a. First,ODFW’sdatashowthatitreleased6,790and55,115hatcherysummersteelheadin 2023and2024,respectively. See DeclarationofNolanSmith inSupportofPetitioners’MotionforTemporaryRestrainingOrder/OrPreliminaryInjunction (“SecondSmithDecl.”)Exs.201at78and205.Therefore,ODFW releasedatotalof61,905 hatcherysummersteelheadin2023-2024.
b. Second,ODFW’sdatashowsthatanaverageof1.0%ofhatcherysummersteelhead releasedfromtheHatcheryProgramreturntotheNorthUmpquaRiver.IattachheretoasExhibit
d. Fourth,ODFW’s2022AssessmentofNaturallyProducedSummerSteelheadinthe UmpquaRiverBasin(“2022Assessment”)indicatesthatRockCreekHatcherysummer steelheadreturntotheNorthUmpquaRiverafterspendingonetofouryearsintheocean. See
a. ODFW’sFishPropagationAnnualReport(2022)reportshowsthatODFW released manyhatcherysummersteelheadthatlikelydidnotmigratetotheocean. See Exhibit25. Specifically,itshowsthatODFWreleased68,444“fingerling”hatcherysummersteelheadinto theNorthUmpquaRiverin2022. Id. “Fingerling”steelheadarenotsmoltsandtheydonot migratetotheocean.Therefore,itislikelythatmanyofthefishreleasedin 2022residualizedin theNorthUmpquaRiverbeforemigratingtotheoceanthefollowingspring.
Coastal Multi-Species Conservation and Management Plan
Wild Fish Monitoring Summaries
2014 to 2022/23
Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
4034 Fairview Industrial Drive SE Salem, OR 97302
Abundance
WILD FISH MONITORING SUMMARY
SMU: Coastal Chinook Salmon
Stratum: Umpqua
Population: Lower, Middle, South and North Umpqua Populations
A time series of spawner abundance estimates is used to evaluate the CMP’s Desired and Critical Abundance criteria for Umpqua Chinook salmon (Table I-30; Fig. I-16), which were revised in 2019 (See Appendix A). For sliding scale harvest management, the abundance estimate for the Umpqua basin was calculated as the South Umpqua abundance estimate divided by 0.467, an apportionment based on three years of radio telemetry data from fish tagged in the lower mainstem Umpqua River.
Table I-30. Spawner abundance estimates for Umpqua Chinook salmon. Desired and Critical Abundance thresholds are calculated as the 75th and 5th percentile, respectively, of the lognormal distribution of abundance estimates from 1986 through 2018. For comparison, the CMP’s original desired and critical thresholds (CMP Table AIII:2) are provided in parentheses.
Spatial Extent
2,979
1The CMP (Table A-III) included desired and critical abundance targets only for the South Umpqua population. Targets for the Lower Umpqua and Middle Umpqua were considered “To Be Determined” (TBD). The Sliding Scale for harvest is implemented at the stratum-scale for the Umpqua; targets for the South Umpqua are shown for comparison to CMP abundance thresholds. 22015 was the first year in a change in methodology to a basis in the sum of carcasses.
Figure I-16. Spawner abundance estimates for Umpqua Chinook salmon, 1986-2022 (•; open circle is the 2023 abundance forecast). The solid black line is the running 5-year geometric mean of abundance estimates; the black and red dashed lines are the revised Desired and Critical Abundance thresholds, respectively.
Harvest - Sliding Scale
The CMP Chinook sliding scale is intended to help determine the allowable bag limits for fisheries on wild coastal fall Chinook salmon. Daily and seasonal bag limits of wild fall Chinook salmon generally are the same for all populations within a stratum unless there is a conservation closure, which may be triggered when the population’s Closure Metric (the average of the spawner abundance estimate and the upcoming year’s forecast abundance) is less than the Critical Abundance (Table I-31).
Table I-31. 2022 abundance estimate, 2023 forecast abundance, 2023 Closure Metric, and Critical Abundance for the Umpqua Chinook salmon.
Spatial
Hatchery Influence
The CMP allows for the release of Fall Chinook salmon smolts/pre-smolts in the lower and middle Umpqua and Spring Chinook salmon smolts in the North Umpqua. Monitoring for Coastal Chinook salmon was not specifically designed to estimate pHOS at the population scale, but ODFW is currently evaluating the existing data (e.g., carcass observations on spawning surveys) to provide the best possible estimates of pHOS. Preliminary estimates in 2020 indicated that the 9-year average pHOS is likely to be below CMP targets, but the analysis is being refined to account for differences in observation methods and issues including low sample sizes in some years. Estimates will be provided in Table I-32 when they are available.
Table I-32. Percent hatchery origin spawners (pHOS) for Umpqua Chinook salmon. pHOS targets are from CMP Table AIII:4. Targets inside parentheses are for the immediate area (2-mile radius) around acclimation and hatchery release sites and whether they contain significant (lower value) or less significant (higher value) spawning habitat.
Spatial Extent
Umpqua Population Aggregate
pHOS Target (%) Year Observed pHOS (%) 9-year Average (%)
Lower Umpqua ≤10 (<30/<60)
Middle Umpqua ≤10 (<30/<60)
South Umpqua <10
2014 TBD TBD 2015 TBD TBD
2016 TBD TBD
2017 TBD TBD
2018 TBD TBD 2019 TBD TBD
2020 TBD TBD
2021 TBD TBD
2022 TBD TBD
Abundance
WILD FISH MONITORING SUMMARY
SMU: Coastal Summer Steelhead
Stratum: Umpqua
Population: North Umpqua
Abundance estimates for North Umpqua summer steelhead are based on counts of natural origin steelhead passing Winchester Dam from May 1 through November 30. Counts are adjusted for a change in counting methods in 1992 and harvest mortality. After implementation of catch-andrelease regulations for natural origin summer steelhead, estimates include an estimate of mortality incidental to harvest of hatchery summer steelhead above Winchester Dam (Table IV2; Fig. IV-5).
Figure IV-5. Abundance estimates for natural origin adult summer steelhead above Winchester Dam on the North Umpqua River (•), 1946-2022. Estimates are based on counts of unmarked summer steelhead at Winchester Dam (May 1 to November 30), adjusted to account for a change of counting methods in 1992 and harvest above Winchester Dam. Harvest after implementation of catch-andrelease regulations for natural origin fish is an estimate of mortality incidental to harvest of hatchery summer steelhead. The solid line is the running 5-year geometric mean of abundance estimates. The CMP targets for Desired Abundance and Critical Abundance are shown as black and red dashed lines, respectively.
Table IV-2. Natural origin spawner abundance estimates for the North Umpqua Population of summer steelhead. Desired and Critical Abundance Targets are from CMP Table A-III:2.
