Towards an Architecture of Alliesthesia

TOWARDS AN ARCHITECTURE OF ALLIESTHESIA

TIMOTHY YONGCONG WU THESIS INSTRUCTOR: DAVID FANNON NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY CAMD SPRING 2021

Acknowledgements: Thank you David for all your work and patience. Thank you Northeastern University SoA.

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Table of Contents Pages 4-9 Part 1: Lefebvre: Jouissance and Function Pages 10-13 Part 2: Examining Pleasure Pages 14-23 Part 3: Examining Alliesthesia Pages 24-39 Part 4: Case Studies: Alliesthesia at Various Durations Pages 40-50 Part 5: Survey and Precedent Study Pages 51-77 Part 6: Design Proposal: Towards An Architecture of Alliesthesia

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Part 1: Lebfebvre: Jouissance + Function vre, flesh, desire, and what the body does, are essential to existence itself, inseparable from other functions. He abhors the continued understatement of the body in our culture. He criticizes Christianity and gothic architecture for eternalizing the body without desire, for privileging the spirit over the body: “the saved souls do not eat other bread of angels. They do not make love, even after they have regained their bodies” (Lefebvre, 7). Here, Lefebvre is utilizing Octavio Paz’s idea that the western religious architecture represents the earthly dwelling of the non-body. Eastern transcendence is instead praised for preserving the living body even in eternity: “the absolute doesn’t abolish the relative; the infinite contains the infinite and the sense of immanence, with the result that architecture has physical meanings, bodily symbolism” (7). These two contrasting examples show precisely what Lefebvre means by the living body. The living body is not just the body nor the spirit, it is the body while alive, existing as more than matter but not spiritual.

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Henri Lefebvre was a Marxist philosopher who began to wrap ideas of asceticism, functionalism, phenomenology, epistemology, materialism together in a manuscript hidden from the public until after his death, entitled Towards an Architecture of Enjoyment. Since the work was never polished for publication, Lefebvre was wrestling with many ideas at once. The text does not stay concisely on point in every chapter. The arguments are sometimes are only supported by anecdotes and the discussions are often from a very Franco-centric point of view generalizations as pointed out by Harvey Molotch (Molotch, 893). The text also utilizes discussions on spirituality which, according to Michael Gardiner in “Everyday Utopianism: Lefebvre and his critics”, has been contentious topic for other Materialist philosophers (Gardiner, 235). Despite the critiques of bringing Transcendentalism into Materialist theories, Lefebvre remains a Marxist (Marxist As for secular societies’ treatment of the livHumanist), with much of his own ideas relating ing body, Lefebvre addresses both the Comto the experience of the living body. munist Left and his contemporary Bourgeoisie economy in different ways. He spends much of From an Architectural disciplinary perspective, the text dissatisfied with the asceticism assoLefebvre is utilizing many angles including even ciated with the Communist left, complaining moments of transcendentalism and metaphys- that they saw the living body as a “fragment of ics to stress the importance for the proletar- dead matter”(Stanek, Lefebvre xi), only seeiat production of space to not only be one of ing the body as material of a productive force. bread, but one of roses too. He believes mod- Lukasz Stanek, the contributor to the foreern architecture achieves its meaning through ward, speculates that this is due to both the its function as part of a whole economic sys- suspicion of Bourgeoisie commercial products tem but should also address jouissance that and feeling of betrayal by the bourgeoisie revinclude desire, pleasure, and sensuality that olution. certain affiliations tend to ignore or separate.

“This critique culminates in Lefebvre’s reLefebvre uses the term jouissance to describe jection of the asceticism of the communist the teleological goal of this architecture. Jou- Left. The suspicion of sensual enjoyment and issance means more than just “enjoyment”, it consumption was deeply entrenched in left also extends to rights, property, and of sex- political discourse ever since the early nineual orgasm. The translation of the manuscript teenth century, tracing any hint of betrayal also brings up the word pleasure. For Lefeb- of the proletariat changing sides toward the

petit bourgeois and condemning individualism of those who disturb the collective solidarity and do not comply with the norms and aim set the organization.” xviii As for Lefebvre’s contemporary Western Europe, he saw the difference between northern European production cities and the Mediterranean vacation towns as a byproduct of Capitalism. He sees the vacation town’s design and planning as something that responds to the living body and, at the same time, the result of the superstructure. He believes that workers in the northern production cities constantly desire what can be provided by these towns, which is why they exist, as separated functional servant spaces for production’s jouissance.

This critique is similar to points espoused by the critics of functionalist city-planning. We can see through the works of Nigel Henderson’s photographs that our street, an infrastructure is also a space of play. Specifically, Lefebvre talks about work-travel as a reason that has created this separation: “the vital question of urban transport can only be considered theoretically as symptom. Once the everyday has been separated from the non-every day, work from leisure (entertainments, festivals, vacations), the disparities must be reassembled” (Lefebvre 99). He believes in the unification of the different functions between can ultimately bring jouissance and productive forces as an alliance, believing that the warehouse can go as far to become the theater.

creating pleasure through symbols for buildings. He mocks programs focused on pleasure and sensuality such as the discoteque, stating that: “places have no way of living beings what can only from themselves, the vitality known as desire” (112). He believes that the desire is innate, not given by the function of the building in program, but by how it functions in effect.

Furthermore, he compares buildings to texts in humoring Roland Barthes’s comment that “the text of bliss is never the text that recounts the kind of bliss afforded by literally an ejaculation” (126) to speak on the signifier and signified relationship’s inadequacy to provide pleasure. It implies that the building should provide pleasure via giving agency to the bodily desire because it is ultimately the human that defines space.

The ultimate Lefebvrian architecture in that text would be something where its function reflects the city’s mode of production while concerning with our living body’s sensorial pleasure and desires. To bring Lefebvre’s ideas of Jouissance into design praxis, we summarize some of the previously discussed points as words to keep in mind.

1) Architecture does not provide desire/ pleasure on its own.

2) Architecture sustains it, highlights it.

3) The desire for pleasure is innate for the user and is subjective.

4) Space is a projection of social and ecoThe role of meaning and representation in the nomic relations.

Identities are manifested by space art or architecture is sometimes convolut- 5) ed in this text. Lefebvre expresses that since 6) Signifiers should not be limited to repthe bourgeois revolution (The French Revolu- resentation but also affect. tion), the building has replaced the monument. 7) Vacation towns represent the bourThe monument was symbolically rich. It was a geois urban dweller’s yearning for a change to symbol of power and strength, of domination the everyday. and protection. The building, instead, has signification, which was bestowed upon by functionality within the macro-workings of the city To put these ideas into practice, we have to (19). Nevertheless, he does not miss the mon- first examine the living body’s pleasure and ument and does not believe in the power of sensations from a material and scientific perspective.

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Critcism of other Political Economies and Their Treatment of the Living Body.

Base: Ancien Régime: Superstructure: Transcedental

Asceticism.

The spirit is privileged

The Body: over the body and yet

the spirirt does not desire like the body.

Borgeoise Liberalism: Communist L Creation of seperated economies and culture as jouissance is outsourced.

Northern European Cities vs. Mediterranean South.

Asceticism of t Sensual and Bor

The body is a ra Functions/programs of of Dead Matter buildings produced for capital attempt to provide jouissance .

