Victor Gruen and An Ironic Twist

Victor Gruen and An Ironic Twist

by Thomas McGowan

This portfolio will focus on the work of Victor Gruen; in particular his vision that was his cultural centre and or shopping mall; furthermore as the title alludes, said 'Ironic Twist' being the rather convincing correlation between environments such as Gruen's cultural centres and sick building syndrome (SBS).

Sociologist Ray Oldenburg witnessed the suburbs of America lacking a particular aspect, he describes this absence as; a 'third place', in Oldenburg's work: The Great Good Place [1999] he describes such a place:

[The Great Good Place] 'The third place is a generic designation for a great variety of public places that host the regular, voluntary, informal, and happily anticipated gatherings of individuals beyond the realms of home and work.'1 Gruen wanted to provide this missing puzzle piece to the American suburbs in the form of his cultural/shopping centres. Gruen states in one of his later interviews: 'I am often called the father of the shopping mall.'2 If one is under the assumption that indeed Gruen was the creator of what is known as the shopping mall, they are misinformed; the concept of the shopping mall is not a recent happening as such an idea was mentioned as far back as 362 BC in the work: Oeconomicus authored by Xenophon. This piece is a Socratic dialogue concerning household management and agriculture; these aspects of which make up the meaning of the word economics in its original sense. Xenophon wrote:

[Oeconomicus]

1

Oldenburg, R. 1999. The Great Goof Place. Da Capo Press. p.17 Hardwick, J.2009. Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream. University of Pennsylvania Press. Quotes Victor Gruen talk held in London 1970: 'I am often called the father of the shopping mall. I would like to take this opportunity to disclaim paternity once and for all. I refuse to pay alimony to those bastard developments. They destroyed our cities.'

2

'Whatever servant you order to buy something for you from the Agora, and bring it, not one of them will have any difficulty; everyone will plainly know where he must go to get each class of goods. The reason for this, I said, is simply that they are kept in their appointed places.'3 The idea of housing goods together for ease of access and in aid of time management is not a sudden realisation and so to attribute the conception and paternity of the shopping mall to that of Gruen would be a gross untruth, rather it can be said that Gruen did indeed popularise said idea through his [arguably] failed attempt at creating his vision; his cultural centre.

With this understanding, what Gruen wanted to create was to be a new giant, a hybrid of multiple scenarios: 'Gruen’s full vision for the mall was more than just shops. He imagined them as mixed-use facilities, with apartments, offices, medical centers, child-care facilities, libraries, and (since it was the 1950s) bomb shelters.'4

[Victor Gruen planning Southdale Center] This quote affirms the previous point made that Gruen's vision was more than simply a collective of stores under one roof, a place of which only exists to make profit, although this was still a factor. Coincidentally, in Gruen's work he writes: 'The basic need of the suburban shopper is for a conveniently accessible, amply stocked shopping area with plentiful and free parking.'5 This could be considered a modern remastering of the quote by Xenophon regarding the description of the shopping mall.

3

Thompson, D. 1993. An Ancient Shopping Center, The Athenian Agora. The Stinehour Press. p.4 Quote from the podcast: 99% Invisible hosted by Roman Mars on the topic: The Gruen Effect 5 Gruen, V. 1960. Shopping Towns U.S.A. Van Nostrand Reinhold. p.23-24 4

Gruen's full vision was displayed in his work: Shopping Towns U.S.A. [1960] in which he wrote:

[Shopping Towns USA] 'They can provide the needed place and opportunity for participation in modern community life that the ancient Greek Agora, the Medieval Market Place and our own Town Squares provided in the past.'6

[Greek agora]

[Medieval market place] Gruen wanted to plant a seed in the suburbs of America that would blossom and result in the building of communities, togetherness - something of which Gruen felt America lacked when in contrast to his highly praised; Vienna, Austria. This, Gruen's visualisation, was the third place Oldenburg describes; this was more

6

Ibid.

than a place for solely commerce, it would a lively mix of commerce, art and entertainment all of which would promote socialising among its inhabitants.

