Satoshi Nakamoto is a Mailing List

Satoshi Nakamoto is a Milist of Hal Finney (The Hunt for Satoshi Nakamoto – Part II)

by Sando Sasako Jakarta, 1 November 2018 This is a part of my book on bitcoin.

Satoshi Nakamoto is a mail listing created and administered by Hal Finney ...................................... 1 Hughes/Finney's Autonomous Remailer System ............................................................................. 3 Chaum's e-cash: From DigiCash to InfoSpace ................................................................................ 4 The Cypherpunks Mailing Lists ....................................................................................................... 5 Finney's ALS and Cryonics Preservation......................................................................................... 7 bcflick as a Flickr PAL module based on LibTomMath of Karpeles and Trusted Computing ....... 9 Index................................................................................................................................................... 11

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Satoshi Nakamoto is a mail listing created and administered by Hal Finney Many have identified miserably about the identification of Satoshi Nakamoto. Many even have identified that Satoshi Nakamoto as a single person with a single PC running the bitcoin program all alone, without the supports of external parties and networks.

Taras and Sergio Demian Lerner is one person insisting and persisting that Satoshi is a single person.

What a naive simpleton ! Lerner (and Taras) perceived naively that the bitcoin is an application that once coded and developed, it can run smoothly as intended flawlessly. TDTF. Muse even bragged how he knew about the NSA technology to track and identify someone through the writer invariant method of stylometry, the known writings, in a month. Although a link to the correspondency of Finney with Satoshi provided, Muse never read and commented the emails. It's a DF.1 In the spring of 2014, Finney supplied his correspondency of January 2009 with Satoshi Nakamoto to WSJ. They are incoming emails from Satoshi Nakamoto to Hal Finney. The time frame was between 10-24 Jan. 2009. The issues were bitcoin software from versions 0.1.0 to 0.1.3.2 By seeing the email headers and timestamps, we can see it clearly that this email address satoshi@vistomail.com (named by Satoshi Nakamoto) is definitely a sending address originated from an anonymous remailer application. The real name of sending email address owners were simply replaced by the word of 'Satoshi', by hand.

The threads also revealed that Satoshi Nakamoto is a mail listing created, named, moderated, and administered by Hal Finney. The email timestamped by Mon, Jan 12, 2009 at 11:26 AM and its corresponding replies marked them as a content of a maling list. Three emails afterwards revealed it as well, that is the emails of Mon, Jan 12, 2009 at 11:39 AM; Mon, Jan 12, 2009 at 11:59 PM; and Tue, Jan 13, 2009 at 2:42 PM. In late 1992, Finney and Hughes were known to have developed anonymous remailers to distribute emails to their cypherpunks community. On 25 Nov. 1992, on his post to cypherpunks@toad.com, Finney appeared to be unfamiliar and incognito with the electronic cash system developed and implemented by Chaum. Finney's concern was focused on the convertibility of electronic cash, pseudonymomity and crypto anonymity, digital cash early circulation and supply3 Nevertheless, Finney's utmost and real concern on e-cash appeared on his profile on the cyperpunks mailing list.4 It seemed so obvious to me; Here we are faced with the problems of loss of privacy, creeping computerization, massive databases, more centralization - and Chaum offers a completely different direction to go in, one which puts power into the hands of individuals rather than governments and corporations. The computer can be used as a tool to liberate and protect people, rather than to control them.