Spatial Extent Abundance Thresholds
Hatchery Influence
The CMP established a target of ≤10% for the percent of hatchery origin summer steelhead on the spawning grounds (pHOS) for the North Umpqua summer steelhead population. The CMP provides an exception to this target within a four-mile radius around Rock Creek Hatchery, where the target is <30% or < 60% for significant or less significant wild spawning areas, respectively. “Significant wild spawning areas” are determined based on the quality of the habitat within the area and the proportion of all spawning habitat that it represents. The appropriate target for the four-mile radius around Rock Creek Hatchery is 60% because water temperatures are likely to limit spawning and rearing, and because this area represents a low proportion of the spawning habitat used by naturally produced spawners (See discussion of spatial segregation below).
Counts of natural and hatchery origin summer steelhead passing Winchester Dam can provide an estimate of the proportion of the total summer steelhead passage comprised of hatchery origin fish. However, this proportion does not account for removal of adults that occurs prior to spawning (i.e., fishery-related mortality; retention at hatchery facilities). Therefore, estimates of the abundance of naturally spawning hatchery fish are derived by subtracting estimates of finclipped fish harvested by anglers in the North Umpqua upstream of Winchester Dam and finclipped fish retained at Rock Creek Hatchery. This estimate is used with the estimate of naturally produced spawners to provide an estimate of the proportional escapement of wild and hatchery fish upstream of Winchester Dam.
The proportional escapement of hatchery fish in the North Umpqua above Winchester Dam reflects pHOS only to the degree that natural and hatchery origin steelhead share a common spawning distribution, and the CMP specifies that spatial segregation of spawning should be incorporated into pHOS estimates:
“(I)n determining the population-level pHOS estimate, the spawning habitats will be weighted by their wild fish use (i.e., areas with a higher proportion of the wild spawning population will be weighted heavier than areas with low percentages of the wild spawning population; quality and proportion of spawning habitat within an area may also be
considered in the weighting). This will allow for higher pHOS levels in areas that are not significantly used by wild fish but must be offset by pHOS estimates that are lower in areas that are more heavily used by the wild population to meet the population-wide/majority spawning area target.”
Radio telemetry tracking data has indicated a high degree of segregation of spawning areas favored by natural and hatchery origin summer steelhead in the North Umpqua population (Loomis et al. 2003). Consistent with the guidance in the CMP, ODFW used radio telemetry inferred spawning distributions for hatchery and natural origin summer steelhead to estimate pHOS as follows (ODFW 2022b):
(1) Counts of summer steelhead at Winchester Dam (May 1 through November 30) were adjusted to account for harvest3 and hatchery origin summer steelhead passing the dam during the winter counting period (December 1 through April 30). These adjusted counts represent escapement estimates for natural and hatchery origin summer steelhead upstream from Winchester Dam prior to removal of hatchery fish at Rock Creek Hatchery.
(2) Natural and hatchery origin escapement estimates from Step 1 were apportioned to five sub-basins using telemetry-based distribution proportions (Table IV-6).
Table IV-6. Number and proportion of hatchery and naturally produced summer steelhead (passing Winchester Dam May 1 to November 30) spawning in North Umpqua sub-basins as determined by radio telemetry. Data are from Loomis et al. (2003).
Sub-Basin
Proportion of Tagged Summer Steelhead Tracked
by Origin
(3) Hatchery fish removed at Rock Creek Hatchery were subtracted from the hatchery origin escapement estimate for the Rock Creek sub-basin.
(4) Sub-basin pHOS estimates were calculated as sub-basin hatchery escapement divided by the combined sub-basin escapement of natural and hatchery origin summer steelhead.
(5) A basin-wide estimate of pHOS was calculated from sub-basin pHOS estimates, weighted by each sub-basin’s proportion of naturally produced spawners (Table IV-7).
Additional methodological details and assessment results are available in ODFW (2022b).
3 After the harvest of wild summer steelhead was prohibited, a fishery mortality rate for naturally produced summer steelhead was estimated by applying a 10% incidental mortality rate to an encounter rate set equal to the harvest rate of hatchery summer steelhead. Harvest rates of hatchery summer steelhead upstream from Winchester Dam are based on the count of hatchery summer steelhead upstream from Winchester Dam (adjusted for hatchery summer steelhead passing during the winter counting period) and angler reported harvest of hatchery summer steelhead upstream from Winchester Dam.
Table IV-7. Annual estimates of hatchery proportions in the North Umpqua summer steelhead population. Proportions are shown for unadjusted passage counts at Winchester Dam and estimates of unweighted and weighted basin-wide percent hatchery origin spawners (pHOS) for North Umpqua summer steelhead, 2013-2021. Unweighted basin-wide pHOS estimates are based on counts of hatchery and naturally produced summer steelhead counted at Winchester Dam, adjusted to account for harvest, hatchery summer steelhead passing the dam during the winter counting period, and retention of hatchery fish at Winchester Dam. These estimates assume no spatial segregation of hatchery and natural-origin spawners. Weighted basin-wide estimates of pHOS are based on the five sub-basin pHOS estimates, weighted based on the proportion of the total naturally produced escapement spawning in each sub-basin. These estimates account for spatial segregation of hatchery and naturally produced spawners based on telemetry data reported in Loomis et al. (2003). 9-year averages of weighted basin-wide pHOS estimates are provided for comparison with the CMP target ≤10%).
Summer Steelhead at Winchester Dam (May 1 to November 30)
acounts from 1992-2014 are total counts from a video camera. bcounts from 2015-present are sub-sample estimates (May 1-Nov 20).
OREGON DEPARTMENT
Umpqua Fish District
4192 North Umpqua Highway Roseburg, Oregon 97470
WINCHESTER DAM COUNTING STATION - NORTH UMPQUA RIVER
Fish Counts through Sept 26, 2024
Email: Logan.N.Kent@odfw.oregon.gov
Phone: 503-947-6249
TABLE 4. NUMBER AND POUNDS OF FISH RELEASED IN CALENDAR YEAR 2022
ANADROMOUS FISH RELEASES
ANADROMOUS FISH RELEASES
Coastal Multi-Species Conservation and Management Plan
Hatchery Program Summaries
2014-2022
Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
4034 Fairview Industrial Drive SE Salem, OR 97302
January 2024
Disclaimer
The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Data were compiled from a variety of sources. Care was taken in the creation of these datasets, but they are provided "as is." There are no warranties, expressed or implied, including the warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose, accompanying any of this product. The data contained herein represent the best information available, but estimates may be revised on further evaluation or review of underlying assumptions and calculations.