BRINGING LEFEBVRE’S IDEAS OF JOUISSANCE INTO DESIGN PRAXIS

Note: Towards an Architecture of Enjoyme distinctly Architecture Theory, this is d from arguments.*

+ Architecture does not provide desire/pleasure. + Architecture sustains it, highlights it. + The desire for pleasure is innate, person’s agency. + Space is a projection of social and economic relationships + Identities are manifested by space + Signifiers should not be limited to representation but also affect. + Vacation towns represents the bourgeois urban dweller’s yearning for a change to everyday.

= Architecture must celebrate the everyday by enabling and highlighting the living’s body search pleasure, through affect, and must still serve as a sign through its functionality to signify its r economic material conditions.

Monument Symbolism Affect

Timeline of Architecture in regards to the 2 Revolutions

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Building Significance Functionality

Bourgeoisie Revolution

Social Ar

Interpretation of Lefebvre’s Discussions in Towards an Architecture of Jouissance

Left:

the rgeoise

Living Body Self Jouissance

Self Matter

agment

Sensory Sensual Desire Pleasure

ent is not distilled

Marxist Humanism

for role in

Architecture should celebrate the everyday through a unification of jouissance from affect and significance through its functionality as part of the productive economic whole.

Social Production of Space Functionality Affect

rchitecture Revolution Figure 1. Diagram explaining some themes explored in Towards an Architecture of Enjoyment for the purposes of Architectural Praxis.

Telelogical End

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Part 1: Works Cited Gardiner, Michael. “Everyday Utopianism: Lefebvre and His Critics.” Cultural Studies, vol. 18, no. 2–3, Routledge, Jan. 2004, pp. 228–54, doi:10.1080/0950238042000203048.

Lefebvre, Henri, et al. Toward an Architecture of Enjoyment. University of Minnesota Press, 2014.

Molotch, Harvey. “The Space of Lefebvre.” Theory and Society, vol. 22, no. 6, Dec. 1993, pp. 887–95, doi:10.1007/BF00993685.

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Part 2: Examining Pleasure prioception, and the vestibular system Fiona Macpherson, 40).

What is sensation?

What are the senses and how many do we have?

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Early western classical understanding of the five classical senses can be broken down into “seeing”, “hearing”, “touching”, “smelling”, and “tasting”. Contemporary physiology and biology have extended these physical senses to include more categories or “sensory modalities” such as proprioception, the vestibular sense, and the vomeronasal system (Fiona Macpherson, 18). Fiona Macpherson argues that these three more recently understood senses should be included because they both produce a phenomenon of our everyday life and have a dedicated sense organ. For example the Cochlea is responsible for the vestibular sense, which controls our balance. To make matters more complex we also have sensory experiences that are not as noticeable, but have dedicated nerves such as our internal senses. To overcome this criteria Macpherson has also created the criteria of being at least partly “extereoceptive” (Fiona Macpherson, 30). An exterior sense can affect an interior signal which then creates another category of sense such as thermal somatic sending a signal in our body, affecting our internal system to raise goose bumps, which is an action to control fur in our primate days, in order to create microclimate but also directly affecting touch.

For Aristotle, it is important to think about experiencing sense as a unity as one sense can become telling of another. It is difficult to be absolute on how many senses we may have exactly. The most apparent categories might be the vision system, auditory system, the kinesthetic system, the gusto-olfactory system (also known as the chemical system, which may also include vomeronasal system), pro-

Very precise definitions relating to sensation are found in Michel Cabanac’s discussions in The Fifth Influence, or Dialectics of Pleasure.

Beyond the more apparent categories of “senses”, we also have thousands of nerves internally that are constantly sending signals, creating sensations. (Cabanac, 41) The study of sensations is known as psychophysics. Sensation and perception have become separated in the general realm of psychology. Sensation may not always become the perfect predictor of perception as signs (meaning) associated with sense can be learned, altering our “reaction”. Certain branches of philosophy have had the opposite view of this separation. Michel Cabanac sees sensation and perception as separate and defined by biological and physical attributes (32). Sensation is separated from perception and is separate from the sensitivity. Sensitivity describes the affect from sensor nerve and its path to the central nervous system, whereas sensation is the whole experience from the nerve sensor to consciousness (40). Any type of sensitivity discovered can be theoretically described as a sensation, however due to small amount of afferent fiber in our internal organs, compared to the extraordinary amount of nerves within the systems of the Aristotle classical senses; they are often ignored as the information level is not high enough to cross a threshold of noticed phenomenon. Cabanac’s studies on sensation has invoked a four dimensional model of this phenomenon and it is represented by the mathematic model: Ψ= f(x•y[t], z[t]). Ψ=Sensation, X= Quality, Y= Intensity, Z= Hedonicity , T= Duration (30). Quality is categorized: Cabanac gives the example of “sweet taste” or “lavender smell”. Intensity is a quantities condition of the quality, how strong is the smell?

How warm in the water? Duration is the length of time that this sensation can occur. Time not

only affects sensation but also Hedonicity. Hedonicity is defined as pleasure or displeasure, which has been the main focus on Cabanac’s studies in the last half century. To understand this mathematic further, we must examine the relationship between Hedonicity and duration.

What is pleasure?

In the realm of early western philosophy we have seen pleasure discussed by Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Callicles, and Plato.

F.C. White in In Plato’s Last Words On Pleasure takes on the role pleasure within the works of the Public and the Gorgias compared to Laws and is particularly helpful in understanding these early thoughts on pleasure as dualities and helpful for this discussion. In Gorgias, the discussion between Socrates and Polus concludes that happiness is found in justice, and both are intrinsically “good”, F.C. White notices that this conclusion was then applied to the dialogue between Socrates and Callicles (White, 460). Callicles makes the claim that unrestrained pleasure leads to happiness, which must be mean pleasure is intrinsically “good”, to which Socrates disagrees, arguing that some pleasures are intrinsically “bad”, or corrupt. White brings in George Grote, who, in 1875, saw the Gorgias’s conclusions as “lofty pretension”, asserting a more pragmatic take in when comparing the ideas to that of Plato’s Athenian in the Laws: “no man will willingly do anything from which he does not anticipate more pleasure than pain: that every man desires the maximum of pleasure and the minimum of pain, and desires nothing else: that there neither is nor can be any Good apart from Pleasure or superior to Pleasure: that to insist upon a man being just, if you believe that he will obtain more pleasure or less pain from an unjust mode of life, is absurd and inconsistent” (White, 458). In Grote’s argument, one lives a just life because it may minimize the pain.

For our purpose, we want to avoid shifting

the discussion of pleasure to one relating to Unitarianism. Instead, the purpose of why F.C. White’s discussions are brought up is because these examples display certain intrinsic dualities: good versus bad, justice versus corruption, pleasure versus pain. Yet this last duality is not intrinsic, nor is the duality representing opposites. One can certainly derive pleasure from pain through learned experience, in which case, pain is no longer displeasure. The actual duality to pleasure is on the same scale, it is displeasure.

Michel Cabanac’s model of pleasure and displeasure in The Fifth Influence is developed upon Edward B. Titchener, Paul Thomas Young and Wilhelm Wundt’s studies (Cabanac, 3335). This model is represented as the Hedonicity scale. Hedone is the greek root that solely means pleasure and excludes displeasure.