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Alexander Muse, How the NSA identified Satoshi Nakamoto, 20170826, https://medium.com/cryptomuse/howthe-nsa-caught-satoshi-nakamoto-868affcef595 2 http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/finneynakamotoemails.pdf 3 Hal Finney, Electronic Banking, 19921125 13:04:57 PST, https://mailing-listarchive.cryptoanarchy.wiki/archive/1992/11/93109c2781c634801095708fd817235d59bbd355e7f23706a6a1c2d8ae196 5bb/ 4 cryptoanarchy.wiki, Hal Finney, https://cryptoanarchy.wiki/people/hal-finney

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Sando Sasako This concern was later cited and quoted by Greenberg following his interview with Finney on 6 March 2014.5

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Andy Greenberg, Nakamoto's Neighbor: My Hunt For Bitcoin's Creator Led To A Paralyzed Crypto Genius, Forbes, 20140325, https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2014/03/25/satoshi-nakamotos-neighbor-the-bitcoinghostwriter-who-wasnt/#101633bf4a37 The article appeared to have the same content and url, with a slight different title, that is "The Little Black Book of Billionaire Secrets Nakamoto's Neighbor: My Hunt For Bitcoin's Creator Led To A Paralyzed Crypto Genius".

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Satoshi Nakamoto is a Milist of Hal Finney

Hughes/Finney's Autonomous Remailer System Through his paper in 1981, Chaum was perceived to be the pioneering advocate of anonymous digital cash and pseudonymous reputation systems. The activists (advocating widespread use of strong (secured) cryptography and privacy-enhancing technologies as a route to social and political change) are later known as cypherpunks.6 As a breaktrough and revolutionary currency challenging the existing ones, none is better to hide and conceal the participating cypherpunks through (anonymous) remailers application; stripping the sender's address and the recipients' address are hiddden within the unencrypted message.7 Known as the first creator and host of the first anonymous remailer, Hughes wrote "A Cypherpunk's Manifesto", coined the motto "Cypherpunks write code", and found and administered the cypherpunk mailing list.8 Hughes also admitted to work in brief with David Chaum's "DigiCash" outfit and embedded Hal Finney's PGP in the remailer running with Perl implementation.9 On 15 November 1992, Finney acknowledged Chaum's papers on untraceable email (the remailer) published in Feb. 1981 and "Security Without Identification: Transaction Systems to Make Big Brother Obsolete" published in Oct. 1985.10 Barrus addressed Chaum's cryptomoney in that Finney's post.11 What attracts me is the time differences in Finney's post and Barrus' comment. Barus' post was 4h, 54m, 8s earlier than Finney's, in both PST and UTC. I presumed that Finney's post must have been edited later.

According to Parekh, in late 1992, two of cypherpunks group founders, that is Eric Hughes and Hal Finney, built a secure anonymous mail system for the internet. Hughes/Finney's system was a very weak version of the so-called "digital mix" envisioned in the early 1980s by David Chaum.12 Hughes/Finney's remailer network was considered not sufficient robust to prevent a sophisticated and dedicated attack. The Mixmaster remailer system was later developed by Lance Cottrell. Mixmaster uses reordering and message padding to protect against traffic analysis.13

6 David L. Chaum, Untraceable Electronic Mail, Return Addresses, and Digital Pseudonyms, Communications of the ACM, No.2, Vol.24, Feb. 1981, https://nakamotoinstitute.org/literature/untraceable-electronic-mail/, https://nakamotoinstitute.org/static/docs/untraceable-electronic-mail.pdf 7 Eric Hughes' idea on anonymous remailers, cf Tom Jennings, PGP implementation for FidoNet, 19921013, https://erg.abdn.ac.uk/~tom/cypherpunk/cypherpunks.venona.com/date/1992/10/msg00078.html 8 Eric Hughes, A Cypherpunk's Manifesto, 19930309, https://www.activism.net/cypherpunk/manifesto.html 9 Timothy C. May, Hackers Conference Report, 19921111, https://mailing-listarchive.cryptoanarchy.wiki/archive/1992/11/41895b2b2c56350729e3a430aa923c6ca5322d071ae4de926f35eb2c32e6a9 a7/ 10 Hal Finney, Chaum's papers, 19921115, https://mailing-listarchive.cryptoanarchy.wiki/archive/1992/11/4b9f53ea25698c42b16db6559f777ca4638d2377760d8fc990fdd93d449ff9d 0/ 11 Karl L. Barrus, Chaum's papers, 19921115, https://mailing-listarchive.cryptoanarchy.wiki/archive/1992/11/397aa711b7aeb8aaac9e977e4f4e885ff0b5d936351508e2698508830778a9 df/ 12 Tatsuo Tanaka, First Monday: Possible Economic Consequences of Digital Cash, First Monday, 19960805, http://cybra.lodz.pl/Content/1081/issues/issue2/digital_cash/index.html 13 Sameer Parekh, Prospects for remailers, First Monday, Vol.1, No.2, 5 August 1996, http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/476/397