NOTE: The percentage of smolts/pre-smolts marked is considered 100% if most or all fish released are adipose clipped in an automated marking trailer. Bay and river harvest estimates are derived from harvest card returns. Ocean harvest estimates are based on coded wire tag (CWT) recoveries in ocean fisheries and are not available for all programs.
Species: Coho
SMU: Coastal
Population Area: Nehalem
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Management Area/s: North Fork Nehalem R
Stock Name: Nehalem (32H/32F & 99H)a
Program Type: Harvest: Augmentation
Program Duration: 1966 - Ongoing
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
BROODSTOCK, REARING, AND RELEASE
1Based only on bay and river harvest; significant ocean harvest occurs but cannot by evaluated due to lack of coded wire tag release
2Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
3Estimates based on carcass recoveries in randomly selected spawning surveys in the population area
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
a Fishhawk Lake stock (99H) returned every 3rd year (e.g. 2011, 2014). Returns in other years (e.g. 2012, 2013) were stock 32H.
b Natural origin coho salmon have not been intentionally incorporated into stock 32H or 99H since 1986.
c Starting in 2020, a new integrated stock (32F) was established with the intent of replacing the long-term hatchery stocks.
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Species: Coho ID: TTR-Co
SMU: Coastal
Stock Name: Trask River (34H/34F)
Program Type: Harvest: Augmentation
Population Area: Tillamook Broodstock Type: Local, segregateda/integrated b Management Area/s: Tillamook - Trask R
Program Duration: 1906 - Ongoing
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
BROODSTOCK, REARING, AND RELEASE
1Based only on bay and river harvest; significant ocean harvest occurs but cannot by evaluated due to lack of coded wire tag release
2Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
3Estimates based on carcass recoveries in randomly selected spawning surveys in the population area
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
a Natural origin coho salmon have not been incorporated into stock 34H since 1996.
b Starting in 2020, a new integrated stock (34F) was established with the intent of replacing the long-term hatchery stock.
Species: Coho
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Name: South Umpqua/Cow Creek (18H)
SMU: Coastal Program Type: Mitigation
Population Area: South Umpqua
FACILITIES/LOCATIONSa
BROODSTOCK, REARING, AND
1Based only on bay and river harvest; significant ocean harvest occurs but cannot by evaluated due to lack of coded wire tag release
2Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
3Estimates based on carcass recoveries in randomly selected surveys in the Umpqua basin and Winchester Dam counts
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
a Due to fire damage at Rock Creek Hatchery, incubation and rearing for brood years 2020-2022 occurred at Cole Rivers Hatchery.
b Smolt releases from Galesville Acclimation net pens below Galesville Dam were discontinued after 2015 brood year.
c Almost all 2019 brood year production was lost due to the Archie Creek Fire in 2020.
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Species: Chinook
Run: Fall Stock Name: Trask River (34H) SMU:
Augmentation
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
BROODSTOCK, REARING, AND RELEASE
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood years
2TBD pending additional analysis of harvest and age structure
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
a Fingerlings from TTR-ChF program are reared at Nehalem Hatchery from June-September for NEC-ChF smolt release.
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Species: Chinook ID: TTR-ChF
Run: Fall
SMU: Coastal
Population Area: Tillamook
Management Area/s: Tillamook - Trask R
Stock Name: Trask River (34H)
Program Type: Harvest: Augmentation
Broodstock Type: Local, Segregated
Program Duration: 1906 - Ongoing
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
BROODSTOCK, REARINGa, AND RELEASEb
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood years
2TBD pending additional analysis of harvest and age structure
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
a TTR-ChF broodstock and rearing also supports Necanicum River ChF smolt release (NEC-ChF).
b CMP changed smolt release from 113,000 to 150,000, discontinued unfed fry releases in Trask River.
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Species: Chinook
NES-ChF Run: Fall
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
BROODSTOCK, REARING, AND RELEASEa
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood years
2TBD pending additional analysis of harvest and age structure
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
a CMP did not alter smolt release, but discontinued unfed fry releases.
Species: Chinook
Run: Fall
SMU: Coastal
Population
Management
Salmon
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Stock Name: Salmon River (36H)
Program Type: Harvest: Augmentation
Program
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
BROODSTOCK, REARING, AND RELEASE
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood years
2TBD pending additional analysis of harvest and age structure
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Species: Chinook
Run: Fall
SMU: Coastal
Population Area: Lower Umpqua R
Management Area/s: Umpqua Bay
Name
Winchester Cr Trap
Mill Cr, Smith River Falls, WF Smith R, NF Smith R
ID: UBY-ChF
Stock Name: Smith River (151H)
Program Type: Harvest: Augmentation
Broodstock Type: Local, Integrated
Program Duration: 1989 - Ongoing
FACILITIES/LOCATIONSa
Rock Cr Hatchery 43.3353 -123.0014
GRWB STEP Facility 43.7231 -124.1042
District/STEP Collect
District/STEP Collect
Hatchery Incubate, Rear
District/STEP Collect, Hold, Spawn, Incubate, Rear, Release Winchester Bay Acclimation
District/STEP Acclimate, Release
BROODSTOCKb, REARING, AND RELEASE
HATCHERY RETURNS (Stock
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood
2TBD pending additional analysis of harvest and age structure
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY (CONTINUED)
PROGRAM NOTES
a Due to fire damage at Rock Creek Hatchery, incubation and rearing also occurred at Elk River Hatchery in brood years 2020-2022.
b Production of pre-smolts and smolts has often been limited by the availability of adequate broodstock.
c 2019 brood year pre-smolts were released directly into Winchester Cr without being marked due to COVID-19 constraints.
d Remainder of 2019 brood year production was transferred to Leaburg Hatchery and subsequently lost due to wildfire.
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Species: Chinook ID: MUM-ChF
Run: Fall
SMU: Coastal
Population Area: Middle Umpqua R
Management Area/s: Middle Umpqua R
Name
Happy
Rock
GRWB
Stock Name: South Umpqua (18H)
Program Type: Harvest: Augmentation
Broodstock Type: Local, Integrated
Program Duration:
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
District/STEP Collect
Hatchery Hold, Spawn, Incubate, Rear
District/STEP Hold, Spawn, Incubate Barrett
District/STEP
District/STEP Rear
District/STEP
District/STEP Release
BROODSTOCK, REARING, AND RELEASE
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood years
2TBD pending additional analysis of harvest and age structure
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
a Releases ended after 2014 brood year; program was suspended due to poor performance and lack of feasible solutions.
