Tidbits johnson v6 issue 15

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of Johnson County Vol. 6 Issue #15

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What do you have left over when you eat a La Brea tar peach?

A La Brea tar pit!

TIDBITS® VISITS

LA BREA TAR PITS by Janet Spencer

For thousands of years, crude oil bubbling to the surface trapped Ice Age animals in sticky goo, leading to a trove of fossils. Come along with Tidbits as we visit the La Brea Tar Pits!

A STICKY TRAP

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• For millions of years, the remains of marine plankton collected in the bottom of an ocean basin off the coast of what is now California. Over time, this deposit was transformed into crude oil. As the continent drifted and the California coast lifted, the oil crept through cracks in the rocks, pooling on the surface in what is now downtown Los Angeles. Exit 93

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• Beginning about 40,000 years ago, the sticky oil gathered in pools, where lighter compounds evaporated, leaving thick asphalt behind. Covered by water, leaves, and weeds, these tarry pits looked like normal ground. Animals would walk over the crusty top, then suddenly find themselves mired in the muck. Predators and scavengers trying to prey upon the victims would also get stuck. Their bones sank to the bottom and became fossilized. • The native tribes used the tar to seal baskets and boats. Spanish explorers made the first written record of the tar pits in 1769. The first permanent settlement was established in the late 1700s. The Spanish word for tar is “brea” and the area became known as Rancho La Brea. (continued next page)

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Hawkeye Publishing, L.L.C. www.tidbitpapers.com For Distribution E-mail: russ@tidbitpapers.com or Call (319) 360-3936 THE TAR PITS (Continued) DEVELOPED

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STRANGE BUT TRUE by Samantha Weaver

● It was 19th-century Russian

playwright and short story writer Anton Chekhov who made the following sage observation: “Love, friendship, respect, do not unite people as much as a common hatred for something.” ● If you suffer from galeophobia you’re

certainly not alone; Steven Spielberg’s 1975 film “Jaws” may have popularized the fear of sharks, but it certainly didn’t start it. Logically, though, swinophobia makes more sense -- pigs kill more people every year than sharks do.

• Eventually a man named George Hancock went into business drilling the oil and mining the asphalt at La Brea, which was used to pave roads, preserve railroad ties, and waterproof pipes. Animal bones were dug up often. However, it was believed the bones belonged either to ranch animals who had wandered away, or recently killed wildlife. • In 1875 a professor traveled to the tar pits and wrote about finding fossilized bones, though his report garnered little notice. It was a geologist working for an oil company in 1901 who was the first to draw attention to the fact that the bones belonged to prehistoric animals, now long extinct. • In 1913 George Hancock granted the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County the exclusive rights to excavate the area. In the next two years, they dug up over 750,000 fossils. Hancock subsequently donated 24 acres to the county, stipulating that the fossils found there be preserved and displayed. The area is now called Hancock Park after him. • In the 1940s the first fossilized mammoth bones were pulled out of the pit, generating much excitement. A museum was constructed in the mid-1970s, named after philanthropist and founder George C. Page. • Over 3.5 million fossils have been uncovered so far. More than 650 different species have been identified ranging from mammoth and mastodon to the tooth of a baby mouse. Archeologists have found over 231 species of vertebrates, 159 species of plants, and 234 species of invertebrates. • The tar pits are not actually tar. They are really asphalt. Asphalt is what remains when crude oil is exposed to air, and the lighter elements such as kerosene and butane evaporate off, leaving the heavier residues behind. Tar, on the other hand, is what’s left behind when woody materials such as coal or peat is distilled. (continued next page)

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♥ “I don’t like all tar pits, but I do like the La Brea Tar Pits.” –Dick Cavett

Overheard at the La Brea tar pits, as one lady turned to the other and said, “Isn’t it remarkable that such amazing animals lived right next to Wilshire Boulevard in the middle of Los Angeles?”

● If you wanted to erect a building

in Colonial times, you’d go to an undertaker; that’s what building contractors were called back then.

