Tidbits of Grand Forks - December 9, 2021

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Of Grand Forks • East Grand Forks December 9, 2021

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Issue # 1,249

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THE SYMPHONY

by Kathy Wolfe

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It’s time for a trip to the symphony! This week, Tidbits tunes up with the orchestra with these musical facts.

• An orchestra is defined as a group of musicians playing together, but not all orchestras are the same. If the number of musicians is less than 50, it’s a chamber orchestra, whereas if the number exceeds 100, it’s called a symphony orchestra.

• The instruments of the orchestra are divided into four separate families – woodwinds, brass, percussion, and strings. The woodwinds consist of flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, and English horns. Brass consists of trumpets, French horns, trombones, and tubas. Percussion instruments include kettle drums, xylophones, cymbals, chimes, and tympanis. The string section is made up of first violins, second violins, violas, cellos, and double basses.

• The range of the pitch of instruments varies from high to low, with soprano the highest, followed by the lower-pitched alto, then tenor, and finally the bass, the lowest range.

Soprano instruments would be the violins and flutes. Oboes and violas play in the alto range, while cellos and clarinets are considered tenor voices. The bassoon and the double bass are in the low bass range. The English horn is a tenor oboe.

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Quiz Bits

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2.

3.

4.

5. In what decade was the famous Toll House chocolate chip cookie first made?

How many strings does the 6. What’s the name of the mom violin have? on “Family Guy”?

What term describes a onemovement orchestral introduc- 7. On TV’s “Beavis & Butthead” what was the name of the kid tion to an opera? wearing the Winger T-Shirt?

Name the first composer to use 8.

Name the capital of Alberta? metronome markings in his 9. What kind of farm does music.

Dwight Shrute have on Which president signed legislaTV’s “The Office”? tion that made Christmas a national holiday?

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THE SYMPHONY (continued):

• The orchestra’s lowest-pitched musical instrument in the brass family is the tuba. There’s a difference between a tuba and a sousaphone. The sousaphone, popularized by bandleader and March King John Philip Sousa, is a type of tuba that fits around the player’s body and is supported by the left shoulder.

Its broad bell faces forward above the musician’s head. The bell of a tuba, smaller than that of the sousaphone, faces upwards and is held in the player’s lap. It contains about 16 feet of tubes. You’ll see the sousaphone in marching bands because it’s easier to carry than the tuba.

• Three Italian gentlemen were primarily responsible for the development of the modern violin – Gasparo da Salo, Andrea Amati, and Antonio Stradivari – during the 1600s. In the tiny town of Cremona, Italy, Stradivari produced 1,116 instruments, including 960 violins. It’s believed around 650 of these survive, 450 to 500 of those being violins.

• Violin strings were initially crafted from the dried intestines of cats or sheep. The guts were dried, stretched, and twisted. Today’s strings made a variety of metals along with synthetic materials.

• A violin’s body contains 70 different parts, made from a variety of woods. A violin bow contains at least 150 hairs. While some are made from nylon, horsehair is the component of the best bows.

• It seems that playing the violin has many benefits in the areas of reasoning and thought processes. A Harvard University study concluded that learning to play the violin improves cognitive skills such as memory, nonverbal reasoning, and attention span. A violinist’s cognitive processing skills are faster than a person who does not play an instrument, as well as complex motor skills. The brains of string players tend to be larger. And on top of all of that, a violinist burns around 170 calories an hour while playing!

NUGGET OF KNOWLEDGE

A craftsperson who builds and repairs stringed instruments that have a neck and a sound box is known as a luthier. The word is derived from the French word for “lute.”

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THE SYMPHONY (continued):

• What’s the difference between a violin and fiddle? Nothing really, except with the type of music played. The violin is more often used for classical music, and the fiddle is associated with Irish or folk music.

• While the piano and harpsichord both have strings, they are not string instruments, because the player’s hands do not come in direct contact with the strings, but rather an internal object strikes the strings. They are classified as percussion instruments, which are those whose sound is generated by striking the surface with an object. The word “percussion” has its roots in the Latin language, with “percussion” translating “striking.”

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• The percussion section’s kettle drums are frequently called tympanis, from the Latin word “tympanum,” meaning “hand drum.” During its construction, a sheet of copper is shaped into a bowl, which acts as the tympani’s resonator. A goat or calf skin, known as the vellum, is stretched over a ring that is attached to the bowl.