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Species: Chinook
Run: Fall
SMU: Coastal
Population Area: Coos
Management Area/s: Coos Bay Frontal
Name
ID: CBY-ChF
Stock Name: Coos River (37H)
Program Type: Harvest: Augmentation
Broodstock Type: Local, Integrated
Program Duration: 1982 - Ongoing
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
Dellwood Trap (SF Coos R) 43.3765 -123.9923
WF Millicoma R 43.4513 -124.0557
Morgan Cr STEP Facility 43.3390 -124.0806
Noble Cr STEP Facility 43.2560 -124.1975
Millicoma Interpretive Ctr 43.4883 -124.0201
Bandon Hatchery 43.1161 -124.3842
Cole Rivers Hatchery 42.6636 -122.6836
Blossom Gulch Acclimation 43.3660 -124.2228
Fourth Cr Reservoir 43.3630 -124.2970
Pony Slough
Charleston
Operated By Activities
District/STEP Collect
District/STEP Collect
STEP Collect, Spawn, Rear, Acclimate, Release
STEP Collect, Spawn, Rear, Release
District/STEP Rear
Hatchery Incubate, Rear
Hatchery Rear
District/STEP Acclimate, Release
District/Coquille Indian Tribe Acclimate, Release
District Release
District Display/Acclimate, Release
BROODSTOCK, REARING, AND RELEASEa
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY (CONTINUED)
HATCHERY RETURNS N/A = not available
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood years
2TBD pending additional analysis of harvest and age structure
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
a CMP changed pre-smolt release from 1,993,000 to 2,093,000; moved WF Millicoma R release to Pony Slough
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood years
2TBD pending additional analysis of harvest and age structure
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY (CONTINUED)
PROGRAM NOTES
a In 2018-2021 brood years, smolt releases only occurred in Ferry Creek.
b CWT tagging of Coquille fall Chinook was discontinued after 2007 brood year, but was reinitiated in 2018 brood year.
c The Coquille River was closed to salmon angling in 2021 and 2022.
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Species: Chinook
Run: Fall
SMU: Coastal
Population Area: Coquille R
Management Area/s: NF Coquille R, EF Coquille R, Middle Fork Coquille R, SF Coquille R
Name
ID: CCH-ChFa
Stock Name: Coquille River (44W)
Program Type: Conservation Hatchery
Broodstock Type: Local, Integrated
Program Duration: 2022 - Ongoing
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
Bandon Hatchery 43.1161 -124.3842
Operated By Activities
Hatchery Hold, Spawn, Incubate, Rear Elk River Hatchery 42.7389 -124.4028
Collection Sites TBD
Acclimation Sites TBD
Hatchery Rear
District/Coquille Indian Tribe Collect
District/Coquille Indian Tribe Acclimate, Release
BROODSTOCK, REARING, AND RELEASE
HATCHERY RETURNS
N/A = not available
1Includes returns from multiple brood years
2Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site
3Fish collected at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
a The Coquille Fall Chinook Conservation Hatchery Program was approved by the Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission in August 2022. Broodstock collection for the program began in Fall 2022.
Species: Chinook
Run: Fall
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
SMU: Coastal Program
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
BROODSTOCK, REARING, AND RELEASEa
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with
2TBD pending additional analysis of harvest and age structure
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
a CMP changed smolt release from 325,000 to 275,000.
Species: Chinook
Run: Spring-run
SMU: Coastal
Population Area: Tillamook
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Management Area/s: Tillamook - Trask R
Name
Trask
TTR-ChS
Stock Name: Trask Spring Chinook (34H)
Program Type: Harvest: Augmentation
Type: Local, Segregated
Program Duration: 1907 - Ongoing
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
BROODSTOCK, REARING, AND RELEASEa
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood years
2TBD pending additional analysis of harvest and age structure
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
a CMP increased program smolt release from 345,000 to 400,000; Wilson River release of 125,000 smolts was discontinued, and Trask River smolt release was increased from 220,000 to 400,000.
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Species: Chinook
Run: Spring-run
SMU: Coastal
Population Area: Nestucca R
Management Area/s: Nestucca R, Little Nestucca R
Name
Cedar
Three
ID: NES-ChS
Stock Name: Nestucca Spring Chinook (47H)
Program Type: Harvest: Augmentation
Broodstock Type: Local, Segregated
Program Duration: 1975 - Ongoing
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
Beaver Creek 45.2941 -123.8207
Little Nestucca River Estuary to Stella Falls (~RM 5)
Hatchery Hold, Spawn, Incubate, Rear, Release
Hatchery Collect
District Release
District Release
District Release
BROODSTOCK, REARING, AND RELEASEa
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood years
2TBD pending additional analysis of harvest and age structure
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
Species: Chinook
Run: Spring
SMU: Coastal
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
FACILITIES/LOCATIONSa
BROODSTOCK, REARING, AND RELEASE
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood years
2TBD pending additional analysis of harvest and age structure
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Winchester Dam estimate minus fish retained at the hatchery and estimated harvest above the dam
5Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
a Due to fire damage at Rock Creek Hatchery, spawning and rearing for brood years 2020-2022 occurred at Cole Rivers Hatchery and fish were acclimated at Rock Creek Hatchery prior to release.
b 2019 brood year production was lost due to the Archie Creek Fire.
CMP Hatchery Program Summaries
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Species: Steelhead ID: NEC-StW
Run: Winter
SMU: Coastal
Population Area: Necanicum
Management Area/s: Necanicum R
Stock Name: North Fork Nehalem (32H)
Program Type: Harvest: Augmentation
Broodstock Type: Non-local, segregated
Program Duration: 1977 - Ongoing
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
Necanicum R, multiple locations downstream from RM
BROODSTOCK, REARING, AND RELEASE
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood years
2Based on smolt release two years prior to return year
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, release into lakes, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
a NFN-StW (Stock 32H) also supports Necanicum River StW smolt release (NEC-StW).
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Species: Steelhead
Run: Winter
SMU: Coastal
Population Area: Nehalem
Management Area/s: North Fork Nehalem R
Program
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
BROODSTOCK (32H/32F)b AND RELEASE (32H & 32F)
(32H/32F)
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood
2Based on smolt release two years prior to return year
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, release into lakes, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
a NF Nehalem 32F stock production began in brood year 2019.
b NFN-StW (Stock 32H) also supports Necanicum River StW smolt release (NEC-StW).
BROODSTOCK (121F/121H) AND RELEASE (121F/121H and 47H)
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with
2Based on smolt release two years prior to return year
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, release into lakes, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
a CMP changed release from 140,000 to 150,000 smolts and ended release of 40,000 smolts in the Kilchis River.
b Use of non-local 47H broodstock ended after the 2017 brood year.
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Species: Steelhead
Run: Winter
SMU: Coastal
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
BROODSTOCK (47F) AND RELEASE (47F and
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood years
2Based on smolt release two years prior to return year
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, release into lakes, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
a Use of non-local 47H broodstock ended after the 2017 brood year.
b CMP changed smolt release from 110,000 to 140,000.
