27 ijasr population monitoring of cotton bollworm moth with sex pheromones in punjab

International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research (IJASR) ISSN(P): 2250-0057; ISSN(E): 2321-0087 Vol. 6, Issue 3, Jun 2016, 235-240 Š TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

POPULATION MONITORING OF COTTON BOLLWORM MOTH WITH SEX PHEROMONES IN PUNJAB, INDIA AMANDEEP KAUR, VIJAY KUMAR & A. K. DHAWAN PAU-FASS, Patiala and Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India ABSTRACT Cotton bollworms, American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), spiny bollworm Earias insulana (Boisduval), spotted bollworm, Earias vittella (Fabricius) and pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) are major pests of cotton in Punjab. An investigation on the influence of weather parameters on the pheromone trap catches of cotton bollworms adults was undertaken in five district of Punjab during 2009. The specific sex pheromone traps were used and fixed at appropriate height in each locality to monitor the adult population of all species mentioned above. The lures of traps were changed after an interval of 15 days and data were collected weekly. Male moths were captured by sleeve moth catch trap with a synthetic female sex pheromone in cotton fields. The meteorological observations were taken weekly and also took the temperature, relative humidity, rainfall data, and evaporation for the year 2009. The rainfall and evaporation had no significant correlation with the adult emergence of all the bollworms. Morning relative

caterpillar adults were positive correlated with maximum temperature as compared to others caterpillar.

KEYWORDS: H. armigera, P. gossypiella, E. vitella, S. litura, Sex Pheromone, Moth Catch, Weather Parameters

Received: Jan 21, 2016; Accepted: Apr 19, 2016; Published: May 05, 2016; Paper Id.: IJASRJUN2016027

Original Article

humidity in all the case found effective and positively correlated with the trap catches. The emergence of tobacco

INTRODUCTION Cotton (Gossyppium spp.) is one of the most important commercial crops being grown in 111 countries.

India has the largest area of 11.7 m ha contributing 35.29 per cent of total world area under cotton cultivation with relatively low productivity primarily due to the large area under rainfed cultivation with inadequate supply of inputs (Manickam et al 2014). It is contributing up to 75 per cent of total raw material needs of textile industry and provides employment to about 60 million people. For monitoring of lepidopteran insect pests namely Helicoverpa armigera, Earias species, Pectinophora gossypiella and Spodoptera litura different types of sex pheromones are being used under field conditions. Trap catches may provide meaningful index for estimating population densities of the pests. Trap catches in relation to field infestation and environmental factors are crucially important for decision making process.

Environment greatly affects size of the trap catch by influencing both the activity of the insects as well as the relative performance of the traps. The interpretation of the trap catch data is often difficult because of the confounding affects of the environment and interaction between insect activity and trap performance (Dent and Pawar, 1988). Traps baited with behavior-modifying chemicals, particularly sex pheromone are being used on large scale for monitoring insect pests (Minks, 1977). The use of pheromones in the management of H. armigera and P. gossypiella is studied and discussed by earlier workers (Methwally et. al., 1982). Therefore, present study was undertaken under North Indian condition to develop a pheromone based monitoring system for fluctuations of

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Amandeep Kaur, Vijay Kumar & A. K. Dhawan

bollworms population buildup, to work out the peak periods of bollworms and their correlation with weather parameters.

This will facilitate proper timing of insecticidal spray and other control measures for the management of bollworms.

