Villanueva - PVI Final Project

ABANTECORDILLERA, PALABANMILITANTE:

LETTER FROM THE EDITOR

Dear Readers,

As a Filipina scholar, I am excited to share with you a piece of my heritage. A heritage built on the revolutionary spirit of my ancestors, which is still present today with youth & student activism. Jose Rizal, the national hero of the country, wrote that the Filipino youth is the hope of the future. Supported by this research, Rizal’s statement holds true - the Filipino youth, students, women, and the indigenous fiercely resist intersectional struggles brought on by Duterte’s reign of terror I also acknowledge that the place of this writing is a Monacan tribal land, where state development aggression paved the way for the actualization of Jefferson’s ideals of higher education. On May 3, 2024, state violence against student activists emerged on their peaceful protest on Grounds which reverberated the fear and intimidation faced by Filipino student activists in the Cordillera region. In recognition of these intersections, I recognize how power, violence, and inequality extend from the Global South through colonial and imperial legacies placed to diminish the solidarity and resistance of oppressed peoples.

Through this zine, I intend to explore the intersectionality that drives the alliance between youth and student organizations at the University of the Philippines (UP Baguio), an established public liberal arts university in the Cordillera region I also refer to Kimberle Crenshaw’s definition of intersectionality in this study According to her, it is a “metaphor for understanding the ways that multiple forms of inequality or disadvantage compound themselves and create obstacles that often are not understood among conventional ways of thinking."

Moreover, how does youth and student activism leverage intersectionality in resisting state injustices against indigenous peoples during Duterte’s presidency (2016-2022)? Why are issues on Cordilleran indigenous rights such as state development aggression & gender inequality crucial towards building an intersectional movement? How do militant organizations in UP Baguio build on the intersectionality of gender and class in mobilizing the masses? And finally, what are the ways forward in strengthening the intersectionality and collective mobilization of the oppressed peoples for indigenous reclamation and total liberation?

From these inquiries, my research led me toward this central argument: Intersectionality is practiced by youth and student activism in UP Baguio by centering the voices of the oppressed people towards the indigenous rights movement. This is manifested through their mass organizations, allyship, coalitionbuilding, and practice of indigenous reclamation. It is in these ways that they challenge and reject the legacies of imperialism, patriarchy, and violence capitalized on by Duterte’s administration.

Maria Kathleen Villanueva

THIS RIVER WILL BLEED RED.

At the frontlines of tradition and stewardship, the Indigenous community of the Cordillera region remains steadfast in their pre-colonial ways of life Living in far-flung areas, Cordillerans bear the burden of inaccessible social services such as health and education which puts them at a disadvantage during the COVID-19 pandemic. With their proximity to rich natural resources, they are more prone to multiple cases of development aggression and land grabbing Duterte’s presidency heightened the injustices faced by the community by increasing militarization on ancestral lands and shoot-to-kill orders on indigenous resistance & land rights defenders. His populist rule solidified his biopower (Rafael 2022), policing the bodies of the indigenous, women, and student activists who stood up against his sexism and threats of violence

From pre-colonial times, Indigenous women led the resistance to all sorts of colonization whether it be through their refusal of Catholicism or civil disobedience during acts of state development aggression In 1974, indigenous women tore down construction camps for the proposed river dams in Tinglayan by former president Ferdinand Marcos Sr. They also performed lusay, where they cast bad luck on armed intruders by “stripping from their waist down and displaying their tattooed torso and arms” (Lapniten 2021). This act of defiance reflects indigenous women’s significant place in the struggle on their ancestral land, amidst their ongoing battle with capitalism, gender-based violence, and environmental degradation. In the present day (2024 as of this writing), youth, student, and feminist militant organizations in Cordillera continue the indigenous women’s fight against oppressive patriarchal and imperialist institutions

Chico River as part of Rio de Grande Cagayan, the longest river in the Philippines © Erwin Mascariñas

Empowered by indigenous resistance, Kabugao Youth group began an online public awareness campaign on the Gened Dam proceedings. If this construction continues, the Isnag tribe of Apayao will be deprived of their homes, livelihood, and chance to foster the continuity of indigenous knowledge in their ancestral land. While there have been talks of financial reparations, dirty capital in exchange for land represents the neglect of indigenous culture and personhood. Four years after the birth of Kabugao Youth, the group continue to grow the opposition through partnerships with pro-bono legal groups and student groups. Indigenous rights are the drivers of coalition building, however, their struggles represent the broader injustices committed against those living in poverty and less educated in the country. As fueled by intersectional struggles, the resistance against Gened Dam construction opens the conversation towards alliance-based progress with different sectors of the Cordillera region.

