heights (Tecom) 99

Barsha Heights (Tecom) 1,032

Jumeirah Lake Tower

Dubai Silicon Oasis

90

650

(6.11) Most popular renting and buying areas for offices with the average rent per sq*ft(AED)

274

275

Height Density Analysis The final method used to find a site location is by studying the towers densities. The areas with the higher density of towers were chosen over the

Short

lower areas due to the larger density of people that could reside there and

Medium

also for the fact that the towers tend to be used for commercial purpose

Tall

more than residential because of the higher rent rate. Furthermore the areas found are compared to the known commercial districts and the ones with the highest population, highest tower density and most popularly known to be used for offices and then the potential site is chosen.

(6.12) Land selling rates of dubai, the more expensive being more likely for commercial

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277

DIFC Business Bay

Barsha Heights (Tecom)

Three site locations The three potential sites chosen, based on the previous aspects, are Barsha Heights (Tecom), Business Bay, and Dubai international financial centre (DIFC). These were found to be the locations with the highest density of

(6.13) The three site choicees

people in correlation to the commercial district areas, and also have the highest rent and buy costs.

(6.14) Pictures of location option one, Business Bay

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279

Furthermore in comparison to the tower density it was found that these location are mostly comprised of taller buildings. All these aspects make the areas some of the most stressful and therefore are more likely to benefit

(6.15) Pictures of location option two, Barsha Heights

from the inclusion of a solitude based pavilion structure.

(6.16) Pictures of location option three, DIFC (Dubai international financial centre)

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281

Chapter 6.2 Comparison Analysis To better identify the site certain categories will be analysed so that it is clear which site would most benefit from the implementation of a solitude based project.

DIFC Business Bay Barsha Heights (Tecom)

Some of the main factors that will be considered as primary categories are: •Have a high density of towers •Accessible to multiple offices spaces •Have no relaxation or meditative features already within the location •Have high levels of noise •Easily accessible by pedestrians to allow for visits during breaks •Have no vegetation To understand where each of the locations stand within the categories they will be scored based on a ranking of 0 being the low fulfilment mark, 1 being moderate fulfilment and 2 being the high fulfilment mark, depending on whether the site fulfils the category requirements.

(6.17) The three site choices

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283

Barsha Heights (Tecom) This site location is a commercial and residential area sitting between the greens and al Barsha. Barsha heights was developed by the Tecom group and was formally known as TECOM before the name was changed. The area started in 2006 and was completed around mid-2020. The site is located 2 kilometres from palm Jumeirah and surrounded by roads. It is easy to reach most popular destinations, such as Dubai mall and Burj al Arab, in under 30 minutes. The residential spaces surround the office areas which lies at the heart of Barsha heights. This area is also known to have low vegetation which has been an issue for those in the space. The good side of the location is the ability for people to get to it by means other than cars such as metro and pedestrian path.

(6.18) Barsha Heights (Tecom) site plan with inlarged site choices

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285

Business Bay This site location is a commercial area which promotes business, trade and luxury. It has gained the reputation of being the commercial hub of both Dubai and the Middle East. The total area of the site is around 46.9 million square feet where 18.5% is commercial and 59.4% is mix use of both commercial and residential. It is located near DIFC and Burj Khalifa making it easy to access and is intersected by the Dubai canal connecting it to the Arabian Gulf.

(6.19) Business Bay site plan with inlarged site choices

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287

Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) This site location is one of the top global financial centres of the Middle East, Africa and south Asia and connects Asia, Europe and America through Dubai. The area is known to have the largest financial environment consisting of around 25,600 professionals and 2,584 companies. (“About Us | Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) | ”) This makes it not only the largest but also one of the most diverse environments. The areas also holds residential spaces and entertainment spaces allowing for a more artistic and cultural environment.

(6.20) Dubai International Financial Center (DIFC) site plan with inlarged site choices

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289

Short Medium Tall

Barsha Heights

Tower Density Comparison It is evident through the diagrams that all three sites are surrounded by tall and medium height buildings making them all get a score of 2 for this category. Through further analysis of the diagram it is seen that Business bay has the largest amount of tall buildings so it scores a full mark of 2, while Barsha heights has more of a balance of both tall and medium and DIFC is a mix of all the 3 height typologies making them a 1 due to the less amount of tall buildings.

Business Bay

Score: •Barsha Heights

1

•Business Bay

2

•DIFC

1 DIFC

(6.21) Site plan showing tower density of all three proposed sites

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291

Barsha Heights

Accessible to multiple offices spaces The diagrams show that all three sites are surrounded by multiple offices, or buildings with offices within the towers. In this case all the sites will get 2 for the category due to the areas being mostly designed for commercial or mixed use, also the residential buildings with offices were considered.

Business Bay

Score: •Barsha Heights

1

•Business Bay

2

•DIFC

1 DIFC

(6.22) Site plan showing surrounding offices of all three proposed sites

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293

Tower Spa Relaxation Center

Barsha Heights

Relaxation or Meditative features The diagrams analyses all the possible relaxation centers or meditation centers. The spas within buildings were also taken into consideration. The DIFC area was found to have a center for relaxation and leaving behind the chaos of work so it was given the lowest score. The Barsha heights and Business bay areas had multiple spas integrated within the buildings around so they were awarded 1 point each due to the lack of relaxation centers but the inclusion of spa areas.