MATERIAL AND METHODS The present investigation was carried out in five districts of State Punjab viz., Mansa, Muktsar, Ferozpur, Ludhiana and Bathinda. Sowing of the crop was completed in the May month in all the five districts. Sleeve traps were used to monitor the emergence of cotton bollworm and its relation with weather parameters. The height of the traps was maintained 15 cm above the upper plant canopy. Each lure of a pest was replaced once in three weeks and male moths were counted, removed and destroyed weekly. The observations on pests were recorded from the time the pest occurred on the crop to the time the crop attained senescence. The meteorological data was recorded to correlate with the trap catches. The statistical analysis of data on pheromone trap catches of bollworms and weather parameters were averaged out and were subjected to correlation.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Pheromone traps offer one of the best sampling tools for flying insects. The use of sex pheromones for the monitoring insect pests is of recent origin. From the present study the activity of bollworm adult starts before flowering/fruiting stage. The moth catches gradually increases from 32nd week to 43rd standard meteorological week (SMW) with maximum (70) during 43rd week, whereas P. gossypiella emergence of adult starts from 37th week of meteorological weather and reach its peak during 44th SMW. The adult emergence of spotted bollworm, E. vitella initiated during 36th SMW and reached its highest number during 44th week with 5.2 on an average of 5 district of Punjab. In case of S. litura peak was recorded during 40th SMW i.e. 42.6 and minimum during 33rd SMW. Correlation between moth catches and weather parameter are presented in table 1 and 2. Maximum temperature in all the locations had no significant effect on moth catches in the pheromone trap or show negative correlation. Similarly, trend was observed in case pink bollworm and spotted bollworm. However, S. litura showed positive correlation with maximum temperature in district Mansa, Muktsar and Ferozpur whereas Ludhiana and Bathinda show negative relation between catches and variation in temperature.

H. armigera: Male moth catches were at peak in later stage of the crop i.e. 42nd SMW in Ferozepur district whereas in rest of district moth catches were at par i.e. gradually increase from 32nd meteorological week up to the senescence of the crop (44th meteorological week). H. armigera show positive correlation with morning relative humidity and no significant effect was recorded in evening humidity. Similarly, evaporation and rainfall also have negative effect on moth catches in pheromone trap. The present study corroborate with the findings of Pazhanisamy and Deshmukh (2011) who reported that rainfall had no significant correlation with trap catches of bollworm (H. armigera, Earius spp., and Pectinophora sp.), while the trap catches of H. armigera were positively and significantly correlated with minimum temperature and evening relative humidity.

Pectinophora gossypiella: Two peaks of moth collection or emergence recorded during 41st and 43rd SMW. Its emergence starts from 36th week that gradually increase irrespective to cotton genotype. Ferozpur and Bathinda, cotton genotype shows highest peak of emergence as compared to emergence of adults in other districts. PBW catches have no significant effect on maximum and minimum temperature. Morning humidity was positively correlated with trap catches.

Evening humidity has no role or non significant effect on moth traps. Similar to H. armigera, pink bollworm have negative

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.7987

NAAS Rating: 3.53

Population Monitoring of Cotton Bollworm Moth with Sex Pheromones in Punjab, India

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relation with evaporation and rainfall.

Earias vitella: In district Ferozpur, highest peak of spotted bollworm moths was recorded during 40th SMW whereas in District Bathinda, its peak or maximum collection of male moth in pheromone trap was recorded in 44th meteorological week. Spotted bollworm have same situation as in other bollworm where negative correlation/non significant effect was recorded with maximum and minimum temperature conditions. Relative humidity in morning enhances the emergence of Earias and is positive correlated with weather parameters but evening relative humidity has no role in moth catches. Evaporation and rainfall have no effect on moth catches. Similar findings were given by Prasanakumar et al., (2011) who reported that Earias spp. had positive relation with morning humidity.

S. litura: The highest peak was recorded during 40th SWM in district Ferozepur followed by district Bathinda with two peaks during 38th and 42nd SMW. The rainfall had no significant correlation with trap catches of all three bollworms, while the trap catches of Helicoverpa armigera were positively and significantly correlated with minimum temperature, evening relative humidity and wind speed of either current week or previous weeks.

CONCLUSIONS The correlation analysis showed positive correlation between male moth catches and the weather parameters like maximum temperature and morning relative humidity in all the 5 districts of Punjab. Minimum temperature, mean temperature, evening relative humidity and evaporation gave the negative correlation with the moth catches.

REFERENCES 1.

