Understanding the Census 2020

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4 What to know 8 Toksook Bay, Alaska 13 Then and now 14 What we look like today 16 Data from past counts 36 Sample 2020 form 44 Historic photos

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• April: Census takers will begin visiting college students who live on campus, people living in senior centers and others who live among large groups of people. Census takers also begin conducting quality check interviews to help ensure an accurate count.

• May-July: Census takers will begin visiting homes that haven’t responded to the 2020 census to help make sure everyone is counted.

• December: The Census Bureau will deliver apportionment counts to the president and Congress as required by law.

• March 31, 2021: By this date, the census Bureau will send redistricting counts to states.

This information is used to redraw legislative districts based on population changes.

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t’s a key part of being an American citizen, mandated by the U.S. Constitution: the decennial census.

This section shows what to expect from this year’s count, what the census will and will not ask, history, data from past surveys and more.

Key upcoming dates: • March 30-April 1: The Census Bureau will count people who are experiencing homelessness over these three days, in shelters, at soup kitchens and mobile food vans, on the streets and at non-sheltered, outdoor locations such as tent encampments.

• April 1: Census Day is observed nationwide. By this date, every home will receive an invitation to participate in the 2020 census.

Editor LISA GLOWINSKI Copy editor MICHAEL TOESET Art director TONY FERNANDEZ-DAVILA Cover photo: Freepik ©2020 GANNETT CO. INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

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WHATTO KNOW

HOW THE CENSUS WORKS AND WHY IT MATTERS

By Mary Huber USA TODAY Network

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t’s the dawn of a new decade, and in remote areas of Alaska, U.S. Census Bureau workers set off in January to begin counting residents as part of the once-every10-year census, trying to reach them before the frozen tundra thawed and the region no longer was accessible.

Thankfully, the process to be counted elsewhere will be much simpler.

This year, for the first time, residents will be able to respond to the 2020 census questionnaire online or by phone. Letters inviting people to fill out their forms

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began arriving in mailboxes as early as March 12.

The deadline to respond is July 31, and participation is mandated by federal law. So before trashing that envelope along with advertisements and mailers, here’s what to know about the decennial census and why it’s important.

It’s a major undertaking The federal government has been counting people every 10 years since 1790. In total, $6.3 billion has been budgeted for this year’s process.

The Census Bureau will hire half a million temporary workers nationwide to help with the count.

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CENSUS In its 230 years, the Census Bureau has come up with the most comprehensive mailing list of any federal agency. From August to October, field workers went into cities and rural areas to check for any new physical structures and homes to add to its database. This process is especially necessary in fast-growing places like Austin, Texas, where new apartment buildings are shooting up constantly, said Douglas Loveday, a media specialist in the Dallas Regional Census Office.

“We are constantly doing work and have people in the fields, every day, every week, every month between the decennial count,” he said.

It’s simple, especially this year

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Filling out the census questionnaire will be easier than ever this year, with online and phone options.

Starting in mid-March, people began receiving letters that include a unique number they will enter online. The letter also has a phone number that people can call to respond to the questions in one of 13 languages.

Loveday said those in hard-to-reach areas with spotty internet access will receive a paper questionnaire in their first mailing to ensure they have plenty of time to respond.

If you accidentally ditch the letter, don’t worry.

You’ll receive several reminders, including: • A second letter March 16-24.

• A postcard reminder between March 26 and April 3.

• A fourth letter around April 8, which will include a paper questionnaire.

• A final mailing around April 20, with an “It’s not too late to respond” postcard.

Did you know?

• “Response is important because statistics from the census are used in distributing hundreds of billions in funding for school lunches, hospitals, roads and much more. The invitations will remind respondents to include everyone living in the household, whether they are related or not. This includes young children. Your response will impact communities for the next decade.” — Census Bureau Director Dr. Steven Dillingham

• The 2020 census questionnaire is available online and by phone in English and 12 additional languages: Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, Russian, Arabic, Tagalog, Polish, French, Haitian Creole, Portuguese, and Japanese. These 13 languages cover the language needs of over 99% of all U.S. households.