Indigenous rights in the Cordillera region embody Alice Mah’s environmentalism of the poor, a form of activism that center the interests of indigenous people and land rights. The “river of life” in Cordillera remains a battleground between state capitalism and cultural preservation, where the monopoly of state violence legitimizes Duterte’s killing machine This machine does not only quell resistance from indigenous people and activists, but it also reinstates the legacy of colonization. By resulting in militarization and surveillance, the state under Duterte halts the progress of the indigenous reclamation of their land.

“We [Indigenous peoples beforetheconceptofdams

We will keep on fighting to natural flow of the Chico, u any means, just as our f done.

We are n f id if h i redlikeb

Apayao-Abulug River of the Isnags © Kabugao Youth

UNIVERSITIES: SITE OF STRUGGLES

Home of intellectual inquiry, public u Philippines value academic freedom and through low-cost tuition fees and organizations. Youth consciousness is these spaces, where students from all w education that catalyzes discussions o and state injustices. This holds true wit study on Filipina feminist youth, partic arts education challenges gender ste women. Contrary to the ideal Filipina va maternal, and submissive), college educ students' personal & political voice to b knowledge and pose social inquiries. are far from being the equalizer of soc courses and political activism prepare critical of the state’s role in producing graduation, students are expected to “se

However, I also recognize that Filipino h built under the colonial system of the Spanish and American occupation. Legacies of meritocracy and Western knowledge have been imparted from history instead of preserving local, indigenous knowledge. With history and knowledge produced by the echelons of elitism, tensions persist Who holds the power in universities? Are students empowered to flesh political dissent in the time of Duterte?

“Afterstudyingattheuniversityfor twoyears,Ibecomeevenmore passionateabouttheneedfor change.”-Christina,21

Translation: Women, your place is in the struggle.

"Oursilence,whenwehavetheabilityto speakisinitselfacauseofinjustice. Rememberthesewords:thelineoffireis alwaysaplaceofhonor."-LeanAlejandro

THE BAGUIO EXPERIENCE

Cordillera, Baguio City maintains its identity from tribal influence and nization. This culture attracts diverse nwide, resulting in more intersectional al/urban poor, LGBTQ+, women, and ities. Under Duterte, their oppression evident as he wields his power of ance over students With the passage of Bill in 2020, he institutionalized his hrough red tagging. Red tagging means an be detained without due process if nt officials ‘tagged’ them as leftists, r members of the National People’s hese categories represent the silencing owards Duterte, enabling him to wer through imposed fear. With this y, the state compromises the safety of ctivists who champion indigenous rights velopment aggression. On the south of e materialized in 2021 Bloody Sunday acre of nine activists & arrest of six

Oblation statue (Symbol of the University of the Philippines system) © 2022 InnabuyogYouth Baguio

METHODS

For a comprehensive review of intersectionality, I utilized the case study approach focusing on the materials, events, and initiatives conducted by the youth and student organizations at UP Baguio. In consideration of the said demographics, I performed an in-depth exploration of the official social media posts of the following militant student organizations: Innabuyog Gabriela Youth - UP Baguio (feminist & indigenous women), Bahaghari UP Baguio (LGBTQ+), and Outcrop (school publication). These organizations are selected due to their prominence in the indigenous rights movement at the said university, particularly how indigenous rights tie in with the injustices against women, LGBTQ+, and student journalists during Duterte’s exertion of state violence and military surveillance Additionally, I reviewed community manifestos, national democratic mass movement curriculum (ESKUM), indigenous alliance statements, and news reports related to aftermath of AntiTerror Law and state development aggression

From these sources, I applied a thematic analysis on social media posts, news reports, community manifesto, and the ESKUM curriculum. By identifying recurring themes in these primary sources, I aim to weave the narrative of the intersectionality present in the collective resistance of student, youth, and indigenous activism. With the help of news reports and personal/local knowledge, I contextualized these findings to establish the broader implications or obstacles during Duterte’s violent attacks on press freedom and political resistance

