Exploring geology 4th edition reynolds test bank

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Chapter 14 – Glaciers, Shorelines, and Changing Sea Levels

TEST BANK QUESTIONS – This test bank is for Exploring Geology 4th edition. In addition to this Word file, the questions can be accessed via MH’s Connect system, and MH can provide them for various classroom-management systems (e.g., Blackboard).

At the end of this document are instructions for copying and pasting these questions to create a new test, as well as a description the self-numbering character of the questions and answers using Styles in Microsoft Word. Short descriptors that follow each question are summarized here: • Answer: Correct answer to question.

• Section: The number of the relevant two-page spread in Exploring Geology, 4th edition.

• Bloom’s: Cognitive skills required to answer the question, selected from categories in a version of Bloom’s Taxonomy. The six categories are Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, and Create.

• Topic: The topic within the chapter to which the question applies.

14.0 – Glaciers, Shorelines, and Changing Sea Levels

1. What is the origin of smooth troughs cutting across the landscape in the Great Lakes area? a) the areas were covered by soft marine sediments b) a huge flood coming from Iowa flowed toward the Great Lakes c) glaciers carved the smooth troughs d) all of these Answer: c Section: 14.00 Bloom’s: 1. Remember Topic: Glaciers 2. What is the origin of smooth troughs (T on this figure) cutting across the landscape in the Great Lakes area? a) the areas were covered by soft marine sediments b) a huge flood coming from Iowa flowed toward the Great Lakes c) glaciers carved the smooth troughs d) all of these Answer: c Section: 14.0 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Glaciers 3. What is the origin of curved ridges (R on this figure) in the Great Lakes area?

2 a) b) c) d)

folds produced during a continental collision paths of ancient rivers piles of sediment deposited by retreating glaciers remnants of a meteoroid impact

Answer: c Section: 14.0 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Glaciers 4. What is one reason why the East Coast has so many bays and islands? a) the land has been uplifted by recent faulting b) the land has been downdropped by recent faulting c) water released from melting glaciers raised sea level d) a large tsunami from a meteoroid impact scoured the coastline Answer: c Section: 14.0 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 14.1 – What Are Glaciers

5. What type of glacier is shown on the gently sloping land near the coastline? a) tropical coast glacier b) shoreline glacier c) piedmont glacier d) continental ice sheet Answer: c Section: 14.01 Bloom’s: 1. Remember Topic: Glaciers 6. What type of glacier is shown in the center of this image? a) ribbon glacier b) valley glacier c) low-elevation glacier d) high-elevation glacier Answer: b

3 Section: 14.01 Bloom’s: 1. Remember Topic: Glaciers 14.2 – Glaciers Form, Move, and Vanish

7. What happens on either side of the equilibrium line in a glacier? a) sublimation occurs only above the line and melting occurs only below the line b) melting occurs only above the line and sublimation occurs only below the line c) above the equilibrium line, the amount of accumulation exceeds the amount lost by various processes d) air temperatures are below freezing below the line and above freezing above the line Answer: c Section: 14.02 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Glaciers 8. What happens when a glacier encounters the sea or a lake? a) the ice is more dense than water and so scrapes along the bottom b) white icebergs float but blue icebergs sink to the bottom c) large blocks of ice collapse off the front of the glacier and become icebergs d) rocks released from melted icebergs float on the water surface e) all of these Answer: c Section: 14.02 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Glaciers 9. Which of the following is NOT a way glaciers move downhill? a) the glacier can slide over bedrock b) a glacier can move by internal shear and flow c) the upper parts of glaciers can fracture d) the lower part of a glacier flows faster than the upper part Answer: d Section: 14.02 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Glaciers 10. What happens to snowflakes as they become progressively buried within glaciers?

4 they become less dense because of large amounts of trapped air they begin to melt as they are insulated from the cold air they become interlocking crystals of ice they can become brighter white because of trapped air all of these Answer: c Section: 14.02 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Glaciers a) b) c) d) e)

14.3 – Glacial Erosion, Transport, and Deposition (new in EG3e)

11. Abrasion is distinguished from plucking in that abrasion is: a) a smooth scraping, while plucking is a more jagged gouging of the bedrock. b) a jagged gouging, while plucking is a smooth scraping of the bedrock. c) an erosional feature while plucking is a depositional feature. d) a depositional feature while plucking is an erosional feature.