• The Census Bureau will also provide video language guides, print language guides and

language glossaries in 59 non-English languages, including American Sign Language, Braille and large print.

• The U.S. Constitution mandates a census of the population every 10 years.

• Census statistics help determine the number of seats each state holds in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Source: 2020census.gov

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CENSUS Starting May 13, anyone who has not responded can expect a knock on the door from a census “enumerator,” who will attempt to count them in person. This will continue into the summer to ensure everyone is counted by July 31.

The form includes only a handful of questions, including the name, race, sex and date of birth of everyone living in the household as of April 1, 2020.

The census questionnaire will not include a citizenship question, after the U.S. Supreme Court blocked the Trump administration’s attempt to add it to the form.

It’s safe Even though a citizenship question won’t be included, hype around the issue has caused many unauthorized immigrants to be concerned about their safety participating.

The bureau has assured residents that personal data collected cannot be shared with other agencies, such as Immigration and Customs Enforcement or the Homeland Security Department, and, before it is published, it is stripped of all personal identifiable information. Census records are kept private for 72 years, after which the National Archives releases them to the public to be used for genealogy.

All census workers must take a lifetime oath to protect personal information. Violations are punishable by up to five years in jail and a $250,000 fine.

The bureau has gone to extensive lengths over the past decade to ensure its new online system is safe, putting in safeguards against cyberthreats.

It has serious implications Aside from being the best resource for U.S. population and demographic data, the census also helps determine how as much as $675 billion in federal money is allocated each year to states for such things as education, health care, housing vouchers and transportation infrastructure, so the bureau says participation is critical.

“It’s going to impact all of us down to the local community level,” Loveday said. “We have to live with this data for 10 years.”

The data help determine where businesses set up offices, and it is used for redistricting to determine political representation. For instance, Texas this year is expected to see unprecedented growth that could result in it getting three new congressional seats.

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Avoid scams

How to verify Census Bureau communication • The Census Bureau will never ask for your full Social Security number, bank account number or passwords.

• If you receive a survey or a letter in the mail from the Census Bureau, the envelope contains information that will help you verify its legitimacy. For example: “U.S. Census Bureau” will be in the return address or “U.S. Department of Commerce,” which is the Census Bureau’s parent agency. Jeffersonville, IN, in the return address — the Census Bureau has a mail processing center there.

The enclosed envelope to mail back a completed paper questionnaire would be addressed to Jeffersonville, IN, or Phoenix, AZ. • You may also receive a reminder letter from one of our regional offices or Census Bureau headquarters in the Washington, D.C., area.

• If you are visited by someone from the Census Bureau, they may be working on the 2020 census or one of our other surveys.

The Census Bureau conducts over 100 surveys throughout the country in addition to the decennial census. Here are some ways you can verify an individual is a Census Bureau employee: — The census taker or field representative will present an ID badge that includes their name, their photograph, a Department of Commerce watermark and an expiration date.

— They will have an official bag and Census Bureauissued electronic device, such as a laptop or smartphone, bearing the Census Bureau logo.

— Census takers and field representatives will conduct their work between the hours of 9 a.m. and 9 p.m. local time.

— Census representatives will be at local organizations and community events with computer tablets to help individuals respond online to the 2020 census.

• The Census Bureau conducts over 100 surveys other than the 2020 census. If your address was selected to participate in one of these surveys, we may call you to participate. Some surveys are done exclusively by phone. We might also call you if we do not find you at home or when a personal visit is not convenient. Any phone call you receive will be brief, and all responses are kept confidential. The 2020 census caller will not ask about your financial information or Social Security number. They will only be reviewing the responses to the 2020 census that you previously provided. Most Census Bureau calls asking you to participate in a survey other than the 2020 census originate from one of the following numbers: — (812) 218-3144, Jeffersonville Contact Center — (520) 798-4152, Tucson Contact Center If you receive a call and wish to independently verify that a number is from the Census Bureau, you can call one of the following numbers: — 1-800-523-3205, Jeffersonville, IN — 1-800-642-0469, Tucson, AZ — 1-800-923-8282, Customer Service Center

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[PHOTOS: MATT HAGE/AP IMAGES FOR U.S. CENSUS BUREAU]

Toksook Bay, Alaska December 2019

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UNDERWAY IN

ALASKA The ďŹ rst enumeration for the 2020 census took place Jan. 10 in Toksook Bay, Alaska, in the southwest corner of the state and home to an estimated 661 people as of July 1, 2017.

