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Testbeginsonthenextpage.
TurntoSection1ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.
Eachpassageorpairofpassagesbelowisfollowedbyanumberofquestions.Afterreading eachpassageorpair,choosethebestanswertoeachquestionbasedonwhatisstatedor impliedinthepassageorpassagesandinanyaccompanyinggraphics(suchasatableor graph).
Questions1-10arebasedonthefollowing passage.
ThispassageisfromCarlosRuizZafón, TheAngel’sGame. ©2008byDragonworks,S.L.Translation©2009by LuciaGraves.Thenarrator,awriter,recallshischildhoodin earlytwentieth-centuryBarcelona.
Eventhenmyonlyfriendsweremadeofpaper andink.AtschoolIhadlearnedtoreadandwrite longbeforetheotherchildren.Wheremyschool friendssawnotchesofinkonincomprehensible pages,Isawlight,streets,andpeople.Wordsandthe mysteryoftheirhiddensciencefascinatedme,andI sawinthemakeywithwhichIcouldunlocka boundlessworld,asafehavenfromthathome,those streets,andthosetroubleddaysinwhichevenI couldsensethatonlyalimitedfortuneawaitedme. Myfatherdidn’tliketoseebooksinthehouse. Therewassomethingaboutthem—apartfromthe lettershecouldnotdecipher—thatoffendedhim. HeusedtotellmethatassoonasIwastenhewould sendmeofftoworkandthatI’dbettergetridofall myscatterbrainedideasifIdidn’twanttoendupa loser,anobody.Iusedtohidemybooksunderthe mattressandwaitforhimtogooutorfallasleepso thatIcouldread.Oncehecaughtmereadingatnight andflewintoarage.Hetorethebookfrommy handsandflungitoutofthewindow.
“IfIcatchyouwastingelectricityagain,reading allthisnonsense,you’llbesorry.”
Myfatherwasnotamiserand,despitethe hardshipswesuffered,wheneverhecouldhegaveme afewcoinssothatIcouldbuymyselfsometreatslike
theotherchildren.HewasconvincedthatIspent themonlicoricesticks,sunflowerseeds,orsweets, butIwouldkeeptheminacoffeetinunderthebed, andwhenI’dcollectedfourorfiverealesI’dsecretly rushouttobuymyselfabook.
Myfavoriteplaceinthewholecitywasthe Sempere&SonsbookshoponCalleSantaAna.It smelledofoldpaperanddustanditwasmy sanctuary,myrefuge.Thebooksellerwouldletmesit onachairinacornerandreadanybookIlikedto myheart’scontent.Hehardlyeverallowedmetopay forthebooksheplacedinmyhands,butwhenhe wasn’tlookingI’dleavethecoinsI’dmanagedto collectonthecounterbeforeIleft.Itwasonlysmall change—ifI’dhadtobuyabookwiththatpittance,I wouldprobablyhavebeenabletoaffordonlya bookletofcigarettepapers.Whenitwastimeforme toleave,Iwoulddosodraggingmyfeet,aweighton mysoul.Ifithadbeenuptome,Iwouldhavestayed thereforever.
OneChristmasSemperegavemethebestgiftI haveeverreceived.Itwasanoldvolume,readand experiencedtothefull.
“GreatExpectations,byCharlesDickens,”Iread onthecover.
IwasawarethatSempereknewafewauthorswho frequentedhisestablishmentand,judgingbythecare withwhichhehandledthevolume,Ithought perhapsthisMr.Dickenswasoneofthem.
“Afriendofyours?”
“Alifelongfriend.Andfromnowon,he’syour friendtoo.”
ThatafternoonItookmynewfriendhome, hiddenundermyclothessothatmyfatherwouldn’t seeit.Itwasarainywinter,withdaysasgrayaslead, andIread GreatExpectations aboutninetimes, partlybecauseIhadnootherbookathand,partly becauseIdidnotthinktherecouldbeabetteronein thewholeworldandIwasbeginningtosuspectthat Mr.Dickenshadwrittenitjustforme.SoonIwas convincedthatIdidn’twanttodoanythingelsein lifebutlearntodowhatMr.Dickenshaddone.
Overthecourseofthepassage,themainfocusshifts from a
A)generaldiscussionofthenarrator’sloveof readingtoaportrayalofaninfluentialincident.
B)depictionofthenarrator’sfathertoan examinationofanauthorwithwhomthe narratorbecomesenchanted.
C)symbolicrepresentationofaskillthenarrator possessestoanexampleofitsapplication.
D)taleaboutthehardshipsofthenarrator’s childhoodtoananalysisoftheeffectsofthose hardships.
Themainpurposeoflines1-10(“Even... awaited me”) isto
A)introducethecharacterswhoplayapartinthe narrator’sstory.
B)listthedifficultconditionsthenarratorendured inchildhood.
C)describethepassionthatdrivestheactionsthe narratorrecounts.
D)depictthenarrator’saspirationsbeforehemet Sempere.
Withwhichofthefollowingstatementsabouthis father wouldthenarratormostlikelyagree?
A)Helackedaffectionforthenarrator.
B)Hedislikedanyunnecessaryuseofmoney.
C)HewouldnothaveapprovedofSempere’sgift.
D)HeobjectedtothewritingsofCharlesDickens. 4 Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidenceforthe answer tothepreviousquestion?
A)Lines24-27(“Myfather... children”)
B)Lines35-37(“Thebookseller... content”)
C)Lines37-38(“Hehardly... hands”)
D)Lines59-61(“Thatafternoon...see it”)
Itcanreasonablybeinferredfromthepassagethat the mainreasonthatthenarratorconsiders Great Expectations tobethebestgiftheeverreceivedis because
A)readingthebookconvincedhimthathewanted tobeawriter.
B)he’donlyeverbeengivensweetsandsnacksas giftsinthepast.
C)thegiftmeantthatSempereheldhiminhigh regard.
D)Semperewasafriendofthebook’sauthor. 6
Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidenceforthe answer tothepreviousquestion?
A)Lines38-40(“when... left”)
B)Lines48-49(“Itwas... full”)
C)Lines52-55(“Iwas... them”)
D)Lines66-68(“Soon... done”)
ThenarratorindicatesthathepaysSempere
A)lessthanSempereexpectshimtopayfor thebooks.
B)nothing,becauseSemperewon’ttakehismoney.
C)themoneyhemakessellingsweetstotheother children.
D)muchlessforthebooksthantheyareworth.
Questions11-21arebasedonthefollowing passageandsupplementarymaterial.
ThispassageisadaptedfromJeffreyMervis,“WhyNull ResultsRarelySeetheLightofDay.”©2014byAmerican AssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.
Thequestionofwhattodowithnull results—whenresearchersfailtoseeaneffectthat shouldbedetectable—haslongbeenhotlydebated amongthoseconductingmedicaltrials,wherethe resultscanhaveabigimpactonlivesandcorporate bottomlines.Morerecently,thedebatehasspreadto thesocialandbehavioralsciences,whichalsohave thepotentialtoswaypublicandsocialpolicy. Therewerelittleharddata,however,onhowoftenor whynullresultsweresquelched.“Yes,it’struethat nullresultsarenotasexciting,”politicalscientist GaryKingofHarvardUniversitysays.“ButIsuspect anotherreasontheyarerarelypublishedisthatthere aremany,manywaystoproducenullresultsby messingup.Sotheyaremuchhardertointerpret.”
Theword“friend”isusedtwiceinlines57-58to
A) underlinetheimportanceofthenarrator’s connectiontoSempere.
B)stresshowfriendshipshelpedthenarratordeal withhisdifficulthomesituation.
C)emphasizetheemotionalconnectionSempere feelstoreading.
D)implythatthenarrator’ssentimentscausedhim tomakeanirrationaldecision.
Whichstatementbestcharacterizestherelationship between SempereandCharlesDickens?
A)Semperemodelshisownwritingafter Dickens’sstyle.
B)SempereisanavidadmirerofDickens’swork.
C)Semperefeelsapersonalconnectiontodetailsof Dickens’sbiography.
D)SempereconsidershimselftobeDickens’smost appreciativereader.
Inarecentstudy,Stanfordpoliticaleconomist NeilMalhotraandtwoofhisgraduatestudents examinedeverystudysince2002thatwasfundedby acompetitivegrantsprogramcalledTESS (Time-sharingExperimentsfortheSocialSciences). TESSallowsscientiststoorderupInternet-based surveysofarepresentativesampleofUSadultstotest aparticularhypothesis(forexample,whethervoters tendtofavorlegislatorswhoboastofbringingfederal dollarstotheirdistrictsoverthosewhotoutafocus onpolicymatters).
Malhotra’steamtrackeddownworkingpapers frommostoftheexperimentsthatweren’tpublished, andfortherestaskedgranteeswhathadhappenedto theirresults.Intheire-mailedresponses,some scientistsciteddeeperproblemswithastudyormore pressingmatters—butmanyalsobelievedthe journalsjustwouldn’tbeinterested.“The unfortunaterealityofthepublishingworld[is]that nulleffectsdonottellaclearstory,”saidone scientist.Saidanother,“Neverpublished,definitely disappointedtonotseeanymajoreffects.”
TheiranswerssuggesttoMalhotrathatrescuing findingsfromthefiledrawerwillrequireashiftin expectations.“Whatneedstochangeisthe culture—theauthor’sbeliefaboutwhatwillhappenif theresearchiswrittenup,”hesays.