Answer: a Section: 14.03 Bloom’s: 1. Remember Topic: Glaciers 12. What is the relationship between plucking and abrasion on a glacially-scoured landscape? a) Plucking occurs relatively suddenly when a glacier first encounters the landscape, and then if it remains in place for a long time, abrasion begins to happen later, over a long period of time. b) Abrasion occurs relatively suddenly when a glacier first encounters the landscape, and then if it remains in place for a long time, plucking begins to happen later, over a long period of time. c) Plucking occurs on the upflow side of a mound or hill that is scoured, while abrasion occurs on the downflow side. d) Abrasion occurs on the upflow side of a mound or hill that is scoured, while plucking occurs on the downflow side.

Answer: d Section: 14.03 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Glaciers 13. The feature in this photograph was formed by:

5 a) b) c) d)

plucking. abrasion. plucking on the left and abrasion on the right. abrasion on the left and plucking on the right.

Answer: c Section: 14.03 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Glaciers 14. The feature in this photograph is a(n): a) drumlin. b) roche moutonnée. c) esker. d) kame.

Answer: b Section: 14.03 Bloom’s: 1. Remember Topic: Glaciers 15. The main reason that the deposits shown here are sorted and stratified is that: a) the glacier that dropped them was moving very slowly. b) the glacier that dropped them was moving quickly. c) they were deposited by running water that accompanied the glacier.

Answer: c Section: 14.03 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Glaciers 16. Till is: a) sorted but not stratified. b) stratified but not sorted. c) sorted and stratified. d) neither sorted nor stratified.

Answer: d Section: 14.03

6 Bloom’s: 1. Remember Topic: Glaciers 14.4 – Alpine Glaciation (mostly was 14.3 and 14.4 in EG3e)

17. What carved this U-shaped valley? a) a rapidly downcutting river b) a slowly downcutting river c) wind d) glacier

Answer: d Section: 14.04 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Glaciers 18. Which feature on this diagram is a cirque? a) 1, the circular depression at the head of the valley b) 2, a lake in the upper valley c) 3, a steep ridge d) 4, a valley that is above the level of the main valley Answer: a Section: 14.04 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Glaciers 19. Which feature on this diagram is a tarn? a) 1, the circular depression at the head of the valley b) 2, a lake in the upper valley c) 3, a steep ridge d) 4, a valley that is above the level of the main valley Answer: b Section: 14.04 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Glaciers 20. Which feature on this diagram is an arête?

7 a) b) c) d)

1, the circular depression at the head of the valley 2, a lake in the upper valley 3, a steep ridge 4, a valley that is above the level of the main valley

Answer: c Section: 14.04 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Glaciers 21. Which feature on this diagram is a hanging valley? a) 1, the circular depression at the head of the valley b) 2, a lake in the upper valley c) 3, a steep ridge d) 4, a valley that is above the level of the main valley Answer: d Section: 14.04 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Glaciers 22. What is this bowl-shaped, glacially carved feature? a) hanging valley b) arête c) cirque d) continental ice sheet

Answer: c Section: 14.04 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Glaciers 23. What are these sharp, glacially carved ridges? a) cirque b) arête c) hogback d) razorback e) flatiron Answer: b Section: 14.04

8 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Glaciers 24. What name best describes the lake on bedrock in this photograph? a) tarn b) kame c) hanging valley d) lateral moraine e) drumlin Answer: 1 Section: 14.04 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Glaciers 25. What feature will be formed by the sediment carried along the sides of this glacier? a) cirque b) tarn c) arête d) lateral moraine e) none of these Answer: d Section: 14.04 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Glaciers 26. What is the feature numbered 1 in the upper part of this figure? a) cirque b) U-shaped valley c) lateral moraine d) terminal moraine

Answer: a Section: 14.04 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Glaciers 27. What is the feature numbered 2 in the upper left part of this figure?

