PERFORMANCE OF CEMENT MIX PLUS AND STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER POLYMERS IN SLAG BASED CONCRETE

International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development (IJMPERD) ISSN (P): 2249–6890; ISSN (E): 2249–8001 Vol. 10, Issue 3, Jun 2020, 1527-1538 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

PERFORMANCE OF CEMENT MIX PLUS AND STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER POLYMERS IN SLAG BASED CONCRETE K. NAGA RAJESH1, P. MARKANDAYA RAJU2, KAPILESWAR MISHRA3 & P. SRINIVASA RAO4* 1

Research Scholar, Centurion University of technology and Management Odisha, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, GMRIT, Rajam, India 2 3

Professor & Head, Department of Civil Engineering, MVGR College of Engineering (A), Vizianagaram, India

Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Centurion University of Technology & Management, Bhubaneswar, India 4*

Dean, Centurion University of Technology & Management, Odisha, India

ABSTRACT In recent times, the construction sectors are using the polymers to enhance the strength of cement concrete and cement mortar. This paper presents a study on the effect of polymers (cement mix plus and styrene butadiene rubber) on the strength of concrete. The concrete was manufactured with cement and slag as partial replacement of cement at 50% and mass of cementitious material (Cement + Slag). The mechanical properties such as slump, dry density and compressive strength of cement polymer concrete and slag polymer concrete are compared. The slump of cement polymer concrete was 50% and 75% higher than 50% & 70% slag polymer concrete with cement mix plus at 1% respectively. It was also 36.67% and 70% higher than 50% & 70% slag polymer concrete with latex plus at 1%. The dry density of 70% slag polymer concrete was higher than 50% slag polymer concrete and cement polymer concrete with both the polymers. The

Original Article

70%. Cement mix plus and styrene butadiene rubber (latex plus) polymers were mixed individually at 1%, 3% and 5% by

28 days compressive strength of 50% slag polymer concrete was 25.06% and 40.99% higher than cement polymer concrete and 70% slag polymer concrete with cement mix plus at 5% respectively. It was also observed that the compressive strength of 70% slag polymer concrete was 17.99% and 22.49% higher than cement polymer concrete and 50% slag polymer concrete with latex plus at 1% respectively.

KEYWORDS: Slag Polymer Concrete, Cement Polymer Concrete, Polymer Concrete, Polymer Slag Concrete, Polymer Cement Concrete

Received: Jun 03, 2020; Accepted: Jun 23, 2020; Published: Jun 29, 2020; Paper Id.: IJMPERDJUN2020135

INTRODUCTION The construction sector is currently researching and practising the utilization of the industrial wastes such as fly ash, slag, rice husk ash, pond ash, etc., as a replacement of cement either partially or fully thereby producing sustainable concrete. The need for this production of sustainable concretes is due to the indiscriminate use of natural resources like lime and aggregate causing environmental pollution by increasing the carbon footprint. It is also known that “The construction industry is next to the automobile industry in terms of CO2 emissions where One Ton of cement releases approximately 0.9 Ton of CO2”. Hence any reduction in cement usage will reduce CO2 emissions. [1-2]. In modern construction, polymers are being used in making cement concrete and mortar to enhance their mechanical and durability and strength properties in short duration. Polymer latexes such as styrene butadiene, cement mix plus, polyacrylic ester, polyvinyl acetate, etc have been employed with success in conventional concrete or mortar. www.tjprc.org

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Polymer concrete possesses properties such as high compressive strength, long term durability, good resistance against corrosion, high thermal properties, etc than concrete without polymers. Some of the polymers are also used as integral waterproofing and liquid-applied membrane waterproofing work for concrete roof decks, mortar walls, concrete block walls, water tanks, swimming pools, septic tanks, silos etc. The polymer latexes available for cement modifiers used in general today are as shown in figure 1 [3]. Polymer modified concrete was obtained by mixing cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and polymer or a monomer in a liquid or powder form at some percentages by mass of cementitious materials (cement, fly ash, slag, etc). [4]. Temperature changes from 25-2000 C are suitable for polymer concrete. [5]. The purpose of adding polymers in asphalt is to enhance its characteristics thereby making it more resistant in the conditions of variant temperature [6]. Thermoset polymer resins were used as binders in polymer concrete and preferred over thermoplastic polymers due to its higher strength and stiffness [7]. The polymer modified pervious concrete has longer flexural fatigue life at all stress levels, as the polymer helps to reduce cracking or delay the crack propagation [8]. Recycled polythene of plastic products like packing materials can be also used in polymer concrete [9]. Polymer concrete possesses very high compressive strength, that is much higher than ordinary cement concrete [10]. Due to good compressive and tensile properties of polymer concrete, it can be adopted for the manufacture of concrete paving blocks and tiles [11].