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Sando Sasako

Chaum's e-cash: From DigiCash to InfoSpace In 1989, Chaum established DigiCash Inc., an electronic money corporation. DigiCash offered anonymous transactions with the implementation of a number of cryptographic protocols. In 1990, he built up a cryptography research group at the Center for Mathematics and Computer Science (CWI) in Amsterdam. In 1993, he left CWI to devote his full resources to being CEO of DigiCash, which had grown since its beginnings in 1990 with 12 employees to a staff of 25.14 In Sept. 1998, DigiCash declared bankruptcy and filed for Chapter 11 two months later. Subsequently, its assets were later sold to eCash Technologies. The system has been licensed to Deutsche Bank, Mark Twain Bank, Bank Austria, Swiss Netpay from Credit Suisse, and Advance Bank First in Australia.15 eCash Technologies Inc. was an Internet commerce firm in the area of online payment systems. It provided rapid, secure and reliable, real time payment processing worldwide. eCash is a computer generated system which allows items to be purchased by proprietary credits, credit card, ATM, debit card or check and provides secure on-line transactions.16 On 8 Feb. 2002, eCash Technologies, Inc. was acquired by InfoSpace Inc. With the acquisition of eCash Technologies' assets, InfoSpace plans to bring merchants and financial institutions secure edebit card processing and online and off-line stored value services such as pre-paid cards, loyalty programs and gift certificates. InfoSpace, Inc. (Nasdaq:INSP) is a provider of wireless and Internet software and application services.17 Additional payment mechanisms were expected to reduce processing costs, while providing exciting opportunities for merchants to drive new revenue streams and strengthen their relationships with valued customers. In 2001q4, InfoSpace Merchant services processed more than $1b in transactions, up from $700m reported in the previous quarter. The total number of transactions processed was more than 12 million, up from 9 million reported in 2001q3.

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Jens-Ingo Brodesser, First Monday Interviews: David Chaum, First Monday, Vol.4, No.7, 5 July 1999, http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/683/593 15 Ian Grigg, translator, How DigiCash Blew Everything, NEXT, Jan. 1999, https://cryptome.org/jya/digicrash.htm; "Hoe DigiCash alles verknalde", http://www.nextmagazine.nl/ecash.htm, archived on https://web.archive.org/web/19990427142412/https://www.nextmagazine.nl/ecash.htm 16 https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=121606 17 R. A. Hettinga, InfoSpace Buys ECash Technologies, 20020226, http://www.metzdowd.com/pipermail/cryptography/2002-February/001965.html

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Satoshi Nakamoto is a Milist of Hal Finney

The Cypherpunks Mailing Lists 1992, the cypherpunks mailing list (CML) was started. Eric Hughes, Timothy C. May, John Gilmore, Jude Milhon, and Hal Finney were the initiators to name a few. The original CML was originally hosted on John Gilmore's toad.com. Gilmore has a company, Cygnus Solutions, in the San Francisco Bay Area.

As toad.com was the single node to host CML, it was easy to archive, relatively. The admin of https://mailing-list-archive.cryptoanarchy.wiki/ had the CML archived up to early 1999, as does Ryan Lackey’s. In Feb. 1997, wired.com mocked cypherpunks as a homeless turn to usenet community at alt.cypherpunks, for some time.

