Glenwood Parking Studio

GLENWOOD PARKING STUDIO

A Mass Timber Parking Garage: a unique structural solution for a parking garage in Springfield, Oregon

A Message from the Editors This studio took on the challenge of working with a client on a real project with no precedents in the United States: the design of a mass timber parking garage. With evolving urban design considerations, complex code issues, and structural challenges of new materials, we all were tasked with designing the project at many scales and with incorporating many issues and perspectives, all within a 10 week quarter! We would like to extend a huge hand of appreciation to those who provided assistance to all of us throughout the term. To Professors Judith Sheine & Mark Donofrio: you managed to balance a complex and frequently changing schedule while at the same time providing constructive sessions that allowed us as students to develop cohesive designs. We would also like to thank Professor Lech Muszyński from Oregon State University who introduced us to CLT as a material and its manufacturing process, and to Professor Mikhail Gershfeld from Cal Poly Pomona, who spent countless hours working with us on solving the minutiae of the structural issues presented in a project of this ambition. We would also like to thank Mayor Christine Lundberg, Courtney Griesel and everyone at the Springfield Economic Development Agency for being willing to consider a project of this magnitude and purpose, and to include us in the process. And lastly, we would like to thank Valerie Johnson and the DR Johnson Company for welcoming us and allowing our studio to visit their CLT manufacturing facility.

Ryan Kiesler & Tom Moss Managing Editors

Contents Introduction A Message the Mayor What is CLT, and What are the Benefits?

Studio Parameters Structural Challenges

i iii iv vi ix

Studio Projects Kaito Tom Adamson | Ryan Kiesler | Tom Moss Block One James Chrisman | Connor Davies | Amin Yazdi Transparence-�V�

Matthew Decker | Emily Rist | Keith Trine The New Mill Krysten Gormly | David Lieberman | Scotty McClelland Momentum Danae Burck | Kelly Elmore | Cara Mitchell | Stefanie Wibiasa The Loom Wesley Miller | Garrett Mitchell | Jeffrey Toreson Slant Rashad Mubarak | Will Page Panelling

2 20 40 58 80 100 122 134

Kevin Concolino | Seth Sorenson

Glenwood Park Ignacio Moreno Elst | Erik Wadman | Shawn Wallace

152

The Mass Timber Parking Garage: An Introduction This project was the result of a partnership between the City of Springfield, Oregon and the new Center for Advanced Wood Products Manufacturing and Design, a collaborative research effort of the Oregon State’s College of Forestry, University of Oregon’s School of Architecture & Allied Arts, and Oregon State University’s College of Engineering. The expertise of the two universities has helped to foster new industries, with DR Johnson in Riddle, Oregon manufacturing the first structural crosslaminated timber (CLT) panels in the United States, aided by wood science faculty in OSU’s Department of Wood Science and Engineering. In order for the feasibility of this new wood material to be tested, demonstration projects have to be designed and built and the city of Springfield asked UO’s Department of Architecture, known for its expertise in sustainable mass timber design, to devote a studio to a mass timber parking garage to be built in Springfield as the centerpiece of their new mixed-use urban development in the Glenwood district.

Springfield has a long history with the timber industry and would like their contribution to this new development, the central parking garage, to be a showcase for mass timber products. They are very excited about the potential of using CLT and for the development of a new industry in Oregon manufacturing this material. While mass timber in its more common forms (glu-lams, LVLs, OSBs, etc.) has been used extensively in building projects in the U.S., CLT is just being introduced. As far as we know, there are no mass timber parking garages in the U.S., so, the challenge of designing one using an innovative new material was especially exciting for the faculty and students in the studio.

In order to tackle this problem, we had a number of collaborators. The Mayor of Springfield, Christine Lundberg, Community Development Manager John Tamulonis, Senior Economic Development Analyst Courtney Griesel and Assistant City Manager Jeffrey Towery gave us insight into the urban design parameters of the site and their parking consultant, Rick Williams, gave a talk to the studio on the requirements for the parking garage. Architect and UO alumnus Samir Mokashi provided us with insights into building code requirements and UO Professor Brook Muller gave a talk on integrating the parking garage into the environment. We had invaluable assistance from Cal Poly Pomona Professor Mikhail Gershfeld, a structural engineer specializing in timber, who visited the studio four times during the quarter. The faculty integrated these multiple consultants into a studio process that led the students, who worked in teams of two to four, from the large scale of site analysis and urban design to the small scale of timber structural details. The nine projects in this book are the results of these efforts. We look forward to the next stages of development of the Springfield mass timber parking garage.

Professors Judith Sheine & Mark Donofrio

Willamette River

Roaring Rapids Pizza

Ho te l

Park Block

High-Density Housing

Parking Garage

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Retail &Housing Park Block

High-Density Housing

HACSA Property

EMX

Karotko Property

M3 Property

A Letter from the Mayor The City of Springfield is a community with a proud history in the timber industry. It is also a community with a desire for a bright future in timber, a future boasting of sustainable practices in both secondary timber manufacturing and use while maintaining an eye for what is innovative and spectacular. The fabrication and use of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) in Oregon is just that; Sustainable, Innovative, and Spectacular. CLT is a large-scale advanced timber product made of sheets of cross-hatched wood which can be cut into correct dimensions for wall, floor and ceiling panels, thereby reducing the waste of materials and time in construction of multistory commercial buildings.

In 2015, the City of Springfield partnered with the University of Oregon to explore the use of CLT in the construction of a parking structure to be located in the Glenwood Riverfront Redevelopment Area. This unique and very visible redevelopment area presents an opportunity to pioneer and display sustainable and forward thinking urban design practices. Sitting along the Willamette River, between the downtowns of Springfield and Eugene, near the University of Oregon campus and adjacent to Interstate 5, the Riverfront Redevelopment Area provided a unique opportunity to present a non-traditional design for a very traditional concept of a parking structure.