Business Bay

Score: •Barsha Heights

1

•Business Bay

1

•DIFC

0 DIFC

(6.23) Site plan showing surrounding relaxation and meditation feautures of all three proposed sites

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295

Barsha Heights

High level of noise The diagrams show noise of the site using a gradient of a blue color. It was found that the area with the most noise are closer to the street so those areas were shaded darker and the closer they went to the center it became lighter. All the site locations were found to be surrounded by streets and had streets within the plots which made them very noisy, for this reason all the sites were given a 2 for their scores.

Business Bay

Score: •Barsha Heights

2

•Business Bay

2

•DIFC

2 DIFC

(6.24) Site plan showing noise levels of all three proposed sites

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297

Barsha Heights

Pedestrian accessible The diagrams show the main paths around each plot as the pedestrian path as well as all the public transport areas such as the metro and bus stops, all the information is laid over the 40% transparent diagram of office spaces to see the full access of the pedestrian paths. There are also, in a darker blue the walking diameter of approximately 400m which was found to be the most comfortable amount for a person to walk(Yang and DiezRoux), these circles show the distance that can be traveled from the public transport areas and also from the chosen sites around to approximate how

Business Bay

many offices will be able to access the site. The analysis shows all three sites are able to be accessed by metro and also are within walking distance to most of the major office locations so they all get a score of 2.

Score: 2 •Barsha Heights

2

•Business Bay

2

•DIFC DIFC

(6.25) Site plan showing pedestrian access of all three proposed sites

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299

Barsha Heights

No Vegetation The diagrams show the lack of vegetation in Barsha heights gives it the highest mark of 2 while the Business bay site receives a 1 for the few spots of vegetation that are further away from the site, and finally the DIFC site holds the largest spots of vegetation which gives it a mark of 0 proving it would benefit the least of the pavilion project.

Business Bay

Score: •Barsha Heights

2

•Business Bay

1

•DIFC

0 DIFC

(6.26) Site plan showing vegetation around the 3 sites

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301

Final Site

Barsha Heights

Business Bay

DIFC

1 1 1 2 2 2

2 2 1 2 2 1

1 1 0 2 2 0

9

10

6

The scores of all the categories were added up and they site with the highest score will be used as the final site location for the possible pavilion project. The scores showed the best possible location is the business bay location, with the second best being Barsha heights and the least likely site to be the DIFC location. With this information the analysis will continue in more detail based on the final site of business bay. The site will be studied in depth regarding all aspects.

(6.27) Final Site choice of Business Bay

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303

Chapter 6.3 Site Choice Within the location chosen, Business Bay, there are multiple sites that are in need of the solitude pavilion because of the areas office and high density atmosphere. The site locations are chosen based on the secondary categoriges which one is the void vs mass locations where the masses are most dense because it will allow the pavilion to be accessible to the most amount of offices. Also the pedestrian and vehicle are considered to have a better location that can be accessible by public transportation such as the metro and also by pedestrian paths for easy access during break hours.

The secondary categories are: •Mass and Void •Pedestrian and Vehicle

(6.28) The final site location being business bay

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305

Mass Vs Void The diagram shows that the highest density of masses are towards the top left side of the Business Bay location. This means that this area will have the largest population density of offices which are beside each other and will have more of a use for the solitude pavilion. The high density of masses also means that the pavilions when placed within this location will allow for more of the buildings to be addressed through the pavilions.

(6.29) Mass and Void diagram of the Business Bay area ahowing the highest desnity of mass in the upper left side

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307

Pedestrian and Vehicle The diagram shows the pedestrian and vehicle paths throughout the upper

Vehicle Pedestrian

side of Business Bay. It shows that the area is highly pedestrian based one with a few main streets linking the areas. This is an advantage because it means the people of the area will be able to have easy access to the pavilion no matter the final site.

The metro was also found to be located towards the main road allowing for public transport access and also making that location the most crowded during the office times due to the use of public transport and the highway which people use to get to work. This also means the location is easy to access and therefore the optimal location for a pavilion to connect the people coming into business bay to the offices all around. This finalized the discussion of choosing the three empty plots around the metro and therefore in the middle of the highest density of masses of the Business Bay location.

(6.30) Pedestrain and vehicle diagram of the full Business Bay site

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309

Final Site Choice

C

The mass and void diagram and pedestrian and vehicle paths show that the sites with the highest density of masses and therefore offices/towers is towards the top left side where the metro is located. This location is also

B D A

very easy to access through pedestrian means such as the metro or public transportation and also through walking paths so that the future project will be easily accessible by multiple means to all the surrounding buildings. The site locations that most fulfilled these categories were chosen and found to be the three empty sites closest to the metro.

(6.31) Final site locations within Business Bay based on the mass vs void and predestrian and vehicle analysis

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311

Chapter 6.4 Detailed Site Analysis

C B D

The final site within the location is to be studied based on a series of third categories to further understand the site and its issues and advan-

A

tages.

The Third categories are: •Areas of the sites •Pictures of the current situation site •Office Hours •Tourist Areas •Access to the sun and wind to allow for relaxing green spaces and promenade experiences •Potential access to the site •Noise intensity within the sites •Detailed analysis of the surrounding building functions •Public vs Private of the surrounding Buildings •Heights/ number of floors of the surrounding buildings •Vegetation on site •Smells around the sites This information will be used to design a pavilion taking into

(6.32) The final site location being business bay

consideration the site conditions and helps the surrounding area improve.

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313

13045.43m2 36043.05m2

Areas

6163.65m2 20313.3 m2

Site B was found to be split by a road separating it into two plots with areas of 6163.65m2 and 36043.05m2 adding up to a total of 42206.70m2. Site

16780.62m2

A has an area of 16780.62m2 and the smallest of the sites, Site C, with an area of 13045.43m2.