Notunexpectedly,thestatisticalstrengthofthe findingsmadeahugedifferenceinwhetherthey wereeverpublished.Overall,42%oftheexperiments
producedstatisticallysignificantresults.Ofthose, 62%wereultimatelypublished,comparedwith21% ofthenullresults.However,theStanfordteamwas surprisedthatresearchersdidn’tevenwriteup 65%oftheexperimentsthatyieldedanullfinding.
Scientistsnotinvolvedinthestudypraiseits “clever”design.“It’saveryimportantpaper”that “startstoputnumbersonthingswewantto understand,”sayseconomistEdwardMiguelofthe UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.
Heandothersnotethatthebiasagainstnull studiescanwastetimeandmoneywhenresearchers devisenewstudiesreplicatingstrategiesalready foundtobeineffective.Worse,ifresearcherspublish significantresultsfromsimilarexperimentsinthe future,theycouldlookstrongerthantheyshould becausetheearliernullstudiesareignored.Even moretroublingtoMalhotrawasthefactthattwo scientistswhoseinitialstudies“didn’tworkout” wentontopublishresultsbasedonasmallersample. “Thenon-TESSversionofthesamestudy,inwhich weusedastudentsample,didyieldfruit,”notedone investigator.
Aregistryfordatageneratedbyallexperiments wouldaddresstheseproblems,theauthorsargue. Theysayitshouldalsoincludea“preanalysis”plan, thatis,adetaileddescriptionofwhatthescientist hopestoachieveandhowthedatawillbeanalyzed. Suchplanswouldhelpdeterresearchersfrom tweakingtheiranalysesafterthedataarecollectedin searchofmorepublishableresults.
AdaptedfromAnnieFranco,NeilMalhotra,andGaborSimonovits, “PublicationBiasintheSocialSciences:UnlockingtheFileDrawer.” ©2014byAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.
14
Thepassageprimarilyservesto
A)discussrecentfindingsconcerningscientific studiesanddisputeawidelyheldbeliefaboutthe publicationofsocialscienceresearch.
B)explainacommonpracticeinthereportingof researchstudiesandsummarizeastudythat providessupportforachangetothatpractice.
C)describetheshortcomingsincurrentapproaches tomedicaltrialsandrecommendthe implementationofagovernmentdatabase.
D)providecontextaspartofacallforstricter controlsonsocialscienceresearchandchallenge publisherstoaltertheirmindsets.
Thepassageindicatesthataproblemwithfailingto document nullresultsisthat
A)theresultsofrelatedstudieswillbemisleading.
B)researchersmayoverlookpromisingareasof study.
C)mistakesinthecollectionofnullresultsmaybe overlooked.
D)thebiasagainstnullresultswillbedisregarded.
12
Asusedinline21,“allows”mostnearlymeans
A) admits.
B)tolerates.
C)grants.
D)enables.
15
Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidenceforthe answer tothepreviousquestion?
A)Lines38-40(“Their... expectations”)
B)Lines48-50(“However... finding”)
C)Lines56-59(“Heand... ineffective”)
D)Lines59-62(“Worse... ignored”)
13
Asusedinline43,“strength”mostnearlymeans
A) attribution.
B)exertion.
C)toughness.
D)significance.
16
Basedonthepassage,towhichofthefollowing hypothetical situationswouldMalhotramost stronglyobject?
A)Aresearchteamrefusestopublishnullresultsin anythinglessthanatopjournal.
B)Aresearchteamexcludestheportionofdatathat producednullresultswhenreportingitsresults inajournal.
C)Aresearchteamunknowinglyrepeatsastudy thatproducednullresultsforanother researchteam.
D)Aresearchteamperformsafollow-upstudythat expandsthescopeofaninitialstudythat producednullresults.
Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidenceforthe answertothepreviousquestion?
A)Lines36-37(“Said... effects”)
B)Lines45-48(“Overall... nullresults”)
C)Lines62-68(“Even... investigator”)
D)Lines69-73(“Aregistry... analyzed”) 18
Thelastparagraphservesmainlyto
A) proposeafutureresearchprojecttodealwith someoftheshortcomingsofcurrentpublishing practicesnotedinthepassage.
B)introduceapossiblesolutiontoproblems discussedinthepassageregardingthereporting ofsocialsciencestudies.
C)summarizethefindingsofastudyabout experimentalresultsexplainedinthepassage.
D)reinforcetheimportanceofreexaminingthe resultsofallsocialsciencetrials. 19
Accordingtothegraph,socialsciencestudies yielding strongresultswere
A)unwrittenover50percentofthetime.
B)unpublishedbutwritten50percentofthetime.
C)publishedinatopjournalapproximately 20percentofthetime.
D)publishedinanon-topjournalalmost80percent ofthetime.
21
Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedby the graph?
A)Studieswithmixedresultswerejustaslikelyto bepublishedastheyweretobelefteither unpublishedorunwritten.
B)Studieswithmixedresultsoccurredmore frequentlythandidstudieswithstrongandnull resultscombined.
C)Studieswithmixedresultsweremorelikelytobe publishedintopjournalsthantheyweretobe publishedinnon-topjournals.
D)Studieswithmixedresultswerethemost commontypeofsocialsciencestudies.
Whichstatementfromthepassageismostdirectly reflected bythedatapresentedinthegraph?
A)Lines30-33(“Intheir... interested”)
B)Lines33-36(“Theunfortunate... scientist”)
C)Lines43-45(“Notunexpectedly... published”)
D)Lines52-55(“It’sa... Berkeley”)
Questions22-31arebasedonthefollowing passageandsupplementarymaterial.
ThispassageisadaptedfromRachelEhrenberg,“Salt StretchesinNanoworld.”©2009bySocietyforScience&the Public.The“nanoworld”istheworldobservedonascale onebillionththatofordinaryhumanexperience.
Inflexibleoldsaltbecomesasoftyinthe nanoworld,stretchingliketaffytomorethantwice itslength,researchersreport.Thefindingsmaylead tonewapproachesformakingnanowiresthatcould endupinsolarcellsorelectroniccircuits.Thework alsosuggeststhattheseultra-tinysaltwiresmay alreadyexistinseasprayandlargeundergroundsalt deposits.
“Wethinknanowiresarespecialandgotogreat lengthstomakethem,”saysstudycoauthor NathanMooreofSandiaNationalLaboratoriesin Albuquerque.“Maybetheyaremorecommonthan wethink.”
Metalssuchasgoldorlead,inwhichbonding anglesareloosey-goosey,canstretchoutat temperatureswellbelowtheirmeltingpoints. Butscientistsdon’texpectthissuperplasticityina rigid,crystallinemateriallikesalt,Mooresays.
Thisunusualbehaviorhighlightsthatdifferent forcesrulethenanoworld,saystheoreticalphysicist KrzysztofKempaofBostonCollege.“Forgetabout gravity.Itplaysnorole,”hesays.Surfacetensionand electrostaticforcesaremuchmoreimportantatthis scale.
Mooreandhiscolleaguesdiscoveredsalt’s stretchinessaccidently.Theywereinvestigatinghow waterstickstoasurfacesuchassaltandcreateda super-drysaltsamplefortesting.Aftercleavinga chunkofsaltaboutthesizeofasugarcubewitha razor,thescientistsguidedamicroscopethatdetects forcestowardthesurface.Whenthetipwasfaraway therewasnomeasuredforce,butwithinaboutseven nanometersaverystrongattractionrapidly developedbetweenthediamondtipofthe microscopeandthesalt.Thesaltactuallystretched outtoglomontothemicroscopetip.Usingan electronmicroscopetoseewhatwashappening,the researchersobservedthenanowires.
Theinitialattractionbetweenthetipandsalt mightbeduetoelectrostaticforces,perhapsgoodold vanderWaalsinteractions,1 theresearchers
speculate.Severalmechanismsmightleadtothe elasticity,includingtheexcessivesurfacetension foundinthenanoworld(thesametensionthatallows awaterstridertoskimthesurfaceofapond).
Thesurfacetensionissostrongthatasthe microscopepullsawayfromthesalt,thesalt stretches,Kempasays.“Theinsidehasnochoicebut torearrangetheatoms,ratherthanbreak,”hesays.
Thisbizarrebehaviorisactuallymirroredinthe macroworld,theresearcherssay.Hugeunderground depositsofsaltcanbendlikeplastic,butwateris believedtoplayaroleatthesescales.Perhapssalty nanowiresarepresentinthesedepositsaswell.
“Sodiumchloride2 iseverywhere—intheair,in ourbodies,”Mooresays.“Thismaychangeourview ofthings,ofwhat’shappeningatthenanoscale.”
Theworkalsosuggestsnewtechniquesfor makingnanowires,whichareoftencreatedthrough nano-imprintingtechniques,Kempasays.“We invoketheintuitionofthemacroworld,”hesays. “Maybeinsteadofstamping[nanowires]weshould benano-pullingthem.”
AdaptedfromMooreetal.,“SuperplasticNanowiresPulledfrom theSurfaceofCommonSalt.”©2009byAmericanChemicalSociety.
Onecentralideaofthepassageisthat
A)sometimesmaterialsbehavecontraryto expectations.
B)systemscanbedescribedintermsofinputsand outputs.
C)modelsofmaterialshavebothstrengthsand weaknesses.
D)propertiesofsystemsdifferfromtheproperties oftheirparts.
Whichchoicebestdescribestheoverallstructureof the passage?
