Tidbits Grand Forks March 13 Issue

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March 13, 2014

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the Nobel Prizes, but how much do you know about their origin and the winners? Tidbits brings you a history of the Prizes and a sampling of a few winners.

• A Swedish inventor and businessman was the foundation for the five categories of Nobel Prizes awarded each year. Alfred Nobel, born in Stockholm in 1833, was 30 years old when he was working on developing nitroglycerine as an explosive for the mining industry. Unfortunately, Nobel’s own brother was killed in an explosion during their experiments. In 1864, Nobel was able to start mass-producing nitroglycerine, meanwhile experimenting with mixing nitro with a fine sand to make a paste to shape into rods that could be inserted into drilling holes. In 1866, he received a patent for his new invention which he called “dynamite.” This was closely followed by the invention of a detonator in order to set off the dynamite by lighting a fuse. His innovation was so successful, Nobel set up 90 factories in more than 20 countries.

• Nobel never married, living much of his life as a very wealthy recluse prone to depression. By the time he died at age 63, he had 355 patents.

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• In 1968, a sixth Nobel Prize was added to the original list, a prize in Economics, established and funded by Sweden’s central bank in memory of Alfred Nobel.

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Quiz Bits

5. What was the name of the coffee shop featured on the TV sitcom “Frasier”?

6. What was the first rock musical to play on Broadway?

7. Graham Nash, of Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young fame, got his start with which other group?

8. What is the smallest country in the world with a coastline?

9. What’s larger: Antarctica or Europe?

?

1. Name the four U.S. Presidents who have won the Nobel Peace Prize.

2. This 1994 Nobel Economics winner was the subject of the movie Beautiful Mind. Who was he?

3. In what city are Nobel Prizes awarded?

4. What is the maximum number of winners per Nobel Prize?

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NOBEL PRIZES (continued): • Alfred Nobel’s will designated 94% of his vast fortune toward establishing five Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, and Peace to those who, “during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.” His relatives vehemently contested the will, and it took four years for the executors to cut through the red tape necessary to adhere to Alfred Nobel’s wishes. In 1901, the prizes were awarded for the first time.

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• Today’s Nobel Prize winners are awarded $1.26 million (U.S. Dollars) for their achievements.

• The average age of a Nobel Prize Laureate is 59 years. The youngest recipient is Lawrence Bragg, who at age 25, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1915 jointly with his father “for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays.”

• One family has received five Nobel prizes.

Marie Curie received the 1903 Physics prize and the 1911 prize in Chemistry. Her husband Pierre shared the 1903 prize with her. Their daughter Irene was awarded the Chemistry prize in 1935, along with her husband Frederic. The husband of Marie’s daughter Eve, Henry Labouisse, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 as the director of UNICEF. Marie Curie was the first to receive more than one Nobel Prize, and the first person known to die of radiation poisoning. Throughout all her work with radioactivity, it was not known that radiation was dangerous.

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4. Name the top three players in NBA history for the most career games played.

1. How many Atlantic Division 5. Name the last NBA player titles did the Boston Celtics to win three straight regularwin during Doc Rivers’ nineseason MVP awards. season tenure as head coach 6. Michael Jordan has won (2004-13)? the most NBA Finals MVP 2. In 2013, Teemu Selanne became awards with 6. Name the the third European-born player three players who are tied to be in 1,400 career NHL for second with 3 each. games. Who were the first two? 7. Entering 2013, how many 3. Since 1950, what is the only female tennis players had other team besides the Yankees, won at least 10 Grand Slam to win 3 straight World Series? singles titles?

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NOBEL PRIZES (continued): • Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand scientist, is considered the father of nuclear physics. He received the 1908 Chemistry prize for his work with the chemistry of radioactive substances, discovering the concept of radioactive half-life and alpha and beta radiation. Yet his most famous work was performed nine years after his prize, when he became the first to split the atom in a nuclear reaction. The chemical element rutherfordium (Element 104) is named after him. Fourteen of Rutherford’s students went on to become Nobel Prize winners themselves.

• Albert Einstein was responsible for “the world’s most famous equation,” E=mc2, the formula for mass-energy equivalence. But that wasn’t the work for which he received his Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1921, this genius took the prize for discovering the cause of the photoelectric effect.