(6.33) Areas of the final selected sites

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315

C

Site Pictures

B D

The plans are placed with the site pictures from the plots. This helps understand the surrounding situation of the sites as well as know what

A

issues or advantages come with the locations. The pictures also explains the conditions of the plot today.

(6.34) Final site locations within Business Bay based on the mass vs void and predestrian and vehicle analysis

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317

Site A

(6.35) Pictures of the site A

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319

(6.36) Collage pictures of the site A

Site B

(6.37) Pictures of the site B

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323

(6.38) Collage pictures of the site B

Site C

(6.39) Pictures of the site C

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327

(6.40) Collage pictures of the site C

Site D

(6.41) Pictures of the site D

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331

(6.42) Collage pictures of the site D

Office Hours The office hours in Dubai are found to be between 40-48 hours per week.

The work week usually comprises from Sunday to Thursday with the exception of a few companies that also have work on Saturday. The hours usually start from 8:30-9:00am and last till 5:30-6pm. This is the case for all the season the only acceptation to these hours is during the Ramadan month where the hours are shortened to 6 hours a day.(Chesters and Hughes) The rush hours tend to be during the morning between 6-8am, between 6-7pm, because everyone would be returning home. Also the offices are obliged to provide with a break after every 5hours of work, this usually puts the break hour at 1-2pm. During this time people will leave the office to relax(“UAE Labour Law - Working Hours In Dubai, Annual

Traffic/ people

because of all the people going to work at this time, and also in the evening

Leave, Working Days”), enjoy and eat lunch or choose to stay indoors if they have nowhere interesting to go.

6-7am

8-9am

10-11am

12am

1-2pm

3-4pm

5-6am

Hours (6.43) Diagram of the work hours compared to the amount of people and traffic in the Business Bay area, including the break hours at 1-2pm

334

335

7-8pm

Tourist Areas Business Bay has a few tourist attractions around it, one of the biggest is the one found in the centre of business bay, being the Dubai Creek. Some of the other locations close by consist of the Burj Khalifa to the upper right

Burj Khalifa

side and the Safa Park to the left. These attractions bring a higher population to the area. Also they make the surrounding buildings have a higher rent and this brings more commercial functions to the location.

Safa Park

Dubai Creek

(6.44) Toursit Areas around the Business Bay site locations

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337

Sun and Wind The Sun circulates from the east to the west and at these sites this allows for full site coverage and this means maximum lighting into the building.

Furthermore this helps in the concept stage where the side that are overly exposed to the sun will have more shading designed.

(6.45) Sun diagram with the sun rotation from east to west

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339

The wind circulation was studied and found to have the dominant wind coming from the North- West side. This will help in the design of the project so as to take advantage of the breeze allowing for passive cooling and more comfortable spaces. It also revealed that the side of the dominate wind is not blocked for sites A and B but site C is blocked by the tall towers that break the wind path. This will affect in the designing of the pavilion to take advantage of the wind when possible.

(6.46) Dominant wind of dubai coming from the north-west with the rest of the area getting less wind

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341

Main roads

Site Accesses

Secondary roads

The site access was analysed based on 4 main categories; main road ac-

Pedestrian Path

cess, secondary road access, pedestrian path and the public transportation location. It was found that the sites are connected by two main roads that connect the 3 sites to each other and to Sheik Zayed Road. These 2 intersecting roads break off into the secondary roads that connects site C to the Sites A and B. The pedestrian paths show that the area is mostly pedestrian friendly allowing full circulation around the sites surrounding and also within them. This can be used as advantage to allow for constant access by foot. Finally the metro was found to be directly connected to site B which will allow for constant exposure of the pavilion to the people commuting in the more morning and evening to and from work.

(6.47) Site access to all four site locations consisting of main roads, secindary roads and pedestrian paths

342

343

Noise The noise pollution at the site was analysed to find the optimal sides to block and those to open too. It was found that the sides towards the street had the highest noise pollution while the further from the street the lower it became. It was also found that towards the areas with higher density of towers the noise was higher so these sides must be blocked for noise but also allowing entrance to those buildings.

(6.48) Noise pollution on the four site choices showing the loudest areas to be towars the streets and more building dense side

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345

Residential Utilities/ Parking

Surrounding Buildings Main Function

Mix Use Under Construction

The surrounding buildings were found to full under the 6 categories of res-

Commercial/ Administrative

idential, Utilities and Parking, areas under construction, mix use and commercial and administrative. These categories made it possible to see the types of people in the area based on their required functions and needs.

The sites were found to be highly surrounded by commercial and administrative buildings and mixed use buildings while also being bordered at all sides by large residential towers. This means that the pavilions must be exposed to the office areas without disturbing the residential spaces and fulling the needs for all the functions. Also this allows for consideration of families in the residential areas and functions that may be of use to them such as the space for the parents and the outdoor maze or fields for the children.

(6.49) Surrounding building main functions around the four sites

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347

Park Utilities/ Parking

Ground Level Functions

Stores Under Construction

The surrounding buildings were found to full under the 6 categories of res-

Commercial/ Administrative

idential, Utilities and Parking, areas under construction, mix use and commercial and administrative. These categories made it possible to see the types of people in the area based on their required functions and needs.

The sites were found to be highly surrounded by commercial and administrative buildings and mixed use buildings while also being bordered at all sides by large residential towers. This means that the pavilions must be exposed to the office areas without disturbing the residential spaces and fulling the needs for all the functions. Also this allows for consideration of families in the residential areas and functions that may be of use to them such as the space for the parents and the outdoor maze or fields for the children.