Census takers may need to use a bush plane, dogsled or snowmobile to access the estimated 130 homes in these areas.

Census.gov

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A resident on a snow machine passes the Nelson Island School.

Enumerator trainer walking in the snow.

Residences in Toksook Bay.

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CENSUS A local enumerator in Toksook Bay.

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Director of the U.S. Census Bureau Dr. Steven Dillingham is greeted in the Yup’ik village of Toksook Bay in January.

A local enumerator and a field supervisor on snowmobile.

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THEN & NOW 1790s fast facts • President George Washington delivers the first State of the Union Address, on Jan. 8, 1790.

• Benjamin Franklin dies April 17, 1790, in Philadelphia.

• Washington, D.C., is established as the capital of the United States, in 1791.

• The U.S. Post Office Department is established Feb. 20, 1792.

• In October 1794, federal troops put an end to the “Whiskey Rebellion,” after distillers in the Appalachian region of the 10 largest urban places United States resisted paying a tax on distilled spirits.

Rank Place Population • Eli Whitney is granted a 1 New York City, NY 33,131 patent for the cotton gin, 2 Philadelphia, PA 28,522 which cleans seed from 3 Boston town, MA 18,320 cotton, on March 14, 1794.

4 Charleston, SC 16,359 • The USS Constitution (“Old 5 Baltimore town, MD 13,503 Ironsides”) launches as part 6 Northern Liberties of the U.S. Navy in 1797 and township, PA 9,913 sails to the Mediterranean 7 Salem town, MA 7,921 Sea to protect American mer8 Newport town, RI 6,716 chant vessels from Barbary 9 Providence town, RI 6,380 pirates.

10 Marblehead town, MA • Construction begins on Fort 10 (tie) Southwark district, PA 5,661 McHenry in 1798. Sixteen years later, Francis Scott Key pens “The Star Spangled Banner” during its bombardment by British forces.

• George Washington dies at Mount Vernon, Virginia, on Dec. 14, 1799.

The 1790 census • U.S. resident population: 3,929,214 • Population per square mile of land area: 4.5 • Percent increase of population: n/a • Official enumeration date: Aug. 2 • Number of states: 13 • Cost: $44,000 • Cost per capita (cents): 1.1 • Total pages in published reports: 56 • Number of enumerators: 650 (est.)

• Census Bureau director: Thomas Jefferson • Number of questions asked: 6

2010s fast facts

• The Affordable Care Act (also known as Obamacare) goes into effect on Jan. 1, 2014, marking the largest expansion of the social welfare state in decades and providing health care to more than 7 million Americans.

• Businessman Donald J. Trump is elected as the United States’ 45th president on Nov. 8, 2016, defeating Democratic challenger Hillary Rodham Clinton.

• On Nov. 2, 2016, the Chicago Cubs win their first World Series since 1908, defeating the Cleveland Indians four games to three.

• June 2018 meetings President Trump and North Korean Leader Kim Jong-un are the first talks between the two nations’ leaders.

• On Jan. 12, 2010, a 7.0-magnitude earthquake devastates Haiti, killing more than 230,000 and destroying the nation’s infrastructure.

• On Jan. 27, 2010, Apple unveils the iPad tablet computer.

• In February 2010, a series of winter storms labeled “Snowmageddon” by President Obama blankets the east coast of the United States with up to 40 inches of snow in less than a week.

• British Petroleum’s “Deepwater Horizon” offshore oil platform explodes on April 20, 2010, killing 11 workers. The ensuing oil leak would not be capped until July 15.

