The Roar: Issue #5

T H E

R O A R

editor's note

Hello again!

This is officially the fifth edition of ACS Egham’s newspaper! Carrying on the legacy of entertaining the ACS community, this edition will give you new perspectives, ideas, and enjoyment. The writers have worked hard to bring you a wide range of content and a few fun activities at the end, we hope that the Roar will continue onwards and upwards through this issue and everything that comes next! :)

Thank you to the Roar team -- this issue would not have been possible without you! A further special thank you to everyone who has helped design the issue and sent over exciting content!

We hope you enjoy the reading and our tribute to some very important members of the ACS community If you have any inquiries about the contents of this issue or questions about the Roar in general, please feel free to contact one of us!

Happy holidays, ACS! See you next year! - Daria, Ellyn, Veera, and Emily

Veera, Writer and Chief Editor

Hello! I'm Veera. I love having very strong opinions on headphones with wires (they reign supreme), and having a chemical composition that is comprised of concerning amounts of oat-milk cappuccino. I’m qualified to do this because I apparently dress like your grandfather if he was also your English teacher ;-)

Daria, Writer and Chief Editor

Hey everyone! My name is Daria and I am currently in 12th grade. I’ve been part of the newspaper for the past 4 years, usually writing articles about anything interesting.

Ellyn, Writer and Chief Editor

Hi my name is Ellyn and I am currently in Grade 12, going through my fourth year at ACS. I’m a writer and editor for the Roar, and am interested in world issues, especially humanitarian crises which is something I love to write about as a way to raise global awareness.

Emily, Writer and Chief Editor

Hi, my name is Emily and I'm in Grade 12. I joined ACS in January 2021, and I have previously lived in Switzerland, the US and Belgium. I'm very interested in politics, environmental issues, music and reading. When I'm not busy with school, I really enjoy knitting and crocheting.

Sreeja, Writer and Designer

Hi! I’m Sreeja and I’m a writer for the Roar I’m currently in 12th grade and this is my second year in ACS I’ve lived in a bunch of places and now the UK I've been promoted from just a lowly writer to designer for the ROAR, so you get the pleasure of reading the articles I wrote and appreciating the aesthetics of this magazine :)

Camilla,Writer

Hi!IamawriterfortheRoarandIabsolutelyloveit Itgives me the opportunity to write about all sorts of things such as mental health, a book I may be obsessed with, and the possibility of ‘nanopsychiatry’ in the future Time in which I do not use to focus on the IB or stress about the IB is dedicated to making my own jewellery and customising clothes.

Mags,Writer

Theaveragestemstudent.Apassionforapainfulsubject, no grasp on English, and a concerning caffeine addiction I haven’t slept in 3 years and am the only person who enjoysreadingaboutmath

Jai,Writer

Hello! I’m Jai, this is my second year writing articles for the roar. I am a 10th grade student. I have been going to ACS sinceIwasingradeone,or2013 Priortolivinghere,Ilived inSingaporealthoughtobehonestIdon'treallyremember it too well I'm interested in a range of topics and would write about anything that interests me, my main interests beingPhysics,Chessandhistoricaltopics

Sofia,Writer

Hi! I’m Sofia and I’m a writer for the Roar I am a Grade 11 student and have been at ACS Egham for 6 years Before England,IlivedinMiamiandamstillnotusedtotheBritish weather When I’m not writing for the Roar, you can find me reading a good book. Or procrastinating. Often by reading

Lucy,Writer

Hi! I’m Lucy I am a Grade 11 student and this is my third year at ACS Egham. I am from England and Germany but have spent my life living around Europe I love sports and spend most of my time advocating for equality in sports, particularlyfootballandmotorsport

Spyros,Writer

Hi, I'm Spyros. This is technically my second year of writing articles for the Roar I have been an ACS student since 5th Grade.Mymaininterestsareengineeringandspace.

Octavio,Writer

Hi,I’mOctavio ThisismyfirstyearofwritingfortheRoar I have been an ACS student since 11th grade I love playing sports.

WORLD WORLD AFFAIRS AFFAIRS

T H E T A L I B A N ' S

C U R S E O N A F G A N I S T A N

Afghanistan has long been a site of devastating conflict, chaos, and egregious loss of life Since the American military intervention in October of 2001 in what the US called a response to dismantle the terrorist group known as al Quaeda and an imperative measure against the global threat of terrorism it has been ravaged by violence and grief. Following the 13 year war in Afghanistan which placed immense pressure and pain onto the generations of the Afghan population caught in the crossfire between US military and illegal militia and terrorist group conflict, the Taliban officially took over the government in spring of 2021

After a challenging year heading the nation, the Taliban’s control has degraded the already devastated state of the nation and suffocated the liberty and hope of the population, already limited in a disruptive and merciless setting as reported by the United Nations and the numerous NGOs trying to alleviate the pain of civilians The main issue arises from struggles in transition from insurgency to governance which has promoted one of the world’s most pressing humanitarian crises

Written by Ellyn Leblay

C U R S E O N

A F G A N I S T A N

With ever worsening of living conditions and access to services, the population has been drained of its vivacity and perseverance despite withstanding more than a decade of war Historically, Afghanistan has long been recognised as a beacon of instability and insurgency in the Middle East. Led by a monarchy with a conflicted response from the population through the 1900s, the country was unable to modernise and adapt to the requirements of developing society and approach a balanced shift towards socio economic proficiency reached by nations around the world While the communists overthrew the regime of Daoud Khan, a successor of the former king in the Saur Revolution of 1978, they only profited from a small base of popular support The Soviet invasion of 1979, a military intervention veiled under the diplomatic reasoning of dealing with ‘threats of internal aggression’, was successful but fomented further societal tensions and conflicts Religious leaders and tribe chiefs were the primary forces behind a mounting insurgency, especially following imposed reforms on education and marriage reforms Despite the Soviet’s ability to bring modern industrialization to Afghanistan and allowed for an exploitation of Afghan resources in a beneficial economic manner, the cost came at a decade of bloodshed and the arisement of the Mujahideen, resistance fighters identifying as religious warriors and obtaining support from the United States. Unfortunately the USSR’s departure in 1989 did not disrupt the relentless fighting occurring as the Mujahideen; now without a common enemy, turned to fight each other amongst factions These events created the conditions from which the Taliban emerged in the early 1990s, and whose influence was quick to taint Afghan society with sanguine violence Through vanquishing opposing factions and tribes, they slowly gained control through the establishment of a harsh and repressive regime of control, which has perpetually been questioned by the UN's Human Rights Council

The US led intervention in 2001, following the inimaginable and horrific events of 09/11 introduced a brutal military offensive versus the regime This permitted their fall from governance and introduced a short period of peace and freedom unheard of by the population since the 1930s However the consequential effects of the military intervention were the reopening of previous wounds; the ones that triggered civil war in the 1970s Taking advantage of the mounting instability, the Taliban movement forged themselves into a capable guerilla insurgency group, allowing violence to persist until August 2021, the moment of US departure from Afghanistan and ended the US’s longest engagement in combat

The disruptions caused by such a brutal and unforgiving history of conflict have scarred the Afghan population and rendered the possibility of a better future distant, especially with the Taliban’s returned rule

From the anarchy emerging from war, the economy has never been able to strengthen itself, maximise use of resources, or modernise to reach the demands of today's context With obsolete industry, outdated agricultural approaches, and lack of government investment into essential infrastructure, the population became dependent on poppy cultivation for income An incredibly dangerous profession not only damaging to the economy and preventing it from contributing to national and societal growth, its nefarious influence has destroyed the lives of millions of civilians, with the Human Rights Watch Organization unable to keep track of its true reach Today the country has endured a deepening and increasingly deadly humanitarian crisis Acute malnutrition is spiking across the country and 95% of households have been experiencing deadly food insecurity in a sustained manner At least 55 %of the population is “expected to be in crisis or emergency levels of food insecurity through March 2022, according to the United Nations Afghan children are starving to death nearly every day Despite the warnings of humanitarian organisations around the world about the sheer scale of the crisis and its potential for developing into an atrocious and irreversible situation, nations continue to ignore the echoing pleas for help emitted by the suffering people

In addition to these heart wrenching hardships no living being should have to experience, the circumstances exacerbated the sinister burden carried by women and girls in Afghanistan With the Taliban's severe and authoritative regime, women and girls are now facing greater obstacles to obtaining food, health care, and financial resources Taliban policies that have banned women from most paid jobs have had a swift and devastating impact on households in which women were the sole or main earners Similarly they have slowly yet unforgivably been removing their hard earned freedom and basic civil rights, such as access to education and enforced the rigorous religious standards and moral obligations upon them In an attempt to remain hidden while doing so and to prevent any future chances of bettering female rights, the Taliban has closed the vast majority of girls’ secondary schools, causing an immense gap in the education system and destroying decades of efforts made by women This and escalating poverty have heightened the risk of child marriage Hu the media have reported ostensibly for marriage –obtain food or repay debts

Their liberties have be restricted, in ways such as ‘laws’ that they may tra chaperone cover themse subject to religious and s what it means to be a wom the appropriate ways in wh to embody that

The people of Afghanist continue to suffer while conditions and restricted mockery of the basic ten cannot go on The needs o addressed by the interna aid organisations, in ways of investment in infrastruc concerning the infringeme

T H E T A L I B A N ' S C U R S E O N A F G A N I S T A N

These individuals deserve more, more than they have experienced through a scarring past; they deserve hope for a future in which they remain liberated from oppression and can rise into a promising and developing nation To live in a world where such circumstances prevail and in which little effort is made to address them is both cruel and inhumane, which is why taking action must become a priority in an attempt to address the worsening humanitarian crisis of Afghanistan

HOW DID THE LIQUIDATORS SAVE EUROPE?

