Etics for residential buildings in Bahrain 03 o

ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 17-19 June 2013 | Bahrain International Exhibition Center | Kingdom of Bahrain

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN Susana Soares Saraiva – University of Bahrain – Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

INTRO This presentation analyses the importance of thermal insulation in the building’s envelope and points out the possibility of applying ETICS system to Bahraini extensive future housing program as well as to the existing housing stock as a measure to reduce energy consumption of houses for cooling demands and consequently, CO2 emissions.

Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

What is ETICS? ETICS means Exterior Thermal Insulation Composite System

ETICS is a specific system within solutions for thermal insulation applied in the exterior envelope of the building.

The system can be applied in masonry walls (brick, concrete) or in reinforced concrete walls cast on site or pre-fabricated.

ETICS was developed after WWII in Europe as a technological solution for reducing the energy demand of buildings for heating purposes due to the rise of fuel prices.

The energy crisis of late 1960’s and early 1970’s increased the interest for this system mainly because of the energy conservation it allowed.

Nowadays 47% of buildings in France use ETICS; while in Spain, Belgium and Portugal the value is around 40%. In general, in the EU ETICS is used 20% in new housing; 20% in non-residential typologies; over 20% in public institutions and 30% in the retrofitting of existing buildings.

Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

What is ETICS? The system includes a layer of thermal insulation applied on the outer side of the exterior walls fixed through glue or anchor process, or both.

The thermal insulation boards thickness varies according to the required thermal resistance for the specific location – normally between 40 and 100mm.

The insulation panels can be made of EPS (expanded polystyrene); XPS (extruded polystyrene); ICB (expanded cork) or mineral wool.

Over the thermal insulation is applied a base coat normally made of mortar with cellulose ether (so that the mortar can resist the rapid evaporation of water due to the high temperatures) with a fiberglass mesh to improve resistance to cracks and shock.

The finish coat can be based on paint, thick plastic coatings, mineral based coatings or cement based coatings. The finishing coat can also be ceramic, stone, or others.

1_wall structure 2_adhesive 3_facade insulation (EPS/MW) 4_base plaster with reinforced fiberglass mesh 5_primer (depending on system) 6_top coat plaster

Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

THE PROBLEM

Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

GLOBAL AVERAGE CO2 EMISSIONS

Source Hyett, Paul, 2004

Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

GLOBAL AVERAGE CO2 EMISSIONS

Source Hyett, Paul, 2004

Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

Note 01: other sectors include construction, fishing and agriculture/forestry Note 02: values referent to 2006 for non-IEA members Source IEA, 2009a; IEA 2009b; IEA estimates Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Source IEA 2003 Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

WHY

Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

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ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

Bahrain has a housing shortage that is determined to be solved by the Ministry of Housing with the Marshal Plan to be completed in 2016: 57 000 new housing units to supply the growing list of 55 000 families on the housing waiting list

Ministry of Housing – Kingdom of Bahrain, housing materials specifications (2010), Section 4: Masonry/ Materials/4.12 – Pre-cast Blocks determines that:

Exterior walls must achieve final U-values not exceeding 0.75W/m2K according to ISO6946.

• Exterior walls can be composed of precast solid or hollow blocks, or thermal insulated sandwich blocks.

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Therefore, it is mandatory to find the most suitable solution to improve the thermal resistance of the buildings envelope to: • Reduce the consumption of fossil energy sources; • Reduce energy bills; • Enhance human comfort inside the buildings; • Improve the lifespan of buildings structures.

Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

AMOUNTS OF ENERGY LOSS THROUGH THE BUILDING’S ENVELOPE

Source EAE 2011 Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

…the proper insulation of the exterior walls and roofs of a house may reduce the energy losses in approximately 55%.

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

QUESTIONS #1 INTO WHAT EXTENT CAN EXTERIOR WALL THERMAL INSULATION REDUCE THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF BUILDINGS? Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

CASE STUDY 01

effect off exterior thermal insulation on energy demand for cooling (KWh/m2a)

LOCATION: Seville, Spain TYPE: single family house AVERAGE TEMPERATURE: Summer 20-37 degrees Celsius|Winter 7-17 degrees Celsius (source: worldweatheronline) INSULATION: wall 0,6 | roof 0.5 | floor 0.5 W/m2K SYSTEM: ETICS

energy demand cooling

savings energy demand cooling

Source ECOFYS for EURIMA 2007 Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

CASE STUDY 01

effect off exterior thermal insulation on energy demand for cooling (KWh/m2a)

LOCATION: Seville, Spain TYPE: single family house AVERAGE TEMPERATURE: Summer 20-37 degrees Celsius|Winter 7-17 degrees Celsius (source: worldweatheronline) INSULATION: wall 0,6 | roof 0.5 | floor 0.5 W/m2K SYSTEM: ETICS

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS:

• The insulation of a wall in a single-family house (SFH) in Seville reduces the cooling energy demand by 4kWh/m2/year; •

Roof insulation also play a very important role in energy consumption due to the impact of solar radiation;

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Other important factors are cooling passive strategies like proper shading, building orientation, good natural ventilation;

Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

QUESTIONS #2 WHAT IS THE PROPER THERMAL INSULATION SOLUTION IN EXTERIOR WALLS FOR BAHRAINI HOUSES? Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

TECHNOLOGY vs CULTURE

In the house, apparently symbolism is more important than utility. Primitive and vernacular building provide examples in which knowledge of technology does not mean that it will be used because it might not conform with the citizens image or idea of the building, or, in this case, a house.

