Survey of bonobos (Pan paniscus) in Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba area, Democratic Republic of Congo

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Leakey Foundation Final Report

Survey of bonobos (Pan paniscus) in Tshuapa-Lomami-Lualaba area, Democratic Republic of Congo Paco Bertolani Department of Archaeology and Anthropology University of Cambridge

Brief Summary The main objective of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility of establishing a long-term site for bonobo behavioural research in TL2 region, Maniema province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. During a 3-month field trip, I was able to spend two full months in the forest looking for bonobos and collecting faecal samples for DNA analysis. The other month was mostly used for travelling to and from the site. As expected, bonobos were difficult to find, and not being habituated, whenever they were found, they ran away giving alarm calls. We tried to track them, but with little success. Nevertheless, we were able to see them 7 times on different days. From October to December 2012, we collected 87 fresh faecal samples, and an additional 69 samples were collected by field assistants between January and March 2013, thanks to funding provided by Dr. Beatrice Hahn, University of Pennsylvania. From these 156 faecal samples, we extracted bonobo DNA from 128. A preliminary analysis of mitochondrial DNA and 8 microsatellite nuclear loci revealed a minimum number of 63 individual bonobos. Poachers regularly visit the area and hunt bonobos and other wildlife. Such illegal hunting is not much by the local communities bordering the park because the TL2 project seemed to be successful in persuading the local people. Despite the remoteness of the site, and the presence of hunters, I believe that establishing a long-term research site in TL2 is feasible and recommended for the potential interesting results and the positive effect on bonobo conservation in the long-term.

Brief Summary of Publications The 128 bonobo faecal samples collected during this study contributed to a large scale project on the origin of the Plasmodium vivax parasite. This study was recently published in a collaborative paper: Liu et al. 2014. African origin of the malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax. Nature Communications 5:3346. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4346. As expected, all bonobo samples were negative from the parasite, but the samples collected from other apes across their African distribution, and the sequence of the Plasmodium vivax have been interpreted in light of an

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