A)Alistofseveralwaysinwhichsalt’sproperties differfromresearchers’expectations
B)Apresentationofahypothesisregardingsalt behavior,descriptionofanassociated experiment,andexplanationofwhytheresults weakenthehypothesis
C)Adescriptionoftwosaltcrystalexperiments,the apparentdisagreementintheirresults,andthe resolutionbymoresensitiveequipment
D)Anintroductiontoaninterestingsaltproperty, descriptionofitsdiscovery,andspeculation regardingitsapplication
Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidenceforthe claim thatMoore’sgroupwassurprisedtoobserve saltstretching?
A)Lines17-18(“But... says”)
B)Lines26-28(“Theywere... testing”)
C)Lines36-38(“Using... nanowires”)
D)Lines55-56(“Sodium... says”)
Asusedinline20,“rule”mostnearlymeans
A) mark.
B)control.
C)declare.
D)restrain.
29
Accordingtothepassage,researchershaveidentified whichmechanismaspotentiallyresponsibleforthe initialattractionbetweenthemicroscopetipandthe salt?
Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidenceforthe answer tothepreviousquestion?
A)Lines12-13(“Maybe... think”)
B)Lines22-24(“Surface... scale”)
C)Lines39-42(“Theinitial... speculate”)
D)Lines51-53(“Huge... scales”)
Accordingtotheinformationinthegraph,whenthe microscope tipismovingawayfromthesaltsurface andis15nanometersfromthesurface,whatisthe approximateforceonthemicroscopetip,in micronewtons?
A)0
B)0.25
C)0.75
D)1.25
Basedonthepassage,whichchoicebestdescribesthe relationship betweensaltbehaviorinthenanoworld andinthemacroworld?
A)Inboththenanoworldandthemacroworld,salt canbeflexible.
B)Saltflexibilityisexpectedinthenanoworldbutis surprisinginthemacroworld.
C)Saltnanowireswereinitiallyobservedinthe nanoworldandlaterobservedinthe macroworld.
D)Inthenanoworld,salt’sinteractionswithwater leadtoverydifferentpropertiesthantheydoin themacroworld.
31
Basedonthepassageandthegraph,whichlabelon the graphindicatesthepointatwhichasaltnanowire breaks?
A)P
B)Q
C)R
D)T
Questions32-41arebasedonthefollowing passages.
ThesepassagesareadaptedfromtheLincoln Douglas debates.Passage1isfromastatementbyStephenDouglas. Passage2isfromastatementbyAbrahamLincoln.Douglas andLincolnengagedinaseriesofdebateswhilecompeting foraUSSenateseatin1858.
Passage1
Mr.LincolnlikensthatbondoftheFederal Constitution,joiningFreeandSlaveStatestogether, toahousedividedagainstitself,andsaysthatitis contrarytothelawofGod,andcannotstand. Whendidhelearn,andbywhatauthoritydoeshe proclaim,thatthisGovernmentiscontrarytothelaw ofGodandcannotstand?Ithasstoodthusdivided intoFreeandSlaveStatesfromitsorganizationupto thisday.Duringthatperiodwehaveincreasedfrom fourmillionstothirtymillionsofpeople;wehave extendedourterritoryfromtheMississippitothe PacificOcean;wehaveacquiredtheFloridasand Texas,andotherterritorysufficienttodoubleour geographicalextent;wehaveincreasedinpopulation, inwealth,andinpowerbeyondanyexampleon earth;wehaverisenfromaweakandfeeblepowerto becometheterrorandadmirationofthecivilized world;andallthishasbeendoneundera ConstitutionwhichMr.Lincoln,insubstance,saysis inviolationofthelawofGod;andunderaUnion dividedintoFreeandSlaveStates,whichMr.Lincoln thinks,becauseofsuchdivision,cannotstand. Surely,Mr.Lincolnisawisermanthanthosewho framedtheGovernment
Inowcomebacktothequestion,whycannotthis Unionexistforever,dividedintoFreeandSlave States,asourfathersmadeit?Itcanthusexistifeach Statewillcarryouttheprinciplesuponwhichour institutionswerefounded;towit,therightofeach Statetodoasitpleases,withoutmeddlingwithits neighbors.Justactuponthatgreatprinciple,andthis Unionwillnotonlyliveforever,butitwillextend andexpanduntilitcoversthewholecontinent,and makesthisconfederacyonegrand,ocean-bound Republic.Wemustbearinmindthatweareyeta youngnation,growingwitharapidityunequalledin thehistoryoftheworld,thatournationalincreaseis great,andthattheemigrationfromtheoldworldis increasing,requiringustoexpandandacquirenew territoryfromtimetotime,inordertogiveour peoplelandtoliveupon.Ifweliveupontheprinciple
ofStaterightsandStatesovereignty,eachState regulatingitsownaffairsandmindingitsown business,wecangoonandextendindefinitely,just asfastandasfarasweneedtheterritory Passage2
IncomplainingofwhatIsaidinmyspeechat Springfield,inwhichhesaysIacceptedmy nominationfortheSenatorship...he againquotes thatportioninwhichIsaidthat“ahousedivided againstitselfcannotstand.”Letmesayawordin regardtothatmatter.Hetriestopersuadeusthat theremustbeavarietyinthedifferentinstitutionsof theStatesoftheUnion;thatthatvarietynecessarily proceedsfromthevarietyofsoil,climate,oftheface ofthecountry,andthedifferenceinthenatural featuresoftheStates.Iagreetoallthat.Havethese verymatterseverproducedanydifficultyamongus? Notatall.Haveweeverhadanyquarreloverthefact thattheyhavelawsinLouisianadesignedtoregulate thecommercethatspringsfromtheproductionof sugar?Orbecausewehaveadifferentclassrelativeto theproductionofflourinthisState?Havethey producedanydifferences?Notatall.Theyarethe verycementsofthisUnion.Theydon’tmakethe housea“housedividedagainstitself.”Theyarethe propsthatholdupthehouseandsustaintheUnion. Buthasitbeensowiththiselementofslavery? Havewenotalwayshadquarrelsanddifficultiesover it?Andwhenwillweceasetohavequarrelsoverit? Likecausesproducelikeeffects.Itisworthwhileto observethatwehavegenerallyhadcomparative peaceupontheslaveryquestion,andthattherehas beennocauseforalarmuntilitwasexcitedbythe efforttospreaditintonewterritory.Wheneverithas beenlimitedtoitspresentbounds,andtherehas beennoefforttospreadit,therehasbeenpeace.All thetroubleandconvulsionhasproceededfrom effortstospreaditovermoreterritory.Itwasthusat thedateoftheMissouriCompromise.Itwassoagain withtheannexationofTexas;sowiththeterritory acquiredbytheMexicanWar;anditissonow. Whenevertherehasbeenanefforttospreaditthere hasbeenagitationandresistance....Doyou think thatthenatureofmanwillbechanged,thatthesame causesthatproducedagitationatonetimewillnot havethesameeffectatanother?
InthefirstparagraphofPassage1,themainpurpose ofDouglas’sdiscussionofthegrowthoftheterritory andpopulationoftheUnitedStatesisto
A)providecontextforDouglas’sdefenseof continuedexpansion.
B)suggestthatthedivisionintofreeandslavestates doesnotendangertheUnion.
C)implythatLincolnisunawareofbasicfacts concerningthecountry.
D)accountfortheimageoftheUnitedStatesas powerfulandadmirable.
Asusedinline67,“element”mostnearlymeans
A) ingredient.
B)environment.
C)factor.
D)quality.
BasedonPassage2,Lincolnwouldbemostlikelyto agree withwhichclaimaboutthecontroversyover slavery?
A)ItcanbeendedonlyifNorthernstatesact unilaterallytoabolishslaverythroughoutthe UnitedStates.
WhatdoesPassage1suggestabouttheUS government’s provisionsfortheinstitutionof slavery,asframedintheConstitution?
A)Theyincludednomeansforreconciling differencesbetweenfreestatesandslavestates.
B)TheyanticipatedtheUnion’sexpansioninto westernterritories.
C)Theyprovidedagoodbasicstructurethatdoes notneedtobechanged.
D)Theywerefoundedonanassumptionthat slaverywasnecessaryforeconomicgrowth.
Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidenceforthe answer tothepreviousquestion?
A)Lines10-16(“wehave... earth”)
B)Lines25-27(“Inow... madeit”)
C)Lines35-39(“Wemust... increasing”)
D)Lines41-45(“Ifwe... territory”)
B)Itwouldabateifattemptstointroduceslaveryto regionswhereitisnotpracticedwere abandoned.
C)Ithasbeenexacerbatedbytheambiguityoflaws regulatingtheholdingofslaves.
D)Itisfueledinpartbydifferencesinreligionand socialvaluesfromstatetostate.
Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidenceforthe answer tothepreviousquestion?
A)Lines56-61(“Iagree... sugar”)
B)Lines64-66(“Theydon’t... Union”)
C)Lines74-76(“Whenever... peace”)
D)Lines83-86(“Doyou... another”)
40
Asusedinline84,“nature”mostnearlymeans
Bothpassagesdiscusstheissueofslaveryin relationship to
A)theexpansionoftheUnion.
B)questionsofmorality.
C)religioustoleration.
D)lawsregulatingcommerce.
Whichchoiceidentifiesacentraltensionbetweenthe two passages?
A)Douglasproposeschangestofederalpolicieson slavery,butLincolnarguesthatsuchchanges wouldenjoynopopularsupport.
B)Douglasexpressesconcernsabouttheeconomic impactofabolition,butLincolndismissesthose concernsasirrelevant.