At the time of the Riverfront Parking Structure project initiation, CLT was not manufactured in the United States, requiring builders interested in the material to source from outside of the US, often overseas. Additionally, no large scale commercial structure had been built entirely of CLT in the US, limiting the community’s exposure to the design possibilities of the material. The design and construction of a parking structure utilizing CLT not only presented an opportunity to use a sustainable and innovative product in a traditional structure as never done before, but it also presented an opportunity to create a catalytic Riverfront area project with the hope of encouraging the manufacturing of CLT by Oregon based

mills and plants, revolutionizing and revitalizing the Oregon timber industry.

The design of a multi-story mixed-use parking structure constructed primarily out of CLT presented the perfect opportunity for engaging the bright minds of architecture faculty and students at the University of Oregon. Students were provided a physical footprint to work within, the number of parking spaces needed, and basic context of surrounding redevelopment. They were asked to think creatively about the experience of being in and around the structure as both a driver and a pedestrian and about the structure as both necessary infrastructure and art.

The designs included in this book are beautiful, inspiring, and incredibly forward thinking; they are illustrations of what is possible without compromising what is necessary. While the concepts maintain logical circulation and parking design with a strategic orientation to the riverfront and redevelopment areas, they also display insight into the beauty and future of CLT in large scale commercial construction. Each design is unique and stands out from the next, providing the opportunity to think about how we interact with parking and CLT differently in each set of images.

We were honored to be a partner in this leading edge opportunity to bring CLT to the Glenwood Riverfront Redevelopment area. It is our hope that you will find these designs to be an inspiring reflection of some of the things we value at the City of Springfield; bright minds, sustainable practices, and the innovation of industry and urban areas.

Mayor Christine Lundberg Springfield, Oregon

What is Cross-Laminated Timber? glu-lam beam construction

Cross- Laminated Timber (CLT) was developed in Switzerland and is increasingly widely used in Europe, both in modular construction and, more recently, in tall buildings. Similar to glued laminated beams, which have been in production and widely used in construction for many years in the United States, CLT employs layers of wood that are laminated together to form large slabs.

Each layer of the slab consists of 2 x 4 or 2 x 6 pieces of Douglas Fir or Spruce glued together; these layers are laminated together with the 2x wood running in opposite directions for each layer, similar to the thin cross-laminated layers in plywood. CLT is generally manufactured in slabs that are 3, 5 or 7 layers and that are 10’ x wide and up to 60’ long. These slabs can be used to form floors, ceilings and walls and can, in many cases, substitute for concrete or composites of steel and concrete typically used in these applications.

CLT is being produced in Canada and DR Johnson in Riddle, OR is now producing the first structural CLT panels manufactured in the U.S., with the first installation planned for a mixed-use building in Portland, OR.

cross laminated slab construction

What are benefits of using Heavy Timber products for construction?

Oregon has long been known as a state built on the timber industry, and, with CLT in production in Riddle, the state is leading a resurgence of the industry within the nation. Currently, most of the logs harvested in Oregon are shipped raw to Asia. By using raw timber to produce high value manufactured products such as CLT, new jobs can be created in the timber manufacturing sector.

This sector has been hit hard by environmental concerns, but CLT allows environmentalists and timber industry leaders to come together.

Environmentalists have come to believe that culling small logs from forests helps to sustainably manage them for healthier growth and to stave off large devastating forest fires. Architects and engineers are increasingly concerned with the carbon footprint of materials used in construction, and CLT and other mass timber products that sequester carbon provide significant benefits over the use of concrete and steel in the area of embedded energy. CLT can also save costs in construction. It is lighter than concrete, which allows for smaller foundations. Like pre-cast concrete, it can be manufactured off-site and quickly assembled on site. It can also be precision milled using CNC technology to fashion it into custom shapes with openings for doors and windows, further facilitating both design and construction. CLT has been incorporated into the 2015 International Building Code and further integration is anticipated for the 2018 IBC. Lippke B, Meil J, Taylor A, Wilson J. Characterizing the Importance of Carbon Stored In Wood Products. Wood and Fiber Science, 42 (CORRIM Special Issue), 2010, pp. 5–14.

Werner F, Richter K. Wooden Building Products in Comparative LCA. A Literature Review. Int J LCA 12 (7) 470-479.

-

30 lbs/ft3

density

150 lbs/ft3

38 lbs/ft3

carbon emissions

37 lbs/ft3

680 kJ/lb

(over lifespan)

energy required (provided by fossil fuels during manufacturing)

907 kJ/lb

= 10 spaces

The Parameters The site for the garage is directly across the street from the planned Hotel & Conference Center in the Northeast corner of the site. The block that includes the garage is also planned to have a combination of housing, retail and office space. Although teams had strict requirements to include 400-425 parking spaces, housing on the west side of the block and a space for formal events in their proposals, the studio was given creative license over the remainder of the block. Some projects chose to incorporate retail into the plan of the parking garage, while others chose to enclose the garage on three sides with a combination of office space and retail. Taking advantage of natural topography and location, a number of teams also chose to explore ways of managing the watershed in an ecologically constructive manner, drawing inspiration from previous parking garage projects at the University. While the development planners didn’t explicitly ask for this in designs,most projects included a pedestrian path through the site that would link the centerpiece Hotel and Conference Center with the housing and park blocks.

20 Fee t

Pedes trian P ath

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Codes required the separation of the garage from the housing block by twenty feet and a two-hour rated fire wall. The site, around 300 feet wide at its largest measurement, therefore was narrowed by about 60 feet, creating difficulties in an already challenging design. Type IV construction codes also puts restrictions on heights of the structure, so projects had to include: at least 375 (preferably 425) parking spaces, two-thousand square feet minimum of event space, and a third program element such as retail or office spaces, contained within an approximately sixty-thousand square feet site that was limited to four ‘floors’ of heavy timber construction.

Vancouver

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Seattle Olympia

Portland

The Unique Structural Challenges of the Pacific Northwest The Cascadia Subduction Zone, found offshore the coasts of Washington, Oregon, Northern California and British Columbia, is classified as the quietest subduction region in the world. Prior to theories proposed by Tom Heaton and Hiroo Kanamori in the 1980s, the prevailing thought was that the zone was unable to produce significant seismic activity.