9 a) b) c) d)

cirque U-shaped valley lateral moraine terminal moraine

Answer: b Section: 14.04 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Glaciers 28. What is the feature numbered 3 in the center of this figure? a) cirque b) U-shaped valley c) lateral moraine d) terminal moraine

Answer: c Section: 14.04 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Glaciers 29. What is the feature numbered 4 in the lower right of this figure? a) cirque b) U-shaped valley c) lateral moraine d) terminal moraine

Answer: d Section: 14.04 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Glaciers 30. The margins of glaciers are usually darker than the interior primarily because:

10 shearing causes the ice to expel air and become darker glaciers are transparent so the underlying bedrock is visible the sides are moving faster than the interior of the glacier the sides have a higher concentration of rocks and other debris all of these Answer: d Section: 14.04 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Glaciers a) b) c) d) e)

31. What landforms would you expect to see in the diagram after the glaciers melted completely away? a) u-shaped valleys b) narrow, sharp ridges c) high, sharp peaks d) all of these

Answer: d Section: 14.04 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Glaciers 14.5 – Continental Glaciation (was mostly 14.4 in EG3e)

32. What do these teardrop-shaped hills (drumlins) record? a) ancient lake levels b) piles of sediment recording past positions of the end of the glacier c) erosion and sculpting of soft materials by a moving glacier d) melting of large blocks of rock in the ice Answer: c Section: 14.05 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Glaciers 33. What does this curved ridge (esker) record?

11 a) b) c) d)

ancient shorelines meltwater channels below or within a glacier soft glacial sediment shaped by the moving glacier glacially derived, wind-blown dust

Answer: b Section: 14.05 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Glaciers 34. How is a terminal or recessional moraine from a continental ice sheet typically expressed in the landscape? a) as teardrop-shaped hills b) as a series of small depressions, many of which are lakes c) as a series of jagged ridges in the mountains d) as a series of gently curved ridges e) as hills that are smooth on one side and rough on the other side Answer: d Section: 14.05 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Glaciers 35. Which of the features labeled on this figure is a kettle? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E Answer: b Section: 14.05 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Glaciers 36. Which of the features labeled on this figure is a drumlin? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E Answer: c Section: 14.05 Bloom’s: 3. Apply

12 Topic: Glaciers 37. Which of the features labeled on this figure is an esker? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E Answer: a Section: 14.05 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Glaciers 38. Which of the features labeled on this figure is a terminal or recessional moraine? a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E Answer: e Section: 14.05 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Glaciers 39. What does a terminal moraine represent? a) the end of a polished and scratched segment of bedrock b) the sharp ends of a jagged ridge formed by glaciers c) the end of an ice sheet that is floating in the sea d) a pile of sediment deposited at the end of the glacier e) the final time that two glaciers come together Answer: d Section: 14.05 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Glaciers 14.6 – Peripheral Features (was14.5 in EG3e)

40. What is permafrost? a) curly crystals of frost that form early in the morning b) ice and snow that exist throughout the entire year c) ice and snow that are permanently in motion d) the upper part of the ground that remains frozen throughout the year

13 Answer: d Section: 14.06 Bloom’s: 1. Remember Topic: Glaciers 41. How are silt deposits called loess related to glaciers? a) they accumulate in lakes trapped behind glaciers b) they form in lakes as the lakes dried up at the end of the ice ages c) they were deposited by large glacially caused floods in the Pacific Northwest d) they are wind-blown accumulations and commonly are derived from glaciers Answer: d Section: 14.06 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Glaciers 42. What are some features that were or are associated with the emptying of lakes formed during glacial times? a) the Bonneville Salt Flats of Utah b) the Channeled Scablands c) enormous potholes carved into bedrock d) enormous ripples hundreds of feet high e) all of these Answer: e Section: 14.06 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Glaciers 14.7 – Evidence for Past Glaciations (was 14.6 in EG3e)

43. Which numbered feature(s) on this photograph are consistent with the presence of glaciers sometime in the past? a) 1, an arête b) 2, U-shaped valley c) 3, tarn d) all of these Answer: d Section: 14.07 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Glaciers 44. Which of the following is NOT a type of evidence left behind by glaciers?

