Tidbits Grand Forks - November 6, 2014 by Tidbits of Grand Forks - East Grand Forks

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TIDBITS EXAMINES

FINGERPRINTS On November 2, 1904, the use of fingerprints began in Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary in Kansas, and the St. Louis Police Department. They were assisted by a Sergeant from Scotland Yard who had been on duty at the St. Louis World's Fair Exposition guarding the British display. Shortly afterwards, the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) created America's first national fingerprint repository, called the National Bureau of Criminal Identification. Come along with Tidbits as we examine fingerprints! FINGERPRINT FACTS • In some cultures criminals were identified by amputating an ear or finger, or by blinding an eye or cutting the tongue. Egyptians extracted teeth of criminals for ID purposes, and in medieval Europe they were branded like cattle— a practice that continued in China until 1905. Today we identify criminals through fingerprints. FINGERPRINT FILE • Fingerprints form about 4 months before birth. We have fingerprints (as well as hand and foot prints) in order to increase traction. The ridges increase friction against surfaces. Foot and hand prints are just as unique as fingerprints. Turn the page for more!

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Quiz Bits

4. Which lasts longer on a surface:

fingerprints left by an adult, or a child?

1. T or F: Identical twins have identical fingerprints. 2. The fingerprints of what Australian mammal are virtually indistinguishable from a human’s fingerprints? 3. The prints of what part of a dog are as unique as fingerprints and have been used for identification purposes?

5. T or F: Tongue prints are as unique as fingerprints. 6. Which famous white-haired author was the first to utilize fingerprint evidence to solve a fictional crime? 7. Which FBI director was responsible for starting the first national fingerprint registry in U.S. in the 1920s?

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FINGERPRINT FILE (continued): • There may be 300 ridges on the skin between fingertips and wrist. There are millions of sweat pores between the ridges, which exude a nearly invisible mixture that's 99% water and 1% fatty acid. Everything you touch is covered with this residue. The water will evaporate, but the fat remains. Fingerprints are still intact and readable on ancient mummies. • In ancient China, emperors used thumbprints to sign state papers. Artists used fingerprints on pictures instead of signatures. But the fact that every human being carries a signature on their fingertips wasn't put to use in police work until William Herschel became interested in 1860. At that time, he was working for the British government in India. He handled the payment of pensions to retired people. But frequently one person would collect his money, and then later someone using the same name would show up to collect it again. Herschel couldn't keep track of the many people he dealt with— so he started having everyone sign for their money with a thumbprint. The fraud stopped immediately, but it was decades before fingerprints came into play where crime solving was concerned. • In 1892 a detective was called to a scene where two young children had been murdered. The mother accused an old man who lived nearby. He proclaimed his innocence. The policeman found a bloody handprint on the door. He called the old man to the scene, and had him place an inked handprint on a piece of paper. The prints didn't match. Next he had the mother of the children do the same— and the prints matched. She had murdered her own kids because the man she loved wouldn't marry her as long as she had children. This is the first recorded instance of fingerprints being used to solve a crime.

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VETERANS DAY

O HONORING ALL WHO SERVED O FINGERPRINT FILE (continued) • Scotland Yard began using fingerprint evidence in 1901. Since then, fingerprint evidence has solved innumerable crimes. • For many decades, each police department kept its own collection of fingerprints on file. Any police department with a suspicious person in custody sent copies of fingerprints to each police department individually, and each police department searched through their files manually. It was a time-consuming and inefficient process. Congress established the FBI’s Identification Division in 1924 to be the central repository for all fingerprint records. Now known as the Criminal Justice Information Services Division, the bureau employs around 3,000 people and is the largest branch of the FBI. Currently the FBI has over 234 million fingerprints on file representing over 81 million people. Of the millions of sets of fingerprints in FBI files, none have ever been found to match.

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• In 1999, the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) went into operation. IAFIS stores over 51 million digital prints and compares them within minutes, pulling up a list of potential matches along with their criminal histories. State and local law enforcement agencies transmit fingerprint information to the system electronically, and get identification within a few hours. FINDING FINGERPRINTS • There are several methods of finding fingerprints. One of the most common methods is called iodine fuming. In the late 1800s it was found that iodine fumes, when they come into contact with body fats and oils, will react with them in a way that makes them visible. To accomplish this, iodine crystals are put into a beaker and heated, which produces a purple gas.

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FINDING FINGERPRINTS (continued): • When an object thought to have fingerprints on it is held over iodine vapor, the vapor crystalizes where it comes into contact with fats and oils, defining the lines of the print. The print is then photographed, and specialized filters on the camera will make the print even more visible. Iodine fuming is good at lifting prints from rubber gloves.