(6.50) Surrounding building ground functions around the four sites

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349

Parking Pool area Utilities

Podium/ Roof Level Functions

Cafe/ seating area Residential roof

The surrounding buildings were found to full under the 6 categories of res-

Emtpy

idential, Utilities and Parking, areas under construction, mix use and commercial and administrative. These categories made it possible to see the types of people in the area based on their required functions and needs.

The sites were found to be highly surrounded by commercial and administrative buildings and mixed use buildings while also being bordered at all sides by large residential towers. This means that the pavilions must be exposed to the office areas without disturbing the residential spaces and fulling the needs for all the functions. Also this allows for consideration of families in the residential areas and functions that may be of use to them such as the space for the parents and the outdoor maze or fields for the children.

(6.51) Surrounding building roof/podium functions around the four sites

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351

Public Vs Private Private

The surrounding buildings were further analysed to understand the pri-

Public

vate vs the public buildings around. This provides and understanding of the buildings that will have constant access from multiple people from all professions and of all needs compared to the private buildings where people would need more privacy. It was found that the business bay area has a higher number of public buildings, mostly consisting of mixed use and commercial/administrative towers, compared to the private buildings such as the residential locations.

(6.52) Private and Public buildings around the sites, taking into consideration the functions

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353

G+ 0-9 G+ 10-19 G+ 20-29 G+ 30-39

Heights

G+ 40-49 G+ 50-59

The buildings around the site were found to have varying heights from 1

G+ 60<

floor through to around 70 floors. Most of the utility and parking complexes has a maximum of 10 floors with the minimum being 1 floor. The rest of the functions had a mix of heights between 30 to 70 floors but it was evident that the residential buildings were the taller than the commercial and mixed buildings, which were found to be between the 30 to 40 floor ranges. The area around site B has mostly buildings with heights of 1 to 10 with a few of which are from the 30’s to 50 height range. This will allow for more views to be visible and also can be used to integrate the shorter buildings within the concept of the pavilion. Site A also has a lot of short buildings but it has more of a balance with the 30 to 50 floored buildings, these buildings do not block the dominant wind from the site which is an advantage and also block the sun from the east. Site C has some shorter buildings to the top but the common height around it is between 20 to 30 floors which are good for shading.

(6.53) Heights of the surrounding buildings to understand shaded spaces and population densities possible within the buildings

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Vegetation Sites B was found to have two lines of bushes towards the sides of the plot and site A was found to have two tress growing within the plot, while site C did not have any vegetation. These can be used in the pavilion concept instead of cutting them down.

(6.54) Vegetation found on the four sites showing only sites A and B to have any vegeitation

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Smells The sites do not have high levels of smells. There are light smell of food in the towers around where there are restaurants in the ground floor but that is too far to reach the sites themselves. Site A and B has vegetation which provide a natural smell which could be used within the pavilion.

(6.55) Smells around the sites to understand what sides should be blocked and those that should be accessible

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Chapter 7.0 Space and Site Correlations

Summary This chapter will analyse all the information studied throughout the research. It will briefly restate the main aspects and show the most important factors that were concluded. The site analysis disclosed multiple issues and potentialities in the location which are to be analysed and understood so as to create a functional and interesting project. The potential project will also be discussed and introduced with some ideas to begin to acknowledge some of the features that can be used.

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Further research into three case studies showed the most interesting promenades that help create connections between pavilions and their sites, while another three case studies showed the main programs involved in the concept of the meditative, tranquil and creative process that will

Chapter 7.1

help create the best possible solution for a relaxing and reflective project.

Summary and Reflections This research has studied the concept of Solitude and how it can be beneficial. The topic, though is often confused with loneliness or isolation, is actually a way for people to meditation, relax and pray so that they are able to reflect and reanalyze their lives. Throughout the years solitude has evolved from being only used for religious purposes and by religious figures to become a common practice for all people to find relief in their lives. In places such as Dubai, where the stress levels are very high due to the continued work effort and pressures, solitude is a method to help people destress and rest. Stress affects the person’s mental, physical and emotional health causing people illnesses, pain and less cognitive function, while solitude helps with these issues and instead allows people to relieve tension, make better discussions and have higher cognitive function making the people more creative and comfortable in their lives. There are many aspects of solitude in art, architecture and landscape that are designed to push more

Tranquility

Meditation

a more meditative atmosphere. Some of the main features understood form theses aspects are the separation of spaces, like the art exhibitions, the shift in scale and connection to nature, such as the Zen gardens, and the circular walking path that allows people to wonder without thought,

(7.1) Main aspects of the potentail project

taken from the labyrinths.

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Creativity

Advantages

Issues

The site study showed the most potential locations that require such a project of solitude and sound that Dubai was the most overpopulated and stress filled are in the region. Additional look into Dubai, Barsha Heights, DIFC and Business Bay were chosen to be the most stressful and office based regions within Dubai, with Business Bay being the worst case scenario.

The site analysis revealed multiple issues within the site and also many potentials or advantages.

Advantages:

Issues:

•Pedestrian friendly

•Long office hours with short breaks

•Surrounding tourist attractions •High Sound from main road •Full sun and wind access

•Had mixed building functions around

•Few smells

•Tall buildings causing lack of views •Lack of vegetation

In the case of the pedestrian path, this is an advantage because people will be able to constantly be able to reach the pavilions throughout the Business Bay area. Moreover, this allows for multiple access from all the buildings surrounding the sites which means more people will be able to relax within the pavilion. The tourist attraction provide a similar advantage because of the people they attract to the area and therefor will be able to find solitude within the potential project. The sun and wind allow for a more comfortable atmosphere for the people in the area and also permit for the addition of multiple green and nature features that will help the meditational spaces. The lack of smell also helps with the comfortable mood of the locations.