• Time Magazine announces Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg is its 2010 Person The 2010 census of the Year.

• On May 2, 2011, U.S. Navy Seals raid a • U.S. resident population: 308,745,538 residence in Abbottabad, Pakistan, killing • Population per square mile of land area: the United States’ most wanted terrorist — 87.4 Osama Bin Laden.

• Percent increase of population from 2000 • The launch of Space Shuttle Endeavour to 2010: 9.7 on May 16, 2011, marks its last mission to • Official enumeration date: April 1 space and the second to last shuttle mis• Number of states: 50 sion before the end of the space shuttle • Cost: $12.9 billion program.

• Cost per capita (cents): 4,778 • After 25 seasons and more than 5,000 • Total pages in published reports: episodes, “The Oprah N/A Winfrey Show” airs its • Number of enulast original episode merators: 635,000 10 largest urban places on May 25, 2011. (est.)

Rank Place Population • October 2012’s Hur• Census Bureau 1 New York City, NY 8,175,133 ricane Sandy strikes director: Robert M. 2 Los Angeles, CA 3,792,621 the East Coast of the Groves 3 Chicago, IL 2,695,598 United States, causing • Number of questions 4 Houston, TX 2,099,451 more than $65 billion on the questionnaire: 5 Philadelphia, PA 1,526,006 in damage on the 10 6 Phoenix, AZ 1,445,632 New Jersey coast and 7 San Antonio, TX 1,327,407 New York boroughs of Source: Census.gov 8 San Diego, CA 1,307,402 Manhattan and Staten 9 Dallas, TX 1,197,816 Island.

10 San Jose, CA 945,942

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U.S. population estimates, as of July 1, 2019:

PEOPLE ◗ Population • Population estimates, July 1, 2019: 328,239,523 • Population estimates, July 1, 2018: 327,167,434 • Population estimates base, April 1, 2010: 308,758,105 • Population, percent change - April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019: 6.3%

◗ Age and sex • People under 5 years: 6.1% • People under 18 years: 22.4% • People 65 years and over: 16.0% • Females: 50.8%

◗ Race and Hispanic origin • White alone: 76.5% • Black or African-American alone (a): 13.4% • American Indian and Alaska Native alone (a): 1.3% • Asian alone (a): 5.9% • Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander alone (a): 0.2% • Two or more races: 2.7% • Hispanic or Latino (b): 18.3% • White alone, not Hispanic or Latino: 60.4%

PHOTOS: FREEPIK.COM

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• Veterans, 2014-2018: 18,611,432 • Foreign born people, 2014-2018: 13.5%

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◗ Housing

2014-2018: 31.5%

• Housing units, July 1, 2018: 138,537,078 • Owner-occupied housing unit rate, 2014-2018: 63.8% • Median value of owner-occupied housing units, 20142018: $204,900 • Median selected monthly owner costs with a mortgage, 2014-2018: $1,558 • Median selected monthly owner costs without a mortgage, 2014-2018: $490 • Median gross rent, 2014-2018: $1,023 • Building permits, 2018: 1,328,827

◗ Health

◗ Families and living arrangements

• Households, 2014-2018: 119,730,128 • People per household, 2014-2018: 2.63 • Living in same house 1 year ago, percent of people age 1+, 2014-2018: 85.5% • Language other than English spoken at home, percent of people age 5+, 2014-2018: 21.5%

◗ Computer and internet use

• Households with a computer, 2014-2018: 88.8% • Households with a broadband internet subscription, 2014-2018: 80.4%

• With a disability, under age 65, 2014-2018: 8.6% • People without health insurance, under age 65: 10%