Anette Baldauf, a sociologist professor at the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna, in her review of Gruen's: Shopping Towns U.S.A., titled: Victor Gruen and the Shopping Mall, similarly Baldauf argues that Gruen's idea was inspired by his social experiences gained in Vienna: 'Based on the model of European city centers they were not only to facilitate shopping but also to strengthen social ties in the isolated suburbia'7 With the mentioning that Gruen's intent was to bring a mix of commerce, art and entertainment do not be given the wrong impression - it could be argued that Gruen's focus was for the most part on the commercial aspect concerning the trio of features that he hoped to bring to the suburbs. Gruen argued that; good design equalled good profits.8

[Gruen's storefronts] Now to consider as to which the title alludes; the ironic twist of Victor Gruen's cultural centres, being that these structures were supposed to be an environment in which people could socialise, build a community etc. the irony of this happenstance is that Gruen's plans unfortunately run in tandem with the likely causations of Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). SBS as defined on the NHS website: 'a range of symptoms thought to be linked to spending time in a certain building, most often a workplace, but no specific cause can be found.'9 This can be better described in the study: Investigation of the relationship between disease and airborne (1 → 3)- β -D-glucan in buildings by R. Rylander: 'Building occupants complain of symptoms such as sensory irritation of the eyes, nose, throat; neurotoxic or general health problems; skin irritation; nonspecific hypersensitivity reactions; infectious diseases'10 The irony in this case being that such a place created for socialising could cause its inhabitants distress and or even sickness thus akin to shooting oneself in the foot. Metaphorically, Gruen's centres would be dying from the inside out, perhaps an architectural-cancer it could be considered.

The Southdale Center opened in 1956, this would be the first materialisation of Gruen's initial concept, what Gruen emphasised most was the immense centre court, covered in skylight; all this in attempts to mimic a town square.

7

Baldauf, A. n.d. Victor Gruen and the Shopping Mall. Online: http://www.dergrueneffekt.at/english/essay Quote from the podcast: 99% Invisible hosted by Roman Mars on the topic: The Gruen Effect 9 Sick Building Syndrome - Definition of SBS from NHS.com. Web. 11 May 2016.

10 Rylander, R. 1997. Investigations of the relationship between disease and airborne (1 → 3)- β -D-glucan in buildings.

Med. Of Inflamm. p.275-277 8

[Southdale Center 1956] The NHS state that: 'Anyone can be affected by SBS, but office workers in modern buildings without opening windows and with mechanical ventilation or air conditioning systems are most at risk.'11 With this in mind, from the offset, Gruen's most highlighted architectural aspect of his Southdale Center (the centre court of which is covered in skylight, and thus not having mechanical windows) would already be considered an agent possible of causing SBS. With regards to mechanical ventilation and air conditioning factors, these features are fundamental in any modern build but shopping malls/cultural centres would be the first builds to implement such a technology. These places would be known for their round-year climate controlled conditions making this setting accessible in spite of weather conditions outside, a microclimate if you will, tailored to the human experience and comfort. This additional causality only makes the parallels between Gruen's cultural centres and SBS ever more evident, if this information was known by Gruen, might he have amended his builds? Perhaps his builds would have fulfilled their intended purposes if particular aspects were altered.

In additional, the NHS argue that particular builds; these of which can be considered social sites; are more probable to invoke an SBS reaction more so than other constructs, the argument reads: 'SBS seems to be associated with certain types of buildings. Most cases occur in open plan offices, but people sometimes develop the symptoms while in other buildings that are occupied by lots of people such as: schools, libraries, museums.'12

11 12

Sick Building Syndrome - Definition of SBS from NHS.com. Web. 11 May 2016 Ibid.

[Cultural Center floor plan] Once more one can see the irony in Gruen's work; Gruen's creations would include schools, libraries and possibly museums although not clearly stated, this can be supposed by reading the cultural centre floor plan [See: Cultural Center floor plan - educational center]. The unfortunate similarities between Gruen's plans/builds to create a haven for community building and the likely causes of SBS is purely coincidental; the World Health Organisation coined the term; 'Sick Building Syndrome' in 1986. This information being pertinent as Gruen's first center was opened in 1956; with a whole 30 years difference SBS would not have had to be a consideration in this era of architecture as it was unknown. Rather it is only upon reflection that one can critique builds prior to the coining of the term; SBS (1986) and thus this becoming a recognised factor in future builds.