• A xylophone consists of 42 to 48 wooden bars strung together with cord, vibrating when struck with a mallet. Different lengths of bars produce the range, with the shorter bars generating higher notes and longer bars producing lower notes. They have a range of four octaves. Most xylophone bars are made of hardwood, such as the richly-hued rosewood; however, some are made of maple or bamboo, which produce a much different sound, or even fiberglass. Early xylophones were created with wooden bars attached to gourds. Xylophones aren’t just for making music – in the country of Senegal, the instrument is used to scare monkeys and birds from people’s gardens!

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THE SYMPHONY (continued):

• Those brass or bronze concave metal plates known as cymbals are measured by their diameter in inches or centimeters. The larger the cymbal the louder the sound and the longer the ring.

A cymbal’s weight is a description of how thick it is, with heavier cymbals producing a louder sound. The word cymbal comes from the Latin “cymbalum,” which translates “cup or bowl.” In the orchestra, a pair of cymbals, known as clash cymbals, crash cymbals, or plates, are traditionally used. Each cymbal has a strap set in the bell for the percussionist to hold. Sometimes the edges are rubbed together to produce a certain sound, which is referred to as a “sizzle,” as opposed to striking them together for the “crash.” Shutting them together in order to choke the sound is called a “crush.”

• When musicians are practicing, they might employ the use of a metronome, a device that precisely measures tempo. A mechanical metronome was first patented by a German civil engineer in 1815. The word itself comes from the Greek words “metron,” meaning “measure,” and “nomos,” translating “regulating.” Traditional metronomes operate like a clock with a pendulum that makes a loud tick as it goes back and forth. A weight on the pendulum that slides up and down allows the user to regulate the tempo, measured in ticks per minute. Markings at the beginning of compositions tell the performer what speed to play, for example, MM60 means 60 ticks per minute with a quarter note for each tick. Modern metronomes are electronically controlled.

• If the orchestra is playing a concerto (pronounced con-chair-toe), one or more soloists is being accompanied by the orchestra. The composition is named for the solo instrument, such as a violin concerto, or concerto for two pianos.

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*Answer located further back in this issue.

The Medicare Part B monthly premium is going up in 2022 by $21.60, one of the biggest increases ever. The reason for it, they say, is the massive cost of a new Alzheimer's drug, Aduhelm. Our new premium will be $170 per month.

That's going to be a big bite out of our new Social Security increase, $92 for the average recipient with a benefit of $1,657 per month.

Aduhelm will cost $56,000 per year per patient. And that's only the beginning of the questions and concerns.

Whether Medicare is going to pay for the drug is still up in the air because it originally thought the price would be much less, closer to $3,000. Certain other insurers have already stated they won't cover it unless the cost comes down.

As recently as a year ago, U.S. Food and Drug Administration advisers voted against approving the drug as they wondered whether it really works.

Clinical trials were inconclusive. Initially the FDA said it was for people with Alzheimer's, but they've already changed their prescribing information and narrowed the criteria for receiving it. Now Aduhelm is for people with very early Alzheimer's, mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia. It's no cure, they say, but it slows progression of the disease.

Part of its cost is that it has to be given in an IV in a doctor's office or hospital. Many hospitals, not knowing if they'll be paid for administering it (that $56,000 is for the drug only) and who should have it, are holding back. Some are even insisting on doing their own in-house research to see if it works.

Doctors, not knowing if their patients can get the drug, are often hesitant to prescribe it and raise hopes in patients.

Still, we'll be paying that increased Part B premium in 2022 while they work things out and determine whether Medicare will pay for Aduhelm.

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Pays2Know

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• During the first Gulf War in 1991, every U.S. soldier was sent a frozen Snickers bar as a Thanksgiving treat.

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• Mario Puzo, author of "The Godfather" books who also helped adapt them to film, had no formal training and had never written a screenplay before. After winning two Oscars for the first two movies, he bought a book to help himself learn how to be a screenwriter.

• Delaware and Colorado allow a marriage to be annulled if it was performed as a dare.

• At the center of every snowflake is a pollen or dust particle on which an extremely cold water droplet has frozen to form an ice crystal.

• "Passion purpura" is the medical term for a hickey.

• Saccharin, the first artificial sweetener, was discovered by accident when chemist Dr. Constantine Fahlberg forgot to wash his hands after work and tasted something "unspeakably sweet" during dinner. He interrupted the meal to sample every beaker in his lab, which fortunately contained nothing poisonous.

• The distress signal SOS does not actually stand for anything.

• "Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo" is a grammatically correct sentence using buffalo as a proper noun, verb and noun. To put it more simply: "Buffalo bison that other Buffalo bison bully also bully Buffalo bison."

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• Donald Trump was the first president in 168 years not to have a pet in the White House.