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• Another method used silver nitrate and ninhydrin as dusting powders. Ninhydrin reacts to the amino acids in human sweat, causing them to become visible. Silver nitrate combines with trace amounts of body salts to form sodium chloride. The print can then be lifted with a sticky tape, and then photographed. Ninhydrin and silver nitrate, used together, can reveal prints left on porous surfaces such as paper or wood.

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MOMENTS IN TIME • On Nov. 15, 1864, Union General William Tecumseh Sherman begins his famous March to the Sea by torching the industrial section of Atlanta. For the next six weeks, Sherman's army cut a 60-mile-wide swath of destruction through Georgia before capturing the seaport of Savannah. • On Nov. 12, 1892, William "Pudge" Heffelfinger becomes the first professional football player when Pittsburgh's Allegheny Athletic Association pays him $500 to play as a ringer in a game against the rival Pittsburgh Athletic Club. Before then, players had traded their services on the field for expense money or trinkets, not cash. • On Nov. 11, 1918, at 11 o'clock of the 11th day of the 11th month, the First World War comes to an end. The Great War claimed the lives of 9 million soldiers; 21 million more were wounded. Civilian casualties caused indirectly by the war numbered close to 10 million.

The History Channel

alphabet and counting, makes its broadcast debut. Over the years, critics have blamed the show and its use of brief segments for shrinking children's attention spans. • On Nov. 13, 1974, Karen Silkwood is killed in a car accident in Oklahoma on her way to a meet with a reporter. She reportedly carried documents proving that Kerr-McGee Corp. was negligent when it came to worker safety at its plutonium plant. The theory was that someone forced her off the road to prevent the meeting. • On Nov. 14, 1986, Wall Street arbitrageur Ivan Boesky pleads guilty to insider trading and agrees to pay a $100 million fine. "Boesky Day," as the SEC would later call it, was crucial in exposing a nationwide scandal at the heart of the '80s Wall Street boom.

• On Nov. 16, 1999, construction begins on a giant bonfire at Texas A&M University, the continuation of a 90-year tradition. Two days • On Nov. 10, 1969, "Sesame later, the 59-foot-high pile of more Street," a TV show that would teach than 7,000 logs collapsed, killing 12 generations of young children the students and injuring another 27. © 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.

• A third method involves the use of superglue. In the early 1980s a British policeman was using superglue to repair a cracked film-processing tank in a darkroom, He noticed that the glue fumes enhanced the fingerprints that were on the side of the tank. This was brought to the attention of forensic scientists, and in 1982 the superglue fuming method of lifting fingerprints was first used. Similar to the iodine fuming method, the superglue is heated in a glass beaker and the object placed in the rising vapors. The gas condenses and sticks to the body oils and makes the pattern visible. Dyes are then used to make the pattern stand out even more. Superglue fuming reveals prints left on tin foil, rubberbands, Styrofoam, and various plastic products. • Today, digital scanners capture an image of the fingerprint. To create a digital fingerprint, a person places a finger on an optical reader. The reader converts the information into digital data. The computer then searches for similar patterns in the database.

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BUSY. BUSY. BUSY. BUSY. BUSY. Sharon Opdahl, Agent Sharon 2534 17thOpdahl Avenue South Grand Forks, ND 58201 Agent Bus: 701-746-0495 sharonopdahl.com

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tidbitsgf.com

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September 11, 2014

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BUSY. BUSY. BUSY. BUSY. BUSY. Sharon Opdahl, Agent Sharon 2534 17thOpdahl Avenue South Grand Forks, ND 58201 Agent Bus: 701-746-0495 sharonopdahl.com

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On September 11, 1952, the first artificial aortic valve was installed in a patient in Washington, D.C. Come along with Tidbits as we take a look at the human heart!

HEART ATTACK FACTS • 37% of all deaths in the United States are related to heart disease, making it the largest single cause of natural death. Heart disease kills twice as many people as all forms of cancer combined. The major causes are smoking, fatty diet, high blood pressure, obesity, stress, heredity, lack of exercise, and diabetes. It is an illness produced of man's environment. Before 1900, heart attacks were very rare. The rate of heart disease increased so sharply between 1940 and 1967 that the World Health Organization called it the world’s most serious epidemic. • Every single cell in the heart is guided by an electrical impulse which synchronizes the heartbeat so all muscle cells contract in unison to pump the blood. During a heart attack, the cells begin firing out of turn so the efficiency of the heart is lost and the blood does not get pumped. When doctors shock the heart, the shock overrides each cell’s individual firing mechanism and once again synchronizes every cell, hopefully getting them all to work together again. WANT TO RUN YOUR OWN BUSINESS? Publish a