● Ancient Romans recognized three

distinct forms of kissing: The word “basium” denoted a kiss between acquaintances, “osculum” was used for a kiss between close friends, and “suavium” described a kiss between lovers. *** Thought for the Week: “Catch-andrelease -- that’s like running down pedestrians in your car and then, when they get up and limp away, saying, ‘Off you go! That’s fine. I just wanted to see if I could hit you.’” -- Ellen DeGeneres (c) 2017 King Features Synd., Inc.

(c) 2017 King Features Synd., Inc.

Look for puzzle answers on page 8.

(c) 2017 King Features Synd., Inc.

Look for puzzle answers on page 8.


April 12th, 2017

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Hawkeye Publishing, L.L.C. www.tidbitpapers.com For Distribution E-mail: russ@tidbitpapers.com or Call (319) 360-3936 THE TAR PITS (Continued)

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• So far over 3.5 million fossils have been recovered from the pit. Based on the number of bones found, and the number of years the tar pits have been bubbling away, scientists estimate that if only one large animal had become trapped once every ten years, that would account for the number of bones found. • The dire wolf is the most common large mammal found in the pits, with over 3,000 individuals identified so far. Dire wolves were the size of a large timber wolf. Most were probably trapped when they tried to feed on other animals stuck in the muck. • Bones from over 2,000 saber tooth cats have been found, making them the second most common animal found. Saber tooth cats went extinct about 10,000 years ago. • In third place is the coyote. The oldest bones found in La Brea so far belonged to a coyote who died there approximately 44,000 years ago, according to carbon-14 dating. • About 15 mastodons have been found. • Camels evolved in North America before migrating to Asia, Africa, and South America, and the remains of a species called Camelops hesternus has been found in the pit. It looked very much like a camel but was actually more closely related to the llama. • A giant sloth called the Harlan’s ground sloth is the largest species of sloth found in the asphalt deposits. It weighed up to 1,500 lbs.. • Many other species that still exist today have also been found there, ranging from horses and bison to rabbits, coyotes, and skunks. • Under normal circumstances, it’s difficult to find a really good fossil of birds because their bones are hollow and delicate. But birds that got trapped in the tar are well preserved, giving researchers a trove of over 100,000 bird fossils of many different species.

(continued next page)

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Answers on Pg 8 1. True or false: More Ice Age fossils have been found here than at any other place on the planet. 2. Name the gas that causes the bubbling in the tar pits.

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Look for puzzle answers on page 8.


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April 12th, 2017

Hawkeye Publishing, L.L.C. www.tidbitpapers.com For Distribution E-mail: russ@tidbitpapers.com or Call (319) 360-3936 FACSINATING FOSSILS (cont’d) • Many nearly microscopic fossils have also been recovered from La Brea, including crustaceans, insects, seeds, leaves, and pollen. The 159 species of fossilized plants help scientists track the history of ice age climate change. • Interestingly, many of the saber tooth cat skeletons show evidence of healed injuries and diseases that would ordinarily have been fatal, suggesting that the animals were social creatures who depended upon each other for help when an individual was hurt or sick and needed time to recover. Saber tooth cats were more closely related to bobcats than to tigers.

1. This animal whose fossils are commonly found in the pit is now the California state fossil. 2. Have any dinosaur bones been found there? 3. Have human remains been found there? 4. How deep are the tar pits? 5. Are there more herbivores (plant eaters) or carnivores (meat eaters) found in the pits? Answers on Page 8 Did you know that you burn more calories eating celery than it contains? (the more you eat the thinner you become). Did you know the only continent with no active volcanoes is Australia? Did you know the longest street in the world is Yonge street in Toronto Canada measuring 1,896 km (1,178 miles)? Did you know about 90% of the worlds population kisses?