Pleasure and displeasure can exist outside of the Hedonicity scale, outside of the sensation equation, from signs and events. Stimuli can cause pleasure or displeasure with according to various attributes. These attributes all exist in the aforementioned mathematic model of sensation. For example, intensity of a sensation can initially cause pleasure, but as the intensity increases, it may cause displeasure.

Time is another attribute; a sensation extended for a prolonged period of time may cause displeasure. Quality may trigger pleasure or displeasure right away depending on one’s mental association.

What is displeasure?

Displeasure is the opposite of pleasure; it is when a phenomenon counter to utility is experienced. After a threshold, it can also create pain, such as the case with the somatic of thermal. Pain, while also a utility is separate from the Hedonicity scale. Displeasure can be thought of as negative pleasure (Cabanac, 37); it is still operating on the same principles.

It must be noted that the examples involving thermal can be tricky because if one is already

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sensing warmth, warmth is already enacting on ronment with all possible behavioral response the body, increase body temperature. to them” (Cabanac 72). Pleasure is therefore defined as a utility for long term (distal) and The duality between pleasure and displeasure, immediate survival (proximal). on a phenomenological and philosophical front has been defended by Timothy Schreoder in “Pleasure, Displeasure, and Representation”, in which five points were raised for this duality and its representation. The first is that pain does not only define displeasure, and displeasure does not always define pain (Schreoder, 508). The second point is that the dualities represent dissatisfaction in reaching objectives for innate desires (512). The third point is that there is a quantities element to pleasure as there is net-yielding satisfaction and frustration (520). The fourth point is that there is a conceptual understanding of pleasure beyond the physical (523). The final point states that representation of displeasure and pleasure is largely dependent on socio-cultural environment (523). These points may become helpful in exploring architectural methods of representing the invisible: pleasure.

How does pleasure optimize behavior?

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Using the sensation mathematical representation to define pleasure, Cabanac’s experiments have come to the theory that PLEASANT=USEFUL. An example of this is pleasure derived from reaching homeostasis for thermal bodily temperature based on internal signals. Cabanac has given the example of taking a hot bath on a cold day; this is pleasant because our body signals for us to reach homeostasis (Cabanac 55). Ethologist Jonathan Balcombe, in The Exultant Ark has reached a similar conclusion for animal behavior, call it a carrot and stick relationship, where pleasure is used by evolution to optimize behavior (Balcombe, 6). The hypothesis for why pleasure is created when we achieve our bodily desires summarized by Cabanac, following Darwinian thinking, as: pleasure eliminates the need to store huge amount of information that would result from associating all stimuli in the envi-

Is pleasure shared?

Cabanac laments that whether or not pleasure is shared may never be resolved by science (Cabanac, 51). Lisa Heschong in Thermal Delight in Architecture, while never asserting we all share pleasure in the exact same way, does bring up examples of historical community pleasure seeking programs. The Finnish Sauna, the Roman Baths, and the Japanese Onsens are all examples of communal programs based on seeking pleasure. In the previous section, we also discussed Lefebvre’s belief that programs can highlight pleasure, and at this point in the discussion, we may also have to add displeasure. In the section Architecture as Alliesthesia Durations, we can take a further look at various architecture and where transient pleasure and displeasure may occur.

Part 2: Works Cited Balcombe, Jonathan P. The Exultant Ark: a Pictorial Tour of Animal Pleasure. University of California Press, 2011.

Cabanac, Michel. The Fifth Influence: The Dialectics of Pleasure. IUniverse, 2010.

Heschong, Lisa. Thermal Delight in Architecture. M.I.T. Press, 2002.

Macpherson, Fiona. The Senses: Classical and Contemporary Philosophical Perspectives. Oxford University Press, 2011.

SCHROEDER, TIMOTHY. “Pleasure, Displeasure, and Representation.” Canadian Journal of Philosophy, vol. 31, no. 4, Routledge, Jan. 2001, pp. 507–30, doi:10.1080/00455091.2001.10717578.

White, F. C. “Plato’s Last Words on Pleasure.” The Classical Quarterly, vol. 51, no. 2, 2001, pp. 458–476.

JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3556522. Accessed 1 May 2021.

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Part 3: Examining Alliesthesia Mathematic model of sensation:

Y= Intensity

T= Duration

Figure 2.

Mathematical model of pleasure applied to the experiment in Figure 3.

QUANTITY

Z= Hedonicity

Y(

X= Quality

HE DO NI CI T

Ψ=Sensation

+, -)

QUANTITY (temp)

Ψ= f(x·y[t], z[t])

TI

M

E

TIM E

What is alliesthesia?

ver, their set temperature is higher than their core temperature. A warm bath slightly above their core temperature Pleasure is always experienced along will feel pleasurable and not too warm, duration. Cabanac coined the term allias your body is trying to reach the set esthesia to mean a shift along the Hedotemperature (Cabanac 57). The body’s nicity scale; in respective to time. Just core temperature is typically set at 37.5 as there is displeasure and pleasure, Celsius for many researchers working there is negative and positive alliesthewithin realm of thermal comfort. sia. When the point on the Hedonicity scale moves up or down, that is when pleasure or displeasure is experienced. Experiments in alliesthesia.

Alliesthesia is the change of Hedonicity over time and is based on the previous The experiment shown in figures 2 and moment’s sensation qualities.

3 uses the mathematic representation

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Using a thermal example, positive alliesthesia can occurs when one is experiencing a warm bath higher than the body’s core temperature in the moment. While this may be obvious, what determines the positive alliesthesia is actually set body temperature, not core body temperature. For those with fe-

of sensation to graph the Hedonicity experienced by the user in Cabanac’s bathtub experiment. In this experiment the participant is told to search for thermal pleasure as they enter a tub.

In their hand is a trigger that brings up warm or cool water (Cabanac 75). The duration of the experiment is shown in figure 2. Hedonicity is negative as the

delta T Water (°C)

Tes = 39°C, Water 20°C -2

Initial Alliesthesia

0 +2 +4 +6

New Alliesthesia 0

10

20

30

TIME (min)

participant first enters the water because he is immediately adding warm water. As he adds warm water, there is change towards positive Hedonicity, until it plateaus on the bottom. In this case, it is too warm, displeasure is experienced. The participant brings in cool water instead, signaling another case of pleasure until it reaches plateau again.

At this point, the participant sits comfortably in the water adding cool and water to keep the tub around a stable temperature, in this case Hedonicity is positive. The moments when temperature change happens implies displeasure, the moments of change implies positive alliesthesia until comfort. From this, we can also imply that a change in comfort level implies alliesthesia, the change from a lower comfort level to a higher comfort level are the moments of biological pleasure.

How do the different “senses” create different types of alliesthesia?

The nature of different attributes associated with different senses will result in different crtierias

Figure 3.

Cabanac’s Bathtub Experiment.

Reillustrated from The Fifth Influence (Cabanac, 73)

for alliesthesia. As previously mentioned, there are different amounts of C-Fibers and nerves for different systems of the senses, the internal sensitivities have the least. We experience an extraordinary amount of stimuli at each moment externally and internally, most of the stimuli will invoke indifference (Cabanac, 41). Positive primary reinforcers are nerve paths that bring stimuli immediately to consciousness, thereby creating immediate pleasure. They mainly exist for the somatic senses, gusto-factory systems, and the mechanical sense (51). Sight is a sense that operates on contrasts and seems to rely mostly on learned association to pleasure and displeasure. Hearing is similar. However immediate displeasure can be triggered in all of the systems, for example if a sound too loud or if a light is too bright, these situations may across the pain threshold. Otherwise, it is theorized that the visual and auditory reactions are not so straight forward about the search for homeostasis but mainly about the signs (meaning).