Species: Steelhead
Run: Winter
SMU: Coastal
Population Area: Siletz
Management Area/s: Siletz R
Name
Siletz River, various locations
Siletz
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
ID: SIL-StW
Stock Name: Siletz River (33F)
Program Type: Harvest: Augmentation
Broodstock Type: Local, integrated
Program Duration: 1995 - Ongoing
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
District Collect (Angler-Caught)
Hatchery Hold, Spawn, Incubate, Rear
District Acclimate, Release Lhuuke
STEP/CTSI Rear, Release
BROODSTOCK, REARING, AND RELEASE
1Includes returns from multiple brood
2018 return year was first with
2Based on smolt release two years prior to return year
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, release into lakes, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
a New release of 5,000 smolts reared at the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians (CTSI) Lhuuke Illahee Fish Hatchery was initiated in 2020 brood year; program release target increased from 50,000 to 55,000 smolts.
Species: Steelhead
Run: Winter
SMU: Coastal
Population Area: Alsea
Management Area/s: Alsea R
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Name: Alsea (43H/43F)
Program Type: Harvest: Augmentation
Program Duration: 2000 (43F Stock) - Ongoing
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
BROODSTOCK (43F) AND RELEASE (43H and 43F)b
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood years
2Based on smolt release two years prior to return year
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, release into lakes, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
a Alsea 43H stock was established in 1936. Naturally-produced fish were last incorporated in the stock in the early 1980's.
b CMP changed smolt release from 120,000 to 140,000.
Species: Steelhead
Run: Winter
SMU: Coastal
Population Area: Siuslaw
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
ID: SIU-StW
Stock Name: Siuslaw River (38H)
Program Type: Harvest: Augmentation
Broodstock Type: Local, integrated
Management Area/s: Siuslaw R, Siuslaw R - Lake Crk
Program Duration: 1995 - Ongoing FACILITIES/LOCATIONSa Name
District/STEP
BROODSTOCKb, REARING, AND RELEASE
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood years
2Based on smolt release two years prior to return year
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, release into lakes, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY (CONTINUED)
PROGRAM NOTES
a Incubation at Willamette hatchery ended in 2017, eggs are now transferred directly from Alsea Hatchery to Roaring River.
b Fish collected for broodstock are generally live-spawned and released.
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Species: Steelhead
Run: Winter
SMU: Coastal
Population Area: South Umpqua
Management Area/s: South Umpqua R
ID: SUM-StW
Stock Name: South Umpqua/Cow Creek (18H)
Program Type: Harvest: Augmentation
Broodstock Type: Local, integrated
Program Duration: 1999 - Ongoing
FACILITIES/LOCATIONSa
District/STEP Collect
District/STEP Collect
Hatchery Hold, Spawn, Incubate, Rear
District/STEP
District/STEP
District/STEP Acclimate,
BROODSTOCK, REARING, AND RELEASEb
HATCHERY RETURNS
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from
2Based on smolt release two years prior to return year
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, release into lakes, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY (CONTINUED)
PROGRAM NOTES
a Due to fire damage at Rock Creek Hatchery, spawning and rearing for brood years 2021-2022 occurred at Cole Rivers Hatchery.
b CMP changed smolt release from 120,000 to 150,000.
c 2020 brood year production was lost due to the Archie Creek Fire.
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Species: Steelhead
Run: Winter
SMU: Coastal
Population Area: Tenmile
Management Area/s: Tenmile Lk/Crk
Name
Eel
Tenmile
ID: TEN-StW
Stock Name: Tenmile Lakes (88H)
Program Type: Harvest: Augmentation
Broodstock Type: Local, integrated
Program Duration: 2000-Ongoing
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
District/STEP Collect
Hatchery Fertilize, Incubate
Hatchery Incubate, Rear
District/STEP Acclimate, Release
District/STEP Acclimate, Release
BROODSTOCK, REARING, AND RELEASEa
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood years
2Based on smolt release two years prior to return year
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, release into lakes, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY (CONTINUED)
a CMP changed smolt release from 21,000 to 25,000.
PROGRAM NOTES
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Species: Steelhead
Run: Winter
SMU: Coastal
Population Area: Coos
Management Area/s: Coos - EF Millicoma R, Coos - WF
HATCHERY RETURNS N/A = not available; "-" = not applicable Ocean Bay and River Return Rate Retained at Return Year1 Harvest
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood years
2Based on smolt release two years prior to return year
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, release into lakes, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
a Smolt release targets in CMP were 53,000 for EF Millicoma R; 35,000 for WF Millicoma R; 37,000 for SF Coos R.
CMP Hatchery Program Summaries 2014-2022
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Species: Steelhead
Run: Winter
NCQ-StW
Name: Coquille River (44H)
SMU: Coastal Program Type: Harvest: Augmentation
Population Area: Coquille
Management Area/s: NF Coquille R
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
Type: Local, integrated
BROODSTOCK, REARING, AND RELEASEa
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood years
2Based on smolt release two years prior to return year
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, release into lakes, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
a CMP increased smolt release from 25,000 to 45,000, discontinued EF Coquille release.
b Ferry Creek release was restarted in 2017 for broodstock maintenance. Laverne Park release was reduced to 42,000 smolts.
c Due to a Stock 44H broodstock shortage, Stock 144H smolts made up a portion of the brood year 2021 release.
Species: Steelhead
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
SCQ-StW
Run: Winter Stock Name: South Fork Coquille (144H)
SMU: Coastal
Program Type: Harvest: Augmentation
Population Area: Coquille Broodstock Type: Local, integrated
Management Area/s: SF Coquille R
Program Duration: 1992-Ongoing
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
BROODSTOCK, REARING, AND RELEASE
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood years
2Based on smolt release two years prior to return year
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, release into lakes, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Species: Steelhead
Run: Summer
SMU: Coastal
Management Area/s: Tillamook - Wilson R Program
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
BROODSTOCK, REARING, AND
TWI-StS
Nestucca (47H) & Siletz (33H)
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood years
2Based on smolt release two years prior to return year
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, release into lakes, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
a CMP changed smolt release from 30,000 to 50,000.
PROGRAM NOTES
b NES-StS broodstock and rearing produces the summer steelhead smolts released in the Wilson River.
CMP Hatchery Program Summaries
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Species: Steelhead
Run: Summer
SMU: Coastal
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
BROODSTOCKb, REARING, AND RELEASEc
Nestucca (47H) & Siletz (33H)
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood years
2Based on smolt release two years prior to return year
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, release into lakes, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
PROGRAM NOTES
a The Nestucca basin does not have a native population of StS; Stock 47H originated from naturally-produced Siletz River StS.
b The program goal is for eggs to be approximately 2/3 from Nestucca River adults and 1/3 from Siletz River adults.
c CMP changed smolt release from 70,000 to 50,000.