14 scratched and polished bedrock scattered stones (dropstones) in fine-grained sediment changes in the isotopic compositions of marine shells V-shaped valleys all of these are evidence left behind by glaciers Answer: d Section: 14.07 Bloom’s: 1. Remember Topic: Glaciers a) b) c) d) e)

45. What happens to different isotopes of oxygen in this figure? a) evaporation concentrates lighter isotopes in the resulting water vapor b) precipitation forms ice that is enriched in heavier isotopes relative to seawater c) melting of ice preferentially releases heavier isotopes back into the ocean d) all of these Answer: a Section: 14.07 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Glaciers 14.8 – Ice Ages (was 14.7 in EG3e)

46. What do the curved ridges shown on this diagram record? a) ancient shoreline from the Great Lakes b) folds formed by a continental collision c) large fissures that formed within glacier and filled with wind-blown dust d) past positions of the front of a glacier as it retreated Answer: d Section: 14.08 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Glaciers 47. Today, which land area in the Northern Hemisphere is largely covered by an ice sheet?

15 Greenland Europe Asia North America Answer: a Section: 14.08 Bloom’s: 1. Remember/Understand Topic: Glaciers a) b) c) d)

14.9 – Start and Stop Glacial Episodes (was 14.8 in EG3e)

48. The present-day tilt of earth’s axis of rotation is 23.5º. What would be the result of less tilt, as shown here? a) high latitudes would receive less direct sunlight during the summer, causing cooler temperatures b) a decrease in glaciers c) more hours of sunlight on the equator, resulting in warmer global temperatures d) all of these Answer: a Section: 14.09 Bloom’s: 4. Analyze Topic: Glaciers 49. The present-day tilt of earth’s axis of rotation is 23.5º. What would be the result of more tilt, as shown here? a) high latitudes would receive less direct sunlight during the summer, causing cooler temperatures b) a decrease in glaciers c) a decrease in the effects of the seasons d) all of these

Answer: b Section: 14.09 Bloom’s: 4. Analyze Topic: Glaciers 50. The present-day tilt of earth’s axis of rotation is 23.5º degrees.

What would be the result of more tilt, as shown here?

16 a) high latitudes would receive more direct sunlight, causing

warmer summer b) a decrease in glacial activity c) an increase in the effects of the seasons d) all of these

Answer: d Section: 14.09 Bloom’s: 4. Analyze Topic: Glaciers 51. What are some possible influences of ocean currents on glaciation? a) Cold currents can cool the land allowing glaciers to form if there is sufficient precipitation. b) Cold currents can inhibit the growth of glaciers because they put less moisture into the atmosphere. c) Warm currents can warm parts of continents, inhibiting glaciation. d) Warm currents bring warm moist air that can increase precipitation and snowfall if the temperature is cold enough. e) All of these.

Answer: e Section: 14.09 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Glaciers 52. How could changes in Earth’s tilt influence global climate? a) A high angle of tilt causes snow and ice to fall off the planet. b) A minimum angle of tilt causes high latitudes to receive less sunlight during the summer, causing an increase in glaciers. c) A maximum angle of tilt causes Earth to reflect more sunlight into space, causing an increase in glaciers. d) A high angle of tilt causes the continents to move away from the poles leading to more glaciers.

Answer: b Section: 14.09 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Glaciers 53. The amount of solar heating can increase from:

17 a decrease in sunspot activity and energy output from the Sun a decrease in snow and ice cover on Earth’s surface a decrease in the amount of greenhouse gases a huge volcanic eruption that adds ash and dust to the atmosphere Answer: b Section: 14.09 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Glaciers a) b) c) d)

14.10 – Processes Along Shorelines (was 14.09 in EG3e)

54. Which site will most likely experience rapid erosion? a) 1, cliffs composed of hard rocks b) 2, sediments in a delta c) 3, the seafloor deep beneath the waves d) 4, the coastline of a bay e) 5, the coastline in a branching embayment Answer: b Section: 14.10 Bloom’s: 4. Analyze Topic: Coasts 55. Which of the following is true about how shorelines are affected from the water side? a) most waves are generated by earthquakes and become larger upon approaching the shore b) most erosion along shorelines occurs from offshore currents c) waves can erode, deposit, or simply transport sediment d) tides increase and decrease the size of waves but leave sea level unchanged e) none of these Answer: c Section: 14.10 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 56. Factors that do NOT affect the appearance of a shoreline from the water side include: a) strength of waves and tides b) size and intensity of storms c) orientation of the coastline d) slope of the seafloor e) all of these affect the appearance Answer: e