Early 1997, Jim Choate and Igor Chudov set up the Cypherpunks Distributed Remailer (CDR) to serve 2000 subscribers. It was intended to eliminate the single point of failure inherent in a centralised list architecture. It was a network of independent mailing list nodes. At its peak, the CDR was known to have been served by at least 7 nodes. Majordomo mailing list software was used as the distributed archicture. Mailing list archives have not been available for this period.

By mid-2005, al-qaeda.net ran the only remaining node.

In mid-2013, following a brief outage, the al-qaeda.net node's list software was changed from Majordomo to GNU Mailman. The node was renamed to cpunks.org. The CDR architecture was left to defunct. There had been only one node for 8 years at this point. Mailing list archives for this era are available at https://lists.cpunks.org/pipermail/cypherpunks/.

To counter a deluge of messages (mailbombing pranks), the mailing list sysop(s) instituted a replyto-subscribe system. The falling out of the sysop over moderation caused the list to be spun-off to coderpunks and migrated to several cross-linked mail-servers known as distributed mailing list.

The coderpunks list, open by invitation only, existed for a time. Two other known lists were and are the cryptography list (cryptography@metzdowd.com) and the financial cryptography list (fcannounce@ifca.ai). Some are open, some others are closed (invitation-only) lists.

Coderpunks took up more technical matters and had less discussion of public policy implications.

Toad.com continued to run with the existing subscriber list. The mirrored new distributed mailing list didn't appear on toad.com. The list faded in popularity. Likewise the number of cross-linked subscription nodes.

The cryptography list appears to act as the successor to cypherpunks. It still has many active participants and continues some of the same discussions. The archive list has begun from March 2001 up to this day. It is a moderated list, considerably less zany and somewhat more technical. It can be accessed in http://www.metzdowd.com/pipermail/cryptography/.

Table – Early activities of cypherpunk mailing list, Sept. – Dec. 1992 1992 Threads Replies Total Sept.

14 4 18 Oct. 100 153 253 Nov. 112 191 303 Dec. 147 156 303 Total 373 504 877 Source: cryptoanarchy.wiki, Sept. – Dec. 1992

The CML began on 21 Sept. 1992 with Russell E. Whitaker as the first sender. Two other emails on the next day, that is Eric Hughes and gnu. There were 15 other emails in Sept. 1992, totaled at 18 bc1q0yazgrgepfydqg2eapva89xc6rv4sx8e4n8dsx

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Sando Sasako with 14 threads. The cryptomoney began to be mentioned within the cypherpunks community on 11 Nov. 1992 by Eli Brandt, and followed by Tim Oren on 16 Nov. 1992. Both threads had no response.

The largest response of the cypherpunks' thread in Nov. 1992 in regard to the digital cash was when Finney posted electronic banking as the issue, that is by 18 replies or comments. In total, 9 issues posted by 9 different original posters (OPs) got 38 responses. In Nov. 1992 alone, as much as 112 threads posted generated 191 responses.

Table – Crypto currency-related threads in cypherpunks mailing list, Nov. 1992 Post Date Replies Thread Name 19921111 0 a name for cryptographic currency 19921116 0 Digital Cash bibliography 19921124 4 Scenario for a Ban on Cash Transactions 19921125 18 Electronic Banking 19921127 6 Cypher Bank 19921128 2 credibility and banking 19921129 0 crypto banking 19921129 8 thoughts on digital cash 19921130 0 Offshore banking..