The issues of the site will be solved through the addition of the pavilion concept or will be used to its advantage, such as the mixed building types.

(7.2) Advantages and Isuues of the site location

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areas, this will also help with the meditative atmosphere. The pavilions will also use the mixed building height to its advantage and will provide an interesting promenade space between the pavilions and the buildings. It will be designed to integrate with the site conditions and will also standout

Chapter 7.2

so that it is easy to find by all those around.

Synthesis The potential meditative pavilion is to be a solitude project based on improving the lives of the people on the site, especially those who suffer from stress and overpressure, and need an escape from the everyday chaos of Dubai. The main aspects that the project will be addressing is meditation, tranquillity and creativity and will be based on the concept of connection between the three themes as well as the site location. The connection will use the inspiration from the first three case studies which study the connections below ground, above ground and on the ground

A

level. It will be designed to solve the issues and take advantage of the site, while also providing a new addition to the area that it is benefiting the people occupying the area. It is to be a pavilion because more people will be able to pass by during their breaks and times of stress and relax in different pavilions depending of their needs whether they be meditative, relaxation

C B D

or creativity. Also these pavilions will connect the whole of Business Bay. The project will be placed within reach of the metro reach which allows for constant exposure to the people going to and from work and the pavilions will be placed in a way that they allow comfortable travel by foot between each one. They will all have natural features integrated which will solve

(7.3) Connected sites

the lack of vegetation issue and will be used as noise block in the noisy

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Vegetation

Tranquility Meditation

Creativity

Roof use

Program Surrounding Hights Building Functions Metro

Bridge Underground

Pedestrain

Ground Level

Connection

Accessibility

Mental Map

Case Studies

Population

Three concepts will be based on the mental map that summaries all the research done in the book. The map breaks down the main concepts that

Site Analysis

were studied such as the, case studies, site analysis, landscape and pro-

Solitude Pavilion

gram. The most important subsections and keywords within these categories are then considered such as the Japanese gardens, connections

Program

and more. These subsections bring forth the important factors to consider within the topics such as the rock gardens…ect…All these aspects will be combined to create the three concepts that will lead to the final pavilion

Meditation

project.

Prayer

Landscape

Reflection

Tranquility Relaxation

Labyrinths Calm

3 Phases

Given path Ciruclar

Creativity Art

Japenese Gardens

Creation

Rock Garden

Different Angle Views (7.4) Mental Map summarizing all the information leading to the concepts

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Scale

Part 3 Solitude Designed

Chapter 8.0 Design Approach

Summary This chapter will provide three possible pavilion concepts. The concepts will be based on the previously studied information and has the main idea of connection. It used the first three case studies as the connection inspiration while also taking into consideration the site analysis and conditions, while the program will be based on the last three case studies.

Chapter 8.1 Concept Proposal 1

Site

“Protective Blanket”

Application of “Protective Blanket”

Pulling and pushing for landscape connection

Pulling above the street for vehicle access

Cutting Voids

Concept one is based on the idea of a “protective blanket” being placed on the site, which represents the site being protected from the outside chaos. The “blanket” is to be pulled and pushed depending on the site configuration to allow for the unused roofs or café roofs to be used to connected the four sites together, while also creating a connection to the ground level. The new form will then be pulled up where the street resides so as to create a tunnel for the cars to continue passing through. Finally voids will be subtracted to allow for light entry to the below which will allow access to the below as well as the full urban form above. The pavilions will be placed beneath the form as to be below the “protective blanket” and therefore creating a solitude area for the meditative and relaxing functions, while the more active based functions will be located above the “blanket” where the louder space is. The full space above will be green based incorporating all the natural aspects which will be iterating nature into the whole Business Bay area.

(8.1) Design Processes of concept 1

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(8.2) Final Render of concept 1

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Chapter 8.2 Concept Proposal 2 Concept two is based on the idea of bridge connection and underground connection that was studied in the case studies of the Nelson-Atkins Museum and the Xiangmi Science Library. The pavilions building are placed on the site depending on the site conditions so that each building is located in the area furthest from the noise and chaos on the site. They will be increasing in height from the short near the metro where it is easily viewed, to the tallest on site C where it is the least visible due to the surrounding

Site

Buildings based on Site

Connection of buildings

Below and above bridge connection

buildings, and having the extra height will make it easier to locate. Sites B and C will be connected to site D above the ground level through the rood space, due to the parking’s below that will not allow underground connection, while sites B and C will be connected to site A through an underground bridge way. The bridge ways will be the locations of the meditation and relaxing functions, this is because of their separation from the chaos on the ground floor. This also means that the pavilion buildings will carry the more active functions within and around them.

(8.3) Design Processes of concept 2

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(8.4) Final Render of concept 2

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Chapter 8.3 Concept Proposal 3 Concept three is based on a grid system, inspired from the Parc de la Villete.