Heaton and Kanamori, however, proposed that the zone was just in a period of prolonged silence by comparing the region to zones in Chile, Alaska, and the Nankai Trough off the coast of Japan. Without evidence of earthquakes, however, there was no supporting proof to this theory. Recently, further research by teams from Oregon State University, the University of Washington, and the USGS provided data of consistent seismic activity over the course of unrecorded history, and evidence that there is the potential for high seismic activity in the region in the relatively near future. While current codes do not address the extent of this potential, as a studio, we accepted the challenge of designing a mass timber structure that can withstand the forces created by high seismic activity in the region, as called for in current codes. While there are many well-known techniques for resisting seismic forces in concrete and steel, it is a challenge that designers of tall mass timber buildings must address in new ways. New solutions usually come from regions with high seismic activity, and engineers in New Zealand have already provided innovative built solutions, which the studio drew upon. Each project in the studio developed entirely different proposals to resolve these potential forces, taking advantage of the inherent structural properties of CLT and combining them with small amounts of steel to demonstrate that tall buildings employing CLT are feasible within seismic zones.

Graehl, Nicholas A., et al. “Stratigraphic and microfossil evidence for a 4500-year history of Cascadia subduction zone earthquakes and tsunamis at Yaquina River estuary, Oregon, USA.” Geological Society of America Bulletin 127.1-2 (2015): 211-226.

Goldfinger, C, et al. Turbidite event history—Methods and implications for Holocene paleoseismicity of the Cascadia subduction zone: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1661–F (2012).

STUDENT PROJECTS 1

KAITO [box-kite] Inspired by traditional Japanese wood buildings, as well as the structure of a box-kite, Kaito takes the traditional solid, heavy form of the concrete parking garage and turns it on its head by creating a structure that appears light and delicate, but utilises cross-laminated timber shear walls as a contrast to this intricate form and to provide the necessary structural integrity. Deriving the form from the kite, the garage breaks the spanning members into smaller beams, and intersects them throughout the structure. Separating these smaller elements provides opportunities to appreciate the unique quality of the material at a human scale, while at the same time creating a structure that is not only capable, but aesthetically pleasing. These members create a repeatable and modular structure that

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | KAITO

Tom Adamson | Ryan Kiesler | Tom Moss could be replicated, but also responds to the conditions imparted from the Glenwood site.

Areas for micro-shops are cut into the massive shear walls at the south edge of the site, and areas for larger retail space is reserved under the structure on the east side of the structure. An access point to the hotel and conference center is located across from the main staircase on the northwest part of the site.

Due to the proximity of the Willamette River, the structure incorporates rain catchment and filtration through a constructed wetland in the center of the courtyard structure.

3

LATTICEWORK opposite.

The connection is the crucial element to the project. The structure is focused around this abstract pattern, and to insure that visitors thought that each element was continuous, each connection and joint had to be hidden at these points. The language that started at each of these points carries throughout the project, creating something beautiful and uniform.

Throughout our time working on the project, we went through numerous iterations of the connection to make sure this was the result, and we made the decision to sacrifice structural efficiency in order to create that appearance.

DIAGRAMMATIC SITE MODEL left.

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | KAITO

5

3-5 stories

60

ft se

tba

ck

intial site

boundary conditions

extruded site footprint

remove voids for extraneous program

resulting form

shear walls

lattice structure

columns

STRUCTURAL DIAGRAMMING above. FORM FINDING DIAGRAMS opposite. SECTION THROUGH THE RETAIL 6

MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | KAITO

7

SCHEME DIAGRAMMING top left. SHEAR WALL SYSTEM The flow of vehicles interacts with the different structural systems. Monolithic shear walls not only provide structural support for the ramps but are also detailed to act as thresholds for way-finding and reference. The gaps between shear walls contain all vertical circulation, with the exception of the north-east stair, and create a juxtaposition between the lattice-like structure of the parking bays and the solid CLT cores of the vertical circulation, creating a dramatic experience that highlights the heavy timber construction.

left. PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION Placement of vertical circulation for pedestrians relates to active areas to provide convenient access points. These vertical access zones support the hotel and conference center, retail businesses, and the residential edge. Each egress point contains a stairway and elevator for integrated, universal public access to both levels of the split parking floors. Fire stairs are accessible on the north-west and south-east corners, with an accent stair and elevator facing the hotel and conference center. All stairs and elevators have access to light and views, providing pedestrians with a pleasing and safe experience.

opposite right. MICROSHOPS LINING THE SOUTH EDGE opposite left. THE EXPOSED STAIR AND THE PLAZA 8

MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | KAITO

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | KAITO

SECTION 11

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5

6

6

1

1 3

5

2

2

4

3

8

1

Parking Entrance

1

Primary Ramp

2

Pedestrian Entrance

2

Return Ramp

3

Bike Parking and Retail Entrances

3

Event and Residential Egress

4

Residential Private Parking

4

Retail Egress

5

Event Space

5

Grand Stair

6

Event Space Lobby

6

Restaurant

7

Micro-Retail Spaces

8

Retail Spaces

9

Hotel Conference Center

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4 1

above. GROUND FLOOR & UPPER FLOORS (from left)

left. HERONS LANDING IN THE WETLAND 12

MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | KAITO

SCHEME DIAGRAMMING RAMP PLACEMENT top right.

Ramps between parking floors connect both split levels of the garage. The staggered floor plates allow ramps to be half the length otherwise necessary to ascend or descend through the parking structure, and stacking the ramps minimizes the area used for circulation. Separating these ramps from the drive aisles improves wayfinding and avoids circulatory confusion, making the parking experience as easy and safe as possible. Also, the ramps interact with the open space for visual and experiential interest. The middle ramp allows one to loop continuously on one floor, change direction, and gives the user ample choices for parking location

WATER COLLECTION right.

