The Trail- Volume 16 Issue 1

The

TRAIL VOL 16 ISSUE 1

Students at Crossroads

ELITISM & AIR POLLUTION THE NOT SO FUN SIDE OF TRAVEL

JOINING THE RANKS OF OIL POTENTIAL TO HELP THE PLANET

CHEAP FUN THRILLS ON THE COLLEGE STUDENT BUDGET

1

The TRAIL

Letter From the Editor Hi Trail Readers, Welcome back to another semester! Even though the trees are still leaf-less and we are in the home stretch of winter, I think we can all agree that it has been a concerningly mild winter. As a student in the environmental field, I am thinking about climate change all the time, but this winter I have definitely felt its impacts. It is easy to feel powerless against the warming as an individual.

As we all navigate the uncertain futures of climate change, young adulthood, and college life, there are plenty of difficult decisions we are faced with. This issue focuses on just a few of those. I am extremely proud of all of our staff for their insight and work on this issue. With that, this is Students at Crossroads.

Sincerely, Mia Weinberg Editor-in-Chief

The TRAIL

2

Contents Meet our Staff

3

Offshore Wind Symposium

7

Stella Campbell

Student Access to Produce Emily Sullivan

RU Taking the Bus? Miranda Ma

What Does EPIB Mean to Our Students?

9 13 15

Santiago Varela

Predicament of Air Travel Emissions and the Study Abroad Experience

17

Travel Highlight: Key West Butterfly Conservatory

19

Military and Sustainability

20

23

What to Prioritize?

26

Crossroads of Littering

29

What You Cannot Give

31

Things to Do: Broke College Student Edition

34

Plant Care Guide

35

Art & Poetry

37

Works Cited

45

Khushbu Patel Priyal Patel

Analiese Haag

Evan DeAngelis

Alexa Haris Alexa Haris

Lea Cerini

Multiple Artists Writers' Team

Alexa Haris

Chris McLaughlin

The Oil and Gas Industry's Role in the Energy Transition

Interested in joining The Trail?

Email us at epibtrail@gmail.com

3

The TRAIL

Meet Our Staff

Alexa Haris

Amanda Heckman

Designer, Editor & Columnist

Graphic Designer

I am a plant collector and my favorite flower is the peony.

I am cat obsessed and a house plant lover.

Amanda Spinweber

Amillia Keagle

Graphic Designer

Photographer I have a pet Tilapia named Piranha who helps grow my plants.

Table of Contents

The TRAIL

4

Meet Our Staff

Analiese Haag

Chris McLaughlin

Writer & Editor

Writer & Editor I played professional ultimate frisbee with the New York Empire.

Emily Sullivan

Evan DeAngelis

Writer & Editor

Writer & Editor

I love studying agriculture-related topics.

I have a pet tarantula (Aphonopelma chalcodes) named Fluffy

I have worked in forestry, restoration, monitoring, and other conservation areas for nearly a decade.

Table of Contents

5

The TRAIL

Meet Our Staff

Khush Patel

Lea Cerini

Writer & Editor

Writer & Editor

I love writing ecofeminism poetry in my free time.

I love historical documentaries and hip hop dancing.

Mia Weinberg

Miranda Ma

Editor-in-Chief, Designer

Writer & Editor

I volunteered with baby howler monkeys and two-toed sloths.

I take my coffee with honey instead of sugar! :)

Table of Contents

The TRAIL

6

Meet Our Staff

Priyal Patel

Santiago Varela

Designer, Writer & Editor

Writer & Editor

I’ve traveled to three countries in 2023.

I signed the Berlin Wall!

Shan Chen

Stella Campbell

Graphic Designer

Writer & Editor

I have a fear of heights but I love roller coasters.

I love to sing, I run a food account on Instagram, and lobsters are my favorite animal.

Table of Contents

The TRAIL

7

Offshore Wind Symposium

Stella Campbell

On Thursday, January 12th, 2023, I attended the Offshore Wind Energy Symposium hosted by Rutgers Offshore Wind Collaborative. The event hosted multi-disciplinary scholars along with industry and government professionals sharing their work and opportunities in the realm of Offshore Wind. This event was the first Offshore Wind Symposium ever hosted at Rutgers.

Here I share my key takeaways from the event: what offshore wind is, opportunities for economic and equitable development in New Jersey, and my experience attending as a student.

What is Offshore Wind?

According to the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (under the Department of the Interior), the agency responsible for “offshore renewable energy development in Federal waters,” offshore wind farms situated in a body of water generate electricity utilizing wind to flow turbine blades. Turbine blades “are connected to a drive shaft that turns an electric generator to produce electricity” (BOEM). Offshore wind is region specific, located in major coastal load centers.

Turbines are secured by foundations drilled into the sea floor. The production of wind power has the potential to provide ample energy to the surrounding region.

Electricity produced is carried via transmission cables buried in the sea floor.

Table of Contents

The TRAIL

8

Why Offshore Wind? Opportunities for Equitable Development New Jersey faces growing energy demand as the most densely populated state in the United States. Throughout the symposium, offshore wind was cited as an opportunity for New Jersey to decrease dependence on other states in the Midwest for energy supply. Moreover, Kris Ohleth—the Director of the Special Initiative on Offshore Wind, emphasized that for New Jersey, offshore wind generates “power for the people,” since ports must be centered near local populations for distribution. Furthermore, presenters highlighted that the production of wind turbines and their subsequent maintenance serve as opportunities to leverage jobs in coastal and marginalized communities.

Offshore Wind Diagram (Office of Electricity, 2022)

My Experience Underpinning the event was the appreciation that fossil fuels are not viable in a warming climate. As such, the topic of fossil fuels was not widely discussed.

Yet, event goers listened to presenters allude to our energy choices as they emphatically stated that we could “pay now and play later” or “play now and pay later” in terms of transitioning to sustainable alternatives. Over the course of the eight-hour symposium, I listened to several research presentations, participated in a World Cafe roundtable discussion, and networked with others eager to learn about the field of offshore wind. Many research presentations, especially ones relating to natural and physical sciences, felt quite foreign to me as someone geared more toward the social sciences. In the future, I would love for presenters involved in natural and physical scientific research to communicate their ongoing studies in layperson's terms to resonate with a broader audience. Still, I appreciated the opportunity to be primed to the relevant language of an emergent renewable field in New Jersey and also to participate in a lively multidisciplinary exchange of ideas.

Table of Contents

Student Access to Produce Emily Sullivan

A

t the Land grant university of New Jersey, agriculture is a major area of research and education. But in a large urban school, How much access to produce do Rutgers students have, and how can they better connect to their food?