Figure 1: Commercially Available Polymer Latexes - Cement Modifiers [3] The main aim of the present work is to study the effect of polymers (cement mix plus-CM and styrene butadiene rubber -SBR) on concrete manufacture with cement and slag (as partial replacement of cement at 50% and 70%). Cement mix plus and styrene butadiene rubber (latex plus) polymers are mixed individually at 1%, 3% and 5% by mass of cementitious materials (Cement or Slag). In the current study, mainly three types of concrete mixes are developed such as cement polymer concrete (CPC), 50% slag polymer concrete (SPC1) and 70% slag polymer concrete (SPC2). In slag polymer concrete, cement is partially replaced with slag at 50% and 70%. All these three mixes are further added with polymers individually, that is cement mix plus (CM), styrene butadiene rubber or SBR (or latex plus) at 1%, 3% and 5% by mass of cementitious materials. Each type of mix is further labelled as CPC-CM, SPC1-CM, SPC2-CM and CPC-SBR, Impact Factor (JCC): 8.8746

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SPC1-SBR, SPC2-SBR at varying % of polymers to study the mechanical properties such as slump, dry density and compressive strength of cement polymer concrete and slag polymer concretes.

Experimental Study Materials and Properties Cement: The cement used in this study was of 53 grade ordinary Portland cement (OPC) confirming to IS 12269 [12], the properties are shown in table 1. It was used in all types of mixes (100 % in CPC, 50% in SPC1 and 30% in SPC2).

Table 1: Properties of Cement Properties Value Specific gravity 3.15 Consistency 29% Initial setting time 29 minutes Final setting time 24 hours Soundness 9 mm Bulk density 68 Kg/m3

Fine Aggregate: The fine aggregate used was natural river sand in all types of mixes confirming to IS 2720 (Part 3), IS 2386 (Part 3) and IS 2386 (Part 1) [13-15] The properties of sand are shown in table 2.

Table 2: Properties of Sand Properties Value Specific gravity 2.65 Water absorption 0.6 per unit by weight Bulk density 1666.67 Kg/m3 Maximum bulking 20% % of water at which maximum bulking occurs 6

Coarse Aggregate: the coarse aggregate used was of uncrushed gravel in all types of mixes confirming to IS 2720 (Part 3), IS 2386 (Part 3) and IS 2386 (Part 1) [13-15] and properties are shown in table 3.

Table 3: Properties of Coarse Aggregate Properties Value Specific gravity 2.821 Water absorption 0.5 per unit by weight Bulk density 1724.14 Kg/m3 Shape Angular Size 20 mm

Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS/Slag): The supplementary cementitious material used in this study was slag, a byproduct of steel manufacturing industry brought from Autonagar, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, which was partially replaced cement at 50% and 70% in the mixes SPC1 and SPC2 respectively. The slag used was confirmed to IS 16714 [16] and properties are presented in table 4.

Table 4: Properties of GGBS/Slag Properties Value Specific gravity 2.85 Bulk density 2868.85 Kg /m3 www.tjprc.org

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Fineness

>350 Kg/m3

Cement Mix Plus (CM): The cement mix plus is a type of polymer used in the conventional cement mortar and cement concrete for enhancing its mechanical properties. It is a product of Berger and the properties are shown in table 5 as supplied by the Berger datasheet and confirming to IS 2645 [17]. In the present study, it was used in all types mixes at 1%, 3% and 5% (CM1, CM3 and CM5) by mass of cementitious materials.