C)DouglascriticizesLincolnforfindingfaultwith theConstitution,andLincolnarguesthatthis criticismmisrepresentshisposition.
D)Douglasoffersaninterpretationoffederallaw thatconflictswithLincoln’s,andLincolnimplies thatDouglas’sinterpretationispoorlyreasoned.
41
Inthecontextofeachpassageasawhole,the questions inlines25-27ofPassage1andlines67-69 ofPassage2primarilyfunctiontohelpeachspeaker
A)castdoubtontheother’ssincerity.
B)criticizetheother’smethods.
C)reproachtheother’sactions.
D)underminetheother’sargument.
Questions42-52arebasedonthefollowing passage.
ThispassageisadaptedfromDanielChamovitz, Whata PlantKnows:AFieldGuidetotheSenses.©2012by DanielChamovitz.
TheVenusflytrap[Dionaeamuscipula]needsto knowwhenanidealmealiscrawlingacrossitsleaves. Closingitstraprequiresahugeexpenseofenergy, andreopeningthetrapcantakeseveralhours,so Dionaea onlywantstospringclosedwhenit’ssure thatthedawdlinginsectvisitingitssurfaceislarge enoughtobeworthitstime.Thelargeblackhairson theirlobesallowtheVenusflytrapstoliterallyfeel theirprey,andtheyactastriggersthatspringthe trapclosedwhentheproperpreymakesitsway acrossthetrap.Iftheinsecttouchesjustonehair,the trapwillnotspringshut;butalargeenoughbugwill likelytouchtwohairswithinabouttwentyseconds, andthatsignalspringstheVenusflytrapintoaction.
Wecanlookatthissystemasanalogousto short-termmemory.First,theflytrapencodesthe information(formsthememory)thatsomething(it doesn’tknowwhat)hastouchedoneofitshairs.
Thenitstoresthisinformationforanumberof seconds(retainsthememory)andfinallyretrieves thisinformation(recallsthememory)onceasecond hairistouched.Ifasmallanttakesawhiletoget fromonehairtothenext,thetrapwillhaveforgotten thefirsttouchbythetimetheantbrushesupagainst thenexthair.Inotherwords,itlosesthestorageof theinformation,doesn’tclose,andtheant happilymeanderson.Howdoestheplantencode andstoretheinformationfromtheunassuming bug’sencounterwiththefirsthair?Howdoesit rememberthefirsttouchinordertoreactuponthe second?
Scientistshavebeenpuzzledbythesequestions eversinceJohnBurdon-Sanderson’searlyreporton thephysiologyoftheVenusflytrapin1882.A centurylater,DieterHodickandAndreasSieversat theUniversityofBonninGermanyproposedthat theflytrapstoredinformationregardinghowmany hairshavebeentouchedintheelectricchargeofits leaf.Theirmodelisquiteelegantinitssimplicity. Intheirstudies,theydiscoveredthattouchinga triggerhairontheVenusflytrapcausesanelectric actionpotential[atemporaryreversalinthe electricalpolarityofacellmembrane]that inducescalciumchannelstoopeninthetrap(this couplingofactionpotentialsandtheopeningof
calciumchannelsissimilartotheprocessesthat occurduringcommunicationbetweenhuman neurons),thuscausingarapidincreaseinthe concentrationofcalciumions.
Theyproposedthatthetraprequiresarelatively highconcentrationofcalciuminordertoclose andthatasingleactionpotentialfromjustone triggerhairbeingtoucheddoesnotreachthislevel. Therefore,asecondhairneedstobestimulatedto pushthecalciumconcentrationoverthisthreshold andspringthetrap.Theencodingoftheinformation requiresmaintainingahighenoughlevelofcalcium sothatasecondincrease(triggeredbytouchingthe secondhair)pushesthetotalconcentrationof calciumoverthethreshold.Asthecalciumion concentrationsdissipateovertime,ifthesecond touchandpotentialdon’thappenquickly,thefinal concentrationafterthesecondtriggerwon’tbehigh enoughtoclosethetrap,andthememoryislost. Subsequentresearchsupportsthismodel. AlexanderVolkovandhiscolleaguesatOakwood UniversityinAlabamafirstdemonstratedthatitis indeedelectricitythatcausestheVenusflytrapto close.Totestthemodeltheyriggedupveryfine electrodesandappliedanelectricalcurrenttothe openlobesofthetrap.Thismadethetrapclose withoutanydirecttouchtoitstriggerhairs(while theydidn’tmeasurecalciumlevels,thecurrent likelyledtoincreases).Whentheymodifiedthis experimentbyalteringtheamountofelectrical current,Volkovcoulddeterminetheexactelectrical chargeneededforthetraptoclose.Aslongas fourteenmicrocoulombs—atinybitmorethanthe staticelectricitygeneratedbyrubbingtwoballoons together—flowedbetweenthetwoelectrodes,the trapclosed.Thiscouldcomeasonelargeburstoras aseriesofsmallerchargeswithintwentyseconds.Ifit tooklongerthantwentysecondstoaccumulatethe totalcharge,thetrapwouldremainopen.
Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto
A)discussfindingsthatofferascientific explanationfortheVenusflytrap’sclosing action.
B)presentresearchthatsuggeststhattheVenus flytrap’spredatorybehaviorisbothcomplexand uniqueamongplants.
C)identifytheprocessbywhichtheVenusflytrap’s closingactionhasevolved.
D)provideabriefoverviewoftheVenusflytrapand itspredatorybehavior.
Basedonthepassage,asignificantadvantageofthe Venus flytrap’srequirementformultipletriggersis thatit
A)enablestheplanttoidentifythespeciesof itsprey.
B)conservestheplant’scalciumreserves.
C)safeguardstheplant’senergysupply.
D)preventstheplantfromclosingbeforecapturing itsprey.
Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidenceforthe answer tothepreviousquestion?
A)Lines3-7(“Closing... time”)
B)Lines7-11(“Thelarge... acrossthetrap”)
C)Lines11-14(“Ifthe... action”)
D)Lines16-18(“First... hairs”)
Theuseofthephrases“dawdlinginsect”(line6), “happily meanders”(line27),and“unassumingbug’s encounter”(lines28-29)inthefirsttwoparagraphs establishesatonethatis
A)academic.
B)melodramatic.
C)informal.
D)mocking.
Inthesecondparagraph(lines15-31),thediscussion ofshort-termmemoryprimarilyfunctionsto
A)clarifyanexplanationofwhatpromptsthe Venusflytraptoclose.
B)advanceacontroversialhypothesisaboutthe functionofelectricchargesfoundintheleafof theVenusflytrap.
C)stressthedistinctionbetweenthestrategiesof theVenusflytrapandthestrategiesofhuman beings.
D)emphasizetheVenusflytrap’scapacityfor retainingdetailedinformationaboutitsprey.
WhichchoicedescribesascenarioinwhichHodick and Sievers’smodelpredictsthataVenusflytrapwill NOTclosearoundaninsect?
A)Alargeinsect’ssecondcontactwiththeplant’s triggerhairsresultsinatotalcalciumion concentrationabovethetrap’sthreshold.
B)Alargeinsectmakescontactwithasecond triggerhairafteraperiodofinactivityduring whichcalciumionconcentrationshave diminishedappreciably.
C)Alargeinsect’scontactwiththeplant’strigger hairscausescalciumchannelstoopenin thetrap.
D)Alargeinsect’scontactwithasecondtriggerhair occurswithintensecondsofitscontactwiththe firsttriggerhair.
Accordingtothepassage,whichstatementbest explains whytheVenusflytraprequiresasecond triggerhairtobetouchedwithinashortamountof timeinorderforitstraptoclose?
A)Thesecondtriggerproducesanelectricalcharge thatreversesthechargeproducedbythefirst trigger.
B)Thesecondtriggerstabilizesthesurgeofcalcium ionscreatedbythefirsttrigger.
C)Thesecondtriggerpromptsthecalcium channelstoopen.
D)Thesecondtriggerprovidesanecessary supplementtothecalciumconcentration releasedbythefirsttrigger.
Asusedinline67,“demonstrated”most nearly means
A)protested.
B)established.
C)performed.
D)argued.
Basedonthepassage,whatpotentialcriticismmight bemadeofVolkov’stestingofHodickand Sievers’smodel?
A)Volkov’sunderstandingofHodickandSievers’s modelwasincorrect.
B)Volkov’smeasurementsdidnotcorroboratea centralelementofHodickandSievers’smodel.
C)Volkov’sdirectapplicationofanelectrical currentwouldhavebeenobjectionableto HodickandSievers.
D)Volkov’stechnologywasnotavailabletoHodick andSievers.
Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidenceforthe answer tothepreviousquestion?
A)Lines66-69(“Alexander... close”)
B)Lines69-71(“Totest... trap”)
C)Lines71-74(“This... increases”)
D)Lines74-77(“When... close”)
Basedonthepassage,instudyingtheVenusflytrap, Volkov andhiscolleaguesmadethemostextensive useofwhichtypeofevidence?
A)Mathematicalmodelstopredicttheelectrical chargerequiredtoclosetheVenusflytrap
B)Analysisofdatacollectedfromprevious researchers’workinvolvingtheVenusflytrap’s responsetoelectricity
C)Informationobtainedfrommonitoringthe Venusflytrap’sresponsetovaryingamountsof electricalcurrent
D)Publishedtheoriesofscientistswhodeveloped earliermodelsoftheVenusflytrap
Ifyoufinishbeforetimeiscalled,youmaycheckyourworkonthissectiononly. Donotturntoanyothersection.