WRITTEN BY SPYRIDON DRAKOPOULOS

The Chernobyl accident was what some considered to be the largest catastrophe of the late 20th century On April 26th 1986, a nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, Ukraine had a major failure during a maintenance test scheduled to test the turbine system During the test, the power exerted by the reactor increased rapidly from its previous low-power state As a result of the energy spike, the water used for producing steam boiled too fast, causing a steam explosion that blew the roof of the reactor In the process of the explosion, graphite from the reactor’s cores ignited causing graphite fire. This released toxic radioactive substances into the atmosphere along with launching highly radioactive graphite around the site of the accident 31 people were killed at the time of the accident, but due to the radiation spewed from the reactor, thousands more died of cancer related deaths.

Days after the USSR confirmed the explosion, officials began asking for workers from different departments to conscript to help reduce the impact of the catastrophe 700,000 men were ultimately conscripted into the Chernobyl area - the majority of which were firefighters, miners and soldiers These workers were demanded to liquidate the released radiation from the Nuclear reactor’s core and were later known as the “Liquidators”. The term “liquidator” is used to describe the workers who entered contaminated areas in Chernobyl with the objective of blotting down and reducing the consequences of the explosion

Among the 700,000 men who contributed to the liquidation of Chernobyl’s nuclear reactor, three of the plant’s workers offered to help with overcoming an issue that arose shortly after the first explosion After the first explosion of the reactor, nuclear scientists quickly discovered that water was still stored inside the plant to act as a coolant Due to the reactor’s fire burning at incredibly high temperatures, the water could easily start boiling - causing a second larger explosion Scientists were more worried about this potential second explosion than the consequences of the first one. This is because if all of the water was to be used up in another steam explosion, the other 3 nuclear reactors' caps could also be blown off This new explosion would destroy the town of Chernobyl and it would damage the city of Kiev. Most significantly, the radiation consequences of the second explosion could make all of western and eastern Europe uninhabitable for thousands of years

HOW DID THE LIQUIDATORS SAVE EUROPE?

Along with the liquidators that emptied the water reservoirs, around one thousand other liquidators were asked to remove the contaminated graphite from the roofs of the Chernobyl Reactor The graphite launched onto the roofs posed a threat to the reactor and the environment due to the material burning for a long time, while releasing radioactive material into the atmosphere. The graphite burning for so long posed a threat to the reactor cooling since it could kickstart the burning of the reactor once it cooled down These graphite cleaning liquidators were sent to clean all three reactor roofs, with some of the roofs reaching radiation levels of almost 20,000 roentgens/hour Due to high levels of radiation, electronic mechanisms were incapable of operating for too long on the surfaces of the roofs, forcing the entire procedure to be done by human hand This cleaning procedure was done by sending subsets of Liquidators to the roof tops for a few minutes or less, using shovels to collect and throw the graphite into the reactor’s pit that was to be closed off with cement

By the end of the cleaning process of Chernobyl, 350,000 of the liquidators that participated were tested to have received an average of 100 millisieverts of radiation This is equal to going through around 1000 chest x-rays and is five times the maximum dose permitted for workers in nuclear facilities Despite there being uniforms which could have reduced the dosage of radiation at the time of the accident, the Soviet Union could not afford to supply all of the liquidators with such equipment As a result, some workers were forced to wear regular leather aprons with a lead sheet just 2-4 mm in thickness over their cotton clothing. Years after the catastrophe, it became difficult to monitor the health issues faced by liquidators, but one advocacy group, the Chernobyl Union, believes that 90,000 of the surviving 200,000 liquidators are facing major long term health problems

EENTERTAINMENT NTERTAINMENT

ROAR

entertainment reviews

BOOKS, SHOWS, MOVIES

! THESE ARE ALL OPINIONS !

Set in Gorizia, a small town near the Italian-Austrian border, a farewell to arms follows Lieutenant Frederic Henry, an American-born Italian soldier While working with the Italian ambulance service during World War I , Henry meets an English nurse Catherine Barkley Over a period of time, their relationship was purely professional, however when Henry was brought in with a deep injury one day, their relationship blossomed into something greater. Throughout the book Hemingway provided a realistic and unromanticized account of war specifically in the years 1916-18 Although this book is an easy read, some ideas are abstract and hard to take a grasp on Nevertheless, I would recommend this book to everyone who is into historically-based novels as a lot of details and events that are mentioned in this novel are true

AUTHOR: ERNEST HEMINGWAY

GENRE: LITERARY FICTION STORY AGE RECOMMENDATION: 12+

A dystopian novel that focuses on Guy Montag who is a firefighter His job is to find and burn books as the government that rules over the people is anti-information The people are surrounded by propaganda, however Mr Montag comes into possession of a book Seeing the wrong in what he is doing he flees as he is hunted He just escapes as the bombs drop and the job to rebuild falls to those like him The book is reasonably short and sweet. It's a more subtle and far better execution of the all controlling government that 1984 tries to portray

AUTHOR:RAY BRADBURY

GENRE: LITERARY FICTION STORY AGE RECOMMENDATION: 12+

A heart-wrenching depiction of events from the perspective of Elie as a Jewish teenager living in Hungary, ‘Night’ recounts the autobiographical story of his deportation to the Auschwitz concentration camp during the Second World War With a plentiful childhood in which he pursued higher education and a devotion to Jewish Orthodox teachings, he soon fell victim to abuse from the Nazis during the 1940s occupation After deportation his experiences in the camp succumbing to darkness while caring for his father provide shattering insight into an obscure window of humanity This book is must-read for all, bringing readers along on an emotional journey that emphasises the hardships of the past and the unbearable burden of those subjected to it It permits the sharing of an unforgettable story through literary mastery from the author

AUTHOR:ELIE WIESEL

entertainment reviews

BOOKS, SHOWS, MOVIES ! THESE ARE ALL OPINIONS !

This show is the epitome of television as an art With only 2 seasons and 8 episodes each, it takes you on a rollercoaster of the protagonist's life, Fleabag Phoebe Waller Bridge beautifully plays the unnamed, deeply flawed character whose every decision is the wrong one Despite her very obvious character flaws, you root for her Whether it s because she s incredibly funny (and you have a crush on her) or you sympathise with her due to her inability to cope with her mother and best friend’s recent death

We see her spiral in season 1 and dig her way out of the ashes in season 2, with the arrival of the Hot Priest If season 1 didn’t make you cry season 2 will After watching it, there was a gaping abyss in my heart that was left by Fleabag I wanted more episodes but I knew the beauty of the art was the limit of it At the end, the show is a story of broken people finding the strength to rebuild who they are to a semblance of who they want to be

Glee is a musical comedy following the lives and stories of the members of a high-school choir club

Glee is probably one of my all-time favourite shows, purely due to the character of Sue Slyvester I would highly recommend the first 3 seasons of the show only for Sue Sylvester content I would not recommend watching the show after season 3 It goes severely downhill Even if you ’ re not a huge fan of musicals, I would still recommend watching it for a quick laugh at some of the ridiculous things that occur every episode GENRE:

Written by Sophia Prudencio

Over the years, dystopia has slowly transcended the bounds of genre and evolved into its own form of art Whether it's the towering wave of young adult dystopias such as The Hunger Games that catapulted to pop-culture royalty in the early 2000s and 2010s, or older classics such as Fahrenheit 451 that have captured and perturbed the imaginations of generations, one thing has always been clear: these are worlds of fiction They’re made up Impossible But are they really?

To start, it’s always important to have context So what exactly is a dystopian novel?