(Rapoport, 1969).

Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

TYPES OF THERMAL INSULATION

Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

CASE STUDY 02

Thermal efficiency of concrete hollow blocks and thermal insulated sandwich blocks

LOCATION: Ireland TYPE: single family house CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: load bearing walls of concrete hollow block 215mm

Source Little & Arregi (2009) Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

CASE STUDY 02

Thermal efficiency of concrete hollow blocks and thermal insulated sandwich blocks

LOCATION: Ireland TYPE: single family house CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: load bearing walls of concrete hollow block 215mm

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS:

• There is little difference between the thermal efficiency of a simple concrete hollow block wall and with EPS infill; •

The thermal efficiency of the exterior walls with internal thermal insulation; exterior thermal insulation and thermal insulated sandwich blocks show similar U-values being highly efficient in reducing energy losses.

Source Little & Arregi (2009) Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

TYPES OF THERMAL INSULATION – ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES

HUMAN COMFORT A wall without proper insulation will have a temperature closer to the outside due to heat gain by radiation. The thermoregulation of the human body compensates the anomalous heat gain but will feel discomfort

STRESS OVER BUILDING STRUCTURE Temperature influences the expansion of external masonries. The stressed caused to the structure due to temperature differences between outside and inside may exceed the mortars resistance limit and cause cracks in the mortar of the masonry

Simple concrete hollow block

Simple concrete hollow block wall with interior thermal insulation

Source Little & Arregi (2009) Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

Simple concrete hollow block wall with exterior thermal insulation 21 21

ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

THERMAL BRIDGING

Source Sandin 1990: additional flux, U-values “without” and “with thermal bridge” and temperatures “without” and “with thermal bridge” (termed here as “temperature decrease due to thermal bridge”) measured in the corner between wall and concrete floor in typical masonry construction.

Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

BAHRAIN CONTEXT – CONSTRUCTION CULTURE •

In Bahrain the current construction system is based on a hybrid mix between pre-cast concrete column-beam grid structure and cement hollow block load bearing wall. Other less used options include the solid concrete block, the hollow block with polystyrene infill and the thermal insulating sandwich block.

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Bahrain construction sector is characterized by non-skilled labor force;

Source personal photo | Location: Hamad Town Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

THE SOLUTION

Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

ETICS (External Thermal InsulaJon Composite System) – technical advantages

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Avoids vapor interstitial condensation

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Protects the structure and exterior walls from thermal stress, improving its lifespan

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Avoids thermal bridging

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Improves interior human thermal comfort

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Doesn’t reduce available interior space

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Fire protection

In hot climates, all the wall contributes for the thermal inertia; • Reduces energy consumption of buildings for cooling

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Reduce green house gas emissions.

Source personal photo: Hamad Town Housing Project in construction

Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

ETICS (External Thermal InsulaJon Composite System) – aestheJc advantages •

Suitable for buildings with extended wall surface and small/reduced openings

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Paint finish coating

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Easy application – no need for specialized workforce;

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In the case of retrofitting buildings, can be applied without affecting the interior and its occupants;

Source Ministry of Housing future Housing projects: Northern Town | Salmabad Town Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 17-19 June 2013 | Bahrain International Exhibition Center | Kingdom of Bahrain

THANK YOU

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN Susana Soares Saraiva – University of Bahrain – Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

ENERGY & WATER CONSERVATION EXPO & FORUM 2013

ETICS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAHRAIN

REFERENCES Hyett, Paul (2004): Guía Básica de la Sostenibilidad. Gustavo Gili, SA, Barcelona.

International Energy Agency Report Ministry of Housing – Kingdom of Bahrain: www.housing.gov.bh IEA (2009): Towards a more energy efficient future: Applying indicators to enhance energy policy. International Energy Agency. IEA Publications, France.

Boermans, Thomas; Petersdorff, Carsten (2007): U-Values for Better energy performance of buildings. Report established by ECOFYS for EURIMA, Germany.

Hohn, W; Rennert, B; Wunderlich, M (2009): Cellulose Ethers for Improved Hot Temperature Performance in External Insulation Finishing Systems and External Skin Coat Mortars.

Freitas, Vasco Peixoto; Gonçalves, Pedro Filipe (2005): Isolamento Térmico de Fachadas pelo Exterior – reboco Delgado armado sobre poliestireno expandido (ETICS); FEUP, Portugal.

Rapoport, Amos (1969): House, Form and Culture. Prentice-Hall, Inc., London.

Hamoush, MB (2007): The Metamorphosis of a Gulf city in the Arab city: Tradition, Modernity and Urban development. (edited) Y Elshestawy.

London Routledge.

Ministry of Housing – Kingdom of Bahrain (2010): Standard Specification for Housing Projects – Part I (Houses and Apartments) Little, Joseph; Arregi, Berat (2009): An independent analysis of the thermal characteristics of Irish concrete hollow blocks and hollow block wall upgrades and a discussion on hollow block design. Construct Ireland Magazine.

Susana Soares Saraiva - University of Bahrain - Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture

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