TurntoSection2ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.
Eachpassagebelowisaccompaniedbyanumberofquestions.Forsomequestions,you willconsiderhowthepassagemightberevisedtoimprovetheexpressionofideas.For otherquestions,youwillconsiderhowthepassagemightbeeditedtocorrecterrorsin sentencestructure,usage,orpunctuation.Apassageoraquestionmaybeaccompaniedby oneormoregraphics(suchasatableorgraph)thatyouwillconsiderasyoumakerevising andeditingdecisions.
Somequestionswilldirectyoutoanunderlinedportionofapassage.Otherquestionswill directyoutoalocationinapassageoraskyoutothinkaboutthepassageasawhole.
Afterreadingeachpassage,choosetheanswertoeachquestionthatmosteffectively improvesthequalityofwritinginthepassageorthatmakesthepassageconformtothe conventionsofstandardwrittenEnglish.Manyquestionsincludea“NOCHANGE”option. Choosethatoptionifyouthinkthebestchoiceistoleavetherelevantportionofthe passageasitis.
Questions1-11arebasedonthefollowingpassage andsupplementarymaterial.
Compost:Don’tWasteThisWaste
Overthepastgeneration,peopleinmanypartsofthe UnitedStateshavebecomeaccustomedtodividingtheir householdwasteproductsintodifferentcategoriesfor recycling. 1 Regardless,papermaygoinonecontainer, glassandaluminuminanother,regulargarbageina third.Recently,someUScitieshaveaddedanew category:compost,organicmattersuchasfoodscraps andyarddebris.Likepaperorglassrecycling, compostingdemandsacertainamountofeffortfromthe
1
A)NOCHANGE
B)However,
C)Furthermore,
D)Forexample,
publicinordertobesuccessful.Buttheinconveniences ofcompostingarefaroutweighedbyitsbenefits.
Mostpeoplethinkofbananapeels,eggshells,and deadleavesas“waste,”butcompostisactuallyavaluable resourcewithmultiplepracticaluses.Whenutilizedasa gardenfertilizer,compostprovidesnutrientstosoiland improvesplantgrowthwhiledeterringorkillingpests andpreventingsomeplantdiseases.Italsoenhancessoil texture,encouraginghealthyrootsandminimizingor
2 annihilatingtheneedforchemicalfertilizers.Better thansoilatholdingmoisture,compostminimizeswater wasteandstormrunoff, 3 itincreasessavingson wateringcosts,andhelpsreduceerosionon embankmentsnearbodiesofwater.Inlarge
4 quantities,whichonewouldexpecttoseewhenitis collectedforanentiremunicipality),compostcanbe convertedintoanaturalgasthatcanbeusedasfuelfor transportationorheatingandcoolingsystems.
2
Whichchoicebestmaintainsthestyleandtoneofthe passage?
A)NOCHANGE
B)eliminating
C)ousting
D)closingthedooron
3
A)NOCHANGE
B)savingsincrease
C)increasessavings
D)alsoitincreasessavings
4
A)NOCHANGE
B)quantities(which
C)quantitieswhich
D)quantities;(which
Inspiteofallcompost’spotentialuses,however, mostofthisso-calledwasteiswasted.Accordingtothe EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA),over
5 13milliontonsofmetalendedupinUSlandfillsin 2009,alongwithover13milliontonsofyarddebris. Remarkably, 6 lessglasswasdiscardedinlandfillsin thatyearthananyothersubstance,includingplasticsor paper.Even 7 worse,thenthesquanderingofthis usefulresourceisthefactthatcompostinlandfillscannot breakdownduetothelackofnecessaryairandmoisture.
Thewriterwantstoincludeinformationfromthe graphthatisconsistentwiththedescriptionof compostinthepassage.Whichchoicemost effectivelyaccomplishesthisgoal?
A)NOCHANGE
B)6milliontonsofrubberandleather
C)10milliontonsoftextiles
D)33milliontonsoffoodwaste 6
Thewriterwantstosupporttheparagraph’smain ideawithaccurate,relevantinformationfromthe graph.Whichchoicemosteffectivelyaccomplishes thisgoal?
A)NOCHANGE
B)moremetal
C)morefoodwaste
D)moreyardwaste 7
A)NOCHANGE
B)worsethan
C)worsethen
D)worse,than
Questions12-22arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
ALion’sShareofLuck
It’sthebeginningofFebruary,andastheydoevery year,thousandsofpeoplelineHStreet,theheartof ChinatowninWashington,DC.Thecrowdhasgathered tocelebrateLunarNewYear.Thestreetisaseaof 12 red.RedisthetraditionalChinesecolorofluckand happiness.Buildingsare 13 drapedwithfestive,red, banners,andgarlands.Lamppostsarestrungwith crimsonpaperlanterns,whichbobinthecrispwinter breeze.Theeagerspectatorsawaitthehighlightofthe NewYearparade:theliondance.
Expertsagreethattheliondanceoriginatedinthe Handynasty(206BCE–220CE);however,thereislittle agreementaboutthedance’soriginalpurpose.Some evidencesuggeststhattheearliestversionofthedance wasanattempttowardoffanevilspirit; 14 lionsare obviouslyveryfierce.Anothertheoryisthatanemperor, uponwakingfromadreamaboutalion,hiredanartistto
12
Whichchoicemosteffectivelycombinesthe sentencesattheunderlinedportion?
A)red,
B)red;inaddition,redis
C)red;inotherwords,redis
D)red,thecolor;thatis
13
A)NOCHANGE
B)draped,withfestiveredbanners,
C)drapedwithfestiveredbanners—
D)drapedwithfestiveredbanners
14
Whichchoicemosteffectivelycompletesthe explanationofapossibleoriginoftheliondance?
A)NOCHANGE
B)theevilspiritwascalledNian.
C)villagersdressedinlioncostumestoscarethe spiritaway.
D)thepreciselocationofthevillageremainslostto history.
choreographthedance. 15 Thecurrentfunctionofthe danceiscelebration.
Theliondancerequiresthestrength,grace,and coordinationoftwodancers, 16 bothofwhomare almostcompletelyhiddenbytheelaboratebambooand papier-mâchélioncostumethattheymaneuver.One personoperatesthelion’sheadastheotherguidesthe torsoandtail.Manyofthemovesinthedance,suchas jumps,rolls,andkicks,aresimilarto 17 martialartsand acrobatics.Thedancersmustbesynchronizedwiththe musicaccompanyingthedance—drums,cymbals,and gongsthatsupplythelion’sroar—aswellaswitheach other.
15
Whichchoicemosteffectivelyconcludesthe paragraph?
A)NOCHANGE
B)Itturnsoutthattheoriginsoftheliondanceare irrelevant.
C)Whateveritsorigins,todaytheliondanceisa joyousspectacle,acelebrationofthepromiseof theNewYear.
D)Thingsaredifferentthesedays,ofcourse.
16
A)NOCHANGE
B)ofwhichboth
C)bothofthem
D)both 17
A)NOCHANGE
B)thedisciplinesofmartialartsandacrobatics.
C)martialartistsandacrobats.
D)thoseinmartialartsandacrobatics.
[1]Whiletherearemanyregionalvariationsofthe liondancecostume,allmakeextensiveuseofsymbols andcolors.[2]Thelion’sheadisoftenadornedwitha phoenix 18 (amythicalbird)oratortoise(for longevity).[3]Greenlionsencouragefriendliness.
[4]Goldenandredlionsrepresentlivelinessandbravery, respectively.[5]Theiroldercounterparts,yellowand whitelions,dancemoreslowlyanddeliberately.[6]In somevariations,lionsofdifferentcolorsaredifferent ages,andtheymoveaccordingly.[7]Blacklionsarethe youngest;therefore,theydancequicklyandplayfully.
[8]Theappearanceofthelionsvaries,buttheirmessage isconsistent:HappyNewYear. 19
18
Whichchoiceprovidesinformationthatismost consistentinstyleandcontentwiththeinformation aboutthesymbolismofthetortoise?
A)NOCHANGE
B)(fornewbeginnings)
C)(fromChinesemythology)
D)(forsymbolicreasons)
19
Tomakethisparagraphmostlogical,sentence5 shouldbeplaced
A)whereitisnow.
B)aftersentence1.
C)aftersentence3.
D)aftersentence7.
AstheparadewindsitswaythroughChinatown,the musiccrescendos,andtheliondancereaches 20 it’s climaxwiththe“pluckingofthegreens.”Approachinga doorwayinwhichdanglesaredenvelopefilledwith greenpapermoney,the 21 lion’steethsnarethe envelope.Itthenchewsupthebillsandspitsoutthe 22 money-filledenvelopeinsteadofchewingitup.The crowdcheersfortheliondancersandfortheprosperity andgoodfortunetheirdanceforetells.
courtrooms. 25 Althoughmachinescaneasilymake digitalaudiorecordingsofcourtevents,theylackthe nuanceofhumancourtreportersinprovidingaprecise record.
[1]Courtreportersrecordthespokenwordinreal time,mostcommonlyusingthetechniqueof stenography.[2]Astenotypemachineallowsapersonto typeabout200wordsperminute(thespeedofspeechis about180wordsperminute).[3]Thetypedwordsare instantaneouslytranslatedontoacomputerscreenforthe judgetoview,andthetranscriptisusedlaterbypeople whowanttoreviewthecase,suchasjournalistsand lawyers.[4]Digitalaudiorecordingisbecoming increasinglypopularincourtroomsacrosstheUnited States,withsixstatesusingsolelyaudiorecordingsfor
Shouldthewritermakethisadditionhere?