Dystopia, especially in the world of novels, is an imagined, futuristic world in which conditions for the general population are less than optimal This is quite a loose term as dystopia can encompass everything from an oppressive and totalitarian government, to a world that has been obliterated within an inch of its life Suffering and injustice is also a common theme It’s a bit of a ‘worst-case-scenario’ future– the direct opposite of a Utopia, in which everything is pristine, which frankly, seems more farfetched Sounds horrible, right? No one would willingly read about human suffering, would they? Well, they would And they do So why is it that these stories so heavily capture our attention? It could be because they’re a way to escape the horrors of our own world Now, at first thought this might seem like a drastic exaggeration We don’t live in a dystopia, so how could we relate to one? But a closer look at the tropes shows our world may have more in common with these works of fiction than one might think

Here are a few ways famous dystopian novels continue to parallel our everyday lives

Orwell’s 1984 has long served as a warning for the dangers of digital surveillance His predicted date of the mid-eighties may have been premature by a few decades, but in the twenty-first century, it is clearly a reality. Being told that everything we say or do is on the internet forever is a horse that has been beaten into oblivion. But despite our near desensitisation to the sentiment, it’s true. And it’s not just what we say or do that the internet has access to. Everything from your address to your phone number to your criminal record can be found with the click of a button. Even browser data has become a commodity, bought and sold to third parties, something even Orwell couldn’t conceive of in his novel.

In the digital age, nothing is entirely private and every click is meticulously tracked. We are living the Orwellian nightmare.

Looking for a present-day comparison to Ray Bradubury’s Fahrenheit 451? Look no further than our world’s long history of burning books In fact, Fahrenheit is already deeply rooted in real-world events, with Bradbury taking major inspiration from the Nazi Book Burnings of the 30s and 40s Don’t let the date fool you– book burnings are far from a thing of the past A quick scroll through Wikipedia will show over twenty documented cases of noteworthy mass burnings in the 21st century Key word: noteworthy This doesn’t even begin to account for the countless other cases that aren’t recorded A book doesn’t even need to be burned for Bradbury’s commentary on censorship to relate to the modern world Censorship takes many forms, not all of which consist of pitching a book into a raging pit of fire Last year, in the USA alone, around 2,000 books were challenged across school districts– in other words, there was an attempt to ban them Although these challenges may not have all been successful, censorship finds its way into our lives regardless It’s in just about every piece of media we consume, even down to history books used in schools which selectively choose which parts to show and which to not Perhaps Bradbury’s vision wasn’t too far off from our own reality.

With two novels, a TV series, and a graphic novel, Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale has earned the right to call itself a modern-age classic But the story borders dangerously close on the line between fiction and reality

The recent overturning of Roe v Wade in the United States of America has made it clear that a person’s autonomy over their own body is no longer guaranteed The decision of what someone can do with their own body has fallen into the hands of those in power, instead of remaining in the hands of those whose decision it is to make In the USA, a country that prides itself on freedom and liberty, this overturning represents the exact opposite.

And that’s not to mention the countless other countries where reproductive rights are limited if not non-existent, and the thousands of lives that are lost every year and will continue to be lost because of unsafe abortions and high-risk pregnancies.

Suzanne Collins’s The Hunger Games has fascinated readers for almost 15 years and is often considered the king of Young Adult dystopia Readers can’t help but fall in love with the ruthless and bloody story, which makes it all the more concerning that parallels can be drawn between the franchise and our modern day world We may not have yet reached a stage where governments are sending children out to kill each other for people’s entertainment, but just as in Collins’s imagined futuristic America, the lives of the marginalised continue to be exploited They become nothing but a passing fancy, a story on the news it's easier to scroll past than to read. People around the world are suffering yet we do nothing as it is not directly influencing our lives.

As for authoritarian governments, no explanation of the parallel is even needed. This is perhaps the least fictional aspect of the entire franchise.

Dystopian novels should be seen not only as a form of entertainment, but as cautionary tales– warnings. They may be extremes, but even extremes have to start somewhere.

So the next time you pick up a shiny new dystopian novel and flip through its pages in hope of escapism, take a minute to think just how far you really are escaping Dystopia may be closer than we expect

SCHOOL NEWS

4TH OCTOBER, 2022

October 4th, ACS International schools teamed up with various STEAM (Science Technology, Engineering, Arts and Maths) related organisations to inspire a younger generation in the various disciplines. Organisations such as Mercedes F1, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and the RAF, presented stalls that were targeted to inspire and create an interest in a particular field. To do so, thorpe park was reserved for the day, various organisations were invited to create stalls and provide experts in the given field such that students could ask questions regarding their areas of interests to a professional working in that field. Thorpe park was used to engage the students, and by going to the stalls you could collect stamps, 5 stamps gave a student access to a ride. In the weeks leading up to the event in our classes we were given the opportunity to obtain stamps to gain access to rides in advance.

Grade 10s were selected to help around the park. Before the day of the event, we were allocated different areas where we were to work for periods of 45m to an hour, at different times. After that hour was up we were free to wander around the park in groups of threes. Different places were selected to help out by organising this music show, making sure the classes that had booked it were given priority and that each child received stamps for visiting the stall. This was mostly primary school students thus they were going around in classes.

The teachers booked the show beforehand and our job was to guide them as to where to sit, where to exit, and stamp the card. Another place students had to help out was running the social media coverage of the event, this is Instagram, primarily. At this stall students were tasked with organising and taking photos of the event. After grade 10 students were done with their job, we received stamps and were allowed to go on rides.

sstudent tudent ccouncil ouncil

This year was a time of new beginnings for many communities at ACS Egham. This includes our very own Student Council, which went through its first system reform in years. After a series of campaigns and elections, the 2022-2023 school year High School Student Council was formed with the primary goal of representing the Student Body at Egham

Teaming up with the Middle School Council, we were able to host a successful first Spirit Week of the year It was lovely to see so many people dressing up and taking part in a week of Halloween fun, and a collective realisation that there was nothing stopping us from wearing pyjamas every day of the year. We even had teachers and staff join us in dressing up for the different themed days. Seeing teachers and students twinned up showed real school spirit, which is exactly what we are trying to highlight. A special thank you to our yearbook photographers for capturing the whole event.

We’ve also revamped our website and instagram to make sure that we are a clear and accessible point of contact for everyone at the school.

In the coming months, we hope to expand on the work we’ve begun. Although it has taken time for everyone to settle into the new school year, the following semester looks very promising. Currently, we are working on reforming the House System and making participation more inclusive independent of one’s skills and strengths. This will be done with significant student input to make sure the House System is a true representation of what students desire.

The next semester has much in store for High School. Fundraisers, events, and presentations are all currently in the works and we hope to have them out as soon as possible. As always, we welcome your ideas and suggestions

From all of us in the Student Council, we wish everyone safe travels and a relaxing three weeks off. We can’t wait to see you all in the new year.

ISSUE5-THEROAR

ROYALRUSSEL-MUN

MUN or Model United Nations is a club that takes place every Monday during lunchtime, open to High School students from grades 9-12 The club debates modern topics and issues from around the globe as the United Nations, taking up positions as representatives (delegates) from various member states (countries) Over the weekend starting October 15th, and Monday andTuesdaythatweek,agroupofgrade9and10studentswentto the Annual Royal Russell MUN Conference in Croydon, and participated as delegates and chairs (debate moderators). The conference was organised into various different United Nations committees, students were allocated committees and countries theyhadtorepresentanddebateas SomethingtonoteisinMUN,is that you adopt the stance of your country regardless of your own politicalviews OverallTheexperiencewasapositiveoneandbelow you will read interviews with first timers along with experienced individualswhowentonthetrip.

15THOCTOBER,2022

EXPERIENCEOFADELEGATE

JAIGUPTA

ThiswasmysecondyearattendingtheRoyalRusselconference Assuch, I was more comfortable and prepared for the conference overall This time around, I was the ambassador of the Chinese delegation, an ambassador is the leader of a particular delegation ACS were assigned three delegations: China, Costa Rica and Belarus, meaning all the delegates(representatives)ofthesecountrieswereACSEghamStudents I was on the Security Council committee, security council in the United Nations is a unique committee that handles matters of global security and urgency, the council holds more power than other committees, with the ability to call upon the UN peacekeeping force, which is a force controlled by the UN that can be called in to maintain peace, and halt conflict. Additionally, the UNSC (United Nations Security Council), has 16 total members, 5 of these members are permanent members of the security council and the other 11 are constantly rotating throughout memberstates

he 5 permanent members of the UNSC are Russia, China, France, UK and the USA, as these were the most prominentandpowerfulcountriesintheaftermathofworldwar2,andthuswhentheUNcharterwassigned in1945weredeclaredpermanentmembersoftheUNSC Permanentmembershavespecialprivilegeswithin thesecuritycouncilallowingthemtovetoclauseswithinaresolution Aresolutionisadocumentfromoneor more countries that provides a solution or a way to tackle the particular topic or issue, and it is what gets debated over. The 5 permanent members have the power to effectively strike the entire resolution or demand changes to be made to it, no other country other than those 5 have that power Due to the complexity of the Security Council in comparison to other committees, most of the delegates within it were heavily experienced. Overall, I found the environment within the committee to be very professional and debatingwithotherheavilyexperienceddelegatesallowedmetodevelopmyskillsaswell.

What a way to start the year….