18 Section: 14.10 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 57. Factors that affect the appearance of a shoreline include: a) the hardness of bedrock along the coast b) climate and vegetation c) whether sea level has risen or fallen relative to the coast d) all of these Answer: d Section: 14.10 Bloom’s: 1. Remember Topic: Coasts 58. The orientation of a coastline affects the appearance of a shoreline primarily because it influences: a) the direction of prevailing winds b) which way river sediment enters the shoreline system c) the erosive effects of waves d) how much sun it receives Answer: c Section: 14.10 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 59. Which of the following is true about how shorelines are affected from the land side? a) many beach areas are backed by coastal dunes formed by the wind b) rivers are not important contributors of sediment into the shoreline system c) fine sediment in rivers is deposited close to shore and coarser sediment is carried farther away from shore d) all of these Answer: a Section: 14.10 Bloom’s: 1. Remember Topic: Coasts 60. How can climate influence the processes along coastal landscapes a) it controls the amount of precipitation, which affects the amount of erosion b) it affects the size and intensity of storms c) wet climates result in more vegetation which may stabilize the soil d) melting glaciers cause sea level to rise e) all of these Answer: e Section: 14.10 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts

19

14.11 – Causes of Tides (was 14.10 in EG3e)

61. With the Moon in this position, which area will experience high tide? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 1 and 3 e) 2 and 4 Answer: e Section: 14.11 Bloom’s: 4. Analyze Topic: Coasts 62. With the Moon in this position, which area will experience low tide? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 1 and 3 e) 2 and 4 Answer: d Section: 14.11 Bloom’s: 4. Analyze Topic: Coasts 63. With the Sun and Moon in this position, what does the side of the earth facing the moon experience? a) a normal high tide b) a normal low tide c) a spring tide d) a neap tide

Answer: c Section: 14.11 Bloom’s: 4. Analyze Topic: Coasts 64. With the Sun and Moon in this position, what does the side of the earth facing the moon experience?

20 a) b) c) d)

a normal high tide a normal low tide a spring tide a neap tide

Answer: c Section: 14.11 Bloom’s: 4. Analyze Topic: Coasts 65. With the Sun and Moon in this position, what does the side of the earth facing the moon experience? a) a normal high tide b) a normal low tide c) a spring tide d) a neap tide Answer: d Section: 14.11 Bloom’s: 4. Analyze Topic: Coasts 66. When will an area experience high tide? a) in the early afternoon when water temperatures are highest b) when there is a quarter moon in the sky c) when the moon is directly overhead or on the opposite side of Earth d) during a period of intense sunspot activity Answer: c Section: 14.11 Bloom’s: 1. Remember Topic: Coasts 67. What causes high and low tides? a) the tendency for water on a spinning globe to be thrown outward b) daily heating and cooling of the seas, which causes seawater to contract and expand c) a rise in sea level during the day because of an increase in storms d) water is pulled by the gravity of the Moon e) all of these Answer: d Section: 14.11 Bloom’s: 1. Remember Topic: Coasts

21

68. There are two high tides and two low tides in each 25-hour period because: a) Earth orbits around the Sun in a little over 24 hours b) the Moon orbits Earth in 25 hours c) Earth completes a full rotation every 24 hours but the Moon moves too d) heating and cooling of the seas twice each day Answer: c Section: 14.11 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 69. If waves approach the shore at an angle they: a) die out before they reach the shore b) begin to break in water depths deeper than the wave base c) bend so they approach the shore more directly d) do none of these because waves do not approach the shore at an angle Answer: c Section: 14.11 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 70. High tides are higher than average and low tides are lower than average when: a) the Moon and the Sun are aligned relative to the Earth b) it is a full moon c) it is a new moon d) all of these Answer: d Section: 14.11 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 14.12 – Waves (was 14.11 in EG3e)

71. Which dashed line in this figure would be the wave base? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 1 and 2 e) 2 and 3 Answer: c Section: 14.12 Bloom’s: 4. Analyze Topic: Coasts