What might this mean for design?

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Most evoke Indifference Primary Reinforcer - A stimuli that immediately triggers pleasure or displeasure upon encounter.

This stimulus can be unpleasant by nature(quality) or because of intensity(quantity).

Upon meeting the conditions of intensity and moment, thermal, olfactory/gustatory, and mechcanical can trigger immediate pleasure.

Figure 4.

Diagramatic explanation of some of Cabanac’s points from Chapters 2-3 of The Fifth Influence discussed below.

Most Primary Reinforcer Trigger Displeasure

Thermal, olfactory/gustatory, and mechcanical can trigger immediate pleasure, based on sensation.

Vision and Hearing evoke perception (which includes multiple simultaneous inputs combined with memory and consciousness) rather than immediate sensation. Pleasure from vision and hearing are learned or by conscious motivation.

Relating these ideas back to architecture, the element of site and users adds a distinct element of culture that may affect the ultimate goals of achieving pleasure. Since visual and auditory pleasure and displeasure may typically be found in learned meanings, the goal would be minimize displeasures associated with the two senses that can be triggered by prolonged durations of extremes in darkness, brightness, loudness, or even distinctly high parts of the sound frequency spectrum.

Furthermore, displeasure will be associated with the activity that is being performed in the space.

A study done in Beijing Tsihuna University has suggested creating varying luminance for different qualities of spaces can generate restorative quality spaces against the condition of bright study 16spaces (Gou et al, 48). The same study also has

cited sudden noises to be a frequent complaint of studies. The study would suggest that in our case analysis we should include sound source and luminance as sensorial experience factors. For the somatic senses, thermal comfort is a criteria often examined in architecture, and generally considered when designing form. Studies of psychometric comfort have found different comfort levels in different populations. As for the chemical senses, the obvious principle would be to avoid displeasure associated with dangerous odors. Aside from sensing danger, this sense is often associated with memory, and cultural identities, again making this also difficult territory when taking into account the user’s cultural identities. Finally, with the mechanical senses such as balance, one would expect that structural instability or say a sticky floor material may cause displeasure. Again this seems

Pleasure is a biological utility for optimal behavior.

PLEASURE = USEFUL Central Nervous System benefits by not having to store thousands of learned messages - seeking pleasure for, and utlizing pleasure to signal homeostasis.

However, a stimuli with no physiological input can also create pleasure.

I.e. Visual signs. This is learned behavior

Pffafman shows that unpleasant or neutral sensory may become pleasant if associated with beneficiary effects.

The oppisite is also true, this is known as the Garcia effect.

to depend on the program and the preparedness for one to deal with the situation.

Figure 5.

Diagramatic explanation of some of Cabanac’s points from Chapters 2-3 of The Fifth Influence discussed below.

tension of the fourth point on the creating microclimates. While still primates, we would extend our fur out to create microclimates, which is why we get goosebumps as humans. Yet while we lack this How have humans search for pleasure biologically fur today, we have clothing, or fire that act as miand socially in terms of thermal? croclimates (25). The fifth point is shelter, building, which could also be seen as an extension of In Heschong’s Thermal Delight in Architecture climate modification (47). Finally, the last point is we find six points in which humans have biologi- the act of migration to a different climate, which cally and historically dealt with reaching thermal we still do in the form of vacation houses or nohomeostasis/ searching for pleasure. The first is madic movements (13-17). muscular heat generation and metabolic adjustment which is a result from bodily movements: a siesta for example, puts the body to a rest in an But is thermal somatic actually the most important? effort to conserve energy in the hottest part of the day (Heschong, 12). The second is our storage fats; this is particularly helpful for cold climates While these have been methods for dealing with (13). The third are goosebumps (37), which is ex- climate, do they all function solely because of so17

Our homeostasis is not static, both core temperature and set temperature can change.

Core Temp

Set Temp

When Core Temp is higher than Set Temp, cooling is pleasurable.

Figure 6.

Diagramatic explanation of some of Cabanac’s points from Chapters 2-3 of The Fifth Influence discussed below.

Core Temp

Set Temp

When Core Temp is Lower than Set Temp, warmth is pleasurable.

Fever: Set Temp is Increased

matic sense? Heschong celebrates the human use of fire. Fire is not only a thermal phenomenon but a one involving the other senses, a light in the darkness, a crackle of the flames, and the smell of smoke or food (Heschong, 42). The general somatic sense, aside from detecting thermal dangers, forcing us to adapt methods, also possesses pleasure primary reinforcers for sexual reproduction, as well as skin pressure detection for danger.

We also have mechanics in our body that adjust according to the other senses, for example the optical nerves will adjust according to contrasting light levels. Our gusto-olfactory systems allow us to detect bitterness and foul odors as ways to assess risk perception, although our olfactory system has been regarded “as the least refined of all the human senses” (Brattoli Et Al, 11). Our mechan18ical sense allows us to make the aforementioned

This will still feel cool.

Displeasure at a temp normally recieved to be too warmed, suddenly feels cool

migration happen. All of the senses work together to allow the continuation of our species, it is not only to respond to the thermal. The Architecture must respond to all the senses. This then raises a problem, when at a conflict, between resolving thermal conditions, visual condition, auditory condition, and so on, which one should the architect prioritize?

Take for example, the vernacular courtyard typology of Yazd, Iran. The elements of this house can be seen across the Yazd province. The Yazd province is hot-arid-dry but also cold in the winter, it is classified as BwK on the Koppen climate classification. These courtyard typologies have existed in the region since before Islamization (Aldawoud, 192). Everyday life is revolved around the courtyard. The housing compound and courtyard

are always designed in a modular rectangular plan and usually aligned allow the north-east, south-west axis (Memarian and Brown, 186).

Traditionally, heavy furniture was not utilized, as one would migrate in the housing compound according to seasons. In the winter, family life would be conducted in the northern portion of the courtyard and always above ground, where the sunlight would shine the most. In the summer, the opposite is true, the family will move towards the southern portion of the courtyard, where there is the most shadow created by the enclosed spaces in the southern portion (Hosseini et al, 18). The family will also conduct life and leisure in basements to keep cool. Wind catchers are installed in to drag wind into the housing compound, cooling the water storage that is underneath and carrying moisture for cooling. There are typically little to no windows facing outside where the sun can enter. Yet the design is not completely about thermal. The axis aligns with Mecca.

Visual privacy is key, too many windows would disrupt that. Auditory privacy is key, as evidenced by the gender norms, thus there are two courtyards with the private courtyard for family and female members further away from the entrance. This is further evidenced by the two door knockers, one for female members and one for male members (Memarian and Brown, 189). The method of dhabihah goat slaughter is appropriate for courtyard, as it requires blood draining may create strong odors, as evidenced by the fictional accounts written by Anita Amirrezvani in Blood of Flowers. The wind would carry the aroma of the plants in the courtyard to various portions of the compound (Basir et al, 22).Thus it would be inappropriate to say the courtyards were designed strictly based on thermal. Yet, much of the cultural significance in such as migration, not using furniture, water in courtyard, lack of window and the use of wind catchers discussed seems to be led by its role as a thermal refuge against the difficulties of the desert condition. There is also significant number of studies conducted on the thermal development of the Yazd Vernacular house as pointed

out by (Khajezadeh et al, 2).