Since September, our Jaguars have been ‘aiming high and making it happen’, locally, nationally and internationally. With a ‘transformational’ focus to our coaching, we measure success through development and progress but, almost paradoxically, our teams have achieved some terrific results. Our Middle School teams performed brilliantly throughout the London Schools Sports Association (LSSA) season, topping this off with stellar performances at the LSSA Endof Season Jamborees. No positions are awarded at these events, which are seen as a celebration of sport - but our Jaguars certainly had much to celebrate. Likewise, our High School teams achieved great success throughout the regular LSSA season, with our teams achieving the following positions in their respective End-of-Season Tournaments.

Our Varsity teams travelled to Europe for their end of season International School Athletics Association (ISAA) tournaments. ACS Egham is the smallest school in this league, in terms of school population, so it is evident that our Jaguars are punching way above their weight. Boys Football, Girls Football and Girls Volleyball teams all qualify for Division 1 status next year, when tournaments are likely to be split into two divisions.

CULTURE CULTURE

S R E E J A R O Y

Smoking kills. The phrase is printed on almost every single cigarette box and anti-smoking campaign. The harmful effects of smoking is a well known fact in this day and age, with it being almost synonymous with the grim prospect of cancer. However, in the early 20th century, where safety regulations remained mere suggestions, almost half the population of the industrial world smoked, oblivious to the pernicious effects of the little sticks they held in their hand. Unlike the unfortunate victims in this story, tobacco companies were well aware of the risk that smoking posed to people. They actively censored studies that showed the causal link between smoking and cancer, spread rampant misinformation which encouraged people to smoke and won lawsuits by blaming their consumers to have “known better”. There is perhaps no better example of companies prioritising profit over people than the existence of tobacco companies in the 1960’s.

In the glorious times of the 1950’s where smoking was the social norm, Ernest Wynder and Evarts Graham published their study titled "Tobacco Smoking as a Possible Etiologic Factor in Bronchogenic Carcinoma: A Study of Six Hundred and Eighty-Four [684] Proved Cases" in the New York Times, Reader's Digest and Life. It concluded that lung cancer was more common in long term smokers compared to non smokers and set the foundation for proving the link between smoking and cancer. However, rather than the public outrage the two scientists prepared for, the reaction was underwhelming with scientific and medical sectors casting doubt on their findings, characterising the study as ‘controversial’. This response should have come as no surprise given the debilitating smoking addiction everyone had developed, nursed by their mothers from childhood and rendered a social accessory during adulthood, and the denial of sin is always better than acceptance. Furthermore, Graham, a co-author of that paper, an avid smoker and great pulmonary surgeon who operated on dozens of lung cancers every week required strenuous convincing from Wynder to recognise the connection between smoking and cancer. However, it wasn’t until four years later that smoking was established as a direct link to lung cancer. Wynder published another paper titled “Tobacco as a Cause of Lung Cancer” and Richard Doll and Bradford Hill published a study which demonstrated that the risk of cancer was directly related to the number of cigarettes smoked per day.

One would think after all this, the public would acknowledge the fatal effects of smoking on their health, and tobacco companies would be hit with resounding losses Finally, the day had come where tobacco companies would understand the impact of their product and decide that millions of human lives were more valuable than profit. Ha! In a capitalist society? Never. Rather than admitting fault, tobacco companies spiralled down a path of bitter denial, and went on to convincing consumers that tobacco was in fact good for their health and professional scientists were nothing but people in debt playing dress up with coats. In 1953, the American Tobacco industry created The Tobacco Industry Research Committee in response to claims of tobacco smoking being linked to lung cancer and heart disease. In 1954, they released the infamous “A Frank Statement to Cigarette Smokers”. In this two page advertisement, which reached 43 million people, they adopted a technique known as social engineering. Instead of denying the health risks they simply stated that the results were not “conclusively known”. The statement went as far as saying that the Tobacco Industry Research Committee would utilise researchers of “unimpeachable integrity and national reput” to investigate the “possible” negative effects of tobacco. However, this research committee was far removed from its crystalline reputation as it actively worked to develop and disseminate false research that adamantly avoided that smoking was linked to health complications.

research who were scientists smokers) to debate the claims linked to severe health complications. became so reputable that academic support and received maliciously falsified research. didn’t stop there, they created Institute” to lobby the disseminate information and print to the Tobacco Industry Research ‘findings’. This institute companies and had an estimated million, used for lobbying regulations and distribute supported Congress members and argued that the tobacco vital aspect of the US’s economy, 1970’s. With capitalism being of American democracy. It’s people until money is on the table.

Then the famous Surgeon General’s 1964 was published. On a Saturday then Surgeon General Luther Terry announcement to a roomful ‘cigarette smoking causes lung government should do something effect was monumental. The Smoking and Health) was created founder John Banzhaf demanding ‘free time for anti-smoking messages’ on TV stations. From 1967 to 1970, anti-smoking ads received around £75 million in free advertising, and while this seems like a lot, it pales in comparison to the £1 billion tobacco companies spent on advertising and propaganda alone. However, tobacco companies were not going to suddenly develop empathy, instead they asked Congress in 1969 to remove all tobacco ads from TV and Radio, effectively shutting down anti-smoking campaigns. But people were still fighting. In the same year, Congress passed the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act, which prohibited cigarette advertising on television and radio, as well as requiring each cigarette package to contain the label “Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health”.

pay this until 2025. Along with a large payout, tobacco companies had to disband the Tobacco Institute and create an association which actively prevented people from smoking. Just when tobacco companies thought they were done, the Justice Department of the US filed a lawsuit against Big Tobacco arguing that tobacco companies deceived consumers. Six years later the American Cancer Society joined and in 2006, Judge Gladys Kessler ruled in the plaintiff's favour, marking a historical win for all victims of smoking.

Finally, more than 50 years later, Big Tobacco admitted to their lie. They are forced to place large warnings of the life threatening dangers of smoking on their products, websites and advertisements. Smoking has drastically decreased from the 1950’s with the percentage of Americans who smoked decreased from 42% in 1964, to 12.5% in 2020. However smoking still causes hundreds of thousands of preventable deaths every year, with the addiction of nicotine being stronger than any advertisement campaign. But one can hope.

Toxicity of Toxicity of the dance the dance community community

Written by Lucy Schroeder

Dance is one of the most cut-throat sports in the world. Many dancers will begin their dance lives at ages as young as two, with anyone beginning dance at even eight being seen as an anomaly Even within the variety of choice in terms of dance styles the common themes of the dance community, unfortunately, stay the same Dance is world renowned for many negative reasons, most prominently the mistreatment of young dancers Eating disorders, body dysmorphia, depression, sleep deprivation, and discrimination are all standard practice within the dance world Due to the rigid nature of the dance industry, in most cases these issues aren’t being rectified - simply because they are so ingrained into the norms of the community.

If you ask most young dancers what they strive for, they will most likely respond with a single word: perfection Whether this be perfection in their movements, their memory, or their appearance Perfection is not seen as something abstract or unobtainable, it is seen as a natural destination if you are worthy of such a result Anything less than perfection is viewed as a failure. However, in actual fact, the vast majority of these ‘standards’ are impossible to obtain

As previously mentioned, the dance community is composed of mainly young people This is due to the constant churn of older dancers not being able to uphold their high quality. This means that dancers will often be going through some form of education at the same time as their dance training Teen Vogue has done a series of two vlogs following a young ballet dancer attempting to balance school, dance, and friendships. The key takeaway from videos such as these is that dance is her life, much like it is for countless others Sleep deprivation is common amongst dancers due to the lengthy travel days to reach dance classes, regular school workloads, and the dance classes themselves Passions and relationships outside of dance are seen as irrelevant and fundamentally a distraction from excelling As a result of these countless sacrifices, satisfaction is something which is never achieved by dancers They continue to push themselves far beyond a normal human’s limits and strive for unlikely goals

Gender discrimination is also a major element contributing to the toxic atmosphere of the dance community Society has been wired to regard dance as a ‘feminine’ sport By extension, any male who does dance is seen as less masculine. This leads to an evident lack of male dancers within the industry simply because of unfounded societal norms - for instance, in 2019, a journalist named Lara Spencer openly mocked the prospect of Prince George taking part in ballet classes at school This was seen to fuel the fire for toxicity regarding boys and men in dance and bring the topic mainstream once again

As mentioned previously, dancers are taught from a young age to regard dance as their life Therefore, children are being encouraged to watch what they eat and become almost obsessed with any ‘imperfections’ they may have In addition to this, role models within the dance industry often, from an outsider's perspective, meet these standards for perfection This leads to talented but impressionable dancers being raised to idolise unrealistic and unattainable standards which has detrimental effects on the mental health of dancers across all styles Studies such as Antonio Leandro Nascimento, et al. have shown that body dysmorphia and related eating disorders are more prevalent in dancers than in the wider population

The reality series ‘Dance Moms’ follows a dance studio containing young dancers, their mothers, and their dance teacher It also showcases the forms of emotional abuse and toxicity which is experienced by dancers everyday However, to the outside viewer with little to no knowledge of the community as a whole, the show appears to be a fake dramatisation Yes, there is no denying that ‘Dance Moms’ is excessively dramatised and edited It does, though, have many underlying, truthful connotations In my opinion, I see ‘Dance Moms’ as somewhat counterproductive if it had any intention of shedding light on the fundamental issues within the dance community Many people consider that the storylines and emotions are entirely fake and orchestrated for the show However, circumstances similar to this occur countless times within the broader dance community

Many dancers have called for change to come in the dance community regarding the standards and toxicity that surrounds it. However, this movement has been progressing for several years and still very little progress has been made This is as a result of the fundamental root of the dance community being built on this toxic atmosphere.