Table 5: Properties of Cement Mix Plus (As per the Berger datasheet) [18] Properties Specifications Aspect Dark brown coloured liquid Specific Gravity@300 C 1.05±0.02 Dry Content (%) 9.0±1.0 PH 8.5±2.5 Setting Time(min) Initial: Not less than 25% of control Final: Not greater than 25% of control Compressive Strength 7 Days≥ 44 N/mm2 Chloride Content Less than 0.1% Water Permeability 26% of control

Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR/Latex Plus): SBR is a type of polymer used in the conventional cement mortar and cement concrete for enhancing its mechanical properties. It is a product of Berger and the properties are shown in table 6 as supplied by the Berger datasheet and confirming to IS 2645 [17]. In the present study, it was used in all types mixes at 1%, 3% and 5% (SBR1, SBR3 and SBR5) by mass of cementitious materials. The commercial name of SBR is latex plus.

Table 6: Properties of Latex Plus (As per the Berger datasheet) [19] Properties Specifications Type Styrene Butadiene Polymer Liquid Aspect White liquid Specific Gravity 1.02±0.02 Dry Content 34.0±2.0 PH 7-11 Water permeability 25% of control

METHODOLOGY The polymer modified cement and slag concrete were mixed with proper mix proportions similar to normal concreting and cured in water as proposed by V.S.Ramchandran [3]. In this study, cement, sand and coarse aggregate were dry mixed manually, then polymer solution (say 1% CM by mass of cement) was added to the dry mix and mixing was continued until homogeneous and uniform in colour. The fresh cement polymer concrete (say CPC-CM1) mix was poured in cubes of size 100× 100× 100 mm to determine its compressive strength and dry density. The similar methodology was followed for other CPC mixes (CPC-CM3, CPC-CM5, CPC-SBR1, CPC-SBR3 and CPC-SBR5). In slag polymer concrete, cement was partially replaced with slag at 50% (SPC1) and 70% (SPC2) and rest of the procedure was same as mentioned above to get mixes such as SPC1-CM1, SPC1-CM3, SPC1-CM5, SPC2-CM1, SPC2-CM3, SPC2-CM5, SPC1-SBR1, SPC1-SBR3, SPC1-SBR5, SPC2-SBR1, SPC2-SBR3, SPC2-SBR5. The mix proportions of all types of mixes of M20 grade are shown in table 7. The specimens cast were shown in figure 2. And were kept in water curing until the day of test that is 7days and 28 days.

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Figure 2: Polymer Concrete Specimens Table 7: Mix Proportions of All Types of Polymer Mixes

Mix Id

CPC-CM1 CPC-CM3 CPC-CM5 SPC1CM1 SPC1CM3 SPC1CM5 SPC2CM1 SPC2CM3 SPC2CM5 CPCSBR1 CPCSBR3 CPCSBR5 SPC1SBR1 SPC1SBR3 SPC1SBR5 SPC2SBR1 SPC2SBR3 SPC2www.tjprc.org

415 500 500

740 740 740

1080 1080 1080

-

Polymers Styrene Cement Mix Butadiene Plus (CM) Rubber (SBR) (Kg/m3) (Kg/m3) 4.15 12.45 20.75

207.5

740

1080

207.5

-

4.15

207.5

740

1080

207.5

-

12.45

207.5

740

1080

207.5

-

20.75

124.5

740

1080

290.5

-

1.5

124.5

740

1080

290.5

-

4.5

124.5

740

1080

290.5

-

7.5

415

740

1080

-

4.15

-

415

740

1080

-

4.15

-

415

740

1080

-

4.15

-

207.5

740

1080

207.5

12.45

-

207.5

740

1080

207.5

12.45

-

207.5

740

1080

207.5

12.45

-

124.5

740

1080

290.5

20.75

-

124.5

740

1080

290.5

20.75

-

124.5

740

1080

290.5

20.75

-

Cement (Kg/m3)

Sand (Kg/m3)

Coarse Aggregate (Kg/m3)

GGBS / Slag (Kg/m3)

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SBR5

Note: 10% wastage was considered for all types of mixes.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Workability The workability is the physical property of the concrete mix and it determines the ease of placement and resists segregation. Grading of aggregates and water-cement ratio are primary factors affecting the workability [20] and of all types of cement and slag polymer mixes. In the present study, the slump cone test was used to measure the workability of all types of polymer mixes and was graphically shown in figure 3. Even though the polymer mixes CPC-CM1, CPC-CM3 and CPC-CM5 are 20% lesser than the desired slump (50 mm), the mixes still exhibited good workability. However, the rest of the polymer mixes also shown good placement characteristics even though the values are far lesser than the desired slump.