How can we think about architecture with alliesthesia? Is there a primary driver?

There are three durations of “movements” that exists here, the movement in search of warmth or cooling throughout the year, the movement in search of warmth and cooling throughout the day, and the movement throughout an hour.

We can assume that the seasonal movement is in search for thermal comfort. The movements throughout the day are likely dependent on the activities conducted throughout the day, which is cultural. Another question then arises, how much of culture is a result of seeking thermal pleasure? This may not be appropriately answered in this work. The movement throughout a moment can be drawn to by any of the senses, or by the cultural activity conducted. A study conducted by Gholamhossein Memarian and Arezou Sadoughi entitled on the Rasoolian House entitled “Application of access graphs and home culture: Examining factors relative to climate and privacy in Iranian houses”, displayed access routes according to winter and summer. While we do not know the reason for a moment’s travel without any narration, we can use this study to begin a study on thermal changes by understanding how the transient use of the courtyard typically occurs. More will be expanded on this in the next portion of this work.

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Figure 7. A closer look a Alliesthesia from a transient thermal model.

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Part 3: Works Cited Aldawoud, Dr Abdelsalam. THE ROLE OF CENTRAL COURTYARD AS A PASSIVE STRATEGY IN ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE. 2014, p. 14.

Basir, Nafise Afshari, et al. Vernacular Houses in Yazd: Natural Elements. 2017, p. 8.

Brattoli, Magda et al. “Odour Detection Methods: Olfactometry and Chemical Sensors.” Sensors 11.5 (2011): 5290–5322. Crossref. Web. Cabanac, Michel. The Fifth Influence: The Dialectics of Pleasure. IUniverse, 2010.

Gou, Zhonghua, et al. “Visual Alliesthesia: The Gap between Comfortable and Stimulating Illuminance Settings.” Building and Environment, vol. 82, Dec. 2014, pp. 42–49. DOI.org (Crossref), doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.08.001.

Heschong, Lisa. Thermal Delight in Architecture. M.I.T. Press, 2002.

Hosseini Haghighi, Seyedeh Rabeeh, et al. “Using Climate-Sensitive 3D City Modeling to Analyze Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Urban Areas.” ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, vol. 9, no.

11, Nov. 2020, p. 688. DOI.org (Crossref), doi:10.3390/ijgi9110688.

Khajehzadeh, Iman, et al. “A Comparison of the Traditional Use of Court Houses in Two Cities.” International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, vol. 5, no. 2, Dec. 2016, pp. 470–83. DOI.org (Crossref), doi:10.1016/j.ijsbe.2016.05.010.

Memarian , Gholamhossein. Sadoughi, Arezou. “Application of Access Graphs and Home Culture: Examining Factors Relative to Climate and Privacy in Iranian Houses.” Scientific Research and Essays, vol. 6, no. 30, Dec. 2011. DOI.org (Crossref), doi:10.5897/SRE11.1620.

Memarian, Gholamhossein, and Frank Edward Brown. “CLIMATE, CULTURE, AND RELIGION: ASPECTS OF THE TRADITIONAL COURTYARD HOUSE IN IRAN.” Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, vol. 20, no. 3, 2003, pp. 181–198. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43030659. Accessed 1 May 2021.

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Part 4: Alliesthesia at Various Durations rectly speak directly on thermal conditions.

The vision associated with the garden display a variance, dualities of life and death, where life is celebrated because of death. The garden might not have been as revered, if the enAlliesthesia. How does it work in respective to tire environment outside of the paradis was all around lush, filled with vegetation, fruits, and architecture? animals.

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Throughout human history, some architecture can be seen as utility in human’s search for pleasure. The Shazdeh Garden is located in Kerman Province, Iran, and in an area called the Lutz desert. It was originally built in 1850 for Mohammad Hassan Khan Sardari Iravani and has become a public garden today. The aerial image of garden presents a green lush environment in the middle of a barren desert.

We are interested in this contextual aspect of paradise; the green lush by itself is not as meaningful without its harsh barren surroundings. The ancient Greeks used “paradeisos”, taken from the Old Iranian “paridayda”, in their translation for the Garden of Eden (Valentin). In modern Persian, “paradis” means both paradise and garden (Voskanian). According to Esmaeil Fallahi, Pontia Fallahi, and Shahla Mahdavi, the very conception of garden heavenly paradise with four-walls as heaven has always existed since era of the Achamenian and Ssanian dynasties (Fallahi et al, 2). Persian gardens have traditionally been used as a microclimate in hot and dry areas. The Kerman province is classified as a mixture of both BsK and BwK according to the Koppen climate classification. Moalemzadeh Ansari has noted in “An Investigation into Water Usage and Water Efficient Design for Persian Gardens” that the walls against the desert display “the boundary between of heaven and hell.” (Ansari, 11) Moreover, the Ansari has also described Chahar-Bagh (a type of Persian garden) as a fourfold, following the principle elements of Soil, Water, Sun, and Wind, carrying a mythical function along with it. This recalls the Dasein of dwelling as defined by Martin Heidegger’s fourfolds of the Earth, Sky, Divines, and Mortals. Except the fourfolds in Chahar-Bagh di-

What are examples of architecture that define search for pleasure across different scales of durations and how are they used with respect to socio norms?

By looking at case studies of four architecture cases that contains different duration of alliesthesia, we may begin to understand how thermal alliesthesia can become the primary driver of use. These case studies employ several Lisa Heschong’s points on the strategies regarding the search of thermal pleasure: through migration, through metabolic inactivity, through sudden thermal changes, and through biological responders. Ultimately the case studies may provide inspirations for how a designer can utilize to create a circulation system based on a primary alliesthesia.

Figure i. Shazdeh Garden, Photo taken

by Mohsen Rajapoor. Courtsey of Mehr Newsagency. (mehrnews.com). Photo ID: 3838349.

the time scale of: a year, a summer day, a winter day, a summer moment, and a winter moment.

Case Studies: This will be a very speculative task, based on several different sources imposing itself onto Haj Kazem Rasoulian House, Yazd, Iran [also An- an architecture typology. glicized as Rasulian House, Rasoolian House] – Built over a century ago, granted to University of Yazd in 1989 as the base for Architectural and Civil Engineering College in Yazd. [Tourism site] [Northern Latitude: 31.880, Eastern Longitude: 54.280, Climate Classification: BwK] (Somayeh et al) Original Function: Housing / Residential 3 Intended use-durations in movement patterns Villa Sarahbai, Ahmedabad, India – 1955, Modernist villa by Le Corbusier for the family of Manorama Sarabhai.

[Northern Latitude: 23.054, Eastern Longitude: 72.594, Climate Classification: BSh] Original Function: Housing Residential 2 Intended use-durations in movement patterns Kognaeyu, Sumdai City, Japan – Originally Built in 1985, Updated in 2020 by Schemata Architects.[Northern Latitude: 35.702, Eastern Longitude: 139.815, Climate Classification: Cfa] Original Function: Sento 1 Intended Use-Duration in movement patterns MoMA PS1 + Lumen – Museum originally built in 1971, updated in 1999, Lumen installed in courtyard for half a year in 2017. Lumen is designed and created by Jenny Sabin Studios.