Gruen's cultural centres could well have promoted SBS symptoms through means of noise and vibrations within the establishments, a study by the Commission of the European Communities titled: Indoor Air Quality & Its Impact On Man: Sick Building Syndrome found that: 'The nature of the noise is important. Infrasound which is defined as sound waves in 0.1 - 20 Hz range may cause dizziness and nausea [...] It is more likely that low frequency noise (20-100 Hz)[,] which is found in buildings with industrial machines or ventilation machinery[,] may cause problems.'13 Gruen's cultural centres would include such facilities that would require industrial machines and ventilation machinery [See: Cultural Center floor plan - industrial center], Gruen's plans include an industrial center perhaps of which focuses on salvaging of waste materials, this would expectedly require industrial machinery.

13

Molina, C. Pickering, A. et al. 1989. Indoor Air Quality & Its Impact On Man. Commission of the European Communities. p.8

[Industrial machinery] Likewise, a cultural centre would require ventilation machinery, not only for the previously mentioned air conditioning to ensure a climate controlled environment but also air ducts, intake and exhaust fans etc. this study would strengthen the stance that this piece takes; that Gruen's cultural centres in particular could possibly create an environment in which SBS would thrive, if this were true, it would be an ironic and unfortunate twist for Gruen's cultural centres which were intended for socialising and spending money.

[Typical ventilation system] 'There's little sense in exhibiting paintings in a room that is pitch dark [/black], it would be rather foolish for a virtuoso to play a violin solo on a runway of a jet airport, there's just as little sense in placing brilliantly designed buildings into an atmosphere of danger, noise and fumes, which an unworkable hostile environment creates.'14 - Victor Gruen speech at the AIA [American Institute of Architects], San Fernando Valley 1964 In this quote Gruen makes clear that he intends to keep the industrial; be it cars, factories etc. separate to his cultural centres as to avoid the negatives of such inclusions, he imagined designing an environment full of greenery of which would complement the shops, he aimed to create an indoor plaza of which would be used as means of connection in the middle of the sprawl.

14

guyjohn59's channel. 2015. Victor Gruen on architecture. [Video File]. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZOZOH2RU1w

[Mock up of indoor plaza] Gruen made his feelings apparent concerning vehicles and the like when continuing his speech at the AIA: 'One technological event has swamped us. That is the advent of the rubber-wheeled vehicle. The private car, the truck, the trailer as means of mass transportation. And their threat to human life and health is just as great as that of the exposed sewer.'15 - Victor Gruen speech at the AIA, San Fernando Valley 1964

[Gruen's diagram of the vicious circle] In Gruen's mind, this advancement in technology had affected human life negatively likely that it contributed to the urban sprawl and thus the solitary lives lead by Americans of which he had witnessed firsthand after leaving Vienna; a place of which in Gruen's opinion was much more about community, and this being the inspiration for his cultural centres. A flaw that perhaps Gruen overlooked was that whilst despite his dislike of vehicles in order for one to reach his centre, they would likely use their car and with ample parking space surrounding the centres [See: Southdale Center aerial shot] nothing would deter them.

15

Ibid.

[Southdale Center aerial shot] SBS can be caused by many factors, the Indian Journal of Occupational & Environmental medicine The Sick Building argues that chemical contaminants might be primarily responsible for SBS, such chemical contaminants being: 'From outdoor sources: Contaminants from outside like pollutants from motor vehicle exhaust, plumbing vents and building exhausts (bathrooms and kitchens) can enter the building through poorly located air intake vents, windows and other openings.'16

[Parking for Southdale Center] Using Gruen's Southdale Center as primary example; it is clearly illustrated in the photo of the Southdale Center [See: Southdale Center aerial shot] the sheer abundance of parking space for its attractors, this being made apparent, surely some of the fumes accumulated as result of said motor vehicles and their exhausts would find themselves affecting said cultural centres being that the entirety of the centre's surrounds are dedicated to parking cars. This is but another detrimental factor that Gruen's cultural centres has to offer when inside them.