A large open space in the center of the parking garage allows rain to fall into a constructed wetland on the ground floor. This wetland passively cools and cleanses water that may have come into contact with contaminating materials and supports an active ecosystem. Control systems store this water throughout the year as it is cleaned by micro-organisms and releases the clean water to the nearby Willamette river to correspond with and support salmon migration.

Likewise, the large atrium space improves daylight quality within the garage and connects drivers with the wetland ecosystem in which the parking garage is actively engaged.

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KUMA The secondary structural connection weaves together eight members in order to create a system that appears light and also provides enough clear space for most vehicles to pass under. These quad-members contain ďŹ resuppression systems and conceal lights to dramatic effect.

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | KAITO

ANDO The primary structural connection weaves together seven members to create a light yet structurally robust connection to that carries the CLT oor plates above. Small members stacked together function as one deep girder.

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above left. MICROSHOP FACADE MODEL left. CONNECTION DETAIL MODEL opposite. SHEAR WALL & STAIR MODEL 16

MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | KAITO

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | KAITO

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | BLOCK ONE

BLOCK ONE For this project we re-framed what a parking garage is, from a passive, single-use structure to something that does so much more. We kept the CLT structure simple yet expressive both inside and out, allowing the parking garage to be easily constructed but also stands as a symbol for what this new wood material can do. The parking garage becomes Block number one, the anchor point of change to this new and exciting area.

The construction will also be an opportunity to tell a story about the material, where each prefabricated panel is labelled with a QR code so that visitors now and in the future can see the life that this wood has taken on in its lifetime. In this way, the parking garage can become a catalogue of pieces that make up the whole.

Connor Davies | James Chrisman | Amin Yazdi Block One represents the beginning of a journey.

For the local shopper, the parking garage is the starting point in which they explore the shops and restaurants of the area. For the city of Springfield, Block One represents a new beginning, as the parking garage anchors the new development and supports the buildings around it economically and ecologically. For the country, Block One represents the first of many projects that take influence from the experimentation in CLT material, changing the way we build our buildings now and in the future.

Block One is not just a parking garage.

It is the start of something new.

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THE HEART opposite.

We designed this garage with the concept of changing the purpose from a passive, single-use structure to something that does so much more. Not only does the parking garage support cars and visitors to the neighborhood, but also it provides energy and waste management systems for the neighboring businesses. The garage cleanses the storm water run-off and creates a better ecological environment for all. The garage creates a closed loop system supporting the ecology and neighboring urban context.

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | BLOCK ONE

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a.

b.

c.

CONCEPT DIAGRAMMING above. PARKING EVOLUTION a. Traditional parking garages are big masses and only serve one function in their life span: accommodating cars. b. We divided this mass into two smaller volumes to match the neighbouring buildings and allow daylight inside. c. The result is a building with two masses connected with light bridge elements.

opposite. GROUND FLOOR & SITE CONNECTION

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | BLOCK ONE

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spots 438 parking 430 sq. ft. / parking spot

40 electric car charging stations 10 2

ADA parking spots

bicycle parking stations

23,000 sq.ft. of PV panels 2,100 cb.ft. of water collection 26

MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | BLOCK ONE

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SECTIONS top left. INITIAL CONCEPT SKETCH 28

MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | BLOCK ONE

SECTION REVISION SKETCH top.

SECTION NORTH-SOUTH above.

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Beams Connection Detail

Fin to Column Connection Detail

STRUCTURAL DETAILS top left. BEAM CONNECTION DETAIL The connections are designed to be primarily wood that locks into place sandwiching members between the next. The horizontal beam elements are fixed to the columns by threading rods throughout the entire structure and forcing the two elements together.

top right. FIN COLUMN DETAIL The exterior fins that act as lateral bracing split the columns and rest underneath the beams. Wood acts as a defining framing element while this steel members rest in between or concealed, acting as a subtle contrast to the celebrated wood structure.

These fins extend down to the sidewalk, framing each commercial space and connecting the garage to the public space.

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | BLOCK ONE

EXTERIOR FIN RENDERING right.

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | BLOCK ONE

EXTERIOR FIN MODEL far left.

RAILING MODEL DETAIL left.

STRUCTURE MODEL above.

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | BLOCK ONE

SKETCHES & PLANS ROOFTOP VIEW opposite.

DETAIL CONCEPT SKETCHES above.

UPPER LEVEL PLANS right.

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | BLOCK ONE

CIRCULATION PEDESTRIAN VERTICAL CIRCULATION opposite top.

Vertical circulation for pedestrians are conveniently located at opposite corners, with one stair and elevator core on the north east corner, an irresistible stair at the center, and another core at the southwest corner.

The pathway from the park blocks is extended through the garage to better connect pedestrians and bikes to the commercial street.

VEHICLE VERTICAL CIRCULATION opposite bottom.

Cars enter through the entry point from the north, making it very accessible for hotel valets to access the garage. The ground floor supports valet, commercial parking, spaces for housing residents, as well as service spaces.

The cars circulate around a central light well that breaks up the mass of the garage while bringing light and air into the structure, and acts as a point of way-finding.

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | BLOCK ONE

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TRANSPARENCE-V The most famous parking garage in the United States is 1111 Lincoln Road Miami garage by Herzog and de Meuron. Transparence-V attempts to take the general structural principle displayed in that project and reinterpret it into a wooden structure. The project is simple and efficient in its floor plan while at the same time creating a connection with the adjacent Hotel & Conference Center, Willamette River and Park Blocks to the west of the site. There is also space left on the site for residential and retail spaces, as well as a courtyard that pedestrians can occupy walking across the site.

Creating a complex and imposing feeling, the structure both makes reference to the weight of the materials used while at the same time pushing the limit of what timber construction can achieve.

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Matthew Decker | Emily Rist | Keith Trine

The design is centered around the use of this ‘v’shape, and it offered a large amount of flexibility in the structure as it translates into very effective resistance to both vertical and horizontal loads.

For lateral load resistance, there are a couple of methods used in combination that all use the ‘v’-shape columns. The project uses shear walls, found on either side of the ramp and on the wall facing the park, so that people in the park are also able to engage with the parking structure.