[Northern Latitude: 40.745, Western Longitude: 73.948, Climate Classification: Dfa] Original Function: Installation/ Solar Device/ Thermal Responsive Device Methods: Map the circulation of an event at different time scales onto a plan of these case studies. These movements are measured at

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Figure 8. The image displays the method of applying winter’s day as experienced by the narrator in The Blood of Flowers (Amirrezvani, 45-50) onto the plan of the Rasoulian House. From top left to bottom right: thermal, visual, olfactory, and acoustics. This drawing is imposed on a page that comes from Memarian and Sadoughi (6356)

TThe Rasoulian House

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The Rasoulian House embodies many aspects of the traditional Yazd courtyard house and has been the subject of many studies on the Iranian courtyard typologies. It contains two courtyards, one for private, one for public, A talfar is located in the southern portion.

There are multiple Iwans, a wind catcher with water storage below, along with summer versus winter rooms. In the

courtyard itself, there is water for transpiration for greenery for shade and visual calm. A full year-round thermal study of the compound has been done

by Somayeh Asadi, Maryam Fakhari, and Mona Sendi, in 2016 from which much of our speculative mapping of thermal temperature come from (Asadi et al, 338). This method is combined with looking at passages from The Blood of Flowers by Anita Amirrezvani. The fictional novel takes place in the Isfahan

Figure 9. The image displays the method of applying Summer’s Moment described by Susan M Ubbelohde onto the plan of the Villa Sarabhai. From top left to bottom right: thermal, visual, olfactory, and acoustics. This drawing is imposed on a plan from The Dance on a Summer Day (Ubbelohde, 4)

This content downloaded from 155.33.16.124 on Sun, 07 Feb 2021 21:33:16 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms

which has the same Koppen classification as Yazd, with courtyards featuring much of the same features; We will use the narrator’s journey, as she spends much of her days in a courtyard house, doing chores, enjoying leisure, and etc.

The story shows a slice of a life during different seasons. It shows what sensations the narrator feel, how she feels about those sensations, and courtyard conditions at which they occur. The paths from the narrator will be super-

imposed onto the Rasoulian House.

Since we do not know the exact layout of the narrator’s courtyard, we can use the access paths created by a study conducted by Gholamhossein Memarian and Arezou Sadoughi entitled on the Rasoulian House entitled “Application of Access graphs and home culture: Examining factors relative to climate and privacy in Iranian houses” to help us make these diagrams. The summer and winter moment paths are also derived

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from Memarian and Sadoughi.

cessed 2021. vimeo.com/8361152)

For Thermal Conditions: Asadi et al.

For speculated path of access: Memarian and Sadoughi For cultural use references: Memarian and Brown For First Person Point of View: Anita Amirrezvani Winter-Summer: Speculating from all of the above texts.

Winter Day: Amirrezvani 45-50 Summer Day: Amirrezvani 116-120 Winter Moment: Path 1-2-48-50-51-52-5354 Memarian and Sadoughi 6356 Summer Moment: Path 1-5-7-33-33a-34-3536 Memarian and Sadoughi 6356

Kognaeyu Sento

Sarahbai House There is no seasonal migration within the Villa SaraIbhai. However daily uses in the winter and summer time will likely have differences. The summer use including all of its sensory experience has been described in detail by Susan M. Ubbelohde in “The Dance on a Summer Day”.

Some differences for example, we can speculate based on thermal comfort. It is unlikely for the pool to be used often in the evening during winter. The migration path within a moment in winter is also highly speculative. In both winter and summer moment, a guest to the house is mapped. These circulation diagrams are made from speculation of a visitor, while the sensory aspects are drawn from videos about Ahmeddable in the Winter, from discussions of Susan M., and from climate data. These diagrams are created from the exact same methodology as the studies on the Rasoulian House.

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The users of Sentos of our purpose are the bather, not the worker, as its design intention prioritizes the function for communal bath.

Different workers manage different aspect of the Sento, but the rooms are designed for the bathers to explore.

The experienced drawn by the Sento circulation is based on a mixture of Sento etiquette, short story “Confession of Shinagawa Monkey”

by Haruki Murakami and the novel Breasts and Egg by Mieko Kawakami. With etiquette from instruction books and pamphlets we learn what is suggested to the bathers, this can be found in The Japanese Bath by Bruce Smith and Yoshiko Yamamoto. From Haruki Murakami we learn that bathers do not only experience thermal variance once, they can go back in forth. From Mieko Kawakami we can learn what a Sento in Tokyo might smell like and sound like.

Finally, because there is no naturally luminance entering many areas of the Sento, the luminance here will also take into account artificial lighting. This can be traced from photographs of this recently updated Sento.

For Summer and Winter Moment Condition: Speculated from Haruki Murakami, Meiko Kawakami (38-50), and based on etiquette from Smith and Yamamoto Lumen

Lumen was an installation in MoMA PS1 by Jenny Sabin Studios that lasted form summer to fall, being mainly utilized in the summer during concert events. This last diagram is created utilizing both anecdotal experience and a published article by Jenny Sabin Studio that highFor All Conditions in the Summer: Susan M. Ub- lights intentional digital responsiveness that was intentional to the experience of Lumen. belohde For All Conditions in the Winter: Speculative For Summer Moment Condition: Anecdote and based on Vimeo Video: “Ahmedabad Winter Sabin Studio 444-454 Morning” dir. Parmar, Kasushik (2010. Ac-

Figure 10. This image displays the method of applying a summer moment conditions onto the plan of Kognaeyu Sento. From top left to bottom right: thermal, visual, olfactory, and acoustics. Original plan comes from courtesy of Schemata Architects 2020.

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Part 4: Works Cited Amirrezvani, Anita. The Blood of Flowers. Thorndike Press, 1200.

Ansari, Shaghayegh Moalemzadeh. AN INVESTIGATION INTO WATER USAGE AND WATER EFFICIENT DESIGN FOR PERSIAN GARDENS.The University of Arizona,2015.

Asadi, Somayeh, et al. “A Study on the Thermal Behavior of Traditional Residential Buildings: Rasoulian House Case Study.” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 7, Sept. 2016, pp. 334–42. DOI.org (Crossref), doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2016.07.012.

Fallahi, Esmaeil, et al. “Ancient Urban Gardens of Persia: Concept, History, and Influence on Other World Gardens.” HortTechnology, vol. 30, no. 1, Feb. 2020, pp. 6–12. DOI.org (Crossref), doi:10.21273/HORTTECH04415-19.

Kawakami, Meiko. Breast and Eggs. Bungeishunjū, 2010.

Memarian , Gholamhossein. Sadoughi, Arezou. “Application of Access Graphs and Home Culture: Examining Factors Relative to Climate and Privacy in Iranian Houses.” Scientific Research and Essays, vol. 6, no. 30, Dec. 2011. DOI.org (Crossref), doi:10.5897/SRE11.1620.

Memarian, Gholamhossein, and Frank Edward Brown. “CLIMATE, CULTURE, AND RELIGION: ASPECTS OF THE TRADITIONAL COURTYARD HOUSE IN IRAN.” Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, vol. 20, no. 3, 2003, pp. 181–198. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43030659. Accessed 1 May 2021.