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• Brian E. Dalrymple was born in Toronto in 1947. He got his baccalaureate in 1970 from Ontario College of Art. In 1972 Dalrymple joined the Forensic Identification Services of the Ontario Provincial Police as a forensic analyst, beginning a 28-year career with the agency. • In 1977 he began collaborating with a couple guys at the Xerox Research Centre named Duff and Menzel, experimenting with lasers. It bothered them that every time they turned the lasers on, the laser beam would illuminate every single fingerprint in the area, fouling up their experiments. Finally someone suggested that maybe this discovery could be useful in crime detection. • Fine-tuning their discovery, the team found that shining an argon ion laser on latent fingerprints would cause them to fluorescence, making them highly visible. The laser light bounces off the human fat and perspiration in the fingerprint which glow fluorescent yellow. The laser beam was a non-destructive method that also allowed the more traditional methods of fingerprint identification to proceed normally. • Additionally, they found that the goggles that all laser operators are required to wear while working with a laser beam effectively blocked certain wavelengths of light, which made the fingerprint stand out even more. Further research by Dalrymple showed that if a fingerprint were stained with particular chemicals, it would cause an even greater degree of fluorescence when the laser light was beamed upon it. Together, these developments proved to be so effective that fingerprints that were otherwise invisible using standard methods could now easily be revealed using these techniques.

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• The very first fingerprint identified and utilized in a criminal case using this technology was located on the sticky side of a piece of black electrical tape in a drug case. This was the beginning of a revolution in the forensic identification field. • Today, portable lasers are sometimes taken to crime scenes to help with fingerprint evidence. This technology is now in global use and has provided crucial evidence in hundreds of major investigations. • As a result of his efforts, the Ontario Provincial Police became the first police agency in the world to be operational in this technology. After another decade of research, Dalrymple perfected the art of applying computer enhancement technology to sharpen images, once again placing the Ontario Provincial Police as Canadian leaders in forensic science. • In 1991, as Associate Section Head, he introduced the first Computer Evidence System to Canada, and became the first Canadian to offer expert advice in this technology. He was promoted to Manager of Forensic Identification Services in 1992. • He perfected methods on examining murder victims for fingerprints left on their skin. • Brian Dalrymple retired from the Ontario Provincial Police in 1999 and now runs a private firm dedicated to consultation and training in identification services. He specializes not only in fingerprints, but also in shoe prints, foot prints, and forensic photography, helping solve homicides, drug crimes, fraud, and deter organized crime. • Brian Dalrymple is the author of numerous publications and the recipient of several prestigious awards. Without his work, many a criminal would still be roaming the streets.

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• In Miami in 1990, police arrested a suspect who was thought to be a drug dealer. Upon fingerprinting him, they found his fingerprints running in all sorts of crazy zig zag patterns. It was like nothing they had ever seen before. Tommy Moorefield, an FBI expert on fingerprints, examined the fingerprints and concluded that the man had sliced the skin on his fingertips into tiny pieces and then transplanted those pieces onto other fingers. After the fingertips healed, his new fingerprints ran in all directions. Moorefield took photographs of the fingerprints and cut them into small pieces, then began fitting them together like a jigsaw puzzle. Before long he was able to match the reassembled fingerprints to a fugitive connected to another drug case. The suspect was convicted.

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Depression. The new name was derived from the size of the soda bottle (7 ounces) and "bottoms up," which is presumably what many people did during the difficult years of the • Board games date back at Depression. least 5,000 years, when people • A man in Orange County, Calwere playing on a board that ifornia, stole a diamond worth looks like an ancestor to back- $25,000 and, despite being argammon. rested for the crime, was able to • The next time you're over- smuggle it into prison with him whelmed with emotion and by swallowing it. He then manfind yourself passionately kiss- aged to hide the gem in a showing your partner, you probably er drain in hopes of retrieving won't remember that one word and swallowing it again beto describe what you're doing fore his release. All that effort was in vain, however; prison is "deosculation." guards found the diamond and • It was in 1958 that the first returned it to the jewelry shop. stereo phonograph record went • If you're using an average on sale. brand-new pencil, you'll be able • The soft drink 7-UP was orig- to draw a line about 35 miles inally called Bib-Label Lithi- long before running out of lead ated Lemon-Lime Soda -- and (though you'll have to stop for it contained lithium, which is sharpening breaks, of course). now prescribed to treat manic * * depression. That ingredient * Thought for the Day: (which continued to be part of the formula until the 1940s) "Try to learn something about probably helped spur the everything and everything drink's success, since 7-UP was about something." -- Thomas introduced just before the Great Henry Huxley

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• It was Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdos who made the following sage observation: "Problems worthy of attack prove their worth by fighting back."