The project is an ambitious utilization of the capabilities of the CLT material, and the use provides an appropriate tip of the cap to precedent while at the same time bringing a new solution to the problem.

MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | TRANSPARENCE - ’V’

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | TRANSPARENCE - ’V’

The Manufactured Forest opposite.

The structure of the garage is expressed in ‘v’-shaped columns that occupy the same line of action both North-South and East-West throughout the structure. Surrounding the ramps are ‘v’-shaped braces perpendicular to these creating a two-way bracing system throughout the structure. The structure, while attractive in its abstract nature is a consistent language that responds to the direct paths of forces down the structure.

These ‘v’-braces can also be reflected vertically to create ‘x’bracing to carry loads directly through the entire structure. The final result is a ‘manufactured forest’ that displays the weight as well as the innate strength of CLT.

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nf Ho er te en l a ce nd Ce nt er Co

Retail Residential

Courtyard

Retail and Office

Service/garage

Residential

Retail

VEHICLE CIRCULATION

PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION

PLANNING & CIRCULATION SITE + GROUND PLANS opposite.

VEHICLE CIRCULATION top left.

PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION top right.

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | TRANSPARENCE - ’V’

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above left. CLT FLOOR SANDWICH DETAIL above. ENTRANCE CORNER DETAIL

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | TRANSPARENCE - ’V’

STRUCTURAL DETAILS

CONNECTION HANGAR DETAIL above.

MAIN COLUMN & FLOOR CONNECTION above right.

The project also has columns that act as moment frames when sandwiched between two 3’ deep beams. The floor system is made up of two, three ply clt panels sandwiching the secondary glu-lam beams.

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opposite. COLUMN SECTION DETAIL MODEL 50

MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | TRANSPARENCE - ’V’

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | TRANSPARENCE - ’V’

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SECTIONS

above. SECTION NORTH-SOUTH

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | TRANSPARENCE - ’V’

SECTION WEST-EAST above.

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | TRANSPARENCE - ’V’

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Krysten Gormly | David Lieberman | Scotty McClelland The New Mill is a display of mass timber construction old and new. It was designed to blend old heavy timber construction techniques with time tested concepts together with innovative CLT design joinery and shear resistance systems.

The smaller portion of the garage sits above a double height space for special use such as a restaurant space that complements the hotel. This space would operate the pavilion located on top of this portion of the garage.

This is a garage designed for people. We divided the building into two portions and used the gap between them to connect the park to the West and the hotel and conference center to the Northeast with a pedestrian path. Pleasant and enjoyable pedestrian circulation to and from the vehicles parked in the garage out to the street was a primary concern in our design concept.

The structure utilises cantilevered beams, which allows ample space for both vehicle circulation while allowing the edges of the structure to be used by pedestrians, in a glu-lam post and beam system that carries the loads to the ground. CLT cores, diagonal bracing and post-tension cable bracing to resist lateral loads.

The primary half of the garage sits on the Southeast corner of the site, over one story of retail space.

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The NEW MILL

MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | THE NEW MILL

The New Mill is a celebration of the history of the timber industry in Oregon combined with the new advancements in the material, made for the people.

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PROCESS DIAGRAMMING left. INITIAL CONCEPTING AND PLAN LAYOUT The entire building concept rotates around addressing the different edge conditions of the site, and how the pedestrian interacts with them.

North is the river, northeast is the hotel, west is the park, and south is more housing. How the pedestrian interacts with those was the most important aspect of the project.

opposite. GROUND FLOOR AND SITE INTEGRATION 60

MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | THE NEW MILL

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | THE NEW MILL

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | THE NEW MILL

SITE MODEL IN CONTEXT opposite.

SECTION MODEL THROUGH ALLEYWAY above.

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STRUCTURAL DETAILS above. CONNECTING FRAME TO FLOOR SLAB Knife plate joinery and flitch plate bracing, as well as hidden steel connections, highlight the combination of steel and wood in the project.

A split ring connection piece connects the post tensioned cable system to CLT shear panels that dissipate earthquake and other lateral forces.

opposite. RESULTING CONNECTION DIAGRAM

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | THE NEW MILL

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | THE NEW MILL

OVERLOOKING THE RIVER above.

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PLANS & MOVEMENT left. UPPER FLOORS AND TOP FLOOR The parking garage has 405 parking spaces which bring the square footage per parking space to about 450. This does not include ground floor parking which has been reserved for retail employees and housing.

opposite. CIRCULATION THROUGH THE STRUCTURE The main vehicular entrance was placed on the north end and is divided into 3 lanes, one for entry, one for exit and one that is reversible to deal with high demands at certain times. Vehicles travel a loop through the parking and ramp system, and all loops are wide enough to accommodate two way traffic. Once parked, a person can use the perimeter walkway to access one of the 3 vertical CLT cores that house stairs and elevators. These cores provides easy access to retail (southwest), the hotel and plaza (northeast), and to the pedestrian walkway and brewpub (north).

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73

page 74. LOOKING UNDER THE RAMPS page 75. WALKING DOWN PEDESTRIAN AISLES 74

MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | THE NEW MILL

SECTIONS

SITE SECTION: EAST-WEST opposite page.

SITE SECTION: WEST-EAST this page.

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | THE NEW MILL

SITE SECTION: NORTH-SOUTH below.

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | MOMENTUM

MOMENTUM

Danae Burck | Kelly Elmore | Cara Mitchell | Stefanie Wibiasa

The design of Momentum is driven by the concept of simplicity and elegance. This design integrates function and beauty in a way that is unique to heavy timber construction. It highlights the simplicity and elegance of the timber structure, allowing the wood speak for itself in support of Springfield’s historic timber industry and the emerging technology of CLT. Our project focuses on bringing all parts of the site into one cohesive strategy. By combining the perspective of the pedestrian, car as well as the ecological viewpoint to the project, our resulting proposal has carefully looked at how each part of the project affected each of these environments, and

the overall strategy becomes stronger as a result As a result of our efficient layout and low building height, our structure is able to rely on a wood moment frame system, which is specific to our project. The moment frame eliminates the need for cross bracing, creating a design of openness and reiterating the simplicity of the structure. This allowed the opportunity to use details in a way that articulates the elegance of the structure, and further refine the appearance of the parking garage.