ON THE FRONTLINE

In the history of Filipino resistance, collective oppression ignites revolution against the oppressors While the Philippines is considered a postcolonial society, Duterte’s intimidation against the marginalized sectors represents a power imbalance during the colonial times where necroviolence and punishment were leveraged against the natives As Duterte silenced the people and his political opposition, the Filipino people suffered a global pandemic with an incompetent president who takes no criticism. However, hope was rekindled by student youth movements through their mass mobilization and online campaigns to spread sociopolitical awareness and defeat misinformation

The birth of Innabuyog Gabriela Youth - UP Baguio Chapter in March 2020 translates the spark of revolution through an intersectional lens of mobilizing against anti-poor and anti-women institutions. Innabuyog means collectively helping each other, with higher stakes of collaboration during Duterte’s attacks on indigenous people and women (Lontoc 2024). As a student organization, Innabuyog Youth fosters safe spaces and builds alliances by centering marginalized voices - particularly the indigenous, women, LGBTQ+, and the rural poor By amplifying intersectional voices, the organization weakens the silencing of Duterte’s killing machine.

MASSORIENTATIONS

Innabuyog Gabriela Youth represents the aims of public education in their student activism, particularly through providing accessible education about the state of Cordilleran women, their empowerment, and the human rights abuses they face at the hands of the state. Mass orientation consists of interactive workshops or discussions about particular topics and action plans to achieve Cordilleran women’s liberation. Inspired by the Combahee River Collective Statement, I argue that the liberation of indigenous women in Cordillera is the liberation of all oppressed people from patriarchal and imperial systems. Indigenous women have been militants throughout history, from the development aggression and state violence during the Martial Law of the 1970s until Duterte’s term. Total liberation is still farfetched for the Cordilleran women, but sharing their fierce resistance and wins can inform the ‘why’ of the activists

ON THE FRONTLINE

To be eligible for membership in militant organizations, one must attend educational sessions about the ESKUM (Special Courses for the Masses). It is divided into three sections: the oppressions faced by the rural farmers, women, and youth and their role in the revolution. As an essential curriculum for forming consciousness, I explore how these materials further develop the intersectional approach of Innabuyog Gabriela Youth and other relevant organizations toward resisting state development aggression against indigenous women.

The Philippines is rich in natural resources, yet the indigenous suffer from absolute poverty due to products sold cheaply for exports. 80% of the land is owned by landlords and bureaucratic capitalists, while the remaining 20% by farmers (ESKUM 2006). This divide illustrates who holds the capital, therefore, the absolute power that controls the population. In this system, the farmers toil hard and remains poor while the landlords richer in their mansions

Indigenous women in the Cordillera are mostly farmers aside from caretakers on their ancestral land They are also mothers, leaders, and revolutionaries. During periods of state development aggression, Cordilleran women are heavily burdened by multiple oppressions - from land grabs, massacres, cheap labor, and sexual violence from military troops and goons. This was intensified with Duterte’s anti-poor war on drugs and the killing of activists and rippled toward the erosion of democratic freedoms

Innabuyog Gabriela Youth grounds its actions on this curriculum, by acknowledging that the oppression of indigenous women is not isolated from the other marginalized sectors in the society The urban poor understand the plight of the indigenous women being second-class citizens. Students are also suppressed in their active political participation Filipina women are subject to traditional gender stereotypes by the patriarchal state and conservative Catholic majority. Moreover, the organization recognizes how the issue with state development aggression is not simply about environmental degradation. It is about the agency of the indigenous people and women towards their chosen way of life With ancestral lands being converted for ecotourism and hydroelectric plants, the state and the capitalist hold the barriers to indigenous women’s continuity of their culture and prevent the liberation of all oppressed peoples.

ALLYSHIP & COALITION BUILDING

Led by Innabuyog Gabriela Youth, UP Baguio student organizations participate in Rose-to-Oppose campaign against gender-based violence

“Iderivehopefromthefactthatcountlessgenerationsofwomenhavestruggledbefore me.Hopeiswhatbreatheslifetothestruggle,onethatisrootedinalove forother womenandinsolidaritywithallotheroppressedidentities thatseekstoliberate.”