The grid system was developed through the buildings onsite. The buildings themselves were placed in certain locations where the grids met and were designed to change in width depending on the population density around the site. In this way the buildings closer to the metro on site A were much wider than those on site B and so the reduction in width size followed a U shape from site A around till Site C. The buildings were then connected

Site

Grid

Buildings on the Grid

Connecting Bridges

through bridges that followed the U formation, allowing for people to walk from the densest are, at site A, and make their way to the least dense area at site C. In this situation the meditative and relaxing functions will be placed between sites D and C, which are the areas with the least population and therefore the least chaos, while the more active functions will be no sites A and B. Furthermore the most relaxing location will be the promenade area on the bridges which are above the chaotic space below.

(8.5) Design Processes of concept 3

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(8.6) Final Render of concept 3

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Chapter 9.0 Work Cited

Summary This chapter will provide all the bibliography infromation for both the written information and the images/figures used.

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Chapter 9.1 Information Work Cited ~ GOVERNMENT OF DUBAI. July 2011.

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Figure 3.11: Aymeric Geoffre-Rouland, https://www.japan-experience.com/toknow/understanding-japan/the-most-beautiful-japanese-zen-gardens Figure 3.12: John Lander, post/14737855772/john-lander

Chapter 9.2

https://theartfulgarden.tumblr.com/

Figure 3.13: By Author Figure 3.14 – 3.15: Studio Precht, https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/ one-firms-response-covid-19-mazelike-park Figure 3.16: By Author Figure 3.17: Rachelle Williams, https://chopra.com/articles/how-to-incorporate-the-5-elements-into-meditation-practice

List of Figures

Figure 3.18: Noura, https://www.decorordesign.com/meditation-room-decorating-ideas/

Figure 1.1 – 1.5: By Author Figure 1.6: Kripke et al. (2002), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19961/ figure/a2000f7efmmm00012/?report=objectonly

Figure 4.1: Bernard Tschumi, https://taylorgrindley.co.uk/post/39575439388/ parc-de-la-villette-bernard-tschumi?route=%2Fpost%2F%3Aid%2F%3Asummary

Figure 2.1 – 2.4: By Author

Figure 4.2: © EPPGHV / Phillippe Guignard, https://omrania.com/inspiration/ parc-de-la-villette-launched-new-era-urban-park-design/

Figure 2.5: Ravi Mehta, Rui (Juliet) Zhu and Amar Cheema, https://www.jstor. org/stable/10.1086/665048

Figure 4.3: Bernard Tschumi, https://commons.mtholyoke.edu/architectualblog/2015/12/12/parc-de-la-villette-bernard-tschumi/attachment/00352/

Figure 2.6: ChurchPOP Editor, https://www.churchpop.com/2019/07/13/howcatholics-started-the-hospital-university-systems-in-the-so-called-dark-ages/

Figure 4.4: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plan_of_the_Parc_de_la_Villette_-_OSM_2016.svg

Figure 2.7: Caspar David Friedrich, https://www.caspardavidfriedrich.org/TheWanderer-Above-The-Mists-1817-18.html

Figure 4.5: Bernard pin/371195194260116464/

Figure 2.8 - 2.10: By Author

Figure 4.6: Bernard Tschumi, https://omrania.com/inspiration/parc-de-la-villette-launched-new-era-urban-park-design/

Figure 2.7: Swati Sarupria, https://www.sesp.northwestern.edu/masters-learning-and-organizational-change/knowledge-lens/stories/2015/fitting-squarepegs-into-round-holes-about-solitude-and-creativity.html Figure 2.12 - 2.13: By Author Figure 3.1 – 3.5: Cj Hendry Studio, https://www.dezeen.com/2019/04/10/rorschach-cj-hendry-white-bounce-house-dumbo/

Tschumi,

https://www.pinterest.com/

Figure 4.7: Bernard Tschumi, https://www.markoskoblar.com/writing-main/2019/2/7/parc-de-la-villette-and-the-architectural-paradox Figure 4.8: Bernard pin/770537817474485401/

Tschumi,

https://www.pinterest.com/

Figure 4.9: form of the parc.pdf

Figure 3.6 – 3.8: Cj Hendry Studio, https://www.dezeen.com/2018/04/03/monochrome-exhibition-cj-hendry-single-coloured-rooms-brooklyn-warehouse/

Figure 4.10: FRAC centre,Kmts Space, http://socks-studio.com/2014/12/29/ the-combinatorial-models-of-the-folies/

Figure 3.9: Matthew Jaroszewicz/Shutterstock, https://theconversation.com/ coronavirus-urban-parks-can-be-a-lifeline-if-we-respect-lockdown-rules-134185

Figure 4.11: Bernard Tschumi https://issuu.com/echeverriapatricio/docs/bernard_tschumi__cinegram_folie__le/17

Figure 3.10: Alamy, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jul/09/theend-of-park-life-as-we-know-it-the-battle-for-britains-green-spaces-rowanmoore

Figure 4.12: Bernard Tschumi Architects, http://itcst.com/natcoll/_Assignments/Industry/content/parc_de_la_villette.pdf

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Figure 4.13: quondam.com Figure 4.14: Atelier d’Architecture Autogérée, Overdrive - Bureau d’étude, Fada – Paysagiste, http://www.urbantactics.org/projets/la-folie-verte-fabriqueecologique-pour-un-parc-du-21eme-siecle/ Figure 4.15: Petteri Erling and Jussi Karjalainen, https://3dwarehouse.sketchup. com/model/1afa13122508d1f2ddb3e6cbc5186845/Bernard-Tschumi-FolliesParc-de-la-Villette-Paris-France Figure 4.16: Bernard Tschumi Architects, http://www.tschumi.com/projects/3/ Bernard Tschumi Architects, https://commons.mtholyoke.edu/architectualblog/2015/12/12/parc-de-la-villette-bernard-tschumi/ Figure 4.17: Bernard Tschumi Architects, https://commons.mtholyoke.edu/architectualblog/2015/12/12/parc-de-la-villette-bernard-tschumi/ Flickr William Veerbeek (CC BY-NC-SA), Cyrus Penarroyo, Flickr Robert Lochner (CC BY-NC-SA), https://www.archdaily.com/92321/ad-classics-parc-de-la-villette-bernard-tschumi