So why has this toxicity not been rectified?

Cancel Culture Cancel Culture

by Sophia Prudencio

Kanye West, Ellen Degenres, Adam Levine, Elon Musk. What do each of these celebrities have in common? They’ve all been ‘cancelled.’

In the age of social media, the term ‘cancel culture’ is always being thrown around But what exactly does it mean?

In simple terms, to ‘cancel’ someone is to completely stop supporting them mainly through social media, after they have done or said something perceived to be offensive Essentially, cancelling is similar to boycotting a person

It’s hard to pinpoint when exactly the idea first emerged, but the term began to circulate in the mainstream media around eight years ago, circa 2014. The expression initially found its way onto Twitter before reaching all far corners of the internet Today, it is easily recognisable as part of our daily vocabulary, evolving beyond slang However, regardless of its origins, for as long as cancel culture has been around, so has the question of whether or not it should even exist.

On one hand, cancel culture is a way of bringing awareness to offensive or harmful ideas and behaviours such as homophobia, racism, and other forms of discrimination. Cancelling someone holds that person accountable for their words and actions whilst simultaneously putting their behaviour into the digital spotlight It is a clear and definitive charge of disapproval. And with the speed of virtual communication, that message gets across quickly to thousands, if not millions of people In this effect, cancel culture can propel a necessary discussion as to why a particular action was wrong. This, in turn, can be an important tool to inform and educate people on the topic in question.

Additionally, ‘cancel culture’ creates a system of self-regulation Others, especially those with influential digital platforms, may become more conscious and cautious of what they say and how they act after witnessing the backlash. Although this may not alter their true views and beliefs, it can at least have a sort of positive impact on social media and maintain an amiable tone on platforms.

In some more extreme cases of cancellation, people have even been banned entirely from social media platforms For instance, internet-personality Andrew Tate was banned from several social media sites as a result of violently misogynistic and discriminatory behaviour In cases like these, removing someone ’ s platform altogether can keep harmful and potentially dangerous ideas from reaching people on such a significant scale. Again, this aids in maintaining a courteous tone across social media platforms

On the other hand, though, there are also arguments to be made against ‘cancel culture’

Cancel Culture Cancel Culture

hate nuance

For starters, cancelling someone eliminates the chance for any form of redemption or explanation The internet is saturated with stories of public figures having their distasteful past comments dug up and put on display. An offensive comment someone made years ago should without a doubt be acknowledged, and the commenter held accountable But in the time since the comment has been published, is the individual not allowed to grow and change as a person? In holding the belief that people are not able to evolve from their past transgressions, a dialogue is stunted. There is no chance given for a person to grow or develop. Should people not be allowed to atone for their actions? Allowing for atonement or explanation isn’t a justification or forgiveness of these actions, rather a time for an open and genuine discussion on the matter After all, isn’t educating an individual more important than banning them from future dialogue? Should we not aim to enlighten people rather than deleting them from open discussions? Perhaps creating a constructive environment, where people can move away from ignorance to insight, may prove more fruitful. Can a space exist for apologies to be heard?

Then again, if someone does apologise for their actions, their words are often taken with scepticism It is impossible to be certain whether their apologies are genuine or if it is an attempt to preserve their status and influence. With celebrities constantly asking for forgiveness for what they fear might get them– or already has gotten them–cancelled, these begin to lose meaning. Speaking of apologies, does everyone deserve them? How far can someone go and still atone? Can heinous and hateful speech, especially if it's consistent, be forgiven with a couple of words on a Twitter post? How far can someone go and still be allowed a chance to apologise? These questions aren’t black and white, and likely never will be But cancel culture removes them entirely, erasing the opportunity for apology before the world can make up their mind about whether or not they want one

cancel

It should also be considered whether or not cancelling is even effective It is unlikely that devout fans would even consider abandoning a celebrity just because they’ve been cancelled On the contrary, cancelling someone might just increase the hype and attention around that person, effectively doing the exact opposite of what was attempted Think of just about any celebrity that has been cancelled. They haven’t disappeared. Most of the time, fuss fades and is forgotten Other times, the cancelling simply does nothing at all Take Kanye West, for example, who has dangerously toed the line between cancelled and not for years. Despite this, the rapper, who now officially goes by Ye, still has over 50 million monthly listeners on Spotify, 31 million followers on Twitter, and over 17 million on Instagram The fact of the matter is, you can’t delete people. You can’t completely erase them from existence. And you certainly cannot easily change someone's entire perspective on an individual So should we try to cancel people at all? Or is it futile?

When it comes to the debate of cancel culture, we ’ re really met with a double edged sword. On the one hand, it can be a way of raising awareness on important topics and beginning a dialogue that can help educate and inform people Though at the same time, it restricts room for personal growth and atonement, and isn’t guaranteed to be effective. Regardless, cancel culture has become a prominent part of our society But the question remains: Is it time to cancel cancel culture? Or is it here to stay?

LASTING IMPACT OF EURO 2022

Legacy Aword,weasasociety,tendtooveruse Whatisour legacy?Howareweabletochangetheworldforthebetter?

As a young, female footballer myself, I have constantly found myself battling inequalities within the sport For context,Ihavebeensurroundedbyfootballmywholelife Growingupasa“third-culturekid”,footballisoneofthe fewthingsthatconnectsmetowhereIamfrom Football bringsmycommunitytogetheranddividesmyfamilyapart, being from both England and Germany Despite the fact thatI,myself,haveplayedfootballformanyyearsnow,asI wasgrowingup,manyofmyfootballingidolsweremen

From 1921 until 1971, women were banned from playing footballinEngland However,evenposttheban,womenin footballareneverprioritised ManyofthecurrentEngland Lionesses players began grassroots football in boy’s teams They were often encouraged to quit or were given so few resourcesthattheywereeventuallyforcedto TheWomen’s SuperLeague(WSL)onlywentprofessionalin2018 Prior tothat,thevastmajorityofplayershadsecondjobssimply becausetherewasn’tenoughfundingforthemtolivesolely offfootball

Evenaslittleasayearago,beforetheEnglandvsItaly2021 Men’s Euros Final, the chatter which surrounded the final wasasenseofprideinthisbeingthefirsttimeanEngland squad had reached the final of a major international tournament since 1966 However, this was simply untrue TheEnglandWomen’sSquadhadreachedthefinalofthe Eurostwicesince1966,oncein1984andoncein2009 This representshowwomen'sfootballisseenasaseparatesport almostassomethinginferiortothe‘men’sversion’

Inequalitywithinthesportrangesfromthelackoffunding at grassroots levels for the women ’ s game, to the very fundamentals of the competitions For instance, the men ’ s globalcompetitioniscalledthe‘FIFAWorldCup’butthe women ’sequivalent(whichisidenticalinnatureotherthan thegenderplaying)mustbedefinedasthe‘FIFAWomen’s WorldCup’

WrittenbyLucySchroeder

LASTING IMPACT OF EURO 2022

Euro 2022 set attendance records at every stage of the tournament for any Women’s European Football Championship These records were set by 68,871 at the groupstage(England1-0Austria),28,994atthequarterfinal stage (England 2-1 Spain), 28,624 at the semi final stage (England4-0Sweden),andofcourseatthelegendaryfinal. The2022Women’sEurosFinalatWembleyhadthelargest attendanceofanyMen’sorWomen’sEurosFinalinhistory, at 87,192. It also holds the record for the most viewed programme of 2022 so far at 17 million. The tournament also saw the previous ticket sales record for a Women’s European Football Championship from 2017 more than double,tooverhalfamillion.

This article begins with the word ‘legacy’. So, what is the lastingimpactoftheLionesses’winandthe2022Women’s Eurosasawhole?

Themaingoalsofthetournamentspannedmorethanjust winning.Theywererather,“tocreateequalaccessforgirlsto play football in schools and clubs, to secure 300 new FAqualifiedfemalecoaches,and350newFA-qualifiedfemale referees,toestablishaninclusiveenvironmentforeverygirl and woman to play, to ensure 120,000 more girls play football regularly in schools and to inspire 20,000 more womentoplayfootballforfun,friendshipandfitnessand 7,000moretoplaycompetitivelyforgrassrootsclubs”The legacyofthe2022Eurosiscreatingaplatformforthesegoals tobecomeareality

InacongratulatorymessagetotheLionesses,thelateQueen ElizabethIIwrote“Yoursuccessgoesfarbeyondthetrophy youhavesodeservedlyearned Youhaveallsetanexample thatwillbeaninspirationforgirlsandwomentoday,andfor futuregenerations Itismyhopethatyouwillbeasproudof the impact you have had on your sport as you are of the result today” The legacy of the 2022 Euros is that a new generation can be raised in a world where equal opportunitiesaregiventoall

TheLionesses’winsawthemsendanopenletterto(atthe time) the two prime ministerial candidates, Liz Truss and Rishi Sunak This letter called for support and funding of grassrootsfootball.Italsohighlightedhowonly63%ofgirls haveaccesstoplayfootballinPElessons.TheGovernment has set out for this percentage to be increased to 90% by 2024. The Government will also invest £230 million into improving grassroots football and multi-sport facilities by 2025. The FA and Government plan to work together to createhalfamillionextraopportunitiesforeveryonetoplay football.