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• Following a vacation at his country home, Scottish biologist Alexander Fleming returned to his lab to find a fungus had developed in a stack of Petri dishes that contained a staphylococcus culture. The bacteria had died all around the area containing the mold, prompting him to perform experiments over the next 20 years showing that the mold prevented growth of staphylococci, even when diluted 800 times. Fleming named his “mold juice” penicillin, and it was produced as an antibiotic that could cure numerous serious infectious diseases. For his work in the field of Medicine, Fleming was awarded the 1945 Nobel Prize.

• The “first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence” was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. At 33, Martin Luther King, Jr. became the youngest person to receive this honor for his work in America’s civil rights movement. King donated the prize money to the movement.

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NOBEL PRIZES (continued): • In the field of Literature, you’ll most likely recognize the names of Rudyard Kipling (1907), George Bernard Shaw (1925), Eugene O’Neill (1936), Pearl S. Buck (1938), Ernest Hemingway (1954), and John Steinbeck (1962). Although British statesman Sir Winston Churchill would normally be thought of as a candidate in the area of peace, he was actually awarded the Literature prize in 1953 for his works The Second World War and A History of the English Speaking Peoples.

• Since 1901, more than 860 Nobel Prizes have been awarded. Of that number only 44 have been awarded to women, including the 1979 Peace Prize given to Mother Teresa. This Albanian nun, born Anjeze Gonxhe Bojaxhiu, founded the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India, in 1950, and spent 45 years caring for the poor, sick, orphaned, and dying.

• American pathologist Francis Peyton Rous discovered a carcinogenic virus in 1911, observing that a malignant tumor could be transferred via a virus. His work was widely discredited by experts at the time, and it was not until 1966 that his work was deemed worthy of a Nobel Prize. Rous was 87 years old when he accepted his long-delayed award, and continued working until his death at age 91.

• French surgeon Alexis Carrel received the 1912 Nobel Prize in Medicine as a pioneer in blood vessel suturing. Twenty years later he teamed up with famed pilot Charles Lindbergh to invent a “perfusion pump,” a device that allowed living organs to exist outside of the body during surgery, opening the door to the development of open heart surgery, organ transplants, and the artificial heart.

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FAMOUS CANADIANS:

NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS In keeping with our theme of Nobel Prizes this week, Tidbits focuses on a few of the many Canadians who have been awarded various prizes.

• There were no Canadian-born Chemistry prize winners until 1983, when Henry Taube became the first chemist to receive the award for his “work in the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions.” Since that time, Canadians have been awarded the Chemistry prize in 1986, 1992, and 1993.

• The career of Alice Munro has stretched over 45 years and in 2013, the 82-year-old Ontario author was finally rewarded for her efforts with the Nobel Prize in Literature, only the 13th woman to win the Literature prize since it was founded in 1902. Quebec-born Saul Bellow won in Literature in 1976, but because he moved to Chicago as a young child, he is considered an American writer, so Munro is largely deemed to be the first Canadian to win. Her first collection of stories wasn’t published until she was 37 years old.

• Nova Scotia native Charles Brenton Huggins was a pioneer in cancer research, discovering that hormones could be used to control the spread of some cancers. His research demonstrated that cancer growth was dependent on specific hormones and that by removing the source of those hormones, significant reversal resulted, a discovery that gave tremendous hope to those with prostate and breast cancer.

He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1966.

• Since the Nobel Prize in Economics was instituted in 1969, Canadians have taken this award three times, in 1996, 1997, and 1999.

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NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS (continued):

UNITED STATES PRESIDENTS James Madison

4.

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1809-1817

MOMENTS IN TIME • On March 17, 1834, Gottlieb Daimler, who in 1890 founded an engine and car company bearing his name, is born in Germany. In 1885, he and Wilhelm Maybach developed a new version of the four-stroke internal-combustion engine, which they attached to a wooden bicycle, creating what has been referred to as the world's first motorcycle.

• On March 19, 1842, French writer de Balzac's play "Les Ressources de Quinola" opens to an empty house, thanks to a failed publicity stunt. Hoping to create a buzz, the writer circulated a rumor that tickets were sold out. Unfortunately, most of his fans stayed home.

• On March 20, 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe's anti-slavery novel, "Uncle Tom's Cabin," is published. The book was so widely read that when President Abraham Lincoln met Stowe, he reportedly said, "So this is the little lady who made this big war."