Figure 4.54 – 4.66: Vlad Feoktistov, Lard Buurman, https://www.archdaily. com/900300/xiangmi-park-science-library-mla-plus?ad_medium=gallery Figure 4.67: By Author Figure 4.67 – 4.71: SEBASTIAN VAN DAMME, https://divisare.com/projects/346790-aaan-sebastian-van-damme-care-pavillion-hendrik-ido-ambacht Figure 4.72 – 4.73: By Author Figure 4.74 – 4.75: SEBASTIAN VAN DAMME, https://divisare.com/projects/346790-aaan-sebastian-van-damme-care-pavillion-hendrik-ido-ambacht Figure 4.76: Steve Hanley, https://cleantechnica.com/2019/03/17/all-you-needto-know-about-home-geothermal-heating-cooling/ Figure 4.77 – 4.78: SEBASTIAN VAN DAMME, https://divisare.com/projects/346790-aaan-sebastian-van-damme-care-pavillion-hendrik-ido-ambacht Figure 4.79 – 4.81: By Author

Figure 4.18: Vedi Scheda Progetto, https://www.archiportale.com/pagina_non_ trovata.asp?404;http://www.archiportale.com:80/news/2012/03/architettura/ qiaoyuan-park-a-tianjin-un-parc-de-la-villette-in-salsa-cinese_26703_3.html

Figure 4.82: Aidlin Darling Design, https://www.archdaily.com/411379/aidlin-darling-design-breaks-ground-on-windhover-contemplative-center-in-stanford?ad_medium=gallery

Figure 4.19: By Author

Figure 4.83: Aidlin Darling Design, https://archello.com/story/30385/attachments/photos-videos

Figure 4.20: Bernard Tschumi Architects, http://itcst.com/natcoll/_Assignments/Industry/content/parc_de_la_villette.pdf Figure 4.21: By Author Figure 4.22: Emporia State University , https://www.inexhibit.com/mymuseum/ nelson-atkins-museum-art-kansas-city-steven-holl-architects/#:~:text=The%20 Nelson%2DAtkins%20Museum%20of,Building%2C%20designed%20by%20Steven%20Holl Figure 4.23: Steven Holl Architects, https://www.inexhibit.com/mymuseum/ nelson-atkins-museum-art-kansas-city-steven-holl-architects/#:~:text=The%20 Nelson%2DAtkins%20Museum%20of,Building%2C%20designed%20by%20Steven%20Holl Figure 4.24: Steven Holl. Architects, https://www.inexhibit.com/mymuseum/ nelson-atkins-museum-art-kansas-city-steven-holl-architects/#:~:text=The%20 Nelson%2DAtkins%20Museum%20of,Building%2C%20designed%20by%20Steven%20Holl Figure 4.25 – 4.46: Steven Holl. Architects, https://www.archdaily.com/4369/ the-nelson-atkins-museum-of-art-steven-holl-architects?ad_medium=gallery

Figure 4.84: Aidlin Darling Design, https://www.archdaily.com/411379/aidlin-darling-design-breaks-ground-on-windhover-contemplative-center-in-stanford?ad_medium=gallery Figure 4.85 – 4.86: Aidlin Darling Design, https://archello.com/story/30385/attachments/photos-videos Figure 4.87 – 4.88: Aidlin Darling Design, https://www.archdaily.com/411379/ aidlin-darling-design-breaks-ground-on-windhover-contemplative-center-instanford?ad_medium=gallery Figure 4.89: Matthew Milman, https://www.asla.org/2017awards/311172.html Figure 4.90: Aidlin Darling Design, https://archello.com/story/30385/attachments/photos-videos Figure 4.91: Aidlin Darling Design, https://www.archdaily.com/411379/aidlin-darling-design-breaks-ground-on-windhover-contemplative-center-in-stanford?ad_medium=gallery Figure 4.92: Marion Brenner, https://www.asla.org/2017awards/311172.html

Figure 4.47 - 4.52: Vlad Feoktistov, Lard Buurman, https://www.archdaily. com/900300/xiangmi-park-science-library-mla-plus?ad_medium=gallery

Figure 4.93: Matthew Milman, https://archipendium.com/en/architecture/ windhover-contemplative-center/

Figure 4.53: By Author

Figure 4.94: Matthew Milman, https://www.asla.org/2017awards/311172.html

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Figure 4.95: Stephen Wasilewski, Loisos+Ubbelohde, http://www.coolshadow. com/research/Wasilewski_SimulatingAnnualBuildingerformance.pdf Figure 4.96: Aidlin Darling Design, https://www.archdaily.com/411379/aidlin-darling-design-breaks-ground-on-windhover-contemplative-center-in-stanford?ad_medium=gallery

oll Image 3:Vlad Feoktistov, Lard Buurman, https://www.archdaily.com/900300/ xiangmi-park-science-library-mla-plus?ad_medium=gallery Figure 5.2: Bernard Tschumi, https://omrania.com/inspiration/parc-de-la-villette-launched-new-era-urban-park-design/