The2022Women’sEurohasbegunanewageforfootball. Thecompetitionhascreatedanopportunityforprogressto bemadeinimprovingequalityforeveryoneintheworldof sport.Ithasalsocreatedaplatformforwomeninfootballto thriveandnotliveas‘men’sfootball’s’sideshow.Thelegacy of the Lionesses’ win in the 2022 Euros should be felt for generationstocome.

SCIENCE AND SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS

The universe is something very few have more than an abstract understanding of but is something very real and exceptionally intricate. The universe is a vastly complex system that we know barely anything about, but how did it end up this way? With you, the reader sitting on a device reading this article. With the world as we know it existing in such a way? Scientists don’t and probably will never have a proven answer to that question but there will always be a number of possible hypotheses and explanations regarding why the universe is the way it is. The universe and physics in general was just starting to be explored in its fullest in the latter half of the 19th century The late 19th century was when a notable physician Ludwig Botlzmann made his most significant contribution to modern physics known as the kinetic theory of gases. This theory displays a model which connects the laws of thermodynamics, some of the most well known and fundamental laws of physics, to a system of gases. He used this model to explain one concept that was not greatly understood at the time and elaborate on it further The concept of entropy which is discussed throughout thermodynamics Before Boltzmann's discovery, entropy was only understood as “a measure of the proportion of energy in a system that can do useful work” ; this concept alludes to the concept known as thermal equilibrium

THE THE

BOLTZMANN BOLTZMANN BRAIN BRAIN HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS

The physics behind the likelihood we live in a simulation

For example the gas used as fuel in your car, is compressed in a piston, as this piston is depressurised the gas particles expand to fill up the space However if you were to fill the air around this piston with gas particles of the same temperature and energy the gas would not expand. This state is known as thermal equilibrium and it is where the amount of energy on the inside of a system is equivalent to the amount of energy on the outside of a system So in actuality entropy is the measure of how far a system is from said equilibrium, thus the energy able to do useful work. The lower the level of entropy the farther a system away from equilibrium it is

The second law of thermodynamics states in brief terms that any system left to its own devices will tend back to equilibrium, or energy will always tend towards a higher entropy (higher entropy means closer to equilibrium). Boltzmann found a proof to this law, he found an answer to the age old question: why does entropy always increase

THE THE BOLTZMANN BOLTZMANN BRAIN BRAIN HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS

First off he defined entropy as the measure of randomness or the degree of order in an assortment of particles Take a box full of air, where no air can escape whatsoever (a closed system), over time the system would undergo changes in entropy as the arrangement of air particles in the room changed At most points the particles would be randomly distributed around the box and would be largely indistinguishable from other arrangements, however if the system is left for a long enough time (longer than the existence of the universe) the particles would eventually arrange themselves in a way which is not a standard high entropy (high randomness) arrangement Instead all the particles could accumulate in an ordered pattern like fashion Such a distribution would be a low randomness solution thus a point of low entropy The most widely accepted theory for how the universe came to be revolves around how all the matter in the universe was compressed into a singularity which resulted in “Big Bang” such a singularity could be explained by a point of low randomness or entropy Boltzmann's theory on entropy does not prevent particles from breaking the second law of thermodynamics, he observed that random dips in entropy occur all the time at a miniature scale but never on a macroscopic scale If you look at the box analogy and count up all the arrangements of particles in that box you would realise the likelihood or probability of the particles arranging themselves in forms of low entropy is exceptionally unlikely. However such anomalies would only ever occur sporadically over a microscopic scale, hence the second law of thermodynamics still holds true as we should never witness a low entropy anomaly on a macro scale.

Take the universe as one ever expanding system, with the condition of infinite time, the particles in that system would all tend to a state of high entropy but low entropy dips would result in the formation of points in space where matter is exceptionally high, like universes, planets and blackholes. Following the logic from the box analogy theoretically speaking any possible assortment of particles may form given enough time, like a smartphone that functions perfectly the way we know it or even more unlikely a brain. A brain is fully complete with memories that you hold, after all those memories are just an assortment of particles in the brain Meaning that you could be the product of such a brain and all of what you have lived to could be derived from that instance of a brain formed from an empty void. The Boltzmann brain hypothesis states that statistically speaking it is more likely for a low entropy anomaly to occur that results in the formation of a brain, then it is for the entire universe with all its particles to originate from a singular point The big bang would be a state known as the state of lowest entropy which is statistically more unlikely than the proposed arrangement of particles into a brain. However a proposed counterargument to this hypothesis revolves around the assumption that the big bang is a low entropy anomaly which has no evidence in itself and could be a result of something else. It is probably more useful pondering how the catalyst of the universe came into existence then whether you ' re living in a simulation Furthermore the Boltzmann brain hypothesis is an interesting thought experiment backed up with logic and mathematics, a current interpretation is that there is some flaw in modern physics that allows for this to work, but it has not been discovered yet. It is important to note that the theory is rejected, and modern science’s goal is to eliminate calculations from suggesting such an outcome is true

lie Algebra

The term Lie Algebra was first introduced by Hermann Weyl in 1930, and refers to a vector space, g, together with an operation known as a Lie Bracket. First, a vector space refers to a set of vectors that can be added together, scaled by scalar values and are characterised by their dimension A familiar vector space is the vector space of R3 which refers to the 3dimensional, real vector space, ie the space our world exists in Second, a Lie Bracket is an alternating bilinear mapping ggg ,which satisfies the jacobi identity. First we will define a bilinear mapping, then explain what alternating means, and finish with defining the Jacobi identity

Bilinear mapping is a function F that has two input vector spaces (X , Y) and produces a third vector space (Z) as an output defined as F : X Y → Z, and if Y is held constant while X fluctuates it will produce a linear map f : X → Z. A linear map f : X → Z is a function where the conditions of additivity f(xi+xj) = f(xi) + f(xj) for any vectors xi , xj in the vector space X) and scalar multiplication (f(cxi) = cf(xi) for any vector xi in X and for any scalar constant c) are satisfied To summarise, a bilinear mapping is a function combining elements of two vector spaces to generate elements of a third vector space.f you keep one of the input vector spaces constant and vary the other, it creates a linear mapping, which is a function from one vector space to another that preserves vector addition and scalar multiplication Proceeding to alternating bilinear maps, “An n-linear map is called alternating, if f(x1, … , xn) = 0 whenever xi = xi+1, for some i, 1 ≤ i ≤ n-1.” (Chapter 2 Determinants) For a bilinear n=2,the function is F(x, y) where x is a vector in X and y is a vector in Y

application

Written by Mags Hanson

Furthermore if x=y then F(x,y)=0 Simply put, if the vectors in the function are equal, then the value of the resulting vector is zero. Notably, these vector spaces have to be over the same field for an alternating bilinear mapping, which most often means that the values defining the vectors exist as either real or complex numbers Finally, the Jacobi identity, which is defined in the context of lie algebra as “[A , [B , C]] + [B , [C , A]] + [C , [A , B]] = 0”(Weisstein) The square brackets are the commutator (ie Lie Brackets) which means [X,Y] XY-YX. An interesting property of the commutator is that [X,Y] = XY - YX = - ( YX - XY) = -[Y,X] This property is known as skew symmetry. Furthermore, since [X,Y] = -[Y,X], lie algebra is anticommutative over a field that has a characteristic not equal to 2 There are no relevant fields of characteristic 2, at this level, so consider lie algebra anticommutative Furthermore, another property of skew symmetry and the Jacobi identity is that Lie algebra is not necessarily associative This means it's possible (and likely) [X , [Y , Z]] ≠ [[X , Y] , Z].