Furthermore, the Indian Journal of Occupational & Environmental medicine also states that other chemical contaminants usually attributed to builds such as Gruen's more but more links to SBS: 'From indoor sources: The most common contaminant of indoor air includes the volatile organic compounds (VOC). The main sources of VOC are adhesives, upholstery, carpeting, copy machines, manufactured wood products, pesticides, cleaning agents, etc.'17

16 17

Joshi, S. 2008. The sick building syndrome. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Patil Medical College. p.61-64 Ibid.

[Interior of Southdale Center] These potential contaminants are rather fundamentals when building constructs such as this [cultural centre], it would be unfair to expect Gruen to have acted not in accordance with the fundamentals that are the inclusion of; adhesive, upholstery, carpeting, copy machines, manufactured wood and cleaning products.

Aforementioned, the concept of a place that people gather and buy wares is not a new phenomenon as illustrated by Xenophon in their work: Oeconomicus; similarly, the architecture that is stereotypical of shopping malls; a roofed environment indoors in which its interiors are laced with shops and the like; this is also not a new happening. In the work: The Arcades Project authored by Walter Benjamin between 1927 and 1940, in this piece Benjamin cites a quote from Illustrated Guide to Paris:

[The Arcades Project]

[Illustrated Guide Book In and Around Paris]

'These arcades, a recent invention of industrial luxury, are glass-roofed, marble-panelled corridors extending through whole blocks of buildings, whose owners have joined together for such enterprises. Lining both sides of the corridors, which get their light from above, are the most elegant shops, so that the arcade is a city, a world in miniature, in which customers will find everything they need.'18

18

Benjamin, W.1927-1940. The Arcades Project. Quotes: Illustrated Guide to Paris.1852. Harvard University Press. p.873

[Arcade] It could be considered foolish for Gruen to stray from such blueprints that already have proven success, and so with this understanding Gruen cannot be held completely accountable for the unfortunate link between his cultural centres and SBS, rather it could be argued he did not know better, he followed in others seemingly successful footsteps but encountered the ironies of which are raised in this portfolio.

[Victor Gruen] 'I would like to take this opportunity to disclaim paternity once and for all. I refuse to pay alimony to those bastard developments. They destroyed our cities.'19 With this realisation, Gruen went on to focus his efforts on urban renewal projects, turning city centres into pedestrian-only area which would display art, would be lined with shops and have greenery intermingled. Gruen made plans for Boulder, Fresno, Ft. Worth and Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo becoming the first outdoor mall in the United States. With the questions raised by this portfolio, this could be perceived as Gruen making a mends for his (although inadvertent) wrongdoings.

19

Hardwick, J.2009. Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream. University of Pennsylvania Press. Quotes Victor Gruen talk held in London 1970: 'I am often called the father of the shopping mall. I would like to take this opportunity to disclaim paternity once and for all. I refuse to pay alimony to those bastard developments. They destroyed our cities.'

[Birdseye view of the Fort Worth Texas new city plan - 1956]

[The March 1, 1959 edition of Arthur Radebaugh’s Closer Than We Think! featured “rejuvenated downtowns” of the future, describing the pedestrian malls of Victor Gruen’s urban renewal projects.]

Lifestyle centres began appearing in the 90's, they are malls disguised as main streets, without a roof and with more restaurants as well as boutiques. Even with the obvious commercial overtones that come with lifestyle centres, they are still walk-able and lively environments. It could be argued that this is the true imagining of Gruen's, a healthy mix of commerce, art and entertainment. The advantage of such an environment in regard to SBS is as follows; the Malaysian Technical University Conference on Engineering & Technology found that: 'The respondents [three selected buildings that were part of this study] presenting with indoor environmentally associated symptoms such as sick building syndrome (SBS) are apt to have been exposed to inadequate indoor air quality (IAQ).'20 This leads one to conclude that in order to best avoid creating spaces in which SBS symptoms become apparent e.g. when designing a shopping mall/cultural centre, one must part ways with the idea of including a roof, this

20

Norhidayah, A. Chia-Kuang, L. et al. 2012. Procedia Engineering. Malaysian Technical University. p.93-98

way ventilation machinery, inadequate air quality and many other contributing factors to SBS are nullified. As Gruen mentions In retrospect, Victor Gruen might have achieved his vision of a community building, art inspired, commercial environment if his initial plans were similar to that of a lifestyle centre.