Total 38 Source: cryptoanarchy.wiki, Nov. 1992

Original Poster Eli Brandt Tim Oren Timothy C. May Hal Finney Don Bellenger Richard Childers Karl L. Barrus Marc Horowitz mark@coombs.anu.edu.au

Hal Finney’s involvement in the cypherpunks community mailing list were carried on with at least 7 different emails. hfinney@shell.portal.com was identified as the most used email in the cypherpunks’ toad.com. The complete known list of emails used by Finney was as follows: ghsvax!hal@uunet.UU.NET hal@alumni.cco.caltech.edu hal@rain.org hfinney@shell.portal.com nobody@alumni.cco.caltech.edu nobody@shell.portal.com nobody@soda.berkeley.edu

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Satoshi Nakamoto is a Milist of Hal Finney

Finney's ALS and Cryonics Preservation In August 2009, Finney was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) disease. Through a blog, Finney announced his illness on 5 Oct. 2009.18 In March 2013, Finney posted on a Bitcoin forum BitcoinTalk that he was essentially paralysed, but continued to program.

Until his death on 28 Aug. 2014, Finney was working on bcflick, an experimental software using Trusted Computing to strengthen Bitcoin wallets. Finney died at 58 years old. Finney's body was cryopreserved by the Alcor Life Extension Foundation.19 Also known as Lou Gehrig's disease or motor neurone disease (MND), ALS is a fatal disease as it kills motor neurons. Motor neurons carry signals to the muscles. ALS causes nerve damage, progressive muscle weakness and paralysis, and death. Patients lose the ability to talk, walk, move, swallow (eat), and lastly, to breathe. It means the end of life. Patient's life expectancy is 2-4 years, with median survival of 3 years. Frequency is ~2.5 per 100,000 per year.

The ALS' symptoms or characteristics are stiff muscles, muscle twitching, and gradually worsening weakness due to muscles decreasing in size. Eye-tracking camera was used to manipulate voice synthesis software running on a computer attached to Finney's wheelchair. Finney's mind was unaffected by the disease and remains as lucid as ever. The deteriorating eye movements revealed the growing thin of his its last lifelines to the outside world.20 Greenberg met Finney on 6 March 2014, the day that Newsweek released its bombshell cover story on the man who it claimed had invented Bitcoin: Dorian Prentice Satoshi Nakamoto. A 64-year old ex-engineer and programmer living in Temple City, the small exurb of Los Angeles provided a tacit confirmation of his contribution to the bitcoin.

Dorian said: "I am no longer involved in that and I cannot discuss it. It's been turned over to other people. They are in charge of it now. I no longer have any connection." Two local police officers witnessed the interview of Goodman's with Dorian.21 Finney's address was only a few blocks away from the Dorian Satoshi Nakamoto's family home, about 1.6 miles from each other. Greenberg began to believe that Finney might have been Bitcoin's ghostwriter. Upon the departure of Finney, Greenberg wrote Finney's obituary in wired.com, the treatment and process of Finney's body following his legal death declared on Thursday, 8.50 am. 22 Later that night, Finney's blood and other fluids were being removed from his body and slowly replaced with a collection of chemicals, named by M-22. It was designed to be as minimally toxic as possible to his tissues while preventing the formation of ice crystals that would result from freezing and destroy his cell membranes.23 18

Hal Finney, Dying Outside, 20091005, https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/bshZiaLefDejvPKuS/dying-outside Max More, Hal Finney being cryopreserved now, 20140828, http://lists.extropy.org/pipermail/extropy-chat/2014August/082585.html 20 Andy Greenberg, Nakamoto's Neighbor: My Hunt For Bitcoin's Creator Led To A Paralyzed Crypto Genius, Forbes, 20140325, https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2014/03/25/satoshi-nakamotos-neighbor-the-bitcoinghostwriter-who-wasnt/#101633bf4a37 21 Leah McGrath Goodman, The Face Behind Bitcoin, Newsweek, 20140306, http://mag.newsweek.com/2014/03/14/bitcoin-satoshi-nakamoto.html; https://www.newsweek.com/2014/03/14/facebehind-bitcoin-247957.html 22 alcor, Hal Finney Becomes Alcor’s 128th Patient, 20141216, https://www.alcor.org/blog/hal-finney-becomesalcors-128th-patient/ 23 Andy Greenberg, Bitcoin's Earliest Adopter Is Cryonically Freezing His Body to See the Future, wired.com, 20140828, https://www.wired.com/2014/08/hal-finney/ 19

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Over the next few days, the temperature of his body will be slowly lowered to -320 degrees Fahrenheit (-196 degC). Eventually, it will be stored in an aluminum pod inside a 10-foot tall tank filled with 450 liters of liquid nitrogen designed to keep him in that state of near-complete suspended animation.