When speaking with other Rutgers students, they recognized the limited access to grocery stores on or close to Rutgers campuses. There are almost none within close proximity, except for Bravo Supermarkets on George Street. One Rutgers student said, “it is too expensive for me, but that’s what is available.”

Rutgers Campus may seem like a food desert for those without access to a meal plan or the finances for frequenting local bars or restaurants.

Many students are aware of the College Farm and store on Cook campus, but the opportunities surround animal products and do not provide any connection to crops or gardening. So how do students get access to fresh food? How are we moving forward?

The TRAIL

10

Cooks Market at the Rutgers Gardens / Alexa Haris

Another option to access produce is through Rutgers Gardens. Rutgers gardens has opportunities ranging from service to internships. They even have Cook’s Market, which is open May to December and has a stand for the Rutgers Gardens Student Farm (Student Farm – Rutgers Gardens, 2023). Students can sign up to volunteer or apply for internship programs to learn

and work. There is a Community Supported Agriculture Program for those interested in purchasing a share and picking up fresh food from Cook’s Market.

Though these are all wonderful opportunities, the question is how accessible is this for all Rutgers students? The market is open, a majority of the time, when classes are not in session (May to December). In the fall Table of Contents

semester, the market seems like a great opportunity, but farm local, fresh produce is not necessarily in everyone’s budget.

While making a walking or bus route to Rutgers Garden and Cook Market is a ong-term goal, currently many students do not have the privilege of owning a vehicle or any transportation that could make the market accessible. How has Rutgers helped ensure that could make

The TRAIL

11

the market accessible. Luckily, there is another option.

The George Street Co-op is a vegetarian natural food market that is a three minute walk from the EE’s bus stop near So-Cam apartments. They prioritize selling vegetarian, organic, fresh, and

“

Rutgers students can visit the food pantry and get produce there or receive a voucher to go to the New Cooks Market at the Rutgers Gardens /Alexa Haris Brunswick Community Farmers early 1970s. The Co-op is very dependent on Market and pick produce. volunteers and is a New Jersey nonprofit

bulk food items. They sell much more than just food items and hold a calm cafe space for people to enjoy without the pressure of spending money on items. I met with Mike and John to get a tour of the market and see for myself if the Co-op is really an accessible option for students. Walking around, the space felt very calm and connected as it was clear that this place had been an integral part of the community for a long time. The bulk products allowed for people to bring their own jars and containers. It felt like the perfect intersection of community and thoughtful consumption. They said that during the school year, students represented more customers than any other demographic group. Not only that, bu the Co-op has had a long history of connection to Rutgers students. Though it is not officially affiliated with the University, the George Street Co-op was founded by Rutgers students in the

organization. This means they are able to charge slightly less on some items. This spot is a way to purchase nutritious food and feel connected to the community while on a college budget.

Even with purchasing in bulk and shopping at a nonprofit co-op, the price of all fresh

Dr. Cuite / Rutgers.edu

produce has increased and many students may still lack the funds to purchase fresh food. How has Rutgers helped ensure that students have access to fresh vegetables in a time where produce is expensive?

To answer this, I spoke with Dr. Cara Cuite, a health psychologist and Assistant Extension

Table of Contents

The TRAIL Specialist in the Department of Human Ecology.

She is an instrumental component in Rutgers’ battle against food insecurity among students. Dr. Cuite “studies food insecurity in college students and the wider community, as well as risk communication and public perceptions of foodrelated issues,” (Bezborodko, 2023). When working on a project on food insecurity in New Brunswick around 2015 and 2016, the research showed that “more students were in the Rutgers Food Pantry than ever before.” Dr. Cuite has continued working in this area and did subsequent surveying in 2016, 2019, and, most recently, in fall of 2022. Her most recent surveying included the other campuses in Newark and Camden. In a large team filled with graduate

Research shows that one in every three students is dealing with food insecurity. students and other specialists, the research found that one in every three students is dealing with food insecurity. There were some variations correlating to graduate and undergraduate level students and a larger variation when taking into account ethnicity.

Still, the general findings were that one in three experienced some level of food insecurity.

12

Dr. Cara Cuite’s contributions helped create a partnership between Rutgers Food Pantry and Rutgers Gardens’ Student Farm. The farm has been supplying fresh produce to the Rutgers Food Pantry since 2019 (Student Farm – Rutgers Gardens, 2023). Dr. Cuite says the food pantry works hard to supply fresh produce all year and has other suppliers to make up for the gaps in harvest.

Rutgers students can visit the food pantry and get produce there or get a voucher to go to the New Brunswick Community Farmers Market and pick produce.

For students who are not experiencing food insecurity and simply want access to farm fresh produce, the New Brunswick Community Farmers Market is open in two different locations close to campus, three days per week. They are open from June to October. Not a SEBS student, but want to be involved in growing fresh food or supporting New Brunswick communities? The New Brunswick Community Farmers Market takes volunteers as well. We all have the opportunity to access garden fresh food through these options.

Those who want to go a step further can have their own garden plots and work to supply their own food while connecting to land and community.

Luckily, Rutgers is continuing to do research on food insecurity and the perspectives surrounding it.

Dr. Cuite says, “research from schools across the country shows that food insecurity is a very common problem and Rutgers has fully embraced it,” as the school continues to prioritize providing healthy, fresh food. Students continue to hope that a bus route may eventually go to Rutgers Gardens.

Perspectives around food security and inaccessibility have changed as awareness and understanding have changed for the better. This upcoming season, stopping to volunteer or shop may be the connection to your food that you have been looking for.

Table of Contents

U

yes, the RU buses, to get around. It’s necessary for me to get to my classes, even if I do arrive late at times (especially during the 1-2 pm bus

Taking the Bus? Miranda Ma

Disclosure: The following article is riddled with bias and personal opinion. Many of the statements made lack some sort of external validity. The perspective this author is working under is the avid Cook/Douglass – College Ave bus route user and being a student without a driver’s license.

Rutgers Student Riding the Bus // Alexa Haris

Cramped. Crowded. Late. Necessary?

These are some of the words that surface when asking students their thoughts about the RU bus system.

Having to travel to 4 different campuses (grouping together Cook and Douglass) to get to class has become an acquired skill, unifying the Rutgers student body. There are many reasons for bus animosity that range from overcrowded buses, to improperbus etiquette. But among all these faults, one outshines the rest in the eyes of this author.

I am a third-year EPIB student with virtually all of my classes on College Ave and Cook/Douglass. I currently do not have a driver's license and rely on walking, biking, skateboarding, and

rush). And as an avid EE rider, I can say that the RU buses are not all bad.