22

72. How deep would the affects of this wave likely reach? a) only on the surface b) 1 c) 2 d) 3 e) much deeper than 3 Answer: d Section: 14.12 Bloom’s: 4. Analyze Topic: Coasts 73. What is the depth of wave base? a) the depth to which wave action extends b) a depth equal to three times the wavelength of waves c) the process by which waves move material along the bottom in very deep water d) the inside of a tubular breaking wave that is perfect for surfing e) none of these Answer: a Section: 14.12 Bloom’s: 1. Remember Topic: Coasts 74. Which of the following is true about how waves form and break upon the shore? a) most waves form from upwelling of deep waters b) waves get smaller as wind speed increases c) waves begin to change when they reach water shallower than wave base d) waves break in a counterclockwise direction because of rotation of the Earth e) none of these Answer: c Section: 14.12 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 75. How do waves propagate across the water? a) the wave moves forward but water moves in a circular motion b) water near the surface moves less than water at depth c) water within the wave travels as far as the wave does d) all of these Answer: a Section: 14.12 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts

23 14.13 – Material Eroded, Transported, and Deposited (was 14.12 in EG3e)

76. Which of the following parts of a shoreline is more likely to experience intense erosion? a) a straight part of the shoreline b) a gently curved part of the shoreline c) areas within a bay d) the seaward end of a promontory Answer: d Section: 14.13 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 77. Which of the following can influence whether a shoreline gains or losses sand with time? a) the amount of precipitation on land b) the amount of sediment in rivers c) a longshore current d) prevailing wind direction e) all of these Answer: e Section: 14.13 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 78. Which of the following is NOT a possible source of large stones along a shoreline? a) waves swirl away loose pieces of bedrock b) undercutting by waves causes steep rock faces to collapse into the sea c) some rivers can deposit large cobbles near the shoreline d) large storms erode the deep seafloor and transport the rocks toward the beach Answer: d Section: 14.13 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 79. Sand and other sediment: a) can move laterally along the coast if waves approach the beach at an angle b) only move up and down the slope of the beach c) can slump downward if the sea bottom has too gentle a slope d) are moved by the wind if the material is coarser than sand e) all of these Answer: a Section: 14.13 Bloom’s: 2. Understand

24 Topic: Coasts 80. How is sand moving (overall) in the diagram of the beach? a) Laterally to the right b) Laterally to the left c) Offshore toward the sea d) Constantly toward the shore Answer: a Section: 14.13 Bloom’s: 2, Understand Topic: Coasts 14.14 – Landforms Along Shorelines (was 14.13 in EG3e)

81. Which way is the current moving along this coastline? a) out to sea b) in toward the coast c) from right to left d) from left to right Answer: c Section: 14.14 Bloom’s: 4. Analyze Topic: Coasts 82. How did the sea cave in this feature form? a) erosion of a promontory by waves b) erosion by blowing beach sand c) removal of rocks by giant lobsters d) a rapid drop in sea level

Answer: a Section: 14.14 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 83. What does this wave-cut platform indicate?

25 a) b) c) d)

a rise of sea level relative to the land a lowering of sea level relative to the land movement of a large thrust fault scouring of the land surface by a tsunami

Answer: b Section: 14.14 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Coasts 84. What features are shown in this photograph? a) coral reefs b) karst topography c) pinnacles and sea stacks d) sea caves e) none of these Answer: c Section: 14.14 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 85. In what direction does a spit typically grow with time? a) toward a promontory b) in the same direction as a longshore current c) in the direction from which waves are approaching the coast d) toward a wave-cut platform e) none of these Answer: b Section: 14.14 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 86. Which of the following shoreline features is generally composed of bedrock? a) barrier island b) offshore bar c) spit d) wave-cut platform e) none of these Answer: d Section: 14.14 Bloom’s: 1. Remember

26 Topic: Coasts 87. What is the typical setting of a sea cave or sea stack? a) within a protected bay b) on a barrier island c) on a sandbar d) on a baymouth bar e) on a promontory Answer: e Section: 14.14 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 14.15 – Challenges of Living Along Shorelines (was 14.14 in EG3e)