To be clear, cryonics is not the same with cryogenics. Cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at extremely low temperatures. Cryonics is a belief that a person’s body or body parts can be frozen at death, stored in a cryogenic vessel, and later brought back to life.24

24 Cryogenic Society of America, Inc., Cryonics is NOT the Same as Cryogenics, https://cryogenicsociety.org/cryonics/

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Satoshi Nakamoto is a Milist of Hal Finney

bcflick as a Flickr PAL module based on LibTomMath of Karpeles and Trusted Computing Created by Finney as a PAL (Piece of Application Logic), a Flicker module, bcflick was designed to increase the security of the Satoshi Bitcoin client. Flicker uses security features on modern processors to create an isolated, cryptographically protected segment of memory which is immune to tampering by other code running on the same computer. Intel call the security features (secure mode) by TXT, whilst AMD by SVM. Finney patched bitcoind to make calls into bcflick to generate new keys and to sign transactions. bcflick knows the wallet encryption key, while bitcoind (normally) doesn't. Therefore, to sign transactions, you or malware is to go through bcflick. Bcflick knows the time from the TPM and keeps track of the amount spent today, and will refuse to sign a transaction if the daily amount were to exceed the pre-set limit.

Flicker has limitations. The total size of the PAL has to be less than 1 Meg. The size of the input to and output from the PAL is a couple hundred K. More importantly, the PAL can't do any device I/O, because that would interfere with OS management of devices. No I/O means the policy enforcement has to be self-contained. Basically, the PAL starts up, reads input buffer, does work, and writes its output buffer. Actually, the TPM works so slow.

The TPM chip is used to cryptographically protect its data. The data is sealed to the hash of the secure code, so that only that piece of code has access to its secrets. Finney used Jon McCune's Flicker technology. Flicker gets switched to the secure mode for just an instant, and then switches back out again. In this way, the secure mode doesn't have to coexist with the operating system, which would require hypervisor technology.

Finney developed bcflick to counter a threat model, a thorough infection by sophisticated malware.

It is assumed that the attacker can corrupt the operating system, install key loggers, read and write files and network traffic, and generally exert arbitrary control over the computer. Worst, sophisticated malware can insinuate itself into even a boot from a clean medium, by inserting itself into the firmware of some peripheral device, or even the BIOS. The daily limit is what protect the user from the attacker stealing the bitcoins all at once, whilst give the user a chance to detect and mitigate the theft. As the internal systems got corrupted, user gets to rely heavily on a clean external medium, a CD or a USB drive, to boot into a safe mode, out of the control of the attacker. bcflick uses the safe mode for 3 purposes. On initialization, the wallet is encrypted, and the decryption key is passed to bcflick, along with the daily spending limit. bcflick is also used for error recovery, such as if the TPM timer gets reset, or if a Flicker crash gets things out of sync. By booting into safe mode, the user can reset the passphrase, and that will reinitialize bcflick.

If the user wants to spend more than the bcflick policy permits, he can boot into safe mode, unlock the wallet with the passphrase, and create arbitrary transactions, bypassing bcflick. Daily spending limit is a not too complex policy. More complicated policies may take a form of adjusted daily limits based on the average of recent days, inflow of funds, blockchain data, or elses.