A)Yes,becauseitsupportstheclaimthatcourt reportingisanimportantpartofatrial.
B)Yes,becauseitoffersarelevantcounterpointto theargumentthattheuseofdigitalrecordersis ontherise.
C)No,becauseitpresentsinformationthatisnot directlyrelatedtotheparagraph’sdiscussionof theroleofcourtreporters.
D)No,becauseitdoesnotprovideinformation aboutthepayscaleformoreexperiencedcourt reporters.
generaljurisdictionsessions.[5]Proponentsofgoing digitalsaythattechnologyistheeasiestwaytogetthe mostaccuraterecordoftheproceedings,asthemachine recordseverythingfaithfullyasitoccursandisnot 26 subjecttohumanerrorssuchasmishearingor mistyping.[6]However,withtheriseofhigh-quality recordingtechnology,relianceoncourtreporters 27 asa recordkeeperisdecreasing. 28
Championsofcourtreporting,though,arguethe 29 opposite.Theyarguethatwiththeincreasedreliance ontechnology,errorsactuallyincrease.Becausedigital systemsrecord 30 indiscriminately;theycannotdiscern importantpartsoftheproceedingsfromothernoisesin thecourtroom. 31 Despitethis,adigitaldevicedoes indeedrecordeverything,butthatincludesloudnoises, suchasabookdropping,thatcanmaketheactualwords spokenimpossibletohear.Acourtreporter,however,
29
Whichchoicemosteffectivelycombinesthe sentencesattheunderlinedportion?
A)opposite,such
B)opposite—
C)opposite,whichis
D)opposite;theiropinionis
30
A)NOCHANGE
B)indiscriminately,they
C)indiscriminately.They
D)indiscriminately,thereforethey
31
A)NOCHANGE
B)Inotherwords,
C)Therefore,
D)Consequently,
candistinguishbetweenthewords 32 anddistinguish betweentheextrinsicnoisesthatneednotberecorded. Also,ifawitnessmumbles,ahumancourtreportercan pausecourtproceedingstoaskthewitnesstorepeatwhat heorshesaid.Insomecases,digitalrecording 33 makes itnecessaryforthejudgetomakeadditional announcementsatthebeginningofatrial.Increasinguse oftechnologyis“atransitionfromaccuraterecordsto adequaterecords,”saysBobTate,presidentofthe CertifiedCourtReportersAssociationofNewJersey.
Despitetheapparentbenefitsofusingdigital recordingsystemsincourtrooms,thereisstillaneedfor thehumantouchinlegalproceedings.Atleastforthe foreseeablefuture,machinessimplycannotreplicatethe invaluableclarificationskillsandadaptabilityofhuman courtreporters.
32
A)NOCHANGE
B)alsobetweenthe
C)andwhenthereare
D)andthe 33 Whichchoiceprovidesthebestsupportingexample forthemainideaoftheparagraph?
A)NOCHANGE
B)requiresacourtroommonitortoensurethe equipmentisfunctioningproperly.
C)leadstochangesintherolesanddutiesofseveral membersofthecourtroomstaff.
D)hasledtotheneedforretrialbecauseof indistincttestimonyfromkeywitnesses.
Questions34-44arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
OnEarth,fireprovideslight,heat,andcomfort.Its creation,byaprocesscalledcombustion,requiresa chemicalreactionbetweenafuelsourceandoxygen.The shapethatfireassumesonEarthisaresultof gravitationalinfluenceandthemovementofmolecules. Inthemicrogravityenvironmentofspace, 34 moreover, combustionandtheresultingfirebehavein fundamentallydifferentwaysthantheydoon Earth—differencesthathaveimportantimplicationsfor researchers.
AgroupofengineeringstudentsfromtheUniversity ofCaliforniaatSanDiego(UCSD),forexample, 35 tried tofindamethodtomaketheirbiofuelcombustionstudy (fuelsderivedfromonce-livingmaterial)freeofthe drawbacksresearchersfaceonEarth.Thestandard methodinvolvesburningdropletsoffuel,butEarth’s gravitationalinfluencecausesthedropletstolose
B)stroveforamethodtomaketheirstudyof biofuelcombustion
C)lookedforamethodtostudybiofuelcombustion
D)soughtamethodtostudycombustionofbiofuels
sphericalsymmetrywhileburning.This 36 deformation resultsinsubtlevariationsindensitythatboth 37 causes unevenheatflowandlimitsthesizeofthedropletsthat canbetested.Speciallydesigned“droptowers” 38 built forthispurposereducetheseproblems,buttheyprovide nomorethan10secondsofmicrogravity,anddroplet sizeisstilltoosmalltoproduceaccuratemodelsof combustionrates. 39 TheUCSDstudentsunderstood thattheselimitationshadtobesurmounted.Aspartof theprogram,researchersflytheirexperimentsaboard aircraftthatsimulatethemicrogravityenvironmentof space.Theaircraftaccomplishthisfeatbyflyingin parabolicpathsinsteadofhorizontalones.Ontheplane’s ascent,passengersfeeltwiceEarth’sgravitationalpull,but forbriefperiodsatthepeakofthetrajectory,
Whichchoiceprovidesthemostprecisedescription ofthephenomenondepictedintheprevious sentence? A)NOCHANGE B)alteration
C)transformation D)modification
B)causeunevenheatflowandlimit
C)causeunevenheatflowandlimits
D)hascausedunevenheatflowandhaslimited
B)intendedforthisuse
C)constructedforthisfunction
D)DELETEtheunderlinedportion.
Whichchoiceprovidesthemosteffectivetransition betweenideasintheparagraph? A)NOCHANGE
B)TheUCSDgroupsoughttoovercomethese difficultiesbyparticipatinginNASA’s MicrogravityUniversityprogram.
C)Theengineeringgrouprealizedthataircraft mightbethetoolstheywerelookingfor.
D)Thus,fortheUCSDgroup,droptowerswerenot anadequatesolution.
40 “weightlessness”ormicrogravitysimilartowhatis experiencedinspace,isachieved.
TheseflightsallowedtheUCSDstudentsto experiencemicrogravity 41 .Specifically,they 42 investigatedthecombustionofbiofueldropletsin microgravityfortwiceaslongascouldbeaccomplished
40
A)NOCHANGE
B)“weightlessness”ormicrogravity,similartowhat isexperienced,inspace
C)“weightlessness”or,microgravity,similarto whatisexperiencedinspace
D)“weightlessness,”ormicrogravitysimilartowhat isexperiencedinspace,
41
Atthispoint,thewriterisconsideringaddingthe following.
andperformtheirexperimentwithouttraveling intospace
Shouldthewritermakethisadditionhere?
A)Yes,becauseitelaboratesontheadvantagethe studentsgainedfromtheflights.
B)Yes,becauseitrevealsthatthestudentsdidnot actuallygointospace,apointthattheprevious paragraphdoesnotaddress.
C)No,becauseitshiftsfocusawayfromthe students’experienceswhileontheflights.
D)No,becauseitrestateswhathasalreadybeensaid inthesentence.
42
A)NOCHANGE
B)couldinvestigate
C)wereinvestigating
D)wereabletoinvestigate
indroptowersandtoperformtestswithlargerdroplets. Thelarger, 43 sphericallysymmetricdropletsburned longerandgavethestudentsmorereliabledataon combustionratesofbiofuelsbecausethedroplets’ uniformshapereducedthevariationsindensitythat hindertestsperformedinnormalgravity.Thestudents hopethenewdatawillaidfutureresearchbyimproving theoreticalmodelsofbiofuelcombustion.Better combustion-ratemodelsmayevenleadtotheproduction ofmorefuel-efficientenginesandimproved 44 techniques,forfightingfiresinspaceoratfuture outpostsontheMoonandMars.
43
Whichchoicemosteffectivelyestablishesthatthe UCSDstudents’approachhadsolvedaproblem, mentionedearlierinthepassage,relatingtoburning fuelonEarth?
A)NOCHANGE
B)combustible
C)microgravity-influenced
D)biofuel-derived
44 A)NOCHANGE
B)techniquesforfightingfires,inspaceoratfuture outposts
C)techniquesforfightingfiresinspaceoratfuture outposts
D)techniquesforfightingfiresinspace,oratfuture outposts,
Ifyoufinishbeforetimeiscalled,youmaycheckyourworkonthissectiononly. Donotturntoanyothersection.
TurntoSection3ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.
Forquestions1-15,solveeachproblem,choosethebestanswerfromthechoices provided,andfillinthecorrespondingcircleonyouranswersheet. Forquestions16-20, solvetheproblemandenteryouranswerinthegridontheanswersheet.Pleasereferto thedirectionsbeforequestion16onhowtoenteryouranswersinthegrid.Youmayuse anyavailablespaceinyourtestbookletforscratchwork.
1. The use of a calculator is not permitted.
2. All variables and expressions used represent real numbers unless otherwise indicated.
3. Figures provided in this test are drawn to scale unless otherwise indicated.
4. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated.
5. Unless otherwise indicated, the domain of a given function f is the set of all real numbers x for which f ( x ) is a real number.
Thenumberofdegreesofarcinacircleis360.
Thenumberofradiansofarcinacircleis2p
Thesumofthemeasuresindegreesoftheanglesofatriangleis180.