81

opposite. CONTEXT CONNECTION CENTRAL CIRCULATION & EXTENSION OF HOTEL

(clockwise from left)

left. FIRST FLOOR PLAN & TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN 82

MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | MOMENTUM

THE SITE, THE PEDESTRIAN, AND THE CAR The site serves an extension of the hotel and convention center as well as a connection between the park blocks and proposed retail street. Therefore, the footprint of our parking structure was limited to allow for a plaza and a pedestrian path to cut through the site. With this smaller footprint, we pulled the vertical circulation out, for both cars and people, in order to achieve a simple and efficient parking layout. The separate ramp also provides the perfect opportunity for a rooftop event space facing the river.

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | MOMENTUM

PLANS & DETAILS GROUND FLOOR PLAN opposite.

The pedestrian connection is emphasized throughout the project.

PLANTER BOX DETAIL right.

As a sustainable feature of the project, rainwater collection and filtration is integrated into the facade through the functional and aesthetic planter boxes.

85

3/4” STEEL CABLE GUARDRAIL

56”

24” GLULAM

18”x56” GLULAM GIRDER 18”

3/4” BOLTS KNIFE PLATE

left. TRANSVERSE BRIDGE DETAIL Connections are simple yet elegant, using hidden knife plates that protect the steel in case of fire and also serve to showcase more of the timber structure.

opposite. CIRCULATION STAIR 86

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STRUCTURAL DETAILS above. WOOD SCREEN SYSTEM Compliments the heavy timber structure and articulates the structure in a simple and elegant way.

Highlights the nature of the material through the project.

opposite. FACADE SCREEN DETAIL The screen system hangs off the edge of the building by thin steel plates which bolt into the CLT panel floors.

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | MOMENTUM

2X4 WOOD LOUVERS

6” O.C.

3/4” STEEL CABLE GUARDRAIL

STEEL PLATE 42”

3” CONCRETE SLAB 7-PLY CLT

24” GLU-LAM BEAM

1” UNBONDED POST-TENSIONED CABLES 1/2” EPOXIED MILD STEEL RODS 1/2” STEEL FIN

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COLLECT

CAPTURE

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | MOMENTUM

FILTRATION

RELEASE CLEANSING

SUSTAINABILITY above.

The courtyard cut through the parking structure is a multifunctional space that provides daylight to the center of the building as well as a central location for rainwater collection. Rainwater is also collected and filtered through planter boxes that are integrated into the faรงade. The stair serves as an elegant centerpiece for the plaza, and a place to view the filtration process and the CLT parking structure.

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STRUCTURE DIAGRAMMING bottom left. PARKING LAYOUT (SKETCH) bottom middle. MOMENT FRAME DIAGRAM The moment frame is designed to handle the lateral loads that might occur either north-south or east-west. By distributing the stress points around the structure the structure still has plenty of space for parking.

bottom right. CIRCULATION AND EGRESS

The main circulation for both pedestrians and vehicles are located at the north of the structure and are referential to each other. Pedestrian egress is also handled on the south of the structure.

opposite. CIRCULATION CENTERS

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DETAILS

KNIFE PLATE & MOMENT FRAME

BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS

CLT TO COLUMN CONNECTION

MOMENT FRAME CONNECTION above.

The connection relies on knife-plates that are bolted through the both 3 foot deep horizontal glu-lam members and half inch rods that connect the glu-lam members through the column. Posttensioned cables also run through this connection to the column and knife-plate. A 7-ply CLT decking rests on top of this connection, and a 3-inch concrete topper provides the final finish for the flooring.

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100 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | THE LOOM

THE LOOM Wes Miller | Garrett Mitchell | Jeff Toreson The Loom is a Additionally, The Loom weaving connection of seeks to strengthen the connection economy, community, community and the environment, to the existing historic accomplished in part resources of Springfield’s though the use a new agricultural industry and Willamette River, timber products to the the foster community state of Oregon. Cross to through civic Laminate Timber, or CLT, growth is the main structural spaces for the people of element, enabling us to Springfield and Glenwood create dynamic spaces to gather and play, while simultaneously learning inside and out. about the river and the modern sustainable wood industry in the state of Oregon.

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102 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | THE LOOM

EARLY CONCEPTUAL WORK ROLLING LANDSCAPE DIAGRAMS opposite.

A rolling landscape provides a connection between the riverfront and the parking garage. The green belt helps to address the ecological need of the river system while creating a soft transition between the two program features of the Glenwood refinement plan.

CONCEPTUAL SKETCH right.

Sketch of rolling parking structure, the roof line steps down as it reaches the river.

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CONCEPTUAL WORK top left. ADJACENT PROGRAM Major exterior program forces influence the design. The building must respond to the hotel and ecological needs from the Hotel to the Northeast, the Willamette river from the North, and the proposed park blocks to the West.

middle left. MAIN CORRIDORS Strategically placed corridor systems alllow pedestrians and users of the parking garage to permeate thought the building.

bottom left. PRIMARY RESPONSE Additionally the parking structure extends outward into the surrounding landscape, building a program integrated within the Glenwood Refinement Plan.

104 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | THE LOOM

CONCEPT PERSPECTIVE SKETCH top.

Parking garage integration into the surrounding landscape addresses both the Willamette river to the north and the park block to the west.