CMP Hatchery Program Summaries 2014-2022
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Species: Steelhead
Run: Summer
Siletz River (33H)
FACILITIES/LOCATIONS
BROODSTOCK, REARING, AND RELEASEa
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood years
2Based on smolt release two years prior to return year
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, release into lakes, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
a CMP changed smolt release from 80,000 to 50,000.
PROGRAM NOTES
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY
Species: Steelhead ID: NUM-StS
Run: Summer
SMU: Coastal
Stock Name: Umpqua River (55H)
Program Type: Harvest: Augmentation
Population Area: North Umpqua Broodstock Type: Local, integrated
Management Area/s: North Umpqua R
Program Duration: 1959 – (see 2022 CMP Implementation Report for
FACILITIES/LOCATIONSa
BROODSTOCK, REARING, AND RELEASE
1Includes returns from multiple brood years; 2018 return year was first with majority of return from post-CMP brood years
2Based on smolt release two years prior to return year
3Fish retained at hatchery or other program collection site (for broodstock, release into lakes, donation to food banks, stream enrichment, etc.)
4Winchester Dam estimate minus fish retained at the hatchery and estimated harvest above the dam
5Fish removed at other instream traps, pre-spawn mortalities, etc.
HATCHERY PROGRAM SUMMARY (CONTINUED)
PROGRAM NOTES
a Due to fire damage at Rock Creek Hatchery, spawning and rearing for brood years 2021-2022 occurred at Cole Rivers Hatchery; fish were acclimated at Rock Creek Hatchery prior to release.
b Natural origin broodstock records for 2014-2020 are incomplete and the missing data cannot be retrieved; percent natural origin brood was approximately 30% during this period.
c All 2020 brood year production was lost due to wildfire.
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Residualization of Hatchery Steelhead: A Meta-Analysis of Hatchery Practices
Stephen J. Hausch a b & Michael C. Melnychuk a c
a Fisheries Centre and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
b Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary, Alberta, T2L 1Z3, Canada
c School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
Version of record first published: 18 Sep 2012.
To cite this article: Stephen J. Hausch & Michael C. Melnychuk (2012): Residualization of Hatchery Steelhead: A Meta-Analysis of Hatchery Practices, North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 32:5, 905-921
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.711269
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ormaturity(Froese2006).Individualmaleswithlargevaluesof K aremorelikelytobecomeprecocious(Tippingetal.2003), increasingtheprobabilityofresidualizing.Theinfluenceof K onresidualizationduetotheinabilitytoundergosmoltification(adapttoasalineenvironment)islessclear.Thesmolting processinvolvesadecreasein K asfishdirectenergytoincreasinglengthandtootherphysiologicaldemands(Fessler andWagner1969).Thus,low K valuescanbedueeitherto insufficientgrowthorredirectionofresourcestosmoltification,suggestingeventualresidualizationoremigration,respectively.Thereisevidence,though,insupportofanoptimalrelease K (0.90 < K < 0.99)tomaximizetheemigrationrate (Tippingetal.1995).
Whileextremebodysizesareexpectedtopromoteresidualization,moststudiesonlyconsiderthemeanbodysizeofpopulations.Apparentrelationshipsbetweenthepopulationresidualizationrate(R)andaveragebodysizemaybedeceiving.A releasegroupwithameanbodysizeatthe“ideal”valuefor minimizing R mayproduceanunexpectedlyhigh R iftherange ofbodysizesislarge.Thestandarddeviationsofthelengthand K ofreleasegroupsthereforeprovidetwoadditionalpredictors of R.
The10modelswereeachanalyzedusingallimputeddata setsandwerecomparedbasedontheirAICc values(Burnham andAnderson2002).Foreachmodel,themeanandstandard deviationof AICc value(thedifferencebetweenitsAICc value andthatofthebestmodelintheset)werecalculatedacrossimputations,toidentifythebestmodel(s).Toaveragetheestimated effectsizesofvariablesacrossimputations,wecalculatedthe meanandstandarderror(SE;SEwassquared,averaged,and square-roottransformedtoaveragecorrectly)ofeachparameter aswellasthemean R2 and F -statisticofthemodel.Wethen calculatedthe t -valuesand P-valuesoftheeffectsfromtheir SEsaveragedacrossimputations.
Characteristicsofresiduals.—Severalcharacteristicsof residualswerecomparedwiththoseoftheentirereleasegroup toevaluatewhetherthesubsetoffishthatresidualizeddiffered fromthefishthatmigrated.Thesecharacteristicsincludedaverageforklengthand K ,variationinlength,andsexratio.The varianceinconditionfactorwasnotconsideredduetoinsufficientsamplesizes.Unlessspecifiedbythepublication,we assumedthatreleasegroupshada1:1sexratio(whichwasalso themeanofthesexratiosinpublicationsthatdidreportit).We used2-tailedpaired t -teststoidentifywhetherthesecharacteristicsofresidualsdifferedfromthoseoftherespectivehatchery group.Additionally,sincedifferencesinbodysizeareexpected tochangewiththeabsolutebodysizeatrelease,weplotted thechangeinthesecharacteristicsbetweenreleaseandresidual populations(i.e., C residual – C release )againstlengthor K atrelease andfittedtherelationshipusingalocallyweightedscatterplot smoothing(LOWESS)curve.Finally,basedontheresultsfrom themultiple-regressionmeta-analysis,weregressedthechange inthesexratioagainsteachoflength,releasekm,and N released.
RESULTS
Acrossstudies,theaveragevalueof R reportedwas0.056 (5.6%offishinthereleasegroupresidualized),rangingfrom 0.001to0.171.Whenthevaluesestimatedwithmultiple-pass techniqueswerescaledtomark–recaptureequivalents,themean R valueincreasedslightlyto0.059(Figure1).
Individual-factorMeta-analysis
Thetransformationsappliedimprovedormaintainedhomoscedasticityandnormalityinalloftheregressions.Onlythe residualsofthereleasetype(withsamplingday)weresignificantlydifferentfromnormal(Shapiro–Wilknormalitytest, P = 0.037).Allofthetransformedmodelshadresidualsthatwere notsignificantlyheteroscedastic(Breusch-Pagantestsagainst heteroscedasticity, P > 0.05).Visually,though,anumberofthe modelsstillsufferedfromunequalvariance(e.g.,Figure2A)or leveragepoints(Figure2I),sotheresultsfromtheseanalyses shouldbeinterpretedwithcaution.