88. What was a key point demonstrated by photographs in the textbook from before and after hurricanes? a) neighborhoods were flooded, but the houses and shorelines were unchanged b) most houses were buried beneath sand brought in by strong waves c) waves and storm surge caused erosion of beaches and destruction of houses d) most houses were protected by the beach sediment Answer: c Section: 14.15 Bloom’s: 1. Remember Topic: Coasts 89. Which of the following is NOT an approach communities have tried to address shoreline problems? a) construction of a seawall b) construction of a jetty c) lowering the local sea level d) building a breakwater e) replenishing sand Answer: c Section: 14.15 Bloom’s: 1. Remember Topic: Coasts 90. What is probably the least expensive approach for avoiding shoreline hazards? a) bringing in sand to replenish what is lost to storms b) using private insurance money to rebuild houses destroyed by erosion and waves c) using federal disaster money to rebuild houses destroyed by erosion and waves d) forbid the building of houses or other structures in high-risk areas e) building up the land level so communities, such as New Orleans, are above sea level

27 Answer: d Section: 14.15 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Coasts 14.16 – Assessing Risk Along Coastlines (was 14.15 in EG3e)

91. Which of the following does NOT affect the potential hazards of a shoreline? a) elevation of the land surface near the shore b) the distribution of hard and soft rocks c) width of a beach d) the presence of offshore islands and sand bars e) all of these affect potential hazards of shorelines Answer: e Section: 14.15 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 92. What does LIDAR data tell us about shorelines? a) how the size of waves is related to water temperature b) how the size of waves is related to salinity of seawater c) changes in elevation, including destruction of houses d) how the color of sand affects the air temperature e) none of these Answer: c Section: 14.15 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 14. 17 – Sea Level Changes (was 14.16 in EG3e)

93. What geologic event is probably indicated by this irregular coast, with estuaries? a) a rise in sea level b) a drop in sea level c) erosion due to large tsunamis d) the uplift of submarine canyons Answer: a Section: 14.17 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Coasts

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94. Which of the following most likely indicates that sea level has risen relative to the land? a) offshore sand bars that have become coastal dunes b) the presence of coral reefs on land c) wave-cut notches and platforms that are above sea level d) marine terraces e) an irregular coastline with branching estuaries and embayments Answer: e Section: 14.17 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 95. Which of the following most likely indicates that sea level has fallen relative to the land? a) offshore sand bars that have become coastal dunes b) the presence of coral reefs on land c) wave-cut notches and platforms that are above sea level d) marine terraces e) all of these Answer: e Section: 14.17 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 96. The image shows a coastline that: a) has undergone a rise in relative sea level b) has emerged as relative sea level has fallen c) is marked by exposed land that was recently below sea level d) has no sheltered bays or inlets

Answer: a Section: 14.17 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 14.18 – Causes of Sea Level Change (was 14.17 in EG3e)

97. An increase in the rate of seafloor spreading along this ridge would cause:

29 a) b) c) d)

the ridge to become broader seawater to be displaced out of the ocean basin a rise in sea level all of these

Answer: d Section: 14.18 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 98. Which of the following would cause sea level to rise? a) a decrease in the amount of glaciers on land b) faster rates of seafloor spreading c) a rise in the temperature of the oceans d) all of these Answer: d Section: 14.18 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 99. What is a primary reason an increase in glaciers on land would cause sea level to fall? a) because the temperature of the oceans decreases from cold glacial streams b) an increase in snow cover causes the atmosphere to heat up which causes more evaporation c) glaciers depress the land surface, which pulls sea level down with it d) glaciers tie up large volumes of water that would otherwise be in the sea Answer: d Section: 14.18 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 100.

How does the rate of seafloor spreading affect sea level? a) Faster spreading causes faster subduction, which pulls down continental margins. b) Faster spreading produces broader ridges that displace water out of the oceans. c) Faster spreading heats up ocean waters causing them to expand and flood the land. d) They have no effect because the rates of seafloor spreading do not change over time.

Answer: b Section: 14.18 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 101. What is the main way that position of the continents can influence global sea level?

30 clustering of continents near the poles squashes the planet, causing sea level to rise continents near the equator receive higher amounts of rainfall continents at high latitudes provide a setting in which large ice sheets can form clustering of continents near the poles causes ocean temperatures to fall substantially Answer: c Section: 14.18 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts a) b) c) d)

102.

Which of the following would cause sea level to fall? a) a decrease in the amount of glaciers on land b) a slowing in the rate of seafloor spreading c) a rise in the temperature of the oceans d) all of these Answer: b Section: 14.18 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 103.