Shah A M, Memon N and Baloch A (2011) Use of sex pheromones and light traps for monitoring the population of adult moths of cotton bollworms in Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Sarhad J. Agric. 27(3): 435-442.

2.

Pazhanisamy M and Deshmukh S D (2011) Influencing of weather parameters on pheromone trap catches of cotton bollworms.

Recent research in science and technology 3(4): 136-139

APPENDICES

Helicoverpa armigera Moth Catches in Pheromone Traps

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Pectinophora gossypiella Moth Catches in Pheromone Traps

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Earias Vitella Moth Catches in Pheromone Traps

Spodoptera litura Moth Catches in Pheromone Traps

Figure 1: Adult Moth Trap Catches of Bollworms/Trap during Different Standard Meteorological Week in Different Districts of Punjab During 2009 L1 Mansa, L2 Muktsar (Daula), L 3 Ferozepur (Mammukhera), L 4 Ludhiana(PAU Research Farm), L 5 Bathinda (Gehri Butter) Table 1: Correlation Coefficient between Male Cotton Bollworms Moth Trap Catches with Different Meteorological Parameters in Different Districts of Punjab Location

Meteorological Parameter RHm RHe RHmean Evaporation Rainfall Helicoverapa armigera Mansa -0.57 -0.91 -0.86 0.18 -0.77 -0.64 -0.42 -0.59 Muktsar -0.61 -0.87 -0.82 0.59 -0.66 -0.33 -0.53 -0.60 Ferozpur -0.64 -0.92 -0.89 0.81 -0.82 -0.64 -0.38 -63 Ludhiana -0.59 -0.86 -0.84 0.04 -0.71 -0.62 -0.30 -0.47 Bathinda -0.89 -0.96 -0.98 0.70 -0.48 -0.11 -0.12 -0.81 Pectinophora gossypiella Mansa -0.61 -0.82 -0.81 0.04 -0.79 -0.67 -0.36 -0.63 Muktsar -0.66 -0.92 -0.88 0.45 -0.69 -0.43 -0.57 -0.52 Ferozpur -0.56 -0.84 -0.80 0.15 -0.74 -0.59 -0.35 -0.56 Ludhiana -0.48 -0.81 -0.76 0.20 -0.79 -0.69 -0.40 -0.54 Bathinda -0.72 -0.81 -0.82 0.44 -0.42 -0.19 -0.24 -0.59 Earias vitella Mansa -0.45 -0.85 -0.78 0.22 -0.73 -0.58 -0.48 -0.60 Muktsar -0.81 -0.86 -0.89 0.45 -0.46 -0.21 -0.36 -0.62 Ferozpur -0.34 -0.75 -0.67 0.28 -0.60 -0.37 -0.49 -0.60 Ludhiana -0.33 -0.61 -0.57 0.12 -0.72 -0.63 -0.46 -0.41 Bathinda -0.78 -0.93 -0.92 0.54 -0.57 -0.27 -0.46 -0.65 Spodoptera litura Mansa 0.09 -0.16 -0.10 0.51 0.03 0.70 -0.16 -0.31 Muktsar 0.07 -0.29 -0.22 0.46 -0.05 0.46 -0.19 -0.37 Ferozpur 0.09 -0.06 -0.02 0.61 0.06 0.76 -0.01 -0.31 Ludhiana -0.34 -0.77 -0.69 0.46 -0.68 -0.30 -0.50 -0.61 Bathinda -0.12 -0.52 -0.40 0.26 -0.62 -0.47 -0.45 -0.11 Tmax: Maximum temperature; Tmin: Minimum temperature RHm: Relative humidity morning; RHe: Relative evening Tmax

Tmin

Tmean

humidity RF: Rainfall; Evap: Evaporation,

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.7987

NAAS Rating: 3.53

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Table 2: Area under Different Crops in and Around the Selected Sites

Proportion (%) = Area under a crop/Total cultivated area Ă— 100 Fodder crops: bajra, Gaura, berseem Other crops: Guava orchard

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