-AyaAbillar,Innabuyog-GabrielaYouthchairperson

Through inclusive mobilization, Innabuyog Gabriela Youth opened its memberships to all students regardless of their gender orientation. This builds on the intersectional lens of the indigenous rights movement, particularly by inviting other student activist groups to contribute towards the liberation of the Cordilleran women. The indigenous women's resistance represents the broader fight against gender-based violence and state attacks on free expression. With youth and student activists on the frontline, the state doubles its effort to spread propaganda against the said movement. It continues to uphold the empire of critique, a theoretical framework used by Atshan about the “overlapping regimes of surveillance, suspicion, and control” (13). For student activists, these empires can be located from their education through continuous military presence and threats to safety. Their households can uphold these critiques, particularly when the state reinforces the ‘terrorist’ tag on student activists even with peaceful protests. The terrorist category under the Anti-Terror Bill of 2020 is deliberately written with uncertainty; any person is subject to criminalization “by means of speeches, proclamations, writings, emblems, banners or other representations without taking any direct part in the commission of terrorism.” This law protects Duterte’s monopoly of state power by streamlining the violence put forth when students, indigenous women, and other oppressed people challenge the empires of critique.

ON THE FRONTLINE

Bahaghari up baguio

It was in March 2019 when Bahaghari UP Baguio started working with Innabuyog Cordillera, the regional counterpart of the UP Baguio chapter. This workshop centered on open discussions on the double minority status of indigenous people who identify as LGBT. An indigenous woman led this conversation, providing the ownership of her experiences While this session centered on gender-based violence, ongoing state development aggression is considered a crucial factor in their injustices. Through a holistic view of injustices faced by the indigenous, Bahaghari UP Baguio challenges the empire of critique through solidarity movement. The empire of critique (Duterte, police/military, Catholic Church, etc.) aims to splinter intersectional resistance by simultaneously attacking groups and disempowering their resistance efforts However, acts of coalition-building harness collective power in pushing forward total liberation.

Being under the same university, Innabuyog Gabriela Youth formed alliances and mobilization with the LGBTQ+ militant organization, Bahaghari UP Baguio. Few legal protections recognize LGBTQ+ rights and prevent gender discrimination. After two decades in Congress, the SOGIE Bill (Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Expression Equality Bill) has not been enacted as law. This represents the state’s disregard for the LGBTQ+ population, similar to the weak legal safeguards for indigenous land rights. The issue of selfdetermination, often connected to land rights and autonomy, can be related to LGBTQ+ population's struggle for freedom of gender expression and state recognition. From shared oppressions, Innabuyog Gabriela Youth and Bahaghari UP Baguio continued to show up on each other’s initiatives whether it be related to the rights of indigenous, women, and LGBTQ+ community.

outcrop (journalism)

Outcrop’s online campaigns in July 2023 reflect the dangers brought Duterte administration’s redtagging of political dissenters. Political resistance has been associated with ‘terrorism’ which legitimizes the moral compass set by the state While Duterte himself branded himself as a nonconformist, he surveils forms of political resistance and disciplines them through violence (Rafael 2022). However, through awareness, the organization strives to break this imaginary moral compass that legitimizes acts of violence against resistance efforts. It breaks the “us versus them” narrative, where the oppressed peoples are seen as government nuisances meant to be silenced or disciplined Furthermore, it rejects the divide-andconquer strategy against intersectional resistance by acknowledging the state as a common oppressor This relates back to the shared struggles of student journalists and indigenous women, where the state diminishes the groups’ agency to voice out their truths and opposition against injustices.

As the premiere campus journalism organization at UP Baguio, Outcrop bridges the work of student organizations and the public through transparent reporting. Their work is significant towards youth & student consciousness, particularly during Duterte’s attacks on the free press. Using social media (Facebook and X), the organization delivers headlines about advocacies led by militant organizations and spearheads online campaigns against the Anti-Terror Law. Outcrop stood up with identity-based organizations in a time when silence is the safest move against the state’s red tagging They provided a platform for the recent talks of youth organizations against the Gened Dam proceedings By informing about recent developments in the indigenous rights movement, they uplift the intersectional work of the organizations and educate the broader population about the societal issues that need their attention

INDIGENOUS RECLAMATION

“Our shared experiences of pain and resistance to systemic injustices are transformed by this love to collective persistent and meaningful acts of struggle towards a genuinely free and safe society.” - Aya Abillar

Collective resistance shapes the progress toward indigenous reclamation I refer to “indigenous reclamation” as an ongoing process of empowering indigenous knowledge to preserve land and culture against colonial legacies of violence and exploitation by the state and foreign interference. Youth and student activism takes an active role in this kind of reclamation through their acts of defiance and courage against the fascist state under Duterte.