Thegraphaboveshowsthedistancetraveled d, infeet,byaproductonaconveyorbelt m minutes aftertheproductisplacedonthebelt.Whichofthe followingequationscorrectlyrelates d and m ?
A) dm =2
B) dm = 1 2
C) dm=+2
D) dm=2+2
Theformulabelowisoftenusedbyprojectmanagers tocompute E,theestimatedtimetocompleteajob, where O istheshortestcompletiontime, P isthe longestcompletiontime,and M isthemostlikely completiontime.
E OMP = +4+ 6
Whichofthefollowingcorrectlygives P intermsof E, O,and M ?
Thewidthofarectangulardanceflooris w feet.The lengthoftheflooris6feetlongerthanitswidth. Whichofthefollowingexpressestheperimeter,in feet,ofthedancefloorintermsof w ? A) w 2+6
Inthefigureabove, RTTU = .Whatis thevalueof x ?
Whichofthefollowingconsistsofthe y-coordinates ofallthepointsthatsatisfythesystemofinequalities above?
xx 2+6+4=+3
Whatisthesolutionsetoftheequationabove?
A) {−1}
B) {5}
C) {−1,5}
D) {0,−1,5} 8
9
xy−6++5=16 22 ()()
Inthe xy-plane,thegraphoftheequationaboveisa circle.Point P isonthecircleandhascoordinates 10,−5 ().If PQ isadiameterofthecircle,whatare thecoordinatesofpoint Q ?
A) 2,−5 ()
B) 6,−1 ()
C) 6,−5 ()
D) 6,−9 ()
fxxx gxxx =−9 =−2−3
3 2 () ()
Whichofthefollowingexpressionsisequivalentto
fx gx () () ,for x >3 ?
A) x 1 +1
B) x x +3 +1
C) xx x −3 +1 ()
D) xx x +3 +1 ()
Agroupof202peoplewentonanovernightcamping trip,taking60tentswiththem.Someofthetents held2peopleeach,andtherestheld4peopleeach. Assumingallthetentswerefilledtocapacityand everypersongottosleepinatent,exactlyhowmany ofthetentswere2-persontents?
A)30
B)20
C)19
D)18
Whichofthefollowingcouldbetheequationofthe graphabove?
A) yxxx=−2+3 ()()
B) yxxx=−2+3 2()()
C) yxxx=+2−3 ()()
D) yxxx=+2−3 2()()
Oilandgasproductioninacertainareadropped from 4millionbarrelsin2000to1.9millionbarrels in2013.Assumingthattheoilandgasproduction decreasedataconstantrate,whichofthefollowing linearfunctions f bestmodelstheproduction,in millionsofbarrels, t yearsaftertheyear2000?
A) ftt = 21 130 +4 ()
B) ftt = 19 130 +4 ()
C) ftt =− 21 130 +4 ()
D) ftt =− 19 130 +4 ()
Howmanysolutionsaretheretothesystemof equationsabove?
A)Thereareexactly4solutions.
B)Thereareexactly2solutions.
C)Thereisexactly1solution.
D)Therearenosolutions.
gxx hxgx =2−1 =1− () ()()
Thefunctions g and h aredefinedabove.Whatisthe valueof h 0 () ?
A) −2
B) 0
C) 1
D) 2
For questions 16-20, solve the problem and enter your answer in the grid, as described below, on the answer sheet.
1. Although not required, it is suggested that you write your answer in the boxes at the top of the columns to help you fill in the circles accurately. You will receive credit only if the circles are filled in correctly.
2. Mark no more than one circle in any column.
3. No question has a negative answer.
4. Some problems may have more than one correct answer. In such cases, grid only one answer.
5. Mixed numbers such as must be gridded as 3.5 or 7/2. (If is entered into the grid, it will be interpreted as , not .)
6. Decimal answers: If you obtain a decimal answer with more digits than the grid can accommodate, it may be either rounded or truncated, but it must fill the entire grid.
NOTE: You may start your answers in any column, space permitting. Columns you don’t need to use should be left blank.
Astart-upcompanyopenedwith8employees. Thecompany’sgrowthplanassumesthat2new employeeswillbehiredeachquarter(every 3months)forthefirst5years.Ifanequationis writtenintheform yaxb =+ torepresentthe numberofemployees, y,employedbythe company x quartersafterthecompanyopened,what isthevalueof b ?
Note: Figure not drawn to scale.
Inthecircleabove,point A isthecenterandthe lengthofarc BC is 2 5 ofthecircumferenceofthe circle.Whatisthevalueof x ?
Ifyoufinishbeforetimeiscalled,youmaycheckyourworkonthissectiononly. Donotturntoanyothersection.
TurntoSection4ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.
Forquestions1-30,solveeachproblem,choosethebestanswerfromthechoices provided,andfillinthecorrespondingcircleonyouranswersheet. Forquestions31-38, solvetheproblemandenteryouranswerinthegridontheanswersheet.Pleasereferto thedirectionsbeforequestion31onhowtoenteryouranswersinthegrid.Youmayuse anyavailablespaceinyourtestbookletforscratchwork.
1. The use of a calculator is permitted
2. All variables and expressions used represent real numbers unless otherwise indicated.
3. Figures provided in this test are drawn to scale unless otherwise indicated.
4. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated.
5. Unless otherwise indicated, the domain of a given function f is the set of all real numbers x for which f ( x ) is a real number.
Thenumberofdegreesofarcinacircleis360.
Thenumberofradiansofarcinacircleis2p.
Thesumofthemeasuresindegreesoftheanglesofatriangleis180.
Onepoundofgrapescosts$2.Atthisrate,howmany dollarswill c poundsofgrapescost?
Tracycollects,sells,andtradesfigurines,andshe tracksthenumberoffigurinesinhercollectionon thegraphbelow.
Onwhatintervaldidthenumberoffigurines decreasethefastest?
A)Between1and2months
B)Between2and3months
C)Between3and4months
D)Between4and5months
Inarandomsampleof200carsofaparticularmodel, 3haveamanufacturingdefect.Atthisrate,how manyof10,000carsofthesamemodelwillhavea manufacturingdefect?
Note: Figure not drawn to scale. Inthefigureabove,lines and m areparallel, y =20,and z =60.Whatisthevalueof x ?
Thescatterplotaboveshowsdatacollectedonthe lengthsandwidthsof Irissetosa petals.Alineofbest fitforthedataisalsoshown.Basedonthelineofbest fit,ifthewidthofan Irissetosa petalis 19millimeters,whatisthepredictedlength,in millimeters,ofthepetal?
7
Twotypesofticketsweresoldforaconcertheldat anamphitheater.Ticketstositonabenchduringthe concertcost$75each,andticketstositonthelawn duringtheconcertcost$40each.Organizersofthe concertannouncedthat350ticketshadbeensold andthat$19,250hadbeenraisedthroughticketsales alone.Whichofthefollowingsystemsofequations couldbeusedtofindthenumberofticketsforbench seats, B,andthenumberofticketsforlawnseats, L, thatweresoldfortheconcert?
A) BL BL 7540=1,950 +=350 ()()
B) BL BL 40+75=19,250 +=350
C) BL BL 75+40=350 +=19,250
D) BL BL 75+40=19,250 +=350
Inthe xy-plane,thegraphofwhichofthefollowing equationsisalinewithaslopeof3?
A) y x = 1 3
B) y x =−3
C) y x =3+2
D) y x =6+3
8 x x +1= 2 +1
Intheequationabove,whichofthefollowingisa possiblevalueof x +1 ?
Questions9-11refertothefollowinginformation.
Waterpoursintotheglassslowlyandataconstant rate. Whichofthefollowinggraphsbestillustrates theheightofthewaterlevelintheglassasitfills?
Theglasspicturedabovecanholdamaximumvolumeof 473cubiccentimeters,whichisapproximately16fluid ounces.
9 Whatisthevalueof k, in centimeters?
Jennyhasapitcherthatcontains1gallonofwater. HowmanytimescouldJennycompletelyfilltheglass with1gallonofwater? 1 gallon=128 fluid ounces ()
A)16
B)8
C)4
D)3 12
Robertoisaninsuranceagentwhosellstwotypesof policies:a$50,000policyanda$100,000policy.Last month,hisgoalwastosellatleast57insurance policies.Whilehedidnotmeethisgoal,thetotal valueofthepolicieshesoldwasover$3,000,000. Whichofthefollowingsystemsofinequalities describes x,thepossiblenumberof$50,000policies, and y,thepossiblenumberof$100,000policies,that Robertosoldlastmonth?
A) xy xy +<57 50,000+100,000<3,000,000
B) xy xy +>57 50,000+100,000>3,000,000
C) xy xy +<57 50,000+100,000>3,000,000
D) xy xy +>57 50,000+100,000<3,000,000
If ax = 1 2 ,where a >0,whatis a intermsof x ? A) x
Whichofthefollowingisavalueof x forwhichthe expression xx −3 +3−10 2 isundefined? A) −3
B) −2 C) 0 D) 2
Agraniteblockintheshapeofarightrectangular prismhasdimensions30centimetersby 40centimetersby50centimeters.Theblockhasa densityof2.8gramspercubiccentimeter.Whatis themassoftheblock,ingrams?(Densityismass perunitvolume.)