Figure 3: Slump of all Types of Polymer Concrete Mixes Dry Density The 7th and 28th days specimens cube weight of all cement and slag polymer mixes are measured and corresponding densities are determined and shown graphically in figure 4. Standard density (2400 Kg/m3) was over crossed by all the types of cement and slag polymer mixes except the mix SPC2-CM3 which was marginally higher than the standard. among all the mixes, SPC2-SBR1 achieved a 28 days density of 2753 Kg/m3 which was 14.7 % than the standard. It can be concluded that all types of cement and slag concrete mixes at various percentages of polymers showed better density values compared with the standard density.

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Figure 4: Density of All Types of Polymer Mixes at 7 and 28 days curing Compressive Strength The compressive strength of all types of cement and slag concrete polymer mixes (all in mixes) were determined and shown in table 8. Nevertheless, the strength of the concrete usually gives an overall picture of the quality of concrete.

Generally, the compressive strength is affected by mix proportions, curing conditions and testing parameters [21] The compressive strength of all in mixes for 7 and 28 days water curing are shown graphically in figure 5. From the figure, it was clear that the mix SPC1-CM1 7 and 28 days compressive strength was 7.14% and 12.03% respectively higher than target strength. Likewise, the 28 days compressive strength of mixes SPC1-CM3, SPC1-CM5, SPC2-SBR1 and SPC2SBR3 were 0.38%, 17.67%, 9.39% and 7.89% respectively higher than the target strength. It was concluded that the mixes with 28 days compressive strength higher than target strength may be preferred for concrete works.

Table 8: Compressive Strength of All in Mixes Mix Id Average Compressive Strength (N/mm2) 7 Days 28 Days CPC-CM1 21.2 22.89 CPC-CM3 13.12 24.29 CPC-CM5 19.01 23.47 SPC1-CM1 28.52 29.78 SPC1-CM3 16.89 26.74 SPC1-CM5 12.78 31.32 SPC2-CM1 11.34 24.29 SPC2-CM3 13..89 16.1 SPC2-CM5 23.47 18.48 CPC-SBR1 19.12 23.89 CPC-SBR3 21.06 24.11 CPC-SBR5 21.65 23.28 SPC1-SBR1 18.52 22.58 SPC1- SBR3 16.09 20.19 SPC1- SBR5 10.07 18.06 SPC2- SBR1 6.25 29.13 SPC2- SBR3 10.18 28.66 www.tjprc.org

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SPC2- SBR5

5.26

11.9

Figure 5: Compressive Strength of All in Mixes – 7 and 28 days Curing Relation Between Dry Density and Compressive Strength The relation between the density and compressive strength of all types of cement and slag polymer mixes are shown in figure 6. The figures show a linear relationship between density and compressive strength of all in mixes. Using the equation in figure 6, compressive strength can be predicted for a particular density of the concrete mix. However, more samples are to be studied to get more perfect experimental analysis results. Better correlation between density and compressive strength is expected if more experiments are conducted.

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Figure 6: Relation Between Density and Compressive Strength of All Types of Mixes

CONCLUSIONS Based on the present study the effect of polymers (cement mix plus and styrene butadiene rubber) on the cement polymer concrete and 50% and 70% slag polymer concrete, the conclusion summary is given below. 

All the types of mixes had shown good workability.



All types of cement and slag concrete mixes at various percentages of both polymers showed higher dry density values compared with the standard dry density of 2400 Kg/m3 at 7 and 28 days water curing.



The 28 days compressive strength of mixes SPC1-CM3 and SPC1-CM5 were 0.38%, and 17.67%, respectively higher than the target strength.



The 28 days compressive strength of mixes SPC2-SBR1 and SPC2-SBR3 were 9.39% and 7.89% respectively higher than the target strength.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author acknowledges the efforts of UG students Ms. Rushitha and Asrtitha teams for work support and GMR institute of technology for providing the laboratory facilities.

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