In UP Baguio, student organizations celebrate the annual Cordillera Day as a commemoration of the pan-Cordilleran solidarity and martyrdom of Macli-ing Dulag, a tribal leader killed by the state through his opposition against the Chico River Basin Hydroelectric Dam Project (Maranan 2024). Indigenous reclamation is embodied in this act, particularly in how student activists utilize this platform to educate the masses about the work of indigenous people against military intimidation and corporate land-grabbing. With rampant misinformation and historical revisionism, Cordillera Day serves as a reminder of how the solidarity of indigenous people, militant organizations, and national democratic mass movements can alter the course of indigenous reclamation and total liberation. Although the indigenous are far from total liberation, I acknowledge that indigenous people are given more ownership and platform for their activism through the advent of social media, international recognition, and coalition-building with mass organizations

WAYS FORWARD

In consideration of the state of intersectional struggles under Duterte, I propose the following ways forward in achieving the indigenous reclamation and total liberation. These ways follow the concept of multiscalar activism, where movements operate from the grassroots to the transnational level. Intersectionality is at the core of this activism, where the mass acknowledges the shared oppression and facets of injustice by the state and foreign interference.

Indigenousaccessof basicresources

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the longstanding problem of resource distribution in the far-flung areas of Cordillera. With strong state restrictions against home births, indigenous women are also criminalized for practicing their maternal traditions and avoiding hefty hospital bills. On top of that, the poverty stricken population has to deal with obtaining basic resources such as food, healthcare, and capital. These problems constrain indigenous reclamation and resistance. At the local level, the indigenous population should be given an equitable chance of living in the nation so that they are empowered to take strides against military intimidation, violence, and development aggression

Free,Accessible Education

Aside from intense surveillance on campus, student activists, especially those living in poverty, struggle with the increasing cost of tuition and miscellaneous fees in universities This echoes the bureaucratic capitalism imposed on academic pursuits where students develop their social consciousness. If the semi-equalizer for economic mobility, the underrepresentation of the indigenous population in academia persists. This call for free, accessible education should be observed not only in the Cordillera region but at the national level to hone an educated youth capable of acknowledging intersectional struggles and mobilizing against forms of injustices

Strongerlegal safeguards

From weak protection of press freedom to ancestral lands, the democracy under Duterte was attacked by a series of both legal and extrajudicial proceedings against political resistance This vision needs an overhaul of the judicial system, particularly how most laws benefit the elite and oppress the marginalized people Another way to strengthen legal safeguards is to inform the masses about their rights and provide free legal services as needed Drawing from Kabuyao Youth’s action toward the Gened Dam proceedings, the indigenous elders were able to avert signing consents on dam construction due to the awareness campaigns from pro-bono lawyers and Apayaon youth activists.

Cross-border solidarity

Land dispossession and military intimidation are not only inherent in the Philippines but represent the transnational struggles of the indigenous people The indigenous rights movement in Cordillera started due to the martyrdom of Macliing, but their resistance fleshed out into community networks which inspired global movements. I call for cross-border solidarity, given that an international audience can stir relevant discussions on factors that affect the plight of indigenous; military funding from the United States is the most significant. Imperialism looms over Filipino institutions, yet the resistance grows stronger with passion and love for the community amidst power plays of violence.

CONCLUSION

Intersectionality comes from the place of oppression, but the Filipino youth and student organizations in UP Baguio show that locating one’s identity in the struggle can create new meanings and passion for the broader liberation movement Through mass orientations, activists establish how their identities reflect the injustices faced by the oppressed people in the nation, particularly the indigenous people, rural poor, and women. Safe spaces were also formed through allyship and coalition building. This is grounded on calls for self-determination and autonomy for the LGBTQ+ and indigenous community during the time of Duterte’s politicized homophobia and necroviolence. The passage of the Anti-Terror Bill compromises the work of the press and political dissenters, which connects the struggle of both indigenous and student journalists in expressing grievances against Duterte’s fascist rule In sum, the intersectional resistance of the youth and student organizations in UP Baguio remains a guiding light toward inclusive coalition-building and solidarity against intimidations fueled by state violence, patriarchy, and imperialism.