Let’s look at this from an environmental standpoint. When compared to single occupancy vehicles, using public transportation decreases the amount of air pollutants and carbon emissions in the atmosphere, making it a great option for the environmentally conscious rider.

And although I do recognize the environmental merits of public transportation, I can’t help but ask, is this the best we can do? Forgetting that the EE and F buses are notorious for traveling in packs and taking forever to arrive, what irks me the most is the idling.

Table of Contents

The TRAIL

It is understandable that Rutgers bus drivers take frequent breaks as they are human, but leaving the buses running is extremely wasteful. Many times, the breaks are long, lasting up to 10-15 minutes. Personally, timing one of the breaks stopped at Red Oak Lane took approximately 13 minutes (Disclaimer: This time was not professionally or accurately timed, but the break did take the entirety of Car Seat Headrest’s “Beach Life-In-Death”).

It is understandable that in times of extreme weather, drivers need to take “cab comfort” into account. This is when a vehicle remains running in order to provide comfort (in the formof heating and cooling) to the passengers. But providing this comfort at 10 minutes per bathroom session, could have detrimental effects on air quality, fuel consumption, and climate change; not to mention could be considered illegal.

Rutgers Buses // Alexa Haris

Taking a quick look at the State of New Jersey’s Administrative Code (Title 7, Ch. 27-15.8; N.J. A.C. 7:2715:8) on the Control and Prohibition of Air Pollution from Gasoline Fueled Motor Vehicles, it clearly states that for gasoline-fueled motor vehicles (aka Table of Contents Table of Contents

14

RU buses) the idling restriction is set at a max of 3 consecutive minutes. 3 minutes! Now, there are some technicalities that state, “autobuses while discharging or picking up passengers, [are] limited to 15 consecutive minutes in a 60-minute period” (New Jersey Administrative Code, 2020). Can the drivers claim to be stopped to pick up passengers while coincidentally taking a break? Perhaps, but I think this could only be applied when the drivers are in or within view of their vehicle, which oftentimes when taking a break, is not the case.

This makes the price of idling not only an increased global temperature due to an excess amount of GHG being released, but a $1,000 per vehicle, per day fine.

I am torn. How can I claim to be an environmentalist if I am also a passenger? Is riding the bus a true necessity or a mere luxury, my carbon footprint can no longer afford? And the million dollar question: will I still be taking the bus? The sad truth is, yes.

As much as it pains me to say, walking is impractical and avoiding the bus system is an unrealistic aspiration.

Instead, I will be taking the bus while advocating for change. You can join me, by keeping up with the Rutgers Office of Climate Action and their transportation mission of implementing electric buses and reaching carbon neutrality by 2040.

15

The TRAIL

What does

EPIB

Mean to our Students?

By Santiago Varela

E

nvironmental Policy, Institutions, and Behavior (EPIB) is a major in the Department of Human Ecology. As a multidisciplinary major, it provides students with a broad set of knowledge regarding the social science elements of environmental issues. The major prepares students to tackle environmental issues such as natural resources management, renewable energy, and many more. In the words of EPIB alumnus Algely Melendez, studying EPIB “made me a jack of all trades, which is what I wanted.” The EPIB website describes the major as the study of how individuals, countries, and international agencies interact with the environment, and manage resources, including “ethical, moral, and legal dimensions.” Graduates of this major are thus prepared to work in a wide range of environmental jobs, from the government to nonprofit to law.

An attractive feature of EPIB is that the major is very broad. After conducting interviews with several EPIB students, including those who transferred from other majors, I was able to get an idea of the specific paths that they are pursuing. Cassy Gelston is a junior who decided to transfer to EPIB to one day become an environmental lawyer. Previously a business

administration major, she decided that making a difference in the environmental field was her calling. Other students like fellow Trail writer Evan DeAngelis are motivated to obtain a governmental position to create change in the environmental sector. EPIB is also offered as a minor. Nina Sullivan is a public health major minoring in EPIB and believes that taking courses in environmental policy will open the door to job opportunities in public health as it relates to the environment.

A concern for potential and current EPIB students is the lack of visibility for the major as a whole and the lack of information provided on what the major involves. Most students associate the environmental field with environmental science, and therefore most potential and current Rutgers students are unfamiliar with EPIB. DeAngelis is a former landscape architect, and only recently learned of EPIB through a graduate student who recommended the major to him.

The EPIB website provides a short description of the goals of the major and the skills that are obtained upon completion. It provides limited information on specific positions that one can hold after graduation and technical skills

Table of Contents

The TRAIL obtained through the major. According to Melendez, his professional experience has led him to believe that “something like GIS should be mandatory. That’s a very tangible skill to boast about in interviews.” Luisa Fodeke is a freshman and was on the fence about choosing environmental science or environmental policy.

Fodeke and many other students' decisions would have been made simpler if there were increased communication and information on the major. They ultimately chose advocacy, which are not emphasized as much in environmental science. When asked to make recommendations to other students in the process of choosing a major, Fodeke stated that it is important to challenge yourself while taking advantage of your strengths.

Professors in the EPIB department are known to be more than in-class professors. The major and class sizes are smaller than most at Rutgers, which enables students to develop close connections with faculty. Gelston has high regard for one of her favorite professors, Dr.

16

Link. Dr. Link among other professors in EPIB encourages student participation in her lectures and typically refers students on a firstname basis which is uncommon in large lecture halls. Sullivan has a lot of respect for professor Rebecca Mclelland-Crawley. “I love her style of teaching and the interactive aspect of the class. She has mentioned her ADHD in class and I really enjoy a professor who is relatable to students. Being a mental health advocate myself, I also love her transparency and her overall aura in general.”

Alumnus Melendez graduated in May of 2019 and is currently in a master's program for public administration. He states, “I wish I had waited on going to grad school. I think it’s important to go into the workforce, see what skills you may be missing or get a taste for something you want to pursue further, and then go back to school with a better idea of what you need.” It was enlightening to hear the stories of current and past students in EPIB. It was also nice to hear their recommendations on how the major can improve for current and new students of EPIB. The future is looking bright for these gifted and passionate students.

Left to right: Evan DeAngelis, Cassy Gelston, and Nina Sullivan each took very different paths to finding out about and studying EPIB.

Table of Contents

17

The TRAIL

The Predicament of Air Travel Emissions and the Study Abroad Experience Lea Cerini

It is predicted that tourism will account for 50% of air emissions by 2050 (Higham et al., 2015).

Who is traveling? Where are they going? And why?