• It took Frank Lloyd Wright 15 years, 700 sketches and six sets of working drawings to create the Guggenheim Museum in New York. *** Thought for the Day: "The more clearly we can focus our attention on the wonders and realities of the universe, the less taste we shall have for destruction." -- Rachel Carson ©2021 King Features Syndicate, Inc.

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WONDERFUL WORDS

MUSICAL TERMS

How fast, how slow, how loud, how soft, smooth or detached? Tidbits has the lowdown on the terms a musician needs to know in order to perform correctly.

• There are several terms for playing a piece slowly.

Music that has a tempo marking of “andante” should be played at a slow, leisurely walking tempo. It comes from the Italian word for “to walk.” Adagio, the Italian word for “slow,” means to play at the metronome marking of 66 to 76 beats per minute. Larghetto is slower with 60 to 66 bpm, followed by largo which is slower and broader at 40 to 60 bpm. Lento is also 40 to 60 bpm, while larghissimo is very slow, with a maximum of 20 bpm.

• Moderato is a medium tempo of 108 to 120 bpm. Allegretto is between moderato and the lively tempo of allegro, 120 to 156 bpm, followed by faster tempos of vivace, presto, and prestissimo.

• Just as pressing your car’s accelerator will make you go faster, the word “accelerando” in music means to gradually speed up the tempo. It’s from the Latin for “hasten or quicken.” Musicians who like to have a more flexible, fluctuating tempo that allows for personal expression will play “rubato,” a word that translates from the Italian for “robbed time.”

• A composer sets the mood of a piece through its dynamics, how loud or soft it is to be played. In music, “p” means it is to be played softly, from the Italian word “piano, which translates “quiet.” The letter “f,” which stands for “forte,” means it is to be played loudly. Extra quiet music is denoted by “pp,” or “pianissimo,” while “ff”, or “fortissimo” means it is to be played extra loudly. A sudden stress on a note or a chord will be marked “sfz,” short for “sforzando,” literally translated from the Italian for “using force.”

• When the musician is to gradually get louder, the music is marked with “crescendo,” from the Italian for “increasing.” The opposite can be decrescendo or diminuendo.

• A marking of “morendo” indicates that the music will slowly decrease in volume and tempo, making the piece fade out or “die away.” The word’s Italian root is the word for “dying,” from which we get our words mortuary, morgue, and mortician, words that all deal with death.

• If you’ve been to a jazz club, you’ve no doubt heard musicians improvise. The word has its roots in the Latin word “improvise,” meaning “unforeseen; not studied or prepared beforehand.” It’s “on-the-spot” composing while the music is being performed.

• The Italian for “to stay” gives us the word “fermata,” a symbol over a note or rest that means to hold it longer than its normal value. It’s a dot with a semi-circle above it, often referred to as a “birds-eye.”

• Orchestra members who play their stringed instruments pizzicato will pluck the string with the finger rather than stroke the string with the bow. The term is from the Italian for “pinched.”

• Music marked “cantabile” is to be played in a singing style, imitating the human voice. The same root is used for the word “cantata,” a musical work for voices, and “cantor,” the leader of the singing in a Jewish synagogue.

• A phrase or melody that is performed “legato” will have the tones played in a smooth, connected manner as opposed to “staccato,” which will be short, separated notes. In Italian, “legato” means “tied together,” while “staccato” translates “detached.”

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(Answers located further back)

November 29, 2021

• Got plastic packaging that’s a pain to get open? Use your can opener. Run it around the sides to break into your packages. It works!

• For every side dish that requires extra preparation time, plan for one or two that don’t. For instance, if you are preparing a casserole with many ingredients and complicated instructions, serve a package of vegetables that require nothing more than steaming.

• Wine buyers tip: Experts say to multiply the number of adult guests by a half bottle to determine how many bottles of wine to buy for your holiday gathering. Add an additional glass of wine per guest for every hour after dinner you expect guests to linger.

• How to peel potatoes: Boil whole potatoes with skin on for 20-30 minutes (depending on the size of your potatoes). You should be able to stick a knife all the way through without resistance. Then remove them to an ice bath for 10 seconds each. The skin will slip right off.

• “Have kids make their own whipped cream with a jam jar! Fill a screw-top jar (glass, chilled, works really well) halfway with heavy cream, a little sugar and any flavoring extracts you like, then seal and shake.

Kids also can make butter with cream in a jar. You may add a pinch of salt instead of sugar, and shake longer.” — A.A. in Florida • Researchers tell us that the best time to interview is late morning on a Tuesday. You will avoid the interviewer’s likely Monday/Friday crunch, and have his or her full attention. Do your homework on the company, and get ready to shine!

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• On Dec. 14, 1799, President George Washington dies.