Regressingthe48 R estimatesagainsteachfactorseparately (butwithsamplingdayincludedasacovariateinallcases)led
FIGURE1.Distributionofresidualizationratesfoundintheliterature(n = 48).Thebarsborderedbyblacklinesshowtheraw R estimates;thegray-shaded barsshowthe R estimatescorrectedforsamplingmethod.
totheidentificationoffourvariableswithsignificanteffectsizes (Table3).Bodylengthshowedthemostexplanatorypower(a reduceddatasetwasusedduetomissingvalues),withan R2 of0.35forbothlengthandSDLength .Bothofthesefactorssupportedthehypothesisofanoptimalintermediatebodysizeat whichsteelheadareleastlikelytoresidualize(Figure2A,B).A quadraticrelationshipbetween R andlengthwassupported,with R beingminimizedatapproximately213mmandincreasingby approximately2percentagepointsforadeviation(smalleror larger)of26mmfromthisoptimalsizeand5percentagepoints foradeviationof41mm.Thelinearrelationshipbetween R and thevarianceinlength(SDLength 2)wasalsosupported.Release
kmwasalsoarelativelystrongpredictorof R,with R increasingbyapproximately1percentagepointforevery15kmof increasedriverdistance(Figure2F).Inaregressionwithonly samplingdayasanexplanatoryvariable,itwasasignificant predictorof R (F 1,46 = 6.6, P = 0.014, R2 = 0.13).Asacovariateintheothernineregressionmodels,samplingdaywasa significantfactor,anditseffectwasconsistentindirection,with lowerestimatedvaluesof R onlatersamplingdays.Nofactors changedfromnonsignificanttosignificantwhensamplingday wasremovedfromthemodel.
Theblockedanalysisforthetwobinaryvariables,broodstock andreleasetype,supportedastrongeffecton R inthepredicted directiondespiteonlyweakornosupport,respectively,inthe unblockedanalysis.Whiletheuseofendemicbroodstockwas onlysuggestedtoincreaseresidualizationby3percentagepoints comparedwithhatcherybroodstockintheunblockedanalysis, theblockeddesignsuggestedthattheactualdifferenceisa5 percentagepointincrease(βEndemic = 0.051,df = 27, t = 2.7, P = 0.013).Theuseofacclimationpondsshowedasimilarly largeimpactwhenthemodelwasblockedbyyearandlocation. Forcedreleasesresidualizedatarateofapproximately4.6 percentagepointshigherthantheircomplementaryacclimated releases(βForced = 0.046,df = 28, t = 2.2, P = 0.039).
MultipleRegressionMeta-analysis
ComparisonsofaprioricandidatemodelsusingAICc scoresstronglysuggestedthatthecharacteristicsoftherelease methodologyweremoreimportantindetermining R thanthe characteristicsofthesteelheadsmolts(Table4).Thebestmodel overallwasH7,whichaccountedforreleasekm, N released, andtheinteractionbetweenthemaswellasreleasetype.The hypothesesbasedonfishcharacteristics(H1–H5)weremuch lesssupported(thelowest AICc was11.3;Table4).Among
thesefivehypotheses,H3hadthemostsupport,suggesting thatbodysizeandancestryhadasomewhatstrongerinfluence on R thanconditionfactor,atleastinagreementwiththe individual-factormeta-analysis.Therewaslittlesupportforthe fullhypothesis(H10;Table4)oraposthocmodel(PH1)that jointlyconsideredfishcharacteristicsandreleasemethodology (df = 9, AICc = 6.0, R2 = 0.57).
Theestimatedcoefficientsforthebestmodel(H7; F 5,42 = 8.6, R2 = 0.51)andthefullmodel(H10; F 15,32 = 3.4, R2 = 0.61)showthat,afteraccountingforsamplingday,fewvariableshadsignificanteffectson R (Table5).InmodelH7, theinteractionbetweenreleasekmand N releasedexplained muchofthevariationin R.When N releasedwassmall, R increasedstronglywithreleasekmbuttheeffectdiminishedasthe
Convertingthepredicted R tothepredictednumberofindividualsresidualizing(residuals = R × N released)suggeststhat theinteractiontermfor R isfittinganadditivemodelfornumber ofresidualswithbothfactorshavinganindependent,positive effectontheabsolutenumberofresiduals(resultsnotshown). Thefullmodelwasusedtoobtainthemostaccurateparameterestimatesatthecostofprecision.Toaidininterpretingthe parameterestimates,therangeofeachcovariateinthedataset wasusedtocalculatethemaximumchangein R accountedfor byeachcovariate.Samplingdayaccountedfor9.4 R percentage points,whilereleasekmand N releasedtogetheraccountedfor 8.9percentagepoints.Othercovariatesweremuchlessinfluential,withSDLength andreleasetypetogetheraccountingfor 3.9percentagepointswhilethequadraticvariablelengthaccountedfor3.2percentagepoints.Theremainingcovariatesall accountedforlessthan3percentagepointseach.
Ouranalysesinvolvedreleasesitesasunitsofobservation, butresidualizationeffectsmayalsooccuratalarger,full-river spatialscale.Aswefoundthatreleasemethodologyfactorshad particularlystrongeffectsonresidualizationrates,weconsideredwhetherthefactorscontainedinmodelH7werealsogood determinantsof R forriversasawhole,i.e.,acrossallreleases inthesameriverinagivenyear.Toconstructafull-riverdata set,wesummedthe N releasedandcalculatedweightedaveragesof R,releasekm,releasetype,andsamplingday(weighted by N released).Sincethesamplesizeforthefull-riverdataset wassmallerthantheoriginaldataset,asimilarregressionfor thefull-riverdatasetismoreconservative.Yetwefoundthat thismodelfitthefull-riverresidualizationratesevenbetter(F increaseddespite n decreasing; F 5,21 = 11, R2 = 0.72, P < 0.001)thanthosefromtheoriginaldataset,withcoefficient estimatessimilartothoseforH7intheoriginaldataset(not shown).Thissuggeststhatreleasemethodologypredictsaverageresidualizationratesbetteratthefull-riverscalethanatthe individualreleasescale.
TABLE6.Comparisonofcharacteristicsofresidualsandtheirrespectivereleasegroups(includingfishthatmigrated).Two-tailedpaired t -testswereusedfor thesecomparisons.