Suggested by Hearn to use Flickr, Finney acknowledged the possibility of malware infection and wallet tearing. Flickr was used as a patched version of bitcoin-qt/bitcoind (Linux) that enforces limits on daily spending. Flicker is only about 3000 lines of code, small as these things go. The technology allows the creation of a piece of code that can run unmolested by the rest of the computer. bc1q0yazgrgepfydqg2eapva89xc6rv4sx8e4n8dsx

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Sando Sasako Finney's usage of libtommath was recognised by Gage on 20130503.25 Hearn even got no surprise to know that there's a correlation between "exchanges run by people who implement math libraries" and "exchanges that are run competently".26 Finney even acknowledged Hearn's suggestion to use trusted computing technology to secure Bitcoin wallets.27 On 20100723, MagicalTux (aka Mark Karpeles) announced a new release of libtommath v0.42.0, providing with a bugfix release and confirming that the libtom team comprised of 2 people, that is Steffen Jaeckel and Mark Karpeles.28 On 20130317, Finney implemented libtommath to strengthen bitcoin wallets. The commanding code: "Run make in flicker/examples/{app,pal/libtommath,pal}".29 From v0.41 (dated 20070310)30 to v1.0.1 (dated 2017082931 and 2018020432), LibTomMath shared the same definition: LibTomMath is a library of source code which provides a series of efficient and carefully written functions for manipulating large integer numbers. It was written in portable ISO C source code so that it will build on any platform with a conforming C compiler. In a nutshell the library was written from scratch with verbose comments to help instruct computer science students how to implement “bignum� math.

In 2003, Tom St Denis began to add libtommath-0.01 to tomcrypt.33 It was committed by Steffen Jaeckel (jaeckel@stzedn.de) in 2010 through Commit 390fa39d. The first intended purposes of LibTomMath are: 1. as a multiple-precision integer library.

2. provides for multiple-precision integer arithmetic as well as number theoretic functionality.

3. designed directly after the MPI library by Michael Fromberger 4. has been written from scratch with additional optimisations in place.

5. free for all purposes without any express guarantee it works.

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Phinnaeus Gage, [ANN] bcflick - using TPM's and Trusted Computing to strengthen Bitcoin wallets, 20130503, https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=154290.msg2013847#msg2013847 26 Mike Hearn's comment on the founding of Phinnaeus Gage that Hal Finney's usage of Mark Karpeles' libtommath, 20130503, https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=154290.msg2016354#msg2016354 27 Mike Hearn, Avoiding theft using trusted computing, 20120305, https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=67508.0 28 MagicalTux, libtommath v0.42.0 released, 20100723, https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/libtom, cf https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/libtom/VOOGuGlulk0 29 Hal Finney, [ANN] bcflick - using TPM's and Trusted Computing to strengthen Bitcoin wallets, 20130317, https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=154290.msg1635481#msg1635481 30 Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, LibTomMath User Manual v0.41, 20070310, http://www.gtoal.com/src/mobi/clit18/libtommath-0.41/bn.pdf 31 Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, LibTomMath User Manual v1.0.1, 20170829, http://manual.freeshell.org/ltm/bn.pdf 32 Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, LibTomMath User Manual v1.0.1, 20180204, https://temp.perl6.party/tom.pdf 33 Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@iahu.ca, added libtommath-0.01 to tomcrypt (2003); Commit 390fa39d by Steffen Jaeckel (2010), http://git.mcgalaxy.de:8090/WolverinDEV/tomcrypt/commit/390fa39dc519551eb3c6e93fe3fa52a9ec9d9833