Figure 4.97: Matthew Milman, https://archipendium.com/en/architecture/ windhover-contemplative-center/

Figure 5.3: Steven Holl. Architects, https://www.archdaily.com/4369/the-nelson-atkins-museum-of-art-steven-holl-architects?ad_medium=gallery

Figure 4.98: Aidlin Darling Design, https://www.archdaily.com/411379/aidlin-darling-design-breaks-ground-on-windhover-contemplative-center-in-stanford?ad_medium=gallery

Figure 5.4: Vlad Feoktistov, Lard Buurman, https://www.archdaily.com/900300/ xiangmi-park-science-library-mla-plus?ad_medium=gallery

Figure 4.99: Matthew Milman, https://www.asla.org/2017awards/311172.html Figure 4.100: Aidlin Darling Design, https://www.archdaily.com/411379/aidlin-darling-design-breaks-ground-on-windhover-contemplative-center-in-stanford?ad_medium=gallery Figure 4.101: By Author Figure 4.102 – 4.103: Aidlin Darling Design, https://archello.com/story/30385/ attachments/photos-videos Figure 4.104: Matthew Milman, https://archipendium.com/en/architecture/ windhover-contemplative-center/ Figure 4.105: Aidlin Darling Design, https://www.archdaily.com/411379/aidlin-darling-design-breaks-ground-on-windhover-contemplative-center-in-stanford?ad_medium=gallery

Figure 5.5: Image 1: By Author Image 2: Aidlin Darling Design, https://www.archdaily.com/411379/aidlindarling-design-breaks-ground-on-windhover-contemplative-center-in-stanford?ad_medium=gallery Image 3: By Author Figure 5.6 – 5.7: By Author Figure 6.1: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/place/ United-Arab-Emirates/Land Figure 6.2: GMI Blogger, https://www.globalmediainsight.com/blog/uae-population-statistics/ Figure.6.3: https://www.dubaimanufacturing.com/united_arab_emirates_ maps_gulf_cities_middle_east_territory_map.htm

Figure 4.106 – 4.108: By Author

Figure.6.4: http://www.geo-ref.net/en/are.htm

Figure 4.109 – 4.111: María Francisca González, https://www.archdaily. com/318920/spa-queretaro-ambrosi-i-etchegaray

Figure.6.5: https://geomatrix-retail.com/how-to-open-a-profitable-store-inyour-city/joxi_screenshot_1538554824833/

Figure 4.112: By Author

Figure.6.6: Mohammad A.AlqassimNiamh NicDaeid, https://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S2214398X14000089#f0015

Figure 4.113 – 4.116: María Francisca González, https://www.archdaily. com/318920/spa-queretaro-ambrosi-i-etchegaray Figure 4.117: By Author Figure 4.118 – 4.123: María Francisca González, https://www.archdaily. com/318920/spa-queretaro-ambrosi-i-etchegaray Figure 4.124 – 4.127: By Author Figure 5.1: Image 1: Bernard Tschumi, https://taylorgrindley.co.uk/ post/39575439388/parc-de-la-villette-bernard-tschumi?route=%2Fpost%2F%3Aid%2F%3Asummary Image 2:Dean Hochman, https://www.inexhibit.com/mymuseum/nelson-atkins-museum-art-kansas-city-steven-holl-architects/#:~:text=The%20Nelson%2DAtkins%20Museum%20of,Building%2C%20designed%20by%20Steven%20H-

408

Figure.6.7: Dubai Municipality, Planning Department, https://isocarp.org/app/ uploads/2014/05/AfE_2012_-_Dubai_Municipality-_Planning_Department. pdf Figure.6.8: By Author Figure.6.9: Leah Simpson, https://www.timeoutdubai.com/knowledge/ news/63485-dubais-most-and-least-affordable-areas-to-live Figure 6.10: Niamh Nic Daéid, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267572989_Fires_and_related_incidents_in_Dubai_United_Arab_Emirates_2006-2013/figures?lo=1 Figure 6.11: https://www.bayut.com/mybayut/offices-dubai-abu-dhabi-salerent-price-trends/

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Figure 6.12 – 6.13: By Author Figure 6.14: https://www.bayut.com/area-guides/business-bay/ Figure 6.15: Dmitry Birin/Shutterstock https://www.dubai-online.com/maps/ barsha-heights/ Figure 6.16: https://arab.news/g3xne Figure 6.17 – 6.55: By Author Figure.7.1 – 7.4: By Author Figure.8.1 – 8.6: By Author

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“Dubai’s 2020 population is now estimated at 2,878,344.” The population of Dubai has grown a total of 477,277 since 2015 representing an annual increase of 3.69% (“Dubai Population 2020 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)”), furthermore “In a related context, the guest workers (immigrants) have profoundly contributed to this population growth since they constituted 91% of the total population.”(M. Elessawy Fayez) One of Dubai’s main is based on tourism and provides high opportunity for work, due to this fact, its’ population is ever growing. The country sees a constant migration of people. The 91% that are immigrants move to Dubai and this causes a huge impact on the population has leading to overcrowding in most places. Many people tend to crave solitude in a place like this because of the constant chaos around them, outside and in their own homes. People want to separate themselves from the outer world pressures that come with the growing population and work stress. Solitude helps people in many aspects but the most dominate is for religious worship, meditation and relaxation. ...

Solitude helps separate people from the chaos, which is found throughout Dubai. What does this mean for architecture? How will the architecture adapt to this chaotic life and the needs of the society? This research will further inspect the concept of solitude, and will look at new ways that architecture may need to adapt to survive the new age.