Lie Algebra was developed as a method of analysing Lie groups which are groups that are also differential manifolds However, the important aspect of Lie groups is that they provide a model for continuous symmetry The original use for Lie groups was for continuous symmetry of differential equations which are prominent in physics However, the groups have expanded further into more aspects of physics Lie Algebra lets us analyse these physical systems that Lie groups model These are common in quantum mechanics and particle physics The most well known application for Lie algebra is analysing the Lie group (SO(3)) of rotational symmetry in three dimensions

T H E S T A N D A R D M O D E L O F P A R T I C L E

P H Y S I C S

What is particle physics? What is a particle? What lies beyond the subatomic particles, protons, neutrons and electrons? All fundamental questions that no one can really explain, and are more complex than most could possibly have imagined when you really look beyond the basics. Particle physics is a branch of physics that describes the world at a microscopic level. Particle physics is the study of the interaction between different particles to form the world we know and see, particles are objects found on a microscopic level. The interesting fact about particles is that we can’t really observe them, this is due to the way sight works, light emitted or reflected from objects interact with your retina causing your brain to process the information. In the subatomic world, particles do not emit enough light to reach your eyes. So we are left with a cloudy, blurry image of a particle. For this reason, physicists came up with the heavily used idealisation of a particle known as a ‘point particle’, allocating a single point in space for particles to exist. Particles in physics are more commonly interpreted as waves, described in a concept known as ‘wave particle duality’. In brief terms, this concept states that particles act more like waves that move through space. This would mean that a particle, or the idea of a particle being a singular point is incorrect. A particle can be more aptly described as a point and time of a wave, found through the use of a wave function. Particles in the general world are the items that make up an atom. Atoms are the smallest unit of matter and as we all know an atom consists of an atomic nucleus made from protons and neutrons and organised in shells around the atomic nucleus exist electrons. Electrons stay in rotation to the atomic nucleus due to electromagnetism; the positive charge of the nucleus attracts the negative charge of the electrons.

Written by Jai Gupta

An unknown question that is not really asked is, why do the protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus stick together? The force of electromagnetism cannot be applied, as neutrons and protons do not have opposite charges. Neutrons are neutral and thus possess no charge and protons possess a positive charge. Another thought, what makes up protons and neutrons, can we go smaller and if so how? These questions are all answered when you look at them in relation to the standard model of particle physics. The standard model of particle physics is a model proposed in the mid 1970s by Abraham Pais, and Sam Treiman in relation to the electroweak theory. This theory evolved into what is known as the standard model. The standard model is a model that puts together the fundamental forces in the universe and the most basic forms of matter in the universe together, describing their relationship. The standard model consists of a range of particles that are divided into two groups: the matter particles (known as fermions) and the force causing particles (known as bosons).

M A T T E R P A R T I C L E S ( F E R M I O N S )

E L E C T R O N S

Electrons have a very small mass, considered almost negligible at 9.10938356×10−31kg which is roughly 0.5 MeV/C2 (which is a more common unit of measurement for mass in the subatomic world) and possess a charge of -1. These are the particles that rotate the atomic nucleus in shells

U P Q U A R K S

Up Quarks are particles that have a charge of +⅔ a 4.117x1030 which is between 1.7 and 3.3 MeV C2. Up quarks help make up protons and neutrons, three particles are found in the protons 2 of them are up quarks. One up quark is found in a neutron out of three particles. They are several times heavier than an electron.

M O D E L O F P A R T I C L E P H Y S I C S

D O W N Q U A R K S

Down quarks are similar to up quarks in the sense that they also make protons and neutrons. 1 down quark is found in a proton and 2 up quarks and 2 down quarks and up make up a down quark. They have a charge of -⅓

An interesting point to note is that gravity and thus general relativity, is not included in the standard model for a few reasons. Gravity at the quantum scale has little effect that it is thought to be negligible as gravity is caused by mass. Another reason general relativity which greatly discusses gravity is a classical concept and thus scientists haven't found a way to apply classical physics into the quantum world. This is one of the flaws of the standard model.

Neutrinos are matter particles that barely interact with anything, they are produced from high energy events like supernovas and many of the neutrinos in the world originate from the creation of the universe. They have the ability to move through space uninterrupted and unreactive with most objects, able to move through solid mass and space endlessly. There mass is almost completely negligible and they seemingly don’t react with anything

The most interesting and perhaps centrepiece of the standard model is the Higgs boson. Neither a fermion nor a force giving particle the Higgs boson emits a field. Matter particles within these higs field get prescribed a certain mass. In all capacities the higgs boson is considered to be the cause of mass. The Higgs field can be thought of as this layer in the galaxy that encompasses the whole galaxy which has higgs bosons scattered around like a net.

F O R C E P A R T I C L E S ( B O S O N S )

The standard model consists of the fundamental matter particles and the fundamental forces of the universe, each force has a particle prescribed to it, a way of visualising how the force particles and the fermions interact is you can think of fermions as constantly swapping bosons and passing bosons between each other.

P H O T O N S

The fundamental force of electromagnetism is attributed to the particle photons

G L U O N S

Gluons are particles that give way to the strongest force in the universe, aptly named the strong force. As previously mentioned 2 up quarks and a down quark mix together to make a proton and two downs and an up make a neutron. The force that holds them together is the strong force; this is also why neutrons and protons stick together in the atomic nucleus. Due to the nature of the strong force and how it connects quarks together, we never see quarks alone.

W B O S O N & Z B O S O N S

These particles are known to cause the weak force, which is one of the most intricate and interesting forces in the universe; it has the ability to switch the identity of quarks and by extension turn protons into neutrons and vice versa.

Overall the standard model answers a lot of questions, but not all of them. It is by all means the most successful “theory of everything” we have to date and encompasses most of the interactions in our day to day lives. Contradicting this point, there is still a large amount of the universe left unaccounted for, matter and energy that is not explained in the standard model, in fact scientists predict that the model only accounts for 5% of the matter in the universe, explaining that 26% of matter in the universe is estimated to be dark matter and a further 69% of matter is known as dark energy. Lastly there are still questions behind why the standard model is the way it is, why are there three generations of the same particles that seemingly have no use? Why are the masses in these different generations so different? It’s like having the same lego piece and as you go along each piece gets several times heavier then the previous one. In conclusion while the standard model is one of the most successful theories we have to explain how the universe works, there is still a long way to go till we can fully tie everything together.

So that is how the standard model came about, but what specifically is it?

Written by Octavio Di Meo Perez

In popular belief, CSI is thought to be what a group of detectives is called, or the actions that they take This has occurred because of the numerous TV shows that promote CSI and make it look futuristic or as a mystery, where you not only analyse the scene of the crime but also get to catch the criminal

The real, true meaning is Crime Scene Investigation, meaning that the actual thing that you do as a CSI agent is analysed DNA found at the scene of the crime, as well as the possible suspects and the victim's DNA, to see whose it is. If the analysed DNA isn’t from the victim, then it can either be from the perpetrator of the crime or a potential witness of the crime. This can help the detectives discover and understand what actually happened

What you could possibly do on a day as a CSI:

Preserve and protect crime scenes

Attend a variety of crime and other incident scenes

Record scenes using photography and video

Find, record and recover evidence like DNA samples

Give evidence in court Gather fingerprints and trace evidence

Keep written records, produce statements and update information systems with evidence details

The list mentioned above of things are those that you will have to be aware of if you are thinking of becoming a scene of crime officer. To summarise, you’ll have to be available at any time of the day, be good at noticing small detail and paying attention to them, be able to function under stress and pressure, utilise tense situations in your favour, be able to move around at any point in time, be good at taking photography and the most important thing is that you will have to know how to be a customer service person and to be understanding of people in different situations.

If people think of CSI there are things that you must know:

To be flexible and open to change (It isn’t a 9-5 job, this means that your hours on and off the job can vary depending on the type of case you are investigating or the needs of the detective, this can happen on any of the days )

Get used to looking at dead bodies and doing autopsies on them An autopsy is when you cut into a person or look for features in the skin which can tell you how that person has died.

To be thorough

To have patience and the ability to remain calm in stressful situations

To pay attention to the detail

To have the ability to accept criticism and work well under pressure

Customer service is the ability to help customers and be kind to people with an issue.

Knowledge of public safety and security

The ability to work on your own

To be able to use a computer and the main software packages competently

Legal knowledge including court procedures and governmental regulations

WRITTEN BY DARIA CHERNOVOLENKO

Biotechnology lies at the core of our modern society; most of the products on our shelves, today, are products of this technological innovation. To give a literal meaning to the term biotechnology, it is: “the exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc”. However, in simple terms, biotechnology is technology-based biology. There are 4 types: medicinal, agricultural, industrial, and environmental.

Medicinal biotechnology:

This is the use of living cells and other cellular materials to improve health, through means such as but not limited to, the prevention and treatment of diseases. Technology is a primary tool, used to find different methods for effectively targeting a specific pathogen or understanding cellular biology in order to innovate other revolutionary medicinal procedures. A common example of this type of biotechnology is vaccination. Vaccines are immune system stimulants that are used to fight diseases whenever they ‘attack’ the body; this is done by injecting a weakened version of the pathogen into a patient’s bloodstream As if it was under a nonattenuated disease attack, the body will react and consequently combats the weakened pathogensthis allows the body to create a ‘memory’ of the disease and its agents, allowing it to utilise gathered information in case a similar pathogen is to enter the body in the future The attenuated disease is extracted by using biotechnological techniques (e g growing the antigenic proteins in genetically engineered agricultural species)

This biotechnological area focuses on the development of genetically modified crops in order to increase crop yields; it can also introduce characteristics to plants that will aid their growth in a specific area/ climate This is commonly done by identifying the desired characteristic, finding the responsible gene, and then placing this gene into other plants so that other plants can have the desired property An example of this would be the Bacillus thuringiensis genes in a fungus, that were transferred to crops, as the fungus produced the desired protein (Bt) that effectively fought European corn borer pests. As the crops began to express the fungal gene, they naturally produced a toxic against the pests - this saved the firm as they no longer needed to spend money on pesticides. Biotechnology in agriculture allows farmers to grow crops or produce their goods at a cheaper cost as some plants can be modified to tolerate herbicides or other harmful chemicals. However, this genetic interference may decrease a crop’s nutritional value, and the research needed to do so is very costly.