Psychogeographic Map of the York Designer Outlet

[Greenery] [Parking]

[Play area]

[Entrance]

[Entrance hall and walkway left & right]

[Mechanical ventilation Throughout]

[Indoor greenery]

[Storefronts]

To conclude this portfolio it seemed fitting to include a contemporary take on the questions raised in this piece - is there a correlation between shopping malls/cultural centres and Sick Building Syndrome? and how does this relate to Gruen? Instead of the focal point this time being on the builds of Gruen, this section will focus on the York Designer Outlet [YDO], this shopping mall is what can be considered a fairly standardised shopping mall throughout England and likely throughout the Western world which makes this contemporary example substantial. To answer these questions the method used was inspired by Guy Debord and his work on psychogeographic maps, this best illustrates the similarities in this case, between the YDO and SBS if any.

As previously mentioned the Indian Journal of Occupational & Environmental medicine argues that chemical contaminants are the largest contributing factor to SBS, in particular: 'Contaminants from outside like pollutants from motor vehicle exhaust [...] can enter the building through poorly located air intake vents, windows and other openings.'21 It is apparent with use of the psychogeographic map that in the case of the YDO with its parking situation (as displayed [Parking]) that it does indeed; similar to the Southdale Center; leave itself vulnerable to its inhabitants being affected by SBS through chemical contaminants from the cars surrounding. Continuing, a striking similarity between the YDO and the Southdale Center is the inclusion of greenery throughout and surrounding; see: [Greenery] and [Indoor greenery], perhaps this is to remove some of the alien nature of these environments.

The YDO displays many of the traits Gruen had hoped to include in his builds; commerce, art and entertainment, the YDO is heavily influenced by commerce with light insertion of the latter two traits.

Commerce can be seen throughout but can be summarised with the images labelled [Storefronts], these images eerily reminiscent of Gruen's stores; see: [Gruen's storefronts] showing that not much has changed by way of design. The YDO includes artistic representations of sorts but is not heavily present; see: [Entrance], whereas entertainment was more so included; see: [Play area] as well as children's rides dotted sparingly all through.

The two most convincing contributors to SBS are present within the YDO as they were in the Southdale Center; non-opening windows as well as a heavy presence of mechanical ventilation; see: [Entrance hall and walkway left & right] and [Mechanical ventilation throughout], as the NHS states: 'Anyone can be affected by SBS,[...] in modern buildings without opening windows and with mechanical 22 ventilation or air conditioning systems are most at risk.'

This goes to prove that whilst the focus of this portfolio has been on the unfortunate link between the builds of Gruen and SBS, much of the contributing factors of SBS are common place in modern day builds - as previously mentioned Gruen was inclined to follow the blueprint given to him through the successes of arcades and he would have been considered foolish had he strayed from them. In summary, Gruen cannot be held responsible for his builds and their connection to SBS and as made evident with the psychogeographic map of the YDO the common themes of Gruen's cultural centres of which can be considered factors of SBS still translate into the contemporary builds of today.

21 22

Joshi, S. 2008. The sick building syndrome. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Patil Medical College. p.61-64 Sick Building Syndrome - Definition of SBS from NHS.com. Web. 11 May 2016

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[The March 1, 1959 edition of Arthur Radebaugh’s Closer Than We Think! featured “rejuvenated downtowns” of the future, describing the pedestrian malls of Victor Gruen’s urban renewal projects.] Farm3.static.flickr.com. (2016). [online] Available at: http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2743/4175280565_eb475dd036.jpg [Accessed 11 May 2016].

[Parking] - Thomas McGowan - 11/05/15 [Greenery] - Thomas McGowan - 11/05/15 [Play area] - Mcarthurglen.com. (2016). [online] Available at: http://www.mcarthurglen.com/media/9185183/childrens-play-area_landing.jpg [Accessed 11 May 2016].

[Entrance] - Thomas McGowan - 11/05/15 [Entrance hall and walkway left & right] - Thomas McGowan - 11/05/15 [Mechanical ventilation throughout] - Thomas McGowan - 11/05/15 [Indoor greenery] - Thomas McGowan - 11/05/15 [Storefronts] - Thomas McGowan - 11/05/15