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• Lions that were very closely related to modern African lions have also been found in the pits, but in far fewer numbers than other carnivores. Perhaps they weren’t very common, or maybe they were smarter than other animals and avoided being trapped. • The process is on-going. Asphalt still bubbles to the surface, continuing to trap bugs, reptiles, birds, small mammals, and the occasional stray pet. The tar pits are most dangerous during warm weather when the asphalt is stickiest. • One of the most interesting items discovered is a nearly complete mammoth skeleton. The only pieces missing are a vertebra, a rear leg, and the top of its skull. The mammoth is fondly known as Zed. Because of the size of the teeth and the state of their wear, researchers know that Zed was a male, and he was perhaps 50 years old when he died. The story told by his bones tells of a hard life: several of his ribs were broken and then healed. He had arthritis in his joints. He suffered a strange growth on one of his jaws. Because his bones were mineralized and showed no sign of scavengers, it’s possible that he died in a streambed where he was covered with water before his remains became encased in asphalt.

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According to a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention study, one in every 250 emergency room visits was because of adverse drug reactions. Seniors were well-represented, coming in at 30 percent of the total. The numbers will no doubt continue to rise as we age and end up in the offices of more specialists. Most of us take at least one prescription drug, and some take more than 10. Here are a few steps you can take to keep safe from adverse drug reactions: When you visit a doctor, bring along all your medications. Nowadays, many local doctors are hooked up via computer and can check your records with other medical offices, but not all. Unless you know you can make a detailed, accurate list, load up a shoebox “NATIONAL” WORDS (continued): • French: Chefs know whatdrugs it means with all your prescription and to “french” a food item. It’s a verb that take them with you. Ask whether means you’re to cut into thin strips, like, well, french fries. still(And to take all ofhow the the drugs, and if you yes, that’s finger-friendly poneed testsitsfor monitoring. tatoblood dish took name.) Green beans are another commonly prepared in this Don’titem forget your over-the-counter manner. drugs, even if you rarely take them. One • them Maltese: Thesebetiny spaniels are easy of might contraindicated forto identify thanks to their long, silky coats. The mixing withKennel yourClub regular prescriptions. American groups At them least one over-the-counter with kind otherof“Toy Dogs” like Pugs and drug isn’t thought to be safe for people Yorkshire Terriers. with high blood pressure. Feline aficionados Gouse to the also the same term pharmacy every Maltese to describe time. Your drug records will be stored haveand a siin cats one that place, a pharmacist will milarly silky, graynotice if you’re taking certain drugs blue coat. that will be combined withdifferent a new things one. • Colombian: This term means Hetoordifferent she willpeople, be able to tell you how depending on how you refer to get takeyour the“jones.” drug, Narcotics and candealers verifymay what’s products as Colombian, although the in to thetheir container. (Some labels describe actual source is often unknown. Luckily, the themajority pills inside color shape.) Ask of us by prefer a bitand of legal Colombian, asa in the one coffee in theatSouth whether new cangrown be taken the American nation. The prevalence of coffee same time as the others. shops throughout America is proof enough chart at home, if thatKeep manya of us just can’t getespecially along in the you’re starting drug that will go morning withoutaanew hot cup of Colombian. along with The other ones.term “chinese” now • Chinese: generic