• On March 22, 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Beer and Wine Revenue Act. The law levied a federal tax on all alcoholic beverages to raise rev-

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enue for the federal government and gave individual states the option to impose further regulations.

• On March 18, 1942, the War Relocation Authority is created to "take all people of Japanese descent into custody." Earl Warren (who would go on to become chief justice of the Supreme Court) claimed that a lack of evidence of sabotage among the Japanese population proved nothing, as they were merely biding their time.

• On March 21, 1963, Alcatraz Prison in San Francisco Bay closes down and transfers its last prisoners. At its peak use in 1950s, "The Rock," or "America's Devil Island," housed more than 200 inmates at the maximum-security facility.

• On March 23, 1983, Barney Clark dies, 112 days after becoming the world's first recipient of a permanent artificial heart. The 61-year-old dentist spent the last four months of his life at the University of Utah Medical Center attached to a 350-pound console that pumped air in and out of the aluminum-and-plastic implant through a system of hoses.

• Diabetics across the world can be grateful for the tremendous research of Sir Frederick Grant Banting and John James Rickard Macleod.

Banting was a scientist, doctor, and painter who was the primary discoverer of insulin.

Macleod worked alongside Banting and spent much of his career researching carbohydrate metabolism. Banting was just 32 years old when he was awarded the prize and received a lifetime annuity from the Canadian government to continue his research. King George V knighted Banting in 1934. In 2004, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation program The Greatest Canadian declared Banting as fourth on their list of the greatest Canadians of all time.

• Lester Bowles Pearson was sixth on The Greatest Canadian list. This Toronto-born professor, historian, statesman, diplomat, and politician won the Peace prize in 1957 for his efforts in organizing the United Nations Emergency Force to resolve the Suez Canal Crisis. The Suez Canal, completed in 1869, was the shortest link between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, and immediately became strategically important in the trade industry. In 1956, the Egyptian government seized control of the canal from the British and French-owned company that managed it, which threated to cut off Europe’s oil supply. A conflict erupted between Israeli and Egyptian forces. The United Nations resolution called for a cease-fire and evacuation of troops. In 1963, Pearson was elected as the 14th Prime Minister of Canada and served until 1968. He is considered one of the 20th century’s most influential Canadians.

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DR. ALBERT SCHWEITZER The accomplishments of service toward mankind of Dr. Albert Schweitzer are considerable, including a Nobel Peace Prize. Take some time to learn more about this remarkable individual.

• In 1875, Schweitzer was born into a German family with a long line of ministers, organists, and educators. So it made perfect sense for him to begin theological studies in 1893 at the University of Strasbourg in Alsace. Seven years later, with a doctorate in philosophy, he began preaching at St. Nicholas Church in Strasbourg.

• In addition to religious courses, Schweitzer had studied piano and organ with the head of the music department at the Paris Conservatory. As well as his preaching and several highranking administrative posts at a theological college, Schweitzer had a renowned musical career as a concert organist. He earned money for his education from professional musical engagements, as well as publishing a book on organ building and playing when he was 31.

That same year, he penned a book on the life of Bach and a theological title The Quest of the Historical Jesus.

by Samantha Weaver

© 2014 King Features Synd., Inc.

• By age 30, Schweitzer had decided to go to Africa as a missionary, but rather than as a pastor, he had the desire to go as a doctor. He began medical school and eight years later, he had obtained his M.D. He married at 37, and at 38, he and his wife founded a hospital at Lambarene in French Equatorial Africa.

During their first nine months, they examined nearly 2,000 patients, many of whom had traveled for days and hundreds of miles to reach him.

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Weekly SUDOKU

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fore you meet the man you want to settle down with.

• In 2009, Japanese scientists revealed that the human body emits a very slight, yet perceptible, glow. After using a special camera to study a sample of men in their 20s, they found that intensity of the glow varies, with the lowest point at around 10 a.m. and the brightest at 4 a.m.

• Horses can tell each other apart just by the sound of their whinnies.

• It is traditional in Scotland to "blacken the bride." In this process, a soon-to-wed woman is abducted by friends, covered in honey, eggs, sauce and feathers, then taken around town on a pub crawl.