What happens to the land surface when large ice sheets melt away? a) it subsides because there is less ice on top b) the land surface remains unchanged but seems lower because of the loss of ice c) the land flexes upward due to isostatic rebound d) the land rises because the rocks are warmer without the ice Answer: c Section: 14.18 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 14.19 – West Antarctica (was 14.18 in EG3e)

104. What is one of the most important aspects about West Antarctica with respect to global sea level? a) it has large composite volcanoes whose eruptions have changed global climate b) it cools the adjacent oceans causing them to contract c) it has large floating ice shelves that could be detached and melted d) it has large volcanoes whose eruption beneath the ice could cause extremely large floods Answer: c Section: 14.19 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 105.

What would happen to global sea levels if all the ice in West Antarctica melts?

31 a) it would not change because the volume of water you get from melting ice is only

slightly more than the volume of the ice b) it would not change because the volume of water you get from melting ice is only

slightly less than the volume of the ice c) sea level would fall because of isostatic rebound d) sea level would rise by a significant amount

Answer: d Section: 14.19 Bloom’s: 2. Understand Topic: Coasts 106. If all the ice on West Antarctica was melted, how much would it cause global sea level to rise? If you do not remember the approximate size of this rise, the volume of ice is 3,000,000 km3 and the surface area of the world’s ocean is 361,000,000 km2. a) less than 1 centimeter b) 1 to 10 centimeters c) 10 centimeters to 1 meter d) 1 meter to 10 meters e) more than 100 meters Answer: d Section: 14.19 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Coasts 107. If an ice block 10 centimeters on each side was melted, how much would it raise the water level in a tank that is 100 centimeters long by 40 centimeters wide? a) less than 0.5 centimeters b) .5 to 1 centimeter c) 1 to 2 centimeters d) 2 to 4 centimeters e) 4 to 10 centimeters Answer: a Section: 14.19 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Coasts 108. If an ice block 10 centimeters wide, 10 centimeters high, and 20 centimeters long was melted, how much would it raise the water level in a tank that is 100 centimeters long by 40 centimeters wide?

32 less than 0.1 centimeters 0.1 to 1 centimeter 1 to 2 centimeters 2 to 4 centimeters 4 to 10 centimeters Answer: b Section: 14.19 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Coasts a) b) c) d) e)

14.20 – Investigation (was 14.19 in EG3e)

109. If all the ice on the planet was melted, how much would it cause global sea level to rise? If you do not remember the approximate size of this rise, the volume of ice is 32,000,000 km3 and the surface area of the world’s ocean is 361,000,000 km2. a) less than 10 centimeters b) 10 centimeters to 1 meter c) 1 meter to 10 meters d) 10 meters to 100 meters e) more than 100 meters Answer: d Section: 14.20 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Coasts 110. If the amount of ice on the planet increased to the amount that was present during the last glacial maximum, how much would it cause global sea level to fall? If you do not remember the approximate size of this rise, the volume of additional ice is 52,000,000 km3 and the surface area of the world’s ocean is 361,000,000 km2. a) less than 10 centimeters b) 10 centimeters to 1 meter c) 1 meter to 10 meters d) 10 meters to 50 meters e) more than 50 meters Answer: e Section: 14.20 Bloom’s: 3. Apply Topic: Coasts

33

111.

Sample Question a) Sample Answer 1 b) Sample Answer 2 Answer: Section: 14.

Bloom’s: 1. Remember 2. Understand 3. Apply 4. Analyze 5. Evaluate 6. Create Topic: Coasts Glaciers 112.

Sample Question Picture goes here a) Sample Answer 1 b) Sample Answer 2 Answer: Section: 14.

Bloom’s: 1. Remember 2. Understand 3. Apply 4. Analyze 5. Evaluate 6. Create Topic: Coasts Glaciers

Instructions on Using this Document Copy and Pasting This test-bank file is set up as a series of tables so that a question and its associated figure will stay together when copied and pasted into the instructor’s test document. Most questions with a figure are a two-column table, with the question in the left cell and the figure in the right cell. To copy and paste these into your document, hover the mouse anywhere over the table until the table selection square appears over the upper left corner of the table. Clicking on the square selects the entire table. Copy it and paste it into your document. Or left click anywhere in the table and hold-drag the mouse until you are outside of the table and the entire table becomes highlighted. Multiple questions can be selected at the same type by the normal ways of selecting multiple lines of text.

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