Answer

by Samantha Weaver

King CROSSWORD

• In 1941 a Texas cop stopped to question a hitchhiker. When asked to show his ID, he said he had lost it. The officer noticed his fingertips looked odd. The officer took him in for questioning. After being fingerprinted, the police were fascinated to find he had no fingerprints whatsoever. The man said he was born like that. Police had their doubts and detained him while they consulted the FBI. The FBI instructed police to search the man's body for scars. On each side of his ribcage there were five oval scars. When he held his arms folded across his chest, his fingers fit perfectly over the scars. A crooked doctor had removed the skin from his fingertips, then cut out small patches of skin from his chest. His arms were folded across his chest and his fingertips taped over the wounded skin. When new skin grew from his sides, it adhered to his fingertips in a natural skin graft. Alerted, police sent photos of the man across the nation. He was identified as a specialist in safe blowing, wanted for three jobs.

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• Inblade 1975into Larry walked intoHe a bank in theCollins shape of a plow. affixed New a sawed-off shot gun. After two Jersey woodenwith spokes, then hitched the device swiping overIt$3,000 on his way soil out to a horse. plowedhethewas heavy Illinois oflike thea bank when the agun wentwho offhappened accidencharm. In fact, farmer to bestriking observing run immediately tally, himthe in test the hand. He yanked put off in glove an order his own Deere plow. his to for inspect the John damage and threw it floor before running out.his When police • on Inthe short order, Deere gave up blacksmith inspected the discarded glove, they found the shop and focused on making plows. The tip of his finger got a fingerprint company grew inside. steadilyThey and added many emfrom it and the robber in custody. ployees. Inshortly the latehad 1840s, John relocated the operation to Moline, Illinois.MN, Ashamed • Inentire 1994 in Mendota Heights, John of his own lack of education, John sent his Wuchko robbed a store. He was careful not children to the state’s finest schools. One of to leave fingerprints at the scene, because he his proudest days occurred when son Charles wore surgical rubber gloves. However, as he earned the equivalent of an MBA from Bell’s fled the scene,College he stripped off the gloves and Commercial in Chicago. discarded them. Police recovered one, turned • itWith hisout, sonand Charles company, inside liftedmanaging a perfectthe print.

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1. 2. 3. 4.

Quiz Answers False Koala Nose prints Adults (more oil in their skin)

5. True 6. Mark Twain 7. J. Edgar Hoover

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John found time to pursue philanthropic in-

• Interests. Egypt, burglar broke intoFirst a woman's Heaco-founded both the Nationhouse. When sheFirst awoke to see a man bendal Bank and the Congregational Church. ing shethe began to scream. Heinput his Heover was her, elected mayor of Moline 1873, hand over her mouth, but his hand slipped where one of his first actions – the replaceand a finger mouth. lady ment of thewent city’sinside open her drains withThe a sewer pipe systemtaking – savedthe countless lives by reducbit down— tip of the finger coming theoff. spread disease. pletely Theof burglar fled. She took the fingertip to the police, who the print in to • The original John Deerematched logo, registered a 1876, known burglar.a They shortly in custody depicted deer that was had native to Afria ca. man who wasyears missing theinend of his finger. Thirty-six later, 1912, it was reHe argued thatthe losing theoftipa of his finger was placed with image North American white-tailedenough deer. In punishment andthe he decades shouldn'tthat havefolto lowed, the now-familiar “outline” logo took go to jail, but he did anyway. over as the symbol of the John Deere brand.

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Sports Answers 1. 1988 2. Roger Clemens (1997 & 1998), & Pedro Martinez (1999) 3. Costa Rica, in 1990

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FINGERPRINT FOIBLES (continued): • In Binghamton, NY, police had to wait awhile DEERE. DEERE. (continued): before theyJOHN were able to fingerprint suspect • Lane It was while living in Illinois that John noFontes. Fontes was arrested after leavticed problems farmers when ing thethe scene of an that accident and,faced while sitattempting to till Because had ting in the back of soil. the police car,the hearea chewed formerly woodland, the soilThis wasmade rich the skin offbeen the tips of his fingers. with hummus, clumped and in clung to police suspiciouswhich and they held him custothe blades of the plows farmers were accusdy for two weeks while the fingerprints grew tomedSure to using. While repairing a broken back. enough, they discovered thatcirhe cular saw, Deere stumbled upon an idea. He was wanted for parole violations in Virginia.

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