Murakami, Haruki, and Deborah Treisman. “‘Confessions of a Shinagawa Monkey.’” The New Yorker, 8 June 2020, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/06/08/confessions-of-a-shinagawa-monkey.

Parmar, Kaushik, director. Ahmedabad Winter Morning. Vimeo, 2010, vimeo.com/8361152.

Sabin, Jenny, et al. “Lumen” Acadia. 2018, pp.444-455 Smith, Bruce, and Yoshiko Yamamoto. The Japanese Bath. Gibbs Smith, 2001.

UBBELOHDE, M. SUSAN. “The Dance of a Summer Day: Le Corbusier’s Sarabhai House in Ahmedabad, India.” Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, vol. 14, no. 2, 2003, pp. 65–80. JSTOR, www. jstor.org/stable/41758019. Accessed 1 May 2021.

Valentin, Michel. “Nature, Otherness and the Death-Drive.” Presencing EPIS, 24 Feb. 2019, episjournal. com/journal-2018/nature-otherness-and-the-death-drive/.

Voskanian, Vardan. “Etymology of FERDOUS (Paradise) in Persian.” ASPIRANTUM, ASPIRANTUM, 18 Jan. 2021, aspirantum.com/blog/etymology-of-persian-ferdous-paradise.

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Part 5: Survey and Precedent Study

Part 1-4 Recap: In Towards an Architecture of Enjoyment, Henri Lefebvre advocated for reimagining architecture of the everyday to celebrate the pleasures of the living body that combines jouissance and bodily material matter. He believes modern architecture achieves its meaning through its function as part of a whole economic system but should also address jouissance that include desire, pleasure, and sensuality that certain affiliations tend to ignore or separate.

The ultimate Lefebvrian architecture in that text would be something where its function reflects the city’s mode of production while concerning with our living body’s sensorial pleasure and desires.

To understand Pleasure, we go to Michel Cabanac, whose work on the scientific understanding of sensorial pleasure tells us that pleasure is always conditional, based on the context such as duration of sensation, or previously felt sensation, and etc. This is the mathematical interpretation of pleasure, and an experiment where a person in a bathtub to told to search for thermal pleasure, we can see that at some point after increasing in warm water, the users chooses to cool down instead.

For Cabanac, pleasure is an evolutionary advantage and tells us our needs, while vision and hearing must interpret learned signs to create pleasure, thermal somatic has sensorial primary reinforcers that skip the interpretation of the sign and straight to creating pleasure. That trigger threshold by difference say going from cool to warm, while your body is initially cold, that threshold is known as alliesthesia.

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Figure 10. Proposal taken and edited from RPA.org to include this project’s site.

Design Proposal To combine these concepts, I chose a New York Region Planning Association proposed train line, the Triboro, and its needed transport hub as a vessel. This proposal would make Jackson Heights a central point, allowing for the first time an uninterrupted connection between Bronx, Queens, and Brooklyn, combining with the existing transport hub, it would become the metro center of the three boroughs.

For more information, visit the New York Regional Planning Association website (RPA.org). The reason is because thus far we have examined transient sensations of alliesthesia. In a research paper entitled “Thermal Comfort Conditions in Train Stations for Transit and Short-Term Occupancy” by Junta Nakano and several other researchers, they have demonstrated that users are willing to accept the uncomfortable thermal conditions of a train station,

but what would help the users is not a steady level of thermal comfort throughout, but to target operative temperature of certain zones.

I did a thermal survey of an already existing train station 1.5 miles away that has all the conditions I would need to work withsuch as a sky level train platform, long underground tunnel, mezzanines, and a large vertical circulation connector. The survey was conducted at percisely 8am, peak rush hour, on a winter’s day. This station is called Court Square; it connects the E, G, M, and 7 lines. In the survey I took down the operative temperature of different zones in the transfer path ways utilizing both air temperature and surface temperature.

What I noticed was that the - surface temperature of the outdoor environment has a high difference from just an hour of sunshine that morning.

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Figure A. Precedent study of Court Sqaure MTA transportation hub, Queens, New York.

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EXAMINING PLEASURE

EXAMINING PLEASURE:

In the tunnel space, the temperature variance is much less. There are however random gusts of high air velocity.

I noticed that there was a family selling chocolate. This means more than 1 type of users exists here. If there were more variations in thermal spots, the merchants can find comfort while the transient user can find pleasure. Plus, trying to create a steady comfort in semi-outdoors environment is wasteful in energy and ridiculously difficult (Nakano et al, 1). You also have to account for the metabolic rate increase of the transient user The strategies and thought process from this point on follows Richard de Dear Ph.D. and Gail Brager Ph.D.’s Developing an Adaptive Model of Thermal Comfort and Preference (1998). We prepare ourselves with clothes and mental expectation that widen our range to accept temperatures beyond ASHRAE’s PMV model (de Dear et al, 2). Following the line of thought from the paper, a list of strategies has been deduced for the purpose of a train station on pages 48-49.

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Left top to bottom: Figure 11. Proposing the use of thermal variance in semi-outdoor spaces. Figure 12. Operative Temperature of spaces in Court Sqaure station.

Right top to bottom: Figure 13. Current conditions of the tunnel. Figure 14. Current conditions of the exterior transfer to 7 train.

Zones Zone 1 Ground Zone 1 Wall Zone 2 Ground Zone 2 Wall Zone 3 Ground Zone 3 Wall Zone 4 Ground Zone 4 Wall Zone 5 Ground Zone 5 Wall Zone 6 Ground Zone 6 Wall Zone 7 Ground Zone 7 Wall Zone 8 Ground Zone 8 Wall Zone 11 Ground Zone 11 Wall Zone 12 Ground Zone 12 Wall Zone 9 Ground Zone 9 Wall Zone 10 Ground Zone 10 Wall Zone 13 Ground Zone 13 Wall

C Min C Max C Cen -11.8 -5.6 -8.8 -24.5 -0.5 -6 4.5 18.1 11 -5.3 16.5 -2.6 -0.8 0.4 0 -1 2.9 1 0.4 1.4 0.8 -0.8 4.9 0.5 -0.6 0.3 0.1 -1.3 2.9 -0.1 3.2 4.6 3.7 3.2 9.5 4.4 4.5 6 5.2 3 5.3 4.4 9.3 10.4 9.5 9.3 10.6 9.5 8.4 9.6 8.9 5.8 13.5 8.9 6.8 7.9 7.5 7.1 11.3 8.1 5.4 7.4 7.1 4.5 6.5 5.9 8.7 11.7 11.2 8 9.4 8.6 3.4 4.2 3.6 2.9 5.2 3.9

Outdoor Temp: 30 Degrees F

F Min 10.76 -12.1 40.1 22.46 30.56 30.2 32.72 30.56 30.92 29.66 37.76 37.76 40.1 37.4 48.74 48.74 47.12 42.44 44.24 44.78 41.72 40.1 47.66 46.4 38.12 37.22

F Max F Center 21.92 16.16 31.1 21.2 64.58 51.8 61.7 27.32 32.72 32 37.22 33.8 34.52 33.44 40.82 32.9 32.54 32.18 37.22 31.82 40.28 38.66 49.1 39.92 42.8 41.36 41.54 39.92 50.72 49.1 51.08 49.1 49.28 48.02 56.3 48.02 46.22 45.5 52.34 46.58 45.32 44.78 43.7 42.62 53.06 52.16 48.92 47.48 39.56 38.48 41.36 39.02