There are many different reasons why individuals choose to travel. Most commonly are leisure, work, education and luxury. As the connection between air travel and carbon emissions has become more apparent, airlines have increased prices for flights. The rich can afford the raised air travel expenses that accommodate carbon emissions. However, for the average

university student in the lower and middle class, it is for them to have not traveled outside of their own country before. It is clear that those with a higher socioeconomic status travel internationally far more than those with middle and lower statuses.

The relatively small proportion of frequent air travelers raises the question of social and national equity, as they are primarily responsible for increasing greenhouse gas emissions. The effect of these emissions will be borne “disproportionately by people in nations with relatively few flights per capita and relatively low per capita emissions profiles”, as their livelihoods depend on climate stability (Higham et al., 2015) People who are educated about climate change and the effects of air travel on global warming are put in a moral dilemma. The “unregulated individual behaviors of the global elite” and “their relative contribution to climate change” in comparison to the disproportionate regulatory burden” of the developing world is astounding (Jurjonas & Aldana, 2020). Those that are affected the most from climate change receive none of the benefits of international aviation.

Table of Contents

The TRAIL

International travel was not included in the obligations of the Kyoto Protocol and the EU’s trading scheme. The adoption of international aviation into the EU's emissions trading scheme has been resisted by industry. However, “the continued absence of regulatory measures” has remained as “the major barrier acting against significant changes in air travel behavior” (Higham et al., 2015). The public’s education on the effects of air emissions from travel on climate is not sufficient. It is not acceptable that the world's powerful nations have continued to neglect the impact of tourism on the environment. It is not enough to simply rely on individual behavioral change to mitigate the effects.

How do we justify traveling abroad?

The experience of studying abroad in another country allows students to be educated about historical, cultural, and current events through a new perspective, which is extremely rewarding. Although economically unfeasible, every person should have the opportunity to travel abroad at some point. For students, an educational abroad experience unlocks a new understanding of their chosen study. For example, political science students can gain insight into international relations, which is an integral aspect of being a worldly politician. It is impossible to achieve this through solely studying at their home institution.

Unfortunately, not every student has the opportunity to study or travel abroad, which can hinder their abilities. The exigency of the climate crisis has made it “increasingly necessary” to frame “mitigation as a class struggle” in order to make the distinction “between subsistence and luxury” air travel emissions (Jurjonas & Aldana, 2020).

The opportunity to travel abroad for the first time in an educational context provides much more to the individual than a week's vacation by the elite. Individuals that “are the most likely to benefit from studying abroad” are characterized by “those with the least economic, social and cultural resources” (Waibel et al., 2018). When traveling abroad, it is essential to make the trip to a foreign country count. This can be accomplished through an elongated international stay and well-thought out preparations. Rutgers University has made studying abroad more accessible to students by matching a semester’s tuition to the cost of a semester abroad.

Students who are cognizant of climate change may find it difficult to justify their flight, but the honorable intentions to absorb the culture of another country and do good in the world are negated in comparison to the flights of celebrities in their private jets.

The global elite, aware of the impacts of their unchecked consumerism and economic materialism, is the principal threat of honest, hard working people affected by environmental destruction.

Table of Contents

18

19

The TRAIL

Travel Highlight

West Martello Tower and Key West Garden Club Key West, Florida

Photo Cr. Alexa Haris

Once a Civil War fort on the island is now boasted as a "tropical garden delight" and is a non-profit promoting native trees, pollinator gardens, an orchid collection, and much more. Plus this gem offers free admission!

Table of Contents

The Military and Sustainability Chris McLauglin

21

The TRAIL

I

t is bright and sunny outside on a brisk January morning. You are standing guard outside along a long stretch of concrete sidewalk. You're surrounded by hundreds of other soldiers, military vehicles, and a 12-foot fence hundreds of yards long. The streets are empty, with only rolling trash to give visual stimulation. Everyone is on edge; whispers of mobs, insider threats, and bombs move swiftly down the line. You're told to lock and load your 10-round magazine into your US Army-issued M4 carbine. Is something coming? Are 10 rounds enough? When are they going to feed us? It's freezing out here.

This could be the mountains of Afghanistan, the streets of Iraq, or even the desert of the Horn of Africa, but you'd be wrong. You are in Washington, DC. You look back, and you see the dome of the Capitol building with the American flag fluttering in the early morning wind. This was the surreal scene for hundreds of National Guardsmen, including myself, for much of January 6th. 21 years old, standing outside the Capitol with a loaded rifle. This can't be sustainable.

There are three pillars of sustainability: environmental, social, and economic. Each pillar relies on the other. If one pillar is failing, then they all do, and right now. the social and

Chris McLaughlin

Table of Contents

The TRAIL economic pillars are crumbling. Our ability to develop and meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is failing.

The social sustainability pillar focuses on ensuring that all members of society have equal access to the resources and opportunities they need to thrive. It involves addressing issues such as poverty, inequality, and social justice. The Capitol riots showed the consequences of not addressing any of these issues. This leads to unequal distribution of resources, decisionmaking power, and dissemination of misinformation, which eventually accumulated chaos at the Capitol. A society that cannot be equitable, resilient, and supportive of all its members is unsustainable. Having a bunch of 20year-olds guarding the Capitol with loaded guns is indicative of social standstill, not sustainable progress. This pillar is cracking.

22

This leads us to the pillar of environmental sustainability, preserving the natural environment and managing natural resources to meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future. But how can this be completed without the other two sustainability pillars? If we can't secure the needs of society and the economy now and its preservation for the future, how can we do it for the environment? If we are guarding the Capitol, the White House, and the Vice President's house against violent mobs, how can we expect to guard the resources and well-being of the environment? This pillar is destroyed.

There are three pillars of sustainability: environmental, social, and economic.

The pillar of economic sustainability aims to create a strong, stable, and thriving economy that benefits individuals and society. It requires balancing economic growth with social responsibility. However, with the social pillar cracking, this leaves the economic pillar teetering.

There cannot be economic sustainability if there is no social sustainability. The economy cannot benefit all individuals if there is no social equity.

The economy cannot be stable if the political leaders are being chased out of their chambers by rioters. How can the economy thrive when society is collapsing on itself? This pillar is falling apart.

Chris McLaughlin

Standing on the Capitol grounds with a loaded gun, sleeping on the marble floor under the rotunda, and running riot protection drills at the Vice President's house's parking lot as a 21-yearold college student was unsettling. But it gave me a perspective on our country's social, economic, and environmental sustainability that few will ever get to see. I was able to witness firsthand just how fragile the balance is between the three sustainability pillars. Once one starts to fail, then down comes the rest.