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TAUTOLOGICAL NAMES

Amazing Plants

KUDZU

• Kudzu is a fast-growing perennial vine rumored to have “eaten the South.” Although the plant grows quickly – up to a foot per day – rumors of the South’s destruction by kudzu have been greatly exaggerated. • In 1876, kudzu was imported to the U.S. from its native Japan and Asia and displayed at the World’s Fair. It didn’t attract much notice. However, horticulturists soon found that kudzu grows more quickly in the southern U.S. than it does in its native environments for two reasons: first, it established a symbiotic relationship with a certain fungus found in the soils in particular areas, and second, it was free of the biological controls that limited its growth in its homeland. What was a normal vine with a typical growth rate back in Asia became a monster vine growing at phenomenal rates in the southeastern U.S. • In the 1930s, American farmland was being ravaged by erosion due to over-plowing, and Congress declared war on soil erosion. The Soil Conservation Service grew millions of kudzu seedlings and paid farmers $8 an acre to plant it (equal to $115/acre today). Railroads and highways were cutting gashes into the land, and kudzu seemed ideal for stabilizing the raw cuts. When planted in these locations, the kudzu vine would grow fast enough to completely cover anything in its path: road signs, trees, abandoned buildings. By the 1950s, kudzu was no longer being recommended as erosion control because that’s when researchers found out how difficult it is to kill. • Each node on a kudzu vine can turn into either a root or a tendril, meaning the plant can climb and creep at astonishing rates. Each branch can reach a length of 100 feet or more, and when a branch becomes separated from the mother plant, it continues growing apace. • Kudzu requires a huge amount of herbicide applied regularly to kill, and any tendril that isn’t doused survives to start the growth all over again. Any part of the root left in the ground can regenerate, so plowing it under or burning it off doesn’t work well. If it’s chopped, any part of the chopped vine that is left on the ground can put down roots, and in order to kill it by mowing, it must be mowed every few weeks for several years. • Lately researchers have been developing biological controls, including weevils that eat the stems, beetles that eat the roots, and flies that eat the leaves. The problem is that those insects may also damage adjacent crops. One promising development involves using a specific fungus which kills kudzu, with the main drawback being that this strain of fungus is harmful to livestock. Livestock themselves are a good agent of control, because they eat the plant right down to the soil line. • Still, the menace of kudzu is over-stated. It cannot survive cold winters or heavy shade. The iconic photos of kudzu-covered buildings and kudzu-smothered forests are generally taken in areas of little use anyway, where there’s high traffic and a lot of people gawking. Although abandoned buildings are easily covered by kudzu, inhabited buildings rarely are. And what can’t be seen from the window of a car is that the kudzu cannot penetrate beyond the margin of a forest. • Kudzu currently covers about 227,000 acres in the southern U.S., equal to the size of a small county, or .01% of the South’s 200 million acres of forest. Its coverage increases at the modest rate of about 2,500 acres per year. • And there are useful aspects to the plant: the vines can be used to make baskets; the leaves and tendrils are edible by livestock and humans; honey bees appreciate the abundant fragrant flowers; and it fixes nitrogen in the soil which benefits other plants in the vicinity.

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• Given that “la brea” means “the tar” in Spanish, if you say that you’re going to visit the La Brea tar pits, you’re actually saying you’re going to visit “the the tar tar pits.” This is called a tautological place name. Tautology means saying the same thing twice using different words. “Taut” is the Greek word meaning “same.” Tautological names are common when two different languages are combined using words from each language that both mean the same thing. Let’s visit some other tautological locations. • The River Avon comes from the Welsh word “afon” meaning river. There are various Avon Rivers located in England, Scotland, Wales, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia. • “Hatchie” means “river” in the Muskogean language, the tribe native to the southeastern U.S., and the Hatchie River runs for 238 miles through Mississippi and Tennessee. • Speaking of Mississippi, the Algonquin word meaning “big river” is “mississippi,” so the Mississippi River is “the big river river.” There is also a Mississippi River in Ontario, Canada. The Mississippi River in the U.S. is the largest river on the North American continent, running for 2,320 miles, whereas the one in Ontario runs for only 120 miles. • The Rio Grande River forming the border between Texas and Mexico is another big river, from the Spanish “rio” meaning “river” and “grand” meaning large. • “Walla” means “river” in the native Sahaptin tongue, and when repeated “walla walla” it means “little river.” So the Walla Walla River near Walla Walla, Washington is literally “the little river river.” • In California, there’s Laguna Lake, with “laguna” being Spanish for “lake.” • Lake Tahoe straddling the California/ Nevada border comes from the English version of the Washoe word for lake, “da-aw.” Lake Tahoe is the 6th largest freshwater lake in the U.S. after the Great Lakes. • Lake Chad, located on the edge of the Sahara Desert, comes from the Bornu word for lake, “tsade.” This lake shrank by 95% between 1963 and 2001 due to overuse. • The Sahara Desert comes from the Arabic word meaning “greatest desert.” • The Gobi Desert comes from the Mongolian word for desert, “govi.” The first dinosaur eggs were found in the Gobi Desert. • Then you have all the places all over the world that are named “Glendale” with the Gaelic word “gleann” meaning “valley” and the Norse word “dail” also meaning “valley.” • Even the Milky Way galaxy is a tautological phrase, since the word “galaxy” comes from the Greek “galaxias” meaning “milky vault.” • Tautological phrases are not limited to places. For instance, there’s chai tea, when the word “chai” is Russian for tea. The Italian word for shrimp is “scampi” so “shrimp scampi” means “shrimp shrimp.” • There’s even a whole separate category of tautological abbreviations, known as RAS syndrome which is short for “redundant acronym syndrome syndrome.” A perfect example is when you use your PIN number at the ATM machine, since PIN stands for “Personal Identification Number” and ATM is short for “Automatic Teller Machine.” Then there’s the VIN number on cars (“Vehicle Identification Number number) and LCD displays (Liquid Crystal Display display).