Air F Emissivity Oper. Temp C 42.2 0.9 30.44 42.2 0.9 46.6 0.9 43.08 46.6 0.9 46 0.9 39.45 46 0.9 46.3 0.9 39.735 46.3 0.9 46.4 0.9 39.2 46.4 0.9 48.2 0.9 43.745 48.2 0.9 49 0.9 44.82 49 0.9 51.9 0.9 50.5 51.9 0.9 51.3 0.9 49.66 51.3 0.9 50.6 0.9 48.32 50.6 0.9 51.8 0.9 47.75 51.8 0.9 39 0.9 44.41 39 0.9 46.2 0.9 42.475 46.2 0.9

EXAMINING PLEASURE

EXAMINING PLEASURE:

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THE CASE AGAINST A STATIC SENSORY E THERMAL TOLERENCE CHANGES IN SEMI OUTDOOR ENVRIONMENT ADDING CLO. TO + COLD TOLERENCE SUBTRACTING CLO. TO + HEAT TOLERENCE

0.0 CLO

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HEDONICI

MENTAL EXPECTATION CREATES WIDER ACCEPTABLE THERMAL RANGE

PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATIVE THERMAL COMFORT

BEHAVIORIAL ADAPTATIVE THERMAL COMFORT

NEITH

2.0 CLO

ENVRIONMENT IN SEMI-OUTDOOR SPACES

HER COMFORT NOR PLEASURE IS STATIC

THERMAL ENERGY FOR WHOM? AND HOW MUCH?

ITY VS FELT WARMTH VS OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE

SEMI OUTDOOR TUNNEL THERMAL STRATEGIES PLAN VIEW

HEDONICITY

OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE

WHILE THE ACTUAL TEMPERATURE MAY STAGNATE A PERSON INCREASING IN METABOLIC RATE WILL INCREASE IN HEAT

TIME

METABOLIC RATE INCREASES, BUT COOLED DOWN EVENTUALLY

UNLIKE THE OTHER SENSES, DETECTION OF HEAT MEANS YOU ARE ALREADY GETTING WARMER

METABOLIC RATE INCREASES, MAKING WARMTH WARMER

FELT WARMTH

METABOLIC RATE INCREASES BUT THE ENVRIONMENT IS STILL COLD

WHILE INITIALLY PLEASUREABLE WALKING INTO WARMTH, OVER TIME DISPLEASURE OCCURS

TRAVELER

MERCHANT

NONE STATIC THERMAL VARYING THERMAL LEAST AMOUNT OF ENERGY RIDUCULLOUS AMOUNT OF ENERGY SOME ENERGY

Figure B. Diagramatic arguments against a steady comfort in a semi-outdoor environment.

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Figure C. Design Strategies. Human heat transfer figures from (Kang and Lutz-Carillo 1)

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Part 5: Works Cited Cabanac, Michel. The Fifth Influence: The Dialectics of Pleasure. IUniverse, 2010. de Dear, Richard J., and Gail Schiller Brager. Developing an Adaptive Model of Thermal Comfort and Preference. UC Berkeley: Center for the Built Environment,1998. p. 1-19. Retrieved from https:// escholarship.org/uc/item/4qq2p9c6 Heschong, Lisa. Thermal Delight in Architecture. M.I.T. Press, 2002.

Kang, Bhujon and Lutz-Carillo, Sky. Indirect/Passive Air-Flow Systems. University of Texas at Austin Texas Scholar Works. 2009. p. 1-15.

Nakano, Junta, et al. Thermal Comfort Conditions in Train Stations for Transit and Short-Term Occupancy. p.1- 9.

“The Triboro.” RPA, rpa.org/work/reports/the-triboro.

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Part 6: DESIGN PROPOSAL: TOWARDS AN ARCHITECTURE OF ALLIESTHESIA

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Figure D. What is needed on the proposed site.

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Figure E. Proposed floor planes. Horizontal and Vertical Connectors.

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Figure F. Summer and Winter’s target thermal sensations on proposed paths.

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Figure H. Site Plan

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Figure 14. Proposed waiting platform.

Figure 15. Proposed Mezzanine

Figure 16. Proposed Sky-Line.

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Figure 17. Proposed bus station.

Figure 18. Proposed Tunnels.

Figure 19. Proposed Overall new additions.

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Let’s talk about the skyline. On the bottom diagram above is a plan with a thermal gradient of the conditions I’m targeting for in the winter. I created a series of sections; they are the same

for summer and winter, except that there are operable components that change how it thermally functions. A is at the center of the gradient, it is also trying to be the opposite of the season. If you look at the long gradient bars, in the summer it uses active convection and it opens up a slot to draw air in. The southern side opens up and becomes a solar chimney. The solar radiation is trapped between

Figure I. Skyline Section Series

two glass panes. The temperature differential draws the air in from the North, where 56% of the wind during the summer time is above 2 miles per hour. In the winter time, this closes and becomes Barra-Constatini system, which traps and stores heat extremely quickly, which is why there is extra layer of operable shutters to control it. Below are radiators as you can see from the active radiation bar.

On the extreme end of the other side, there is zone of the season, this allows the space to get hot in the summer, and cold the winter, it wants to be that way, because it is supposed to be transient. Furthermore as you saw in the video, the ramp provides this type of design by section an opportunity of also visual alliesthesia and gives visual moments for different heights or for different body ableness.

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Lets’ take a look at the platform.

Here the key map is in longitudinal section because the sloped surface not only creates a nice pathway for wheelchair access and a stroll but

also enough space for a walk-in oasis.

One of the theories of adaptive thermal comfort is that people are more tolerant of temperatures when they perceive something they can control, but there is no mass democratization of thermostat here, there is a perceived thermal shelter. Here convection and conduction is used. The combination of the metal warm bench and warm air here quickly warms

Figure J. Platform Section Series

you up and allow you to get back to waiting outside. The opposite is true in the summer, it quickly cools you down. The platform edge is covered with a train glass doors, to prevent the incoming train’s air piston effect.

The skylight above some of the ramp spaces are informed by the positions at which the sun strikes the top the earliest as it rises in the east.

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The tunnel is different; you will notice that they operate similarly in summer and winter. Due to the thermal mass of the earth, the tunnel would be relatively warm in the winter, and

cool in the summer. The deeper you go in the summer, the cooler it will be, which is why, warm air convection is actually utilized here even in the summer. Look at section C, then look at section B and D. The dispersion of the warm air meets the cool temperature of A and E at sections B and D. This is where the merchant zone and sittings zones are. In the first portion, the skylights are at where the parking

Figure K. Tunnel Section Series

zones are on the street, the skylights are moved in the further parts of the tunnel. The tall portion would always remain relatively cold, which is why a moving walkway is deployed. Or you can increase your metabolic rate to combat it, your choice.

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Figure L. Below Street Grade Overall Plan

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Figure M. Street Level Overall Plan

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Figure N. Mezzanine Level Overall Plan

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Figure O. Skyline Level Overall Plan

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Figure P. Proposed Design Axon.

An Architecture of Alliesthesia.

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