Unlikewithbodysize,theinfluenceofconditionfactoron residualizationispoorlystudied.Thisissomewhatsurprising asdifferencesin K areassociatedwithmaturation,precocious steelheadtypicallyhavinglargervaluesof K thannonprecocious ones(Tippingetal.2003).Incontrasttoourpredictionofan optimalintermediate K valueatwhichresidualizationwould beminimized,releaseswithanaverage K ofapproximately1.0 showedthehighest Rswithintherangeof K valuesconsidered (Figure2B).Similarly,residualpopulationstendedtowardsan average K ofapproximately1.0.Previousstudieshavefound qualitativelydifferentresults:onefoundalocalminimumin R atintermediatevaluesof K between0.90and0.99(Tipping etal.2003),whileothersfoundlinear(i.e.,nonquadratic)results ineitherdirection(Martinetal.1993;ViolaandSchuck1995; Rhineetal.1997).Oneexplanationforthisdiversityofresults issimplythat K doesnothaveastrongeffectandisconfounded byotherfactors.Alternatively,Fulton’s K assumesanallometric growthexponentof3.0,whichmaynotbeappropriateforall hatcheriesorstocks,obscuringthetruerelationshipbetween bodyconditionandresidualization.
groups.Individualsofextremesizeorendemicbroodstockoriginmaybemorepronetofillthesenicheslots,buttheirtendency maynotcreatenewslots.Assuch,studiesdetectingdifferencesin R betweentreatmentgroupsmaybedetectingbiased residualizationratherthanatrueincreaseordecreaseinthe overall R.
Ward,B.,P.Slaney,A.Facchin,andR.Land.1989.Size-biasedsurvivalinsteelheadtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss):back-calculatedlengths from adults’scalescomparedtomigratingsmoltsattheKeoghRiver, BritishColumbia.CanadianJournalofFisheriesandAquaticSciences46: 1853–1858.
Re: Factors to be considered to ensure hatchery smolt release will not impact wild steelhead
Based on our understanding that Judge Wren asked for a holistic, thoughtful, smart and wildfish safe release plan, Amicus strongly recommends that the parties consider the following primary considerations to accomplish what the Judge said he wanted.
First, it is imperative that the Court understand that ODFW had previously recommended a hatchery smolt release of only 30,000 juvenile summer steelhead as the number that will be a safe figure and might bring pHOS levels down to a level of compliance with the CMP. While the Commission lawfully determined that a zero-fish release was the more appropriate level to reduce risks to the wild summer steelhead, the staff recommendation of 30,000 certainly represents the “safest” and least intrusive release strategy.
Releasing 78,000 hatchery summer steelhead smolts from Rock Creek is not safe, not smart and WILL harm wild steelhead in the North Umpqua. The Judge did not require the release of the entire 78,000. He expressly stated that the release should be done in as safe a manner as possible, and that he was not mandating a particular number. He stated it could be 20,000, or some other figure. He was leaving it to the parties to try to work out what was a safe figure, and if they could not agree they were to come back to him to rule on the issues.
Second, while the Judge did not expressly address the issue of what to do with smolts that could not safely be released, everyone involved agrees that the remaining smolts should transplanted to a non-passage reservoir, as originally recommended by ODFW.
Third, the following conditions should be met before any release of Rock Creek hatchery summer steelhead:
1.Measuring Gill ATP-ase Levels
Gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity is a widely used measure of osmoregulatory preparedness in salmonid smolts. ATPase is an enzyme that essentially frees up energy (ATP) allowing the fish to maintain osmotic balance during the transition from fresh to saltwater. This is the most reliable way to determine whether the fish are likely to migrate to the ocean as smolts or remain in freshwater as parr.
Given the very late date of release here, it is possible that some of fish at issue have already passed their window of physiological preparation for smolting and will residualize as parr where they will compete for food and space with wild steelhead juveniles. ODFW should measure and confirm save ATP-ase level before releasing the hatchery smolts.
2. Water Temperature
Steelhead during the smolt phase are quite sensitive to elevated water temperatures (e.g., Adams et al. 1973, Zaugg and McLain 1976, Hoar 1988). Juvenile steelhead are generally unable to make the saltwater transition at water temperatures above ~54-55 degrees F, even if they are only exposed to these temperatures for a few hours. It is difficult to predict the eventual fate of fish which begin the smolting process and fail to enter saltwater due to temperature, although it is likely that the mortality rate will be high.
Given all this, smolts should not be released unless water temperatures are predicted to stay below 54 degrees for the period needed for the smolts to migrate to the ocean.
3. Size
Wild steelhead smolts generally spend 2-3 years in freshwater before migrating to the ocean. Many smolts at Rock Creek are typically reared for two years in order to grow them to sufficient size before release. This particular cohort of smolts are all one-year-old and are likely undersized compared to the target release size given in the HGMP.
If the smolts are undersized they are more likely to residualize in the river for a year and migrate out next spring. This would dramatically increase the potential for ecological interactions with wild steelhead parr, many of which are the offspring of the lowest runsize on record.
ODFW should ensure that all released smolt are of adequate size to meet the HGMP. Under sized fish should go to the reservoir.
4. Observation of Fish Stage
In theory, ODFW could also assess smolt condition by looking at body morphology. Smolts will be silvery with relatively faint parr marks. Parr which are not ready to migrate will have darker coloring with prominent parr marks.
This is, however, a much more subjective than measuring gill ATPase, as the window for smolting may only last about two weeks for an individual fish. It is already late in the season so fish may have passed the window in which they can successfully migrate to salt and make the physiological transition, but still have silvery color. Thus, measuring gill ATPase is likely the only safe and reliable process and technique.
5. Disease Monitoring (OAR 635-007-0985)
ODFW is required to ensure that inspections are performed no more than 6 weeks before fish are released.
6. Hatchery Genetic Management Plan (HGMP) for Rock Creek
In the HGMP it states that release the smolts during March and April (when they have reached full smolting condition and during the natural migration time) is anticipated. (HGMP p.40).
Releasing them after their natural migration time means they unlikely to be in the right physiological state (i.e. they are not actually smolts but are parr) and the ones that are smolts may be unable to smolt given the already high temperatures (>54 F) in the lower mainstem, and unlikely to survive.
Release determinants for the Rock Creek Hatchery summer steelhead describes releasing oneyear old fish at 5 fish per pound and two-year old fish at 6 fish per pound. ODFW should ensure those weights are met, before any release to the river occurs.
7. Natural Outmigration Data
While little juvenile data is readily accessible for the North Umpqua, downstream migrant traps were placed in Rock Creek and Steamboat Creek in 1958. The attached figure shows what they found. Almost no 6-8” outmigrants in Rock Creek or any of the Steamboat tributaries from early may through June. Thus, the natural outmigration is likely February through April – just as one would expect from other nearby steelhead populations.
8. External Marks
The HGMP requires that these hatchery summer steelhead must be externally marked (a clipped adipose or other set of fish fin demarcations.) The HGMP also requires that ODFW use mark efficiency checks prior to release. Both those requirements should still be met. This must be done before any release is started. If it is not done, then even those fish that do make it to the ocean will not be harvestable by the plaintiffs or their constituents uipon their return, and that will make this entire exercise both pointless and even more harmful to wild steelhead.