◗ Economy • In civilian labor force, total, of population age 16+, 2014-2018: 62.9% • In civilian labor force, female, of population age 16+, 2014-2018: 58.2% • Total accommodation and food services sales, 2012 ($1,000) (c): 708,138,598 • Total health care and social assistance receipts/revenue, 2012 ($1,000) (c): 2,040,441,203 • Total manufacturers shipments, 2012 ($1,000) (c): 5,696,729,632 • Total merchant wholesaler sales, 2012 ($1,000) (c): 5,208,023,478 • Total retail sales, 2012 ($1,000) (c): 4,219,821,871 • Total retail sales per capita, 2012 (c): $13,443

dollars), 2014-2018: $32,621 • People in poverty: 11.8%

BUSINESSES • Total employer establishments, 2017: 7,860,674 • Total employment, 2017: 128,591,812 • Total annual payroll, 2017 ($1,000): 6,725,346,754 • Total employment, percent change, 2016-2017: 1.5% • Total nonemployer establishments, 2017: 25,701,671 • All firms, 2012: 27,626,360 • Men-owned firms, 2012: 14,844,597 • Women-owned firms, 2012: 9,878,397 • Minority-owned firms, 2012: 7,952,386 • Nonminority-owned firms, 2012: 18,987,918 • Veteran-owned firms, 2012: 2,521,682 • Nonveteran-owned firms, 2012: 24,070,685

GEOGRAPHY • Population per square mile, 2010: 87.4 • Land area in square miles, 2010: 3,531,905.43

◗ Transportation

NOTES

• Mean travel time to work (minutes), workers age 16+, 2014-2018: 26.6

(a) Includes people reporting only one race. (b) Hispanics may be of any race, so also are included in applicable race categories. (c) Economic Census - Puerto Rico data are not comparable to U.S. Economic Census data.

◗ Education

◗ Income and poverty

• High school graduate or higher, people age 25+, 2014-2018: 87.7% • Bachelor’s degree or higher, people age 25+,

• Median household income (in 2018 dollars), 20142018: $60,293 • Per capita income in past 12 months (in 2018

QuickFacts data are derived from: Population Estimates, American Community Survey, Census of Population and Housing, Current Population Survey, Small Area Health Insurance Estimates, Small Area Inc Estimates, State and County Housing Unit Estimates, County Business Patterns, Nonemployer Statistics, Economic Census, Survey of Business Owners, Building Permits

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Sources: Vintage 2018 Population Estimates www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest.html

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Sources: Vintage 2018 Population Estimates www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest.html

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Sources: Demographic Aspects of Surnames from Census 2000 and Frequently Occurring Surnames in the 2010 Census

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Sources: 1940, 1950, 1960 Census of Population; 1947, 1952-1959, 1961-2002 March Current Population Survey, 2003-2017 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey. www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps

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Sources: Vintage 2018 Population Estimates www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest.html

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CENSUS Population Distribution In 2017, there were 27.2 million people living in micros in the United States, accounting for approximately 8.4 percent of the total population. This was a slightly lower share than in 2000, when the micro population was approximately 9.2 percent of the country. During that same period, the population living in a metro grew from 84.3 percent to 86.1 percent of the total U.S. population, while the population living outside of a metro or a micro fell from 6.5 percent to 5.6 percent.

Population of the United States by Core Based Statistical Area Status: 2000 and 2017 6.5%

8.4%

9.2% Metro

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Micro Outside CBSA

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Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000–2010 Intercensal Population Estimates and Vintage 2017 Population Estimates; Office of Management and Budget September 2018 delineations.

The proportion of a state’s population living in a micro varies considerably throughout the United States. In 2017, the state with the highest share of its population living in a micro was Wyoming, with 44.2 percent. Excluding those states without micros, the state with the lowest percentage of its population living in a micro was Massachusetts, with 0.25 percent.

Percentage of Population Living in a Micropolitan Statistical Area by State: 2017 100 miles

Percent change 35.0–44.2 25.0–34.9 15.0–24.9 5.0–14.9 Less than 5.0 No Micros

100 miles 100 miles

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Vintage 2017 Population Estimates; Office of Management and Budget September 2018 delineations.

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CENSUS Age and Sex The population living in micros in 2017 skewed older than that of the United States as a whole, with higher proportions of the micro population falling in age groups of 55 and over. The United States had higher proportions of its population in the cohorts between ages 25 and 49.