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Figure Ground

“Fingers of green”

a. FIGURE GROUND

SITE DOCUMENTATION above. FIGURE GROUND SITE MAPS 106 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | THE LOOM

b. FINGERS OF GREEN

Access Pedestrian Vehicle

Parking Lots On-Street Garage

c. PARKING

d. ACCESS

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PARKING GARAGE PLAN

4 4 1 8 1

9

6

5

2 3

2 3

7

2

2 2

1

1

N

Ground Floor Plan Scale 1’:1/16”

a.GROUND FLOOR PLAN

108 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | THE LOOM

N

Second Floor Plan Scale 1’:1/16”

b.FIRST FLOOR PLAN

1

1

N

c. DECK STRUCTURE PLAN

Third+ Floor Plan Scale 1’:1/16”

1

Pedestrian Egress

2

Retail/Commercial

3

Residential

4

Grand Stair

5

Rainwater Catchment

6

Bike Storage

7

Loading Dock

8

Deck

9

Cafe

above. INTERIOR COURTYARD PERSPECTIVE

d.DECK STRUCTURE PLAN

109

STRUCTURAL CONCEPT VERTICAL CLT BRACING opposite top.

Cross laminate timber can be prefabricated to a variety of shapes and sizes, standard rectilinear panels can be stacked on top of each other between floors to provide continuous shear walls of lateral bracing.

SLANTED CLT BRACING opposite bottom.

Similarly, other shapes can be explored; for example, slanted CLT shear walls can allow a slight movement in each wall location while still transferring load. Additionally this method creates a playful interior.

STRUCTURE CONCEPT MODEL opposite.

111

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM top. CLT SHEAR WALL LAYOUT

Slanted CLT shear walls provide the primary means of resisting lateral forces.

Wall are located on a standardized grid, maximizing parking and structural efficiency.

middle. BEAM SYSTEM

A network of glu-lam beams intersect shear wall and columns supporting the CLT decking above.

bottom. CABLE X-BRACING SYSTEM Thin Cables around the central courtyard and south facade provide additional shear resistance along both the northsouth and east-west axis, Cables are placed to the exterior of the structure to keep the interior parking area as open as possible.

far left. EXTERIOR RENDERING

1/16� SITE MODEL opposite.

STRUCTURAL DETAILS 1/1 CONNECTION MODEL right.

CONNECTION DETAIL opposite.

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MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | THE LOOM

5/8” Bolts 2” Bolts 8”Steel Tube

Scale: 1”:1’

Scale: 1”:1’

5/8” Bolts 2” Bolts 8”Steel Tube 4’x6”x1/2” Knife Plate Saddle Connection 10 3/4” Glulam Lateral Brace 1/2” Knife Plate Saddle Connection

Scale: 1”:1’

Scale: 1”:1’

115

C

S

5/8” Bolts 2” Bolts

116

8”Steel Tube

MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | THE LOOM

4’x6”x1/2” Knife Plate Saddle Connection 10 3/4” Glulam Lateral Brace

12 1/4” x 24” Glulam 1/2” Bolt 6”x7“x1/2” Steel T-plate 7 1/2” 5 Ply CLT

CLT Panel to Glulam Scale: 1”:1’

5 Ply CLT W5x19 Flange 3” Concrete 7 Ply CLT

CLT Panel to Decking Scale: 1”:1’

3” Concrete 10 1/2” 7 Ply CLT 1/2” Steel 1/2” Bolt 12 1/4” x 24” Glulam 1/2” Knife Plate 6” Bearing Plate

CLT Panel to Glulam Scale: 1”:1’

EXPLODED AXON OF CONNECTION DETAILabove.

1/16 SITE MODEL right.

117

bottom. SECTION PERSPECTIVE

118

MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | THE LOOM

119

EXTERIOR RENDERING right.

120 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | THE LOOM

121

122 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | SLANT

SLANT Will Page | Rashed Mubarak The major concept of the structure was to create a wooden monument, an icon of mass timber building for the city of Springfield, utilizing cross laminated timber and glu-lam columns. The parking structure would be a beacon for advanced wood technology and begin to tap into the roots of what will make Oregon a future leader and critical participant in the development of building construction.

123

HOUSING

below. SITE PLAN

RETAIL

HOUSING

RETAIL

RETAIL

RETAIL

RETAIL

RETAIL RETAIL

RETAIL

EARLY CONCEPTUAL WORK VERTICAL CIRCULATION top.

A continuous ramp allows for a simple and efficient system for vehicular circulation and parking access, while being easy to access the pedestrian corridor providing safe entrance and exit to the parking garage for users of the building.

SETBACK ANGLE bottom.

The sloping shape of the structure required meticulous planning of the various setback angles to accommodate the form and, more importantly, the automobile .

125

INTERIOR above left. INTERIOR COURTYARD

A network of steel fins and hangers tie the floorplates into the central structural steel core. This central space allows light to percolate throughout the slanted interior form.

above. INTERIOR PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION Pedestrian circulation is pushed adjacent to the central space, providing a safe corridor to walk to and from one’s automobile, while maintaining the structural form.

126 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | SLANT

EXPLODED AXON OF STRUCTURE right.

Multiple layers of thick wooden members, beams and columns and CLT decking come together to create the structure, while a CLT core provides lateral stability.

127

EXTERIOR EXTERIOR RESPECTIVE below.

PARKING GARAGE LOBBY below.

At the street level, the sloping structure keeps the space open, setting precedent for future development.

The lobby space provides a well lit centrally located access point for the building. Engineered CLT timber is the highlight throughtout the project.

128 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | SLANT

BIRDS EYE lower left.

129

CONNECTION DETAIL above.BEAM AND COLUMN DETAIL The glu-lam column and beam connection is made through a steel knife plate. This connection strategy helps to create a seamless wood feel and provides fire resilience as the structural connections are insulated within the wooden members.

130 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | SLANT

below. SITE SECTION

131

EXTERIOR PERSPECTIVE right.

132 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | SLANT

133

134 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | PANELLING

PANELLING Kevin Concolino | Seth Sorenson Panelling Panelling takes a proven Additionally a simple, glu-lam system and presents pushes it farther with the efficient, and repeatable use of CLT technology in design that will stand order to showcase new as a elegant showcase modern woods building technologies of in mass timber that will construction, engineering, be able to compete with and design. the standard pre-cast systems.