Table of Contents

23

The TRAIL

The Oil and Gas Industry's Role in the Energy Transition When I tell people I want to work in oil and gas, I’m greeted with bafflement.

They look at me as if I have betrayed them. “Now why would you want to do that?” they’d ask, puzzled. Being an environmentalist myself, I see the promising potential the oil and gas industry has to help the environmental movement. The oil and gas industry is not an enemy. In fact, it can be the most powerful ally in the transition to a lowcarbon future. In the coming years, it will play a vital role in developing technologies and investing in renewable energy. The fact of the matter is that the oil and gas industry is established. It has researchers, technology, capital,

Khushbu Patel

resources, and a motive to lead the clean energy transition.

The oil and gas industry is actively trying to make a sustainable transition.

BP has more than 2200 megawatts of wind capacity in the US. In 2018, BP invested $20 million in StoreDot, an Israeli developer of rapid-charging batteries, then made a $5 million investment in US company FreeWire, which develops fast-charging infrastructure for electric vehicles.

Finally, BP spent $160 million on acquiring Chargemaster, the UK’s leading network of charging points. Shell spent a reported $2 billion on setting up a low-carbon energy and electricity

Table of Contents

The TRAIL generation business in 2016. The following year, it acquired UK-based electricity and gas provider First Utility, as well as Europe’s largest electric vehicle charging company NewMotion. In 2018, Shell bought a 44% stake in US solar power firm Silicon Ranch for $200 million and made a $20 million equity investment in India-based renewable power company Husk Power Systems (Murray 2020). ExxonMobil plans to invest about $17 billion through 2027 in initiatives to lower greenhouse gas emissions in support of a net-zero future.

This investment will help them in commercializing and scaling carbon capture and storage, hydrogen, and biofuels. Halliburton executes geothermal development programs and has developed a data-driven machine learning solution for estimating carbon storage capacity volume.

24

greenhouse gas emissions could threaten their long-term social acceptability and profitability” (IEA 2020). With the emergence of new, cheaper sources of energy eating away at their market share, oil and gas companies must diversify their energy operations to remain competitive.

The rise of electric vehicles further diminishes their demand. “California is now aiming to phase out

Khushbu Patel

Amillia Keagle

All these actions are not greenwashing, and here’s why: The oil and gas industry knows that its business model is not sustainable: “Oil and gas companies are facing a critical challenge as the world increasingly shifts towards clean energy transitions. Fossil fuels drive the companies’ near-term returns,but failure to address growing calls to reduce

cars that run on oil by 2035. The United Kingdom set the same goal for 2030.

Norway, a reliable overachiever when it comes to EVs, is aiming for 2025” (Deaton 2021). The Biden administration has paused new oil and gas leases on federal lands and waters. Lending institutions are making more socially responsible investments. Governments are taking action on climate change and ending bailouts and subsidies for the oil

Table of Contents

25

The TRAIL and gas industry. Oil companies made astonishing record-breaking profits in 2022, but even then, they know they are in trouble.

As of 2021, “In five of the past seven years the oil and gas industry ranked last among all sectors of the S&P 500, falling to less than 3 percent of total value of the index at the end of 2020. This is a far cry from the 16 percent a decade ago and 30 percent a few decades earlier. Since 2015, industry analysts Haynes and Boone have listed nearly 800 exploration and production, oilfield services and midstream oil and gas companies that have filed for bankruptcy, with a debt load of more than $300 billion” (Williams & Smith 2021). “Over the last decade, the cost of wind turbines, solar panels, and batteries fell off a cliff. Renewables are now generally as cheap as or cheaper than natural gas. And this year, wind, solar, and batteries will account for around 80% of new power capacity, dwarfing additions from gas,” suggesting that the United States might soon reach peak gas usage (Deaton 2021).

Power Line / DonKurto

Electric Towers / Miguel A. Padrinan

The oil and gas industry is not inherently sustainable, but in the coming years, it will continue its efforts to polish its sustainability strategies, reduce emissions, and invest in renewable energy. If the clean energy transition is to happen, it is best that it happens with the help of the oil and gas industry.

Table of Contents

The TRAIL

26

What to Prioritize?

Priyal Patel

College is complicated, but when you account for extracurricular activities and social life, college can become overwhelmingly hard to manage.

Homework, projects, exams, club meetings, making friends, interviewing, and creating resumes; these tasks seem difficult from the outside looking in. But there are ways to manage these tasks.

University Resources You are not alone in this. Here at Rutgers University, we recognize time management skills are not easily acquired.

Balancing classes and outside activities can be challenging. The university has many different ways to get help when planning these activities. One resource is our self-

-guided time management workshop which you can utilize at https://rlc.rutgers.edu/node/95 .

The workshop allows you to learn different strategies that can help you excel in your in your management skills. This can, in turn, help you prioritize your tasks and keep you on top of your obligations. The website also gives you access to other services like peer tutoring schedules, writing tutoring schedules, coaching appointments,workshops, peer group coaching, study groups, learning assistance programs, and other campus partners.

These tools can be a great resource if you need a guiding hand to help determine what should be prioritized. It will allow you to see things from a different perspective, and sometimes the best thing we can do for ourselves is to get help from someone who has a different point of view. You may see the glass half empty, but someone else may see it half full, and sometimes that difference is all it takes. The resources can be found at all five Learning Centers.

You never have to struggle alone. You may also be able to get assistance from your professors.

Professors may be intimidating; however, they are there to help you progress through college and have been in your

Table of Contents

27

The TRAIL position before. Professors may be able to give tips, life advice, and other services to help. If these options do not seem appealing, take an introduction to a management class. These classes can help provide you with skills to not only help yourself but equip you with the skills to help others. You will be able to learn leadership skills, time management skills, and socialization skills that can help you with your future career as well. that difference is all it takes. The resources can be found at all five Learning Centers.

.

You never have to struggle alone. You may also be able to get assistance from your professors. Professors may be intimidating; however, they are there to help you progress through college and have been in your position before.

Ways to Manage your Time on Your Own You have the ability to work on time management skills by yourself as well. One can figure out ways to prioritize goals, delegate tasks, make decisions that will benefit your overall well-being, set goals (and stick to them), stop procrastinating, and most importantly, keep yourself healthy. One way you can find your priorities is by using the Priority/Eisenhower Matrix. A short youtube video about this matrix can be found at https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=49ao86ETaSo.