Two days earlier, he rode out into freezing sleet to survey business affairs on his estate. He returned home late for dinner and refused to change out of his wet clothes. The next day he developed a severe respiratory infection and died the following day.

• On Dec. 16, 1811, the greatest series of earthquakes in U.S. history begins near New Madrid, Missouri, when an earthquake estimated at 8.6 magnitude slams the region. The quake raised and lowered parts of the Mississippi Valley by as much as 15 feet and changed the course of the Mississippi River.

• On Dec. 13, 1916, a powerful avalanche kills hundreds of Austrian soldiers in a barracks near Italy's Mount Marmolada. Over several days, avalanches killed an estimated 10,000 Austrian and Italian soldiers.

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• On Dec. 18, 1865, following its ratification by threequarters of the states, the 13th Amendment is formally adopted into the U.S. Constitution, ensuring that "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude ... shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction."

• On Dec. 17, 1961, a fire at a circus in Brazil kills more than 300 people and severely burns 500 more. The fire may have been caused by sparks from a train passing nearby. There were 2,500 people in attendance, and many were trampled.

• On Dec. 15, 1988, singer James Brown, the "Godfather of Soul," begins serving a six-year prison sentence in South Carolina. Already on probation, Brown's reckless spree on Sept. 24 resulted in numerous criminal charges, including assault and battery with intent to kill.

• On Dec. 19, 1998, the House of Representatives approves two articles of impeachment against President Bill Clinton, charging him with lying under oath to a federal grand jury and obstructing justice. Later, after being acquitted, Clinton said he was "sorry."

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Fact or fiction? You decide whether Sasquatch, also known as Bigfoot, is real after reading these tidbits!

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• The name Sasquatch is most likely derived from the Salish word “Saq’ets,” meaning “wild man” or “hairy man.” The creature is classified as a cryptid – “a creature whose existence is suggested but has not yet been confirmed by the scientific community.

• A Canadian fur trader named David Thompson was the first to record his sightings of an ape-like being near the current city of Jasper, Alberta. He described the tracks of a creature with four large toes, each 4” in length with a claw. Long before that, Native Americans spoke of a “hairy giant” that lived in the wilderness, a “wildman of the woods.”

• There have been thousands of people who allege a sighting of Bigfoot, describing the creature as an upright ape-like being 6 to 9 feet tall, weighing up to 500 lbs. The body is covered in hair in black, dark brown, or a dark reddish color. Many claim to have smelled a very strange, foul odor similar to rotten eggs, a skunk, or something dead. Others say his eyes glow yellow or red at night.

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• A Canadian wildlife biologist, Dr. John Bindernagel, made casts of gigantic footprints measuring 16 inches in the snow of a provincial park in 1988. In 1992, Bindernagel made claims of hearing a peculiar ape-like “whoo-whoo-whoop” call in the woods near British Columbia’s Comox Lake. The biologist began collecting evidence of Bigfoot in 1963, and published two books on the subject.

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• California’s Tule River Indian Reservation contains petroglyphs created by the Yokut tribe depicting a group of “Hairy Man” drawings estimated to be between 500 and 1,000 years old.

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SASQUATCH (continued):

• Some supporters of the existence of Bigfoot believe it could be a remnant of a now-extinct genus of ape, the “gigantopithecus blacki,” that managed to make it way across the Bering land bridge from Asia. The examination of fossils found there suggest that the creature weighed up to 660 lbs.

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• A California logger claimed to have discovered a set of 16-inch footprints in the mud of Six Rivers National Forest in 1958. Several of his co-workers maintained that they, too, had seen the prints. In 2002, it was learned from the family of one of the deceased co-workers that one of the loggers had carved large wooden feet and was responsible for making the footprints.

• Humans have frequently been mistaken for Bigfoot, occasionally leading to injuries as hunting groups have shot at them. In the 1980s, a large number of Vietnam vets suffering from PTSD were discovered living in remote forests, clothed in animal hides to keep warm, contributing to a number of alleged sightings of Bigfoot.

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• The Bigfoot Field Researchers Organization’s database informs us that there have been more than 2,000 reported sightings in Washington state, upwards of 1,600 in California, 1,300 in Pennsylvania, and 1,000 in Oregon. Because photos and video footage are rare and usually fuzzy or shadowy, many sightings are considered hoaxes. More than 900 footprints have been collected over the years, with an average length of 15.6 inches and width of 7.2 inches.

• A 2020 poll revealed that one in ten American adults believe in the existence of Bigfoot.

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• The Asian equivalent of Sasquatch is the Yeti, said to live in the Himalayan mountain range.

It’s also known as the Abominable Snowman.

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