• In ancient Rome, slaves with red hair commanded a higher price from buyers. * * * Thought for the Day: "What is laid down, ordered, factual is never enough to embrace the whole truth: life always spills over the rim of every cup." -- Boris Pasternak

King CROSSWORD

• It was celebrated Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoyevsky who made the following sage observation: "Talking nonsense is the sole privilege mankind possesses over the other organisms. It's by talking nonsense that one gets to the truth! I talk nonsense, therefore I'm human."

• If you can foretell the future by looking at fingernail clippings, you're practicing onychomancy.

• The name of the islands of Hawaii is thought to come from a word in an early Polynesian language meaning "place of the gods."

• You might be surprised to learn that before novelist Salman Rushdie wrote "The Satanic Verses" and had a fatwa issued against him by the Supreme Leader of Iran, he worked in advertising, coming up with slogans for candy companies.

• If you're like the average woman, you will kiss 15 men, go on four disastrous dates, be stood up once and suffer heartbreak twice be-

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hit number one in 1983 with Are Made of This)? trayed Patsy Cline in the 1985 m Sweet Dreams? aracter owned a ghostly horse e?

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ALBERT SCHWEITZER (continued): • World War I broke out one year after the SchDEERE.arrival JOHNinDEERE. (continued): weitzers’ Africa. Because they were • German It was while living in Illinois that John nocitizens in a French colony, in 1917 ticedwere the sent problems farmers camp faced as when they to an that internment prisattempting to till soil.

Because the area had oners of war. A year later they were released formerly been woodland, the he soil was arich and returned to Europe where earned livwith hummus, which clumped and clung to ing playing organ recitals and giving lectures. the blades of the plows farmers were accusTheir daughter was born in 1919. tomed to using. While repairing a broken cir• Incular 1924, Albert returned to Lamsaw, DeereSchweitzer stumbled upon an idea.

He barene alone.

His wife, not well enough employed his smith skills to fashion the steelto blade into the of a plow. affixed accompany him,shape remained behindHewith their two wooden spokes, then in hitched the device daughter Rhena.

It was Lambarene that to a horse.

It plowed the heavy Illinois soil he would spend most of the remainder of his like except a charm. fact, a farmer whovisits happened life, forInoccasional short home. to be observing the test run immediately put He used the money from royalties and lecture in an order for his own John Deere plow. fees, along with donations from across the • globe In short order, Deere gave up to his70blacksmith to enlarge the hospital buildings. andat focused on making was plows.

The Inshop 1953, age 78, Schweitzer awarded company grew steadily and added many emthe Nobel Peace Prize for his humanitarian ployees.and In used the late Johnprize relocated theto efforts, the1840s, $33,000 money entire operation to Moline, Illinois. Ashamed start a leprosy clinic. of his own lack of education, John sent his • Although daughter Rhena saw little ofOne herof fachildren to the state’s finest schools. ther growing up, as anwhen adultson with grown his while proudest days occurred Charles children, she traveled to Lambarene to work earned the equivalent of an MBA from Bell’s Commercial in Chicago. with him. He College asked her to serve as the administrator of the hospital, and after death at • With his son Charles managing thehis company, TRIVIA age 90,found Rhena took that role, a position John time to over pursue philanthropic inNEWSFRONT ANSWERS she held for many years. terests. He co-founded both the First NationEurythmics al Bank1.and thelife First Church.

• Throughout his inCongregational Lambarene, Albert SchHe was elected the mayor of Moline in 1873, 2.

Jessica Lange weitzer was their doctor, surgeon, pastor, vilwhere one of his first actions – the replacelage administrator, andFriendly buildingGhost superinten3. Casper, the ment of the city’s open drains with a sewer dent, all4.theWilliam while remaining a scholar, author, pipe system – savedShakespeare countless lives by reduchistorian, and musician.

In his words, “Life ing the5. spread of disease.

Freddy Krueger becomes harder for us when we live for oth• ers, Thebut original Deere logo,and registered in it also John becomes richer happier.”

1876, depicted a deer that was native to Africa. Thirty-six years later, in 1912, it was reALWAYS placed with the image of FREE a North American white-tailed deer. In the decades that followed, the now-familiar “outline” logo took FUN over as theALWAYS symbol of the John Deere brand.

Information in the Tidbits® Paper is gathered from sources considered to be reliable, but the accuracy of all information cannot be guaranteed.

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