Table of Contents

The TRAIL The matrix helps you prioritize tasks through a series of four boxes. You will organize your tasks through 4 quadrants: urgent, not urgent on one side, and important on another. If the task is urgent and important, you do it first. If the task is important but not urgent, you will make a schedule and plan time to complete it by being more proactive. If the task is urgent but not important, you can delegate it. This means that you can try to delegate your tasks to other people if possible, or you can try to do them with the help of others. If the task is not urgent or important, it should be last on your list. You should not do it above your other tasks.

28

Taking care of yourself is a Priority.

Just because you can increase time spent studying by decreasing time spent on socialization and physical activities does not mean you should always take these activities out of your day. Even when school is getting complicated, make sure to take time to prioritize hobbies, friends, or clubs.

“Taking purposeful breaks (anywhere from 5-60 minutes) from studying to refresh your brain and body increases your energy, productivity, and ability to focus” (Corrnell Health, 2023).

These can include deep breathing, tidying up your workspace, and eating, but make sure to take care of your mental headspace and not just your social and academic life.

Flat Lay Photography of Unfold Book Beside Macbook / Michaela

Table of Contents

29

The TRAIL

s d a o r g n i r Cross e t t i of L

T

Analiese Haag

raveling from campus to campus can be stressful, forcing every Rutgers student to face roadway difficulties constantly. No matter the form of travel- walking, biking, scootering, driving a car, or taking the notorious bus- students are bound to be faced with the decision of tossing food, such as a innocuous apple core, to the side or holding onto it until they reach the nearest trash can. Before entering a crowded LX or embarking on a long journey via the REXL, it may be tempting to empty your hands of all you can as quickly as possible. This seemingly inconsequential decision of holding onto that food can be the difference between life or death for the wildlife of New Brunswick.

Roadkill is a widespread phenomenon within the US, where approximately 20% of the land area is covered by roads. The existence of this infrastructure has resulted in the loss of habitat, diminished habitat quality, and changes in wildlife distribution.

It continues to affect wildlife populations since the areas beside roads can be a food source for animals, and their proximity to highly dangerous regions is increased due to food-related littering. This littering can lead to the death of wildlife by the appeal of food attracting animals to roadsides often resulting in accidents with cars, their mother being hit and then the young starving to death, or vultures being attracted to other road kills. Moreover, the food littered by drivers is not suited to animal diets and can result in wildlife seeking food from other human-created sources, like garbage. On top of this, rotting food may result in the growth of harmful bacteria, which can cause animals to become sick. Overall, roads have had a drastically negative effect on wildlife, heightened by individuals' decisions to litter.

The TRAIL A vast array of animals are affected by this action. Opossums, rodents, birds, box turtles, raccoons, squirrels, deers, raptors, bears, bald eagles, and coyotes to list a few. Particularly worrisome is roadkill's potential role in the extinction of entire species. Leopard Panthera, maned wolves, little spotted cats, and brown hyenas have all been identified as animals whose risk of extinction has increased

significantly due to the impacts roadkill has had on their population. Insects also fall victim to this problem. Annually, 350 million vertebrate animals in the US and 228 trillion insects globally are killed by vehicles (Schilthuizen, 2022). Wildlife diversity is continuously increasing in concern, with extinction rates of up to 10,000 times that of natural extinction rates (“How many species are we losing?,” 2020).

Roadkill deaths are a contributing factor that people have control over. All it takes is a little action where one prioritizes conservation over convenience. Adding composts near the bus stops would reduce food waste and littering.

Rutgers student body demonstrates care for wildlife through their engagement at the Ecological Preserve and running various organizations like The Wildlife Society, RU Compost, and Students for Environmental Awareness. Drawing on such compassion, each RU student can make a difference by changing their actions in the small way of waiting to throw out their food.

Table of Contents

30

31

The TRAIL

What You Cannot Give On the crossroads between the desire to make a difference, and the need to make a profit Evan DeAngelis In the United States, we cannot simply ignore the harsh realities of late-stage capitalism; they permeate and shape the very essence of this country, and so too, the way we exist within it. For the majority of working age Americans, we are bound to the need to generate capital in order to survive, and we must accumulate wealth in greater amounts to improve quality of life. Our broader culture, as a result, is one built around affordability and convenience, all in order to make certain necessities cheap and convenient so as to give the worker more time to work for their boss and more money to spend on the products, services, and necessities which they generate. The worker creates these only to have them sold back at a premium, leaving the worker poorer, and so, needing to work longer.

Generally speaking, sustainable or environmentally friendly projects/products cost more. Even without active corporate pressure, the working people are deterred by the cost to reject new solutions; it is something they cannot give. Industries, for a similar reason, do not rework their businesses over to more environmentally friendly production/ business practices. It costs more to be sustainable in the short term than is lost in lawsuits and penalties.

Good deeds breed bad business. With regards to even the most environmentally concerned individuals, many cannot afford, or do not want to take the financial risks that are necessary in order to purchase these sustainable/ carbon neutral goods and services.

Table of Contents

The TRAIL

According to the Pew Research Center, 62% of U.S. respondents over 18 believe climate change has an impact and that too little is being done in response in a study looking at 3,627 people that was conducted Oct. 1st. through Oct. 13th. of 2019, using the center’s American Trends Panel (Pew Research Institute, 2019).

Meanwhile, the number and percent distribution of establishments in industries which the Bureau of Labor Statistics considers to be “green jobs” by industry sector in 2009; is much lower. Only a total of 2,154,700 establishments (be they business or location) in the entire country at that time were qualified as “green” which when extrapolated to scale with Pew’s sample size, is a major difference in proportion (Bureau of Labor Statistics, n.d.).

32

We must understand how, statistically speaking, many environmentally minded people will work in unsustainable industries against their desire and moral compass. These people are before this crossroads in a much more direct manner; forced to choose between compromising upon their values and morality, and losing job security, if not their employment entirely. The answer to this question has been long sought, but as we are paralyzed by partisanship and fear, the solution evades us still. And so, watershed activists will still wash slag, coke, lime, and ash into the river, tree huggers will keep cutting timber by the cord, and heirloom gardeners will keep sterilizing seeds for Monsanto.

Because good deeds, as it's said, breed bad business; and we all need money.

Table of Contents

33

The TRAIL

"With regards to even the most environmentally concerned individuals, many cannot afford, or do not want to take the financial risks that are necessary in order to purchase these sustainable/ carbon neutral goods and services."

Amillia Keagle

Table of Contents

Things to Do:

broke college student edition

The TRAIL

34 Middlesex Greenway, Metuchen

Hike or Bike the Greenway

Rutgers Univesity

Cook Student Center

Play Pool The nearest billiards place is Qzone in Edison and you can take the 814 bus from the New Brunswick station, however if you want to skip out on the commute and are playing with a friend or a small group, the Cook Student Center is perfect.