Percentage of Total Population of Micropolitan Statistical Areas and United States by Age and Sex: 2017 Male

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3

Female

85+ 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 2

0 0 Percent

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Micros United States

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2

3

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Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Vintage 2017 Population Estimates; Office of Management and Budget September 2018 delineations.

Race and Ethnicity In 2017, the non-Hispanic White alone population accounted for 77.1 percent of the total micro population, while making up 60.7 percent of the total U.S. population. Meanwhile, the Black alone, Asian alone, and Hispanic populations accounted for higher proportions of the U.S. population than those of micros.

Percentage of Micropolitan Statistical Area and U.S. Population by Race and Hispanic Origin: 2017 Race (non-Hispanic) White alone

Black or African-American alone American Indian and Alaska Native alone

Micros United States

Asian alone Native Hawaiian and Other PaciďŹ c Islander alone Two or More Races

Hispanic Origin

Hispanic or Latino (of any race)

0

10

20

30

40 50 Percent

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Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Vintage 2017 Population Estimates; Office of Management and Budget September 2018 delineations.

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Population Change The overall growth rates of micros varied across states between 2000 and 2017. Some states experienced population growth at the state level, but loss in their micro populations (e.g., Iowa, Kansas, Pennsylvania, and Virginia). In other states, there was growth in micro populations, but below overall state growth (e.g., Florida, Nevada, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, and Texas). There were seven states with a micro population growth rate higher than that of the state overall: Hawaii, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. Utah had the highest micro population growth rate at 43.6 percent.

Percentage Population Change by State and Micropolitan Statistical Area: 2000–2017 100 miles

2000–2017 percent change 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10

State Micros

100 miles

100 miles

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000-2010 Intercensal Population Estimates and Vintage 2017 Population Estimates; Office of Management and Budget 2018 delineations.

No Micros

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Sources: Vintage 2010 and 2019 Population Estimates www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest.html

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Sources: 1950 and 1960 Decennial Censuses and the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement

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SAMPLE FORM Here is a look at the 2020 census form in English. It will not ask you for:

• Your Social Security number.

• Money or donations.

• Anything on behalf of a political party.

• Your bank or credit card account numbers.

Additionally, there is no citizenship question on the 2020 census.

If someone claiming to be from the Census Bureau contacts you via email or phone and asks you for one of these things, it’s a scam, and you should not cooperate.

What happens to Your answers?

Your personal information is kept confidential. The Census Bureau is bound by federal law to protect your information, and your data is used only for statistical purposes.

Your responses are compiled with information from other homes to produce statistics, which never identify your home or any person in your home.

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PHOTOS: LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

A hand punching machine used for the census, photo taken between 1909 and 1940.

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A cnsus sorting machine, photo taken between 1909 and 1940.

HISTORIC PHOTOS

Census Bureau tabulating machine, 1919.

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A Census Bureau poster, 1940.

A wood engraving sketch from Harper’s Weekly, 1870, of a census taker talking to a group of men, women and children.

A Census Bureau machine and operator, circa 1908.

Census records are moved to a temporary wooden war building June 24, 1922, in Washington, D.C.

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Census Bureau, Department of Commerce tabulating machine, 1917.

Officials of the U.S. Census Bureau give out the figures of the first cities to make official returns, Cincinnati and the District of Columbia. From left to right, Assistant Director William M. Steuart, Director Samuel L. Rogers, Chief Clerk T.J. Fitzgerald and Chief Statistician William C. Hunt.

Newspaper men at the right. Feb. 23, 1920.

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A census store room, taken between 1909 and 1940.

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CENSUS Taking census in 1920.

Cartoon showing a man taking census from an old woman, who thinks he wants to take her senses, 1890.

Woman taking census of another woman at a house, possibly in Washington, D.C., 1920.

Bureau of the Census in Suitland, Maryland, 1965.

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FS-0001325096-01

Chairman of the State Complete Count Committee

e n o y r e v E Counts! www.2020CENSUS.gov