REFERENCES

nnabuyog-Gabriela Youth UP Baguio’s Pursuit of on,” NYLON Manila, March 22, 2024, -gabriela-youth-up-baguio/.

the Political: Young, Filipino, and Feminist ” Asian 29. doi:10.1080/12259276.2021.1882089.

Critique, Stanford University Press, 2020

Angeles, Leonora. 2020. “Only in the Philippines? Postcolonial Exceptions and Filipina feminisms ” Critical Asian Studies 52 (2): 226–247 https://doi org/10 1080/14672715 2020.1719535

Bahaghari UP Baguio. https://twitter.com/BahaghariUPB.

Beaniza, Joseph John Melo, Joellene Landingin, and Rachel Ivy Reyes. “Tao Po: Knocking on the UP Baguio Admin Amid Student Surveillances,” UP Outcrop, February 15, 2024, https://upboutcrop org/2024/02/15/tao-po-knocking-on-the-up-baguio-admin-amid-studentsurveillances/?i=2

Castillo, Angel “How 7 youths and a Facebook page grew the opposition in Apayao: Kabugao Youth and the contested Gened dams,” The Baguio Chronicle, September 14, 2023. https://thebaguiochronicle.com/feature/how-7-youths-and-a-facebook-page-grew-the-oppositionin-apayao-kabugao-youth-and-the-contested-gened-dams/.

Cordillera Peoples Alliance. “Statement on Cordillera Day 2020,” April 24, 2020, https://www.cpaphils.org/cd2020 central statement.html.

Formoso, Micah. “Apayao’s Isnag Brace for Eviction, Destruction of Sacred Lands Due to Mega Dam Project,” Philippine Collegian, October 4, 2022, https://phkule.org/article/627/apayaos-isnagbrace-for-eviction-destruction-of-sacred-lands-due-to-mega-dam-project

Innabuyog Gabriela Youth UP Baguio. https://twitter.com/igyupb.

Laguilles-Timog, Rowena A 2020 “Populism, Patriarchy, and Protest: Feminist Issues, Responses, and Actors During the First Three Years of the Duterte Administration.” Review of Women’s Studies 30: 87-106. https://www.journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/rws/article/download/9090/8025/.

Lapniten, Karlston. “‘The river will bleed red’: Indigenous Filipinos face down dam projects,” Mongabay, February 26. 2021, https://news.mongabay.com/2021/02/the-river-will-bleed-redindigenous-filipinos-face-down-dam-projects/

REFERENCES 16

Lontoc, J.F.B. “Activism for Indigenous Peoples: Interview with Paul Belisario of IPMSDL,” University of the Philippines, March 20, 2024, https://up edu ph/activism-for-indigneous-peoples-interviewwith-paul-belisario-of-ipmsdl/.

Mah, Alice Petrochemical Planet: Multiscalar Battlers of Industrial Transformation, Duke University Press (ebook), 2023.

Maranan, Luchie. “Cordillera Day and the Iskolar ng Bayan,” University of the Philippines, April 24, 2024, https://up edu ph/cordillera-day-and-the-iskolar-ng-bayan/

National Democratic School. 2006. Third ESKUM: Special Courses on the Masses. https://anakbayanupmanila wordpress com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/09/kurikulum2 3eskum pdf

Rafael, Vicente L. The Sovereign Trickster: Death and Laughter in the Age of Duterte. Duke University Press, 2022

Scottish Government. 2022. “Using intersectionality to understand structural inequality in Scotland: evidence synthesis.” Equality and Rights. https://www.gov.scot/publications/using-intersectionalityunderstand-structural-inequality-scotland-evidence-synthesis/pages/3/

UP Baguio Outcrop. https://twitter.com/upboutcrop.

On my honor as a student, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this research project.

“Whatisthemostpreciousthingtoman?Life. Iflifeisthreatened,whatoughtamantodo? Resist! Ifwefight,wediehonorably.

Becausewearewillingtofightnow,ourchildrenmayliveandkeep thisland; andthelandshallbecomeevenmorepreciouswhennourishedby oursweatandblood.”

–Macli-ingDulag, Kalingantriballeader&martyr