April 12th, 2017

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EMPLOYMENT

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We take donations during regular business hours. 1705 S. 1st Ave. Iowa City 319-512-7593

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Discover hidden treasures at low prices at Potentially Yours thrift store of Iowa City. We carry clothing, housewares, furniture, collectibles and much more. Tax receipts for donations are provided. Shopping at our store helps provide support to adults with disabilities.

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April 12th, 2017

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2017 Save the Date! #StigmaFree National NAMIWalks Elite Sponsor

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Terry Trueblood Recreation Area, 4213 SE Sand Road, Iowa City, IA 52240 Join us at NAMIWalks Johnson County as we raise awareness & funds for our mental health programs and support services: Family Education & Support | Peer Education, Support & Speaker’s Bureau | Anti-Discrimination & Advocacy

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MOMENTS IN TIME The History Channel (c) 2017 King Features Synd., Inc.

● On April 13, 1742, Handel’s “Messiah,” one of the world’s most beloved musical works, premieres in Ireland. Although now associated with Christmas, “Messiah” made its world premiere during the Christian season of Lent.

● On April 12, 1861, Confederate Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard opens fire on Union-held Fort Sumter in South Carolina, launching more than 4,000 rounds. Two days later, President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation calling for 75,000 volunteer soldiers to quell the Southern “insurrection.”

CONTRACTORS!

ANSWERS

GET ORGANIZED WITH A CONTRACTOR TOPPER! Quiz Bits Answers

TOPPER

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We sell Truck Toppers & Truck Accessories! Fiberglass & Alluminum Toppers available

● On April 14, 1818, Noah Webster, a

Yale-educated lawyer with an avid interest in language and education, publishes his American Dictionary of the English Language. The dictionary, which took him more than two decades to complete, introduced more than 10,000 “Americanisms.”

HUNTERS!

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Trivia Newsfront ANSWERS

1. The saber tooth cat is the California state fossil. 1. True: More Ice Age fossils have been 2. Dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years found here than at any other place on before the tar pits were formed. the planet. 3. The only human remains were of a 2. The gas that bubbles up through the woman age 25 who died 10,000 years ago, tar pits is methane, which comes when found next to the bones of a dog. bacteria eat the oil and then fart out 4. The tar pits are a few inches to a few feet methane. deep. 5. Carnivores outnumber herbivores by Differences: 1. Apple is missing. 2. Arm is moved. a ratio of nine to one, perhaps because carnivores were attracted in large number to 3. Bug jar is empty. 4. Picture is missing. 5. Collar is missing. 6. Wastebasket is missing. the trapped herbivores.

HOCUS-FOCUS

Don't you just hate those enter to win gimmicks at various attractions you attend? Check out our free drawings on page 5 or

online at www.tidbitpapers.com You know darn well that you will never win anything more than harassing phone calls or emails trying to get you to buy something like windows or siding. All they are doing is building a contact list of potential buyers. Guess what, we have a drawing also, but we don't have any interest to harass you with sale promotions of anything. We have the best drawing ever! All we do is ask for your name and mailing address so that when you win, yes win we will mail you out the free gift We do not ask for your phone number or email. certificate. (Odds are good as we do not get millions of entries) No gimmicks, no sales pressure as we have nothing to sell you. We do not sell your information or use it to promote What we have done is get various businesses willing to give away absolutely free items just to get you to try them out. anything else. If you win you receive a free gift certificate.

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