Resources: RU Food Pantry Elijah's Promise 5 Loaves Pantry

Take your Rutgers rental bike or your sneakers over to the Middlesex County Greenway in Metuchen, NJ. You can take the train to New York and ride for two stops or take the local NJ Transit bus. Bus fare is $1.60 and train fare is $2.25. Afterwards enjoy your homepacked snack or lunch.

This is a Middlesex County facility and was formerly a railroad.

Photo Cr. Trail Link

SNAP (Food Stamps)

With SNAP, students can receive funds to help purchase foods. In NJ, SNAP card holders also have reduced or free admission to art spaces including; Grounds for Sculpture, New Brunswick Performing Arts Center, and more!

LIHEAP (Energy Assistance) Table of Contents

35

The TRAIL

Plant care guide Alexa Haris Level: Easy Syngonium Care Family: Araceae Common Name: Arrowhead Plant, Arrowhead Vine, Goosefoot Syngonium podophyllum (and other varieties)

Syngoniums are one of the most popular, easiest, and fast growing houseplants! As a vining plant, it loves to sprawl out and grow wild so feel free to propagate to grow more plants. Syngonium are also the perfect houseplants for the people with little to no plant care experience. They can live a long time without fertilizer, do well in any type of potting, and can thrive in low-light conditions.

Light: Thrive in medium to bright indirect light but are low tolerant, you may put them outside in the summertime but be careful of the afternoon sun to avoid leaf damage.

Water: Allow for the top inch to dry between waterings, if you don’t water enough, the leaves will dry up and turn brown.

Substrate Type: Make sure to use airy soil with perlite in it, many gardeners are privy to a dirt and perlite ratio of one to one. You can add coco coir and orchid bark, use this as an additive, not a base.

Humidity: Syngoniums, like many other house plants thrive in 60%, but will do well in normal indoor conditions. If the lighting in your bathroom agrees, place this plant in there.

Table of Contents

36

The TRAIL Level: Moderate Difficulty Hoya Care Family: Apocynaceae Common name: Wax plant, Wax Flower, Porcelain Flower, or just Hoya

Hoyas are renowned for their fragrant blooms, waxy leaves, and vines. Hoya admirers love adding new varieties to their collections, and that might include you! The more natural dappled light they absorb, the greater the odds they will shower you with flowers during the summer! Hoyas have simple needs, but letting them bloom and are susceptible to overwatering are two biggest reasons why some may consider these plants challenging to grow.

Substrate Type: Soil with ample drainage is the best way to go, avoid dense soils.

Humidity: Hoyas are tolerant of normal household humidity but prefer levels over 60 percent. You can raise the humidity by using a glass or acrylic cabinet, use misters or humidifiers, and grouping plants together.

Pro Tips: Rotate your plant regularly after each watering or every week.

Light: Hoyas overall prefer at least 6 hours of bright indirect sunlight so keep away from windows.

Water: Let your hoya indoor plants dry out between watering. Soak the soil thoroughly until the water drains out of the drainage holes.

During the colder season, cut back on watering.

Table of Contents

Wipe dust off the leaves to prevent pests.

If you see fuzzy white spots along the plant, these will most likely be mealy bugs.

Wipe them off with a towelette and spray with diluted neem oil.

If your plants and soil become infested with fungus gnats, you could use mosquito bits, diatomaceous earth, sticky traps, or Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis (BTI).

37

The TRAIL

art x environment Table of Contents

The TRAIL

Alexandria Haris, Italian Rosa (2021), Digital Photo

Table of Contents

38

39

The TRAIL

Alexandria Haris, The Favorite (2021), Digital Photo

Like Alexa's work?

Follow them on Instagram @alexandriaharis Inquire about booking a photoshoot.

Table of Contents

The TRAIL

Alexandria Haris, The Favorite II (2021), Digital Photo

Alexandria Haris, The Favorite III (2021), Digital Photo Table of Contents

40

41

The TRAIL

Amanda Heckman, Untitled (2022), Oil and Acrylic

Like Amanda's work?

Follow them on Instagram @starflower_studio

Table of Contents

The TRAIL

42

Amanda Heckman, Untitled (2022), Oil and Acrylic

You can buy prints and stickers of Amanda's work at the Sunday March 5, 12-5pm at the Livingston Student Center Gathering Lounge (near dining hall).

Table of Contents

43

The TRAIL

An Overgrown Path Khush Patel

I am at a crossroads I can see it now: A hose of green in my hands A disgusting exploitative system All I have to do is wash it Spray it and get paid A title people can understand With no real responsibility Aside from deceiving the gullible And lining some rich guy’s pockets Four long years I studied Hoping to be the change Will I throw it all away For a comfortable life?

Table of Contents

The TRAIL

44

Do I become A corporate cog In a capitalist machine With a cushy cubicle?

Do I search for an uncertain path Overgrown by thorns and vines Work for the people and this earth Serve my purpose?

Truly an impossible task Certainly a grueling one In a world that puts profits Above all else

Table of Contents

45

Like

The TRAIL

Comment

Share

Save

FOLLOW US TO STAY CONNECTED Instagram @thetrailnewsletter

Table of Contents

The TRAIL

46

Works Cited "Offshore Wind Symposium"

Energy.gov. (2022, June 24). From Potential to Power: Harnessing Offshore Wind Energy with Transmission.

Department of Energy. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://www.energy.gov/oe/articles/potentialpower-harnessing-offshore-wind-energy-transmission New York State. (n.d.). Offshore Wind 101 - NYSERDA. NYSERDA. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://www.nyserda.ny.gov/All-Programs/Offshore-Wind/About-Offshore-Wind/Offshore-Wind-101 U.S. Department of the Interior. (n.d.). Renewable Energy on the Outer Continental Shelf. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://www.boem.gov/renewable-energy/renewableenergy-program-overview

"Student Access to Produce"

Bezborodko, E. (n.d.). Cuite, Cara. Climatechange.rutgers.edu. Retrieved February 6, 2023, from https://climatechange.rutgers.edu/people/affiliates/cuite-cara Cara L. Cuite. (n.d.). Humanecology.rutgers.edu. Retrieved February 6, 2023, from https://humanecology.rutgers.edu/cuite.html George Street Co-op | natural foods market & cafe. (n.d.). Georgestreetcoop.com. Retrieved February 12, 2023, from https://georgestreetcoop.com/ New Brunswick Community Farm Market: Bringing fresh, local Jersey Fresh produce and building community health in New Brunswick, New Jersey since 2009. (n.d.). Nbcfarmersmarket.com. https://nbcfarmersmarket.com/ Student Farm – Rutgers Gardens. (n.d.). Rutgersgardens.rutgers.edu. Retrieved February 6, 2023, from https://rutgersgardens.rutgers.edu/farms-markets/student-farm/

"What does EPIB Mean to our Students?"