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Index abdn.ac.uk, 3 activism, 3 Advance Bank First, 5 alcor, 10 Alcor Life Extension Foundation, 9 Alexander Muse, 1 al-qaeda, 6 ALS, 1, 9 AMD, 11 Amsterdam, 5 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 9 Andy Greenberg, 2, 9, 10 ANN, 12 archive, 1, 3, 5, 6 ATM, 5 Australia, 5 Bank Austria, 5 Barrus, 3 bcflick, 1, 9, 11, 12 berkeley.edu, 7 BIOS, 11 bitcoind, 11, 12 bitcoin-qt, 12 bitcointalk, 12 bloomberg, 5 caltech.edu, 7 CDR, 6 Center for Mathematics and Computer Science, 5 CEO, 5 Chaum, 1, 2, 3, 5 CML, 6, 7 coderpunks, 6 cpunks.org, 6 Credit Suisse, 5 Cryogenic Society of America, 10 cryogenics, 10 cryogenicsociety, 10 cryonics, 10 crypto banking, 7 cryptoanarchy, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 cryptography list, 6 cryptome, 5 cryptomoney, 3, 7 CWI, 5 cybra.lodz.pl, 3 Cygnus Solutions, 6 Cypher Bank, 7 cypherpunks, 1, 3, 6, 7 Cypherpunks Distributed Remailer, 6 David Chaum, 3, 5 David L. Chaum, 3 Deutsche Bank, 5 DigiCash, 1, 3, 5

digital cash, 1, 3, 7 Don Bellenger, 7 Dorian, 9 Dorian Prentice Satoshi Nakamoto, 9 eCash, 5 eCash Technologies, 5 electronic banking, 7 electronic money, 5 Eli Brandt, 7 Eric Hughes, 3, 6, 7 extropy.org, 9 FidoNet, 3 Finney, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12 First Monday, 3, 4, 5 firstmonday, 4, 5 Flicker, 11, 12 Flickr, 1, 11, 12 forbes, 2, 9 Gage, 12 Gilmore, 6 GNU, 6 Greenberg, 2, 9 Hal Finney, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12 Hearn, 12 Hughes, 1, 3, 4 hypervisor technology, 11 Ian Grigg, 5 ifca.ai, 6 Igor Chudov, 6 InfoSpace, 1, 5 INSP, 5 Intel, 11 Jens-Ingo Brodesser, 5 Jim Choate, 6 John Gilmore, 6 Jon McCune, 11 Jude Milhon, 6 Karl L. Barrus, 3, 7 Karpeles, 1, 11, 12 Lance Cottrell, 4 Lerner, 1 lesswrong, 9 libtommath, 12, 13 Los Angeles, 9 Lou Gehrig's disease, 9 MagicalTux, 12 Mailman, 6 Majordomo, 6 Marc Horowitz, 7 Mark Karpeles, 12 Mark Twain Bank, 5 Max More, 9 mcgalaxy.de, 13 medium, 1, 11

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metzdowd, 5, 6 Michael Fromberger, 13 Mike Hearn, 12 Mixmaster, 4 MND, 9 More, 11, 12 motor neurone disease, 9 MPI, 13 Muse, 1 Nakamoto, 1, 2, 9 nakamotoinstitute, 3 Nasdaq, 5 NEXT, 5 nextmagazine, 5 NSA, 1 original poster, 7 PAL, 1, 11 Parekh, 3 PGP, 3 Phinnaeus Gage, 12 Piece of Application Logic, 11 R. A. Hettinga, 5 rain.org, 7 Remailer, 1, 3 Richard Childers, 7 Russell E. Whitaker, 7 Ryan Lackey, 6 Sameer Parekh, 4 San Francisco, 6 Satoshi, 1, 9, 11 Satoshi Nakamoto, 1, 9 Sergio Demian Lerner, 1 Steffen Jaeckel, 12, 13 stzedn.de, 13 SVM, 11 Swiss Netpay, 5 Taras, 1 Tatsuo Tanaka, 3 Temple City, 9 Tim Oren, 7 Timothy C. May, 3, 6, 7 toad, 1, 6, 7 Tom Jennings, 3 Tom St Denis, 12, 13 tomcrypt, 13 tomstdenis, 12, 13 TPM, 11, 12 Trusted Computing, 1, 9, 11, 12 tstdenis82, 12 vistomail, 1 wiki, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 wired, 6, 9, 10 WSJ, 1

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