Thetableshowstheresultsofaresearchstudythat investigatedthetherapeuticvalueofvitaminCin preventingcolds.Arandomsampleof300adults receivedeitheravitaminCpillorasugarpilleach dayduringa2-weekperiod,andtheadultsreported whethertheycontractedacoldduringthattime period.Whatproportionofadultswhoreceiveda sugarpillreportedcontractingacold?
Thetableaboveshowsthedistributionofagesofthe 20studentsenrolledinacollegeclass.Whichofthe followinggivesthecorrectorderofthemean, median,andmodeoftheages?
A)mode<median<mean
B)mode<mean<median
C)median<mode<mean
D)mean<mode<median
Thefigurebelowshowstherelationshipbetweenthe percentofleaflittermassremainingafter decomposingfor3yearsandthemeanannual temperature,indegreesCelsius(°C),in18forestsin Canada.Alineofbestfitisalsoshown.
Therangeofthepolynomialfunction f is thesetof realnumberslessthanorequalto4.Ifthezerosof f are −3 and1,whichofthefollowingcouldbethe graphof yfx = () inthe xy-plane?
AparticularforestinCanada,whosedataisnot includedinthefigure,hadameanannual temperatureof −2°C.Basedonthelineofbestfit, whichofthefollowingisclosesttothepredicted percentofleaflittermassremaininginthisparticular forestafterdecomposingfor3years?
Theaverageannualenergycostforacertainhomeis $4,334.Thehomeownerplanstospend$25,000to installageothermalheatingsystem.Thehomeowner estimatesthattheaverageannualenergycostwill thenbe$2,712.Whichofthefollowinginequalities canbesolvedtofind t,thenumberofyearsafter installationatwhichthetotalamountofenergycost savingswillexceedtheinstallationcost?
A) t 25,000>4,334−2,712 ()
B) t 25,000<4,334−2,712 ()
C) t 25,000−4,334>2,712
D) t 25,000> 4,332 2,712
Questions21and22refertothefollowing information.
Between1985and2003,datawerecollectedevery threeyearsontheamountofplasticproducedannuallyin theUnitedStates,inbillionsofpounds.Thegraphbelow showsthedataandalineofbestfit.Theequationofthe lineofbestfitis y x =3.39+46.89 ,where x isthenumber ofyearssince1985and y istheamountofplastic producedannually,inbillionsofpounds.
Whichofthefollowingisthebestinterpretationof thenumber3.39inthecontextoftheproblem?
A)Theamountofplastic,inbillionsofpounds, producedintheUnitedStatesduringthe year1985
B)ThenumberofyearsittooktheUnitedStatesto produce1billionpoundsofplastic
C)Theaverageannualplasticproduction,in billionsofpounds,intheUnitedStatesfrom 1985to2003
D)Theaverageannualincrease,inbillionsof pounds,ofplasticproducedperyearinthe UnitedStatesfrom1985to2003
Whichofthefollowingisclosesttothepercent increaseinthebillionsofpoundsofplasticproduced intheUnitedStatesfrom2000to2003?
A)10% B)44%
C)77% D)110%
ForthefinaleofaTVshow,viewerscoulduseeither socialmediaoratextmessagetovotefortheir favoriteoftwocontestants.Thecontestantreceiving morethan50%ofthevotewon.Anestimated10%of theviewersvoted,and30%ofthevoteswerecaston socialmedia.Contestant2earned70%ofthevotes castusingsocialmediaand40%ofthevotescast usingatextmessage.Basedonthisinformation, whichofthefollowingisanaccurateconclusion?
A)Ifallviewershadvoted,Contestant2would havewon.
B)Viewersvotingbysocialmediawerelikelytobe youngerthanviewersvotingbytextmessage.
C)Ifallviewerswhovotedhadvotedbysocial mediainsteadofbytextmessage,Contestant2 wouldhavewon.
D)Viewersvotingbysocialmediaweremorelikely topreferContestant2thanwereviewersvoting bytextmessage.
23
M =1,8001.02 t()
Theequationabovemodelsthenumberof members, M, ofagym t yearsafterthegymopens. Ofthefollowing,whichequationmodelsthenumber ofmembersofthegym q quarteryearsafterthegym opens?
A) M =1,8001.02 q 4 ()
B) M =1,8001.02 q 4()
C) M =1,8001.005 q 4()
D) M =1,8001.082 q()
ThetableaboveshowsthepopulationofGreenleaf, Idaho,fortheyears2000and2010.Iftherelationship betweenpopulationandyearislinear,whichofthe followingfunctions P modelsthepopulationof Greenleaf t yearsafter2000?
A) P tt =862−1.6 ()
B) P tt =862−16 ()
C) P tt=862+16−2,000 ()()
D) P tt=862−1.6−2,000 ()()
Todeterminethemeannumberofchildrenper householdinacommunity,Tabithasurveyed 20familiesataplayground.Forthe20families surveyed,themeannumberofchildrenper householdwas2.4.Whichofthefollowing statementsmustbetrue?
A)Themeannumberofchildrenperhouseholdin thecommunityis2.4.
B)Adeterminationaboutthemeannumberof childrenperhouseholdinthecommunityshould notbemadebecausethesamplesizeistoosmall.
C)Thesamplingmethodisflawedandmay produceabiasedestimateofthemeannumber ofchildrenperhouseholdinthecommunity.
D)Thesamplingmethodisnotflawedandislikely toproduceanunbiasedestimateofthemean numberofchildrenperhouseholdinthe community.
Inthe xy-plane,thepoint pr , () liesonthelinewith equation y x b =+ ,where b isaconstant.Thepoint withcoordinates pr2,5 () liesonthelinewith equation y x b =2+ .If p ≠0 ,whatisthe valueof r
The22studentsinahealthclassconductedan experimentinwhichtheyeachrecordedtheirpulse rates,inbeatsperminute,beforeandafter completingalightexerciseroutine.Thedotplots belowdisplaytheresults.
Let s1 and r1 bethestandarddeviationandrange, respectively,ofthedatabeforeexercise,andlet s 2 and r2 bethestandarddeviationandrange, respectively,ofthedataafterexercise.Whichofthe followingistrue?
A) ss = 12 and rr = 12
B) ss < 12 and rr < 12
C) ss > 12 and rr > 12
D) ss ≠ 12 and rr = 12
Aphotocopymachineisinitiallyloadedwith 5,000sheetsofpaper.Themachinestartsalargejob andcopiesataconstantrate.After20minutes,ithas used30%ofthepaper.Whichofthefollowing equationsmodelsthenumberofsheetsofpaper, p, remaininginthemachine m minutesafterthe machinestartedprinting?
=5,000−20
Thecompletegraphofthefunction f andatableof valuesforthefunction g areshownabove.The maximumvalueof f is k.Whatisthevalueof gk() ? A)7 B)6 C)3 D)0
For questions 31-38, solve the problem and enter your answer in the grid, as described below, on the answer sheet.
1. Although not required, it is suggested that you write your answer in the boxes at the top of the columns to help you fill in the circles accurately. You will receive credit only if the circles are filled in correctly.
2. Mark no more than one circle in any column.
3. No question has a negative answer.
4. Some problems may have more than one correct answer. In such cases, grid only one answer.
5. Mixed numbers such as must be gridded as 3.5 or 7/2. (If is entered into the
6. Decimal answers: If you obtain a decimal answer with more digits than the grid can accommodate, it may be either rounded or truncated, but it must fill the entire grid.
NOTE: You may start your answers in any column, space permitting. Columns you don’t need to use should be left blank.
33
Therearetwoatomsofhydrogenandoneatomof oxygeninonemoleculeofwater.Howmanyatoms ofhydrogenaretherein51moleculesofwater?
32 xa 1 2 =0
If x =1 intheequationabove,whatisthe valueof a ?
34
Inthe xy-plane, theequations x y +2=10 and x yc3+6= representthesamelineforsome constant c.Whatisthevalueof c ?
OnApril18,1775,PaulReveresetoffonhis midnightridefromCharlestowntoLexington.Ifhe hadriddenstraighttoLexingtonwithoutstopping, hewouldhavetraveled11milesin26minutes.In sucharide,whatwouldtheaveragespeedofhis horsehavebeen,tothenearesttenthofamile perhour?
Thegraphofthefunction f,definedby
fxx =− 1 2 −4+10 2()() ,isshowninthe xy-plane above.Ifthefunction g (notshown)isdefinedby
gxx=−+10 () ,whatisonepossiblevalueof a such that faga = ()() ?
Intriangle RST above,point W (notshown) lieson RT .Whatisthevalueof RSWWSTcos−sin(∠)(∠) ?
Questions37and38refertothefollowinginformation.
Whenapatientreceivesapenicillininjection,thekidneysbegin removingthepenicillinfromthebody.Thetableandgraphaboveshow thepenicillinconcentrationinapatient’sbloodstreamat5-minute intervalsforthe20minutesimmediatelyfollowingaone-time penicillininjection.
Accordingtothetable,howmanymoremicrograms ofpenicillinarepresentin10millilitersofblood drawnfromthepatient5minutesaftertheinjection thanarepresentin8millilitersofblooddrawn 10minutesaftertheinjection?
Thepenicillinconcentration,inmicrogramsper milliliter,inthepatient’sbloodstream t minutesafter thepenicillininjectionismodeledbythefunction P definedby Ptb =200 t 5 () .If P approximatesthe valuesinthetabletowithin10microgramsper milliliter,whatisthevalueof b,roundedtothe nearesttenth?
Ifyoufinishbeforetimeiscalled,youmaycheckyourworkonthissectiononly. Donotturntoanyothersection.