Environmental policy, institutions and behavior undergraduate program. Environmental Policy, Institutions and Behavior Undergraduate Program at Rutgers SEBS). (n.d.). Retrieved February 6, 2023, from https://humanecology.rutgers.edu/epib.html

"The Predicament of Air Travel Emissions and the Study Abroad Experience" Higham, J., Cohen, S. A., Cavaliere, C. T., Reis, A., & Finkler, W. (2015, December 8). Climate change, tourist air travel and radical emissions reduction. ScienceDirect. Retrieved February 6, 2023, from https://wwwsciencedirect-com.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/science/article/pii/S0959652614011810 Jurjonas, M., & Aldana, L. (2020, September 28). The Flyer’s dilemma and the Logger’s case for climate justice.

ScienceDirect.

Retrieved February 6, 2023, from https://www-sciencedirectcom.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/science/article/pii/S2452292920300837 Waibel, S., Petzold, K., & Rüger, H. (2018, May 29). Occupational status benefits of studying abroad and the role of occupational specificity – A propensity score matching approach. ScienceDirect. Retrieved February 6, 2023, from https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/science/article/pii/S0049089X17307007? via%3Dihub

Table of Contents

47

The TRAIL

Works Cited "The Oil and Gas Industry's Role in the Energy Transition" Beck, C., Bellone, D., Hall, S., Kar, J., & Olufon, D. (2021, March 10). How oil and gas is navigating the energy transition. McKinsey & Company, https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/oil-and-gas/ourinsights/the-big-choices-for-oil-and-gas-in-navigating-the-energy-transition Bergman, L. (2019, March 7). Ways the Oil & Gas Industry is Trying to Become More Sustainable and Green. Biofriendly Planet, https://biofriendlyplanet.com/eco-awareness/air-quality/emissions/ways-theoil-gas-industry-is-trying-to-become-more-sustainable-and-green/ Chronis, A., & Hardin, K. (2022). 2023 Oil and Gas Industry Outlook. Deloitte, https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/energy-and-resources/articles/oil-and-gas-industryoutlook.html Deaton, J. (2021, April 1). The oil and gas industry is in denial about its own demise. Fast Company, https://www.fastcompany.com/90621117/the-oil-and-gas-industry-is-in-denial-about-its-own-demise ExxonMobil Climate Solutions. (2023). 2023 Advancing Climate Solutions Progress Report.

ExxonMobil, https://corporate.exxonmobil.com/climate-solutions/advancing-climate-solutionsprogress-report Halliburton Energy Evolution. (n.d.).

Sustainable Energy Solutions.

Halliburton, https://www.halliburton.com/en/integrated-services/consulting/sustainable-energy-solutions Hostert, D. (2022). New Energy Outlook 2022. BloombergNEF, https://about.bnef.com/new-energyoutlook/ International Association of Oil & Gas Producers. (2021, October 18). Oil and gas is vital to an orderly energy transition. IOGP, https://www.iogp.org/blog/news/oil-and-gas-is-vital-to-an-orderly-energytransition/ International Energy Agency (IEA). (2020, January). The Oil and Gas Industry in Energy Transitions – World Energy Outlook Special Report. IEA, https://www.iea.org/reports/the-oil-and-gas-industry-inenergy-transitions International Energy Agency (IEA) & World Economic Forum (WEF). (2020, January 20). Oil and gas industry needs to step up climate efforts now - News. IEA, https://www.iea.org/news/oil-and-gasindustry-needs-to-step-up-climate-efforts-now Murray, J. (2020, January 16). How the 6 major oil companies have invested in renewable energy projects.

NS Energy, https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/features/oil-companies-renewable-energy/ Williams, C., & Smith, G. (2021, April 7). Oil and gas: An industry in decline. Environmental Working Group, https://www.ewg.org/news-insights/news/oil-and-gas-industry-decline

"What to Prioritize"

Expert Academy. (2021, March 2). Setting Priorities with Eisenhower Matrix. YouTube. Retrieved February 5, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49ao86ETaSo Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. (2020). Resources for Time Management and Organization | Learning Centers. Learning Centers. Retrieved February 5, 2023, from https://rlc.rutgers.edu/node/95 Study Breaks & Stress-Busters | Cornell Health. (2023). Cornell Health. Retrieved February 5, 2023, from https://health.cornell.edu/about/news/study-breaks-stress-busters

Table of Contents

The TRAIL

48

Works Cited "Crossroad of Littering" How many species are we losing? World Wildlife Foundation . (2020). Retrieved January 29, 2023, from https://wwf.panda.org/discover/our_focus/biodiversity/biodiversity/ Kugler, C. (2016, June 20). Killer litter: Throwing food out of vehicle can harm wildlife.

Reporter.

Retrieved January 29, 2023, from https://www.reportertimes.com/story/news/local/2016/06/20/killer-litter-throwing-food-out-of-vehicle-can-harmwildlife/47841073/ Office of Transportation Workforce Development and Technology Deployment. (n.d.). Wildlife Crossing Structure Handbook Design and Evaluation in North America: Wildlife Populations and Road Corridor Intersections. U.S. Department of Transportation/Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved January 29, 2023, from https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/clas/ctip/wildlife_crossing_structures/ch_2.aspx Schilthuizen, M. (2022, April 12). Roadkill Literally 'Drives' Some Species to Extinction.

Scientific American.

Retrieved January 29, 2023, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/roadkill-literally-drives-some-species-to-extinction/ Wells, R. (2021, November 2). New study shows impact of roadkill on world's vulnerable animal populations: University of Central Florida News. University of Central Florida News | UCF Today.

Retrieved January 29, 2023, from https://www.ucf.edu/news/new-study-shows-impact-of-roadkill-onworlds-vulnerable-animal-populations/

"What you Cannot Give" Bureau of Labor Statistics. (n.d.). Green Jobs : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved February 6, 2023, from https://www.bls.gov/green/home.htm Pew Research Institute. (2019, November 25). U.S. Public Views on Climate and Energy. Pew Research Center.

Retrieved February 6, 2023, from https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2019/11/25/u-s-public-views-on-climate-and-energy/

Table of Contents