135

INITIAL CONCEPTUAL WORK above. CONCEPT DIAGRAMS Despite being the first structure to be built on the new Glenwood development the parking structure must respond to and accommodate the future growth in the area.

Our team looked at both environmental conditions and urban conditions to inform our design.

136 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | PANELLING

CONCEPT MODEL opposite.

As a part of our design method, many small site models were made to understand the overall size and massing of our proposals.

137

138 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | PANELLING

PLAN 01

PLAN 02

PLAN 03

SITE AND FLOOR PLANS SITE PLAN opposite.

FLOOR PLANS 1-3 above.

139

left. STRUCTURAL LAYOUT Shear wall layout throughout the plan adequately resists seismic shear forces, care was taken to place structural walls for both performance and spacial definition .

140 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | PANELLING

above. 1/16 SITE MODEL

above. 1/1 FACADE and STRUCTURAL DETAIL MODEL

141

above. INTERIOR PERSPECTIVE The structure is arranged to provide adequate and efficient space for parking, while material differences in the flooring provide a guide for pedestrian circulation, aiding the overall safety of the space.

142 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | PANELLING

above. PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION

above. VEHICLE CIRCULATION 143

below. EAST WEST SECTION

144 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | PANELLING

145

below. NORTH SOUTH SECTION

146 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | PANELLING

147

CONNECTION DETAILS above. 1/1 CONNECTION DETAIL

above. 1/1 CONNECTION DETAIL

A glu-lam beam and column intersection detail reveals the steel knife plate connection into the wooden members.

A bay model revealing both the beam and column connection via steel knife plates and steel cable bracing.

148 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | PANELLING

above. KNIFE PLATE AND STEEL CABLE CONNECTION DETAIL

149

right. EXTERIOR PERSPECTIVE

150 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | PANELLING

151

152 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | GLENWOOD PARKS

GLENWOOD PARKS Ignacio Moreno Elst | Shawn Wallace | Erik Wadman The new mass timber Inspired by the city of parking garage in Springfield’s enthusiasm, Glenwood builds upon we used cross laminated Oregon’s rich history in timber as both form the timber industry. Using and function. A CLT provides a glu-lams, cross laminated facade showcase of timber, and steel unique connections, this structure the new material while pioneers the use of wood simultaneously acting as technology in the United an essential component States. With invaluable to the lateral bracing. guidance from wood engineering specialists and technical consultants, we designed a mixed use retail and parking garage to serve the future needs of this promising district.

153

INITIAL CONCEPT WORK left. CONCEPT MODEL A small conceptual study helped to understand site massing and the program relationship at the very beginning of the design process.

opposite. CONCEPT SKETCH Quick sketches helped to visualize specific moments in the design of the parking garage, specifically the main pedestrian stair we hoped to use as a way to highlight CLT and glu-lam materials as users of the parking garage entered and exited the space.

154 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | GLENWOOD PARKS

155

EGRESS and CIRCULATION above. EGRESS DIAGRAMS In mass timber buildings egress is an key factor in design. We wanted to be sure to create an intuitive and efficient means of exiting the building in the event of fire.

156 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | GLENWOOD PARKS

opposite. INTERIOR Steel guard rails along the perimeter of the parking structure allow light to permeate into the space.

157

158 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | GLENWOOD PARKS

VEHICLE CIRCULATION above.

CIRCULATION PERSPECTIVE opposite.

159

left. SITE PLAN right. STAIR PERSPECTIVE An all wood staircase at the Northeast corner of the site highlights mass timber construction in an elegant manner, allowing users of the parking space to interact with the material every time they enter the garage.

160 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | GLENWOOD PARKS

161

162 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | GLENWOOD PARKS

1/16 SITE MODEL above.

PARKING FLOOR PLANS opposite.

163

H2’8” X W8” GLU-LAM BEAM

H2’8” x W8” GLULAM Beam

H7’6” x W2’ GLULAM Column (TYP)

H7’6” X W2’ GLU-LAM COLUMN (TYP)

.75” Steel Bracket (Facade) .75” STEEL BRACKET(FACADE) CLT Decking (5-PLY) CLT DECKING (5-PLY)

CLT Panel (Facade) CLT PANEL (FACADE)

( 4’ INSET CUT AND ROUTED) --20’ 20’PANEL Panel (4’ Inset Cut and Rotated)

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS above. FACADE MATERIAL DETAIL opposite top. 1/1 FACADE DETAIL opposite bottom. CONNECTION DETAILS 164 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | GLENWOOD PARKS

165

SECTION below. SECTION WITH CONNECTION DETAILS

166 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | GLENWOOD PARKS

167

WATERCOLOR PERSPECTIVE right.

168 MASS TIMBER PARKING GARAGE | GLENWOOD PARKS

169

An equal-opportunity, affirmative-action institution committed to cultural diversity and compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act. This publication will be made available in accessible formats upon request. Accommodations for people with disabilities will be provided if requested in advance by calling 541-346-3656.

A Heavy Timber Parking Garage Studio Conceived by Judith Sheine, Head of the Department of Architecture, University of Oregon, in collaboration with the City of Springfield Managing Editors: Tom Moss & Ryan Kiesler Introduction Diagramming: Tom Moss Cover Illustration: Ryan Kiesler Professors: Judith Sheine and Mark Donofrio The Parking Garage Studio is: Tom Adamson, Danae Burck, James Chrisman, Kevin Concolino, Connor Davies, Matthew Decker, Kelly Elmore, Krysten Gormly, Ryan Kiesler, David Liebermann, Scott McClelland, Wes Miller, Cara Mitchell, Garrett Mitchell, Ignacio Moreno Elst, Tom Moss, Rashed Mubarak, William Page, Emily Rist, Seth Sorenson, Jeffrey Toreson, Keith Trine, Erik Wadman, Shawn Wallace, Stefanie Wibiasa, and Amin Yazdi.

All work is Copyright Š2015 by the University of Oregon Department Of Architecture. No part of this book may be reproduced or republished without prior written permission.