This particular section is the usage of biotechnology for industrial purposes, such as fermentation Furthermore, this also includes the use of microorganisms or enzymes to produce goods in sectors that are industrially desired (e g detergents, textiles, biofuels, food, and biogas) An example of this would be the development of biocatalyststhese are enzymes that essentially speed up chemical reactions by giving the reaction an alternative pathway (whilst remaining unchanged at the end of the reaction) As these biocatalysts are heavily demanded by industrial firms (as with them more goods can be produced in shorter periods of time), scientists use biotechnology to manufacture these enzymes in commercial quantities

The final area of biotechnology is responsible for the treatment of waste and pollution prevention It allows us to more effectively clean-up waste than compared to conventional methods; it also hugely reduces our (humanity's) dependence on landfill waste sites All organisms ingest nutrients to function and hence, synthesise byproducts As scientists have discovered, some bacteria live and thrive on the chemical components of some waste products Consequently, biotechnological engineers introduced nutrients in order to stimulate the activity of bacteria that exists in the soil of waste sites or added additional bacteria to the existing soil This helped to digest the waste straight from the site and turned it into relatively harmless byproducts The bacteria typically die off or return to their population levels after consuming waste An example of environmental biotechnology would be bioremediation; this describes the usage of biotechnical methodologies to help enzymatic bioreactors This will help to both prevent industrial waste, but additionally allow effective removal of said waste through the sewage system, without the need for solid waste disposal mechanisms

Agricultural Biotechnology

The aforementioned descriptions of the four main biotechnological sectors are only the very beginning of this fascinating field of science, however, they hopefully gave you a brief overview of where you may see biotechnology in your daily life

Industrial Biotechnology

Environmental Biotechnology

Written by Mags Hanson

Thep-adicrepresentationof arationalnumber

What are p-adic numbers and why do mathematicians claim that they have value? The first part is not too complicated, however, the latter part is much harder to answer. To understand p-adic numbers, we first need to understand a concept known as “decimal expansion”. The decimal expansion of a real, positive number is of the form, where

and there exists a decimal separator A “decimal separator” is the mathematical term for a decimal point. Another notation for a decimal expansion is:

which is no less confusing than the first notion If you are currently confused, that is understandable Unfortunately, decimal expansion is a concept that has been over-engineered, the concepts and notation used to define it are far more sophisticated and complex than what is required Hopefully, with an example, that concept will become more clear Let us do the decimal expansion for 11/7:

This shows that the decimal expansion of 117 is 1.571428. A decimal expansion is the process of putting a number (usually in fractional form) in decimal form. This process is well understood by everybody reading this, however a lot of the notion is probably new. The reason for the introduction of complex notation is that it is required for analysing p-adic numbers. P-adic numbers are similar to a decimal representation of a number with This can be formalised through a power series:

Similar to decimal expansions, p-adic numbers have a vague and confusing definition that becomes clearer upon completing an example For our example, we let p = 5 and our starting number be 11/7 Lastly, the formula for calculating a p-adic number is:

Where KJ is the value that we are interested in. Now we can solve our problem

Thep-adic representationofa rationalnumber

Since we have already solved for nJ = -2, we have found the point where the values start to loop, thus solving the problem The common notation for p-adic numbers is n= (KnKn-1 K1K0)P This means that 117= 12032435 Any rational number can be transformed into a p-adic number in this manner as long as it is greater than |1/p| If it is less than |1/p| multiply said number by pT where T is the smallest integer that would make the number greater than |1/p| Upon converting the number to its p-adic form, add a decimal place on the end and move it T places to the left An example would be 11175 as a 5-adic number would be 11175= 4312032 543

Now that we know how to represent a rational number as a p-adic number, we should discuss what they are good for The representation of rational numbers as p-adic numbers form the p-adic number system which is a field, which is interesting A field is a set that is closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division while also possessing associativity, commutativity, and the distributive property. A well known field is the field of real numbers, denoted ℝ. However, the main two uses come from some utility in quantum mechanics as well as number theory. Number theory is the mathematical study of numbers, typically prime numbers - meaning that a new number system was invented to investigate the property of prime numbers. However, of note, is the fact that the p-adic number system, if properly understood, is a very powerful tool when computing problems with very large numbers (ie. 250 type large numbers), due to the property that conventionally small numbers are large in the p-adic numbers - while conventionally large numbers are small in the p-adic numbers.

SHOULD WE BE WORRIED OF POTENTIAL ASTEROID COLLISIONS

Spyridon Drakopou

What do dinosaurs have in common with the inhabitants of Chelyabinsk, Russia?

Well, both looked up in the sky one day to see the magnificent glaring track of an incoming asteroid The difference? Most dinosaurs did not live to tell the tale This was to be expected, since the Chicxulub event that happened 65 million years ago was caused by an asteroid almost 15 km in diameter, whereas the 2013 Chelyabinsk asteroid did not exceed 10 m and exploded midair Nevertheless its shockwave damaged nearby towns and flying debris injured 1500 people In 1908, an asteroid three times this size had exploded above uninhabited Tunguska, (Russia again- unlucky to say the least) levelling 830km2 of forest Had that been London it would be no more How scared should we be of asteroids and is there anything humans can do about this?

Asteroids are irregularly shaped - in some cases nearly spherical - rocky objects orbiting our sun They range from a few metres to hundreds of kilometres wide. They are what’s left-over of our solar system’ formation 4.6 billion years ago. They never made it to planet “status", although the scientific community is arguing over the classification of some asteroids as dwarf planets based on their shape, gravitational effect on their neighbourhood and geological activity Some asteroids were “captured” by planets, becoming their moons and some are big enough to have moons of their own Scientists classify asteroids by their location, with the majority (millions in number) orbiting the Main Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter While Jupiter was forming, its gravity was so strong that it prevented new planet formation nearby The remaining rocky objects collided with each other and formed various sized asteroids

Another class of asteroids are Trojans They orbit the sun and a planet, following the orbit of the planet about 60 degrees in front and behind it, at what are called the Lagrange points, where the gravitational force of the sun and the planet are balanced Jupiter has more than 9,000 Trojans

More relevant to our safety are Near Earth Objects (NEO’s), asteroids whose orbit is close to Earth. NEO’s approach Earth at less than 1.3 times its distance from the Sun, around 93 million miles Jupiter’s and Mars's gravity usually keep most asteroids away from Earth, but these forces can also shift asteroids from the Main Asteroid Belt towards Earth Not all NEO’s are dangerous, however larger ones that pass close enough to our planet are classified as Potentially Hazardous Objects (PHO’s), because the gravitational pull of other planets could alter their orbit to one that can cross with ours PHO's are >150 metres, like a large skyscraper, that approach Earth's orbit to within 7 5million km, which is close, granted that the closest Mars comes to Earth is 53 million km.

Most incoming objects burn through Earth’s atmosphere - forming “shooting stars'' However major impacts, as rare as they are, could cause tremendous damage International and national planetary defence systems have been put in place with the goals of identifying, tracking, characterising and if necessary deflecting asteroids. Professional and amateur observations using ground and space telescopes such as NEOWISE and radars like Goldstone allow scientists to identify new asteroids, keep track of known ones, determine their size, surface and composition as well as track their orbits and velocities. This allows scientists to predict their future paths. In a hypothetical impact scenario it would make it possible to predict the location and impact force allowing disaster agencies to evacuate civilians in advance

SHOULD WE BE WORRIED OF POTENTIAL ASTEROID COLLISIONS

More optimistic are the programs aiming to deflect asteroids in an attempt to change their orbit before they become a hazard. Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) was the first test used by NASA on September 26, 2022, that employed kinetic impactor technology to hit and redirect the asteroid Dimorhos, which orbits the larger asteroid Didymos Neither of them pose a threat to Earth, but they provided the perfect experimental conditions for a 570 kg guided spacecraft to collide head on with 5 billion kg Dimorphos in order to bring it slightly closer to Didymos, thus shortening its orbit period Although impact on Dimorphos occurred, knowing whether it successfully changed its orbit will be determined after data on its orbit are collected from various ground observatories around the world as well as space telescopes

In conclusion, as technological instruments keep developing, the efficiency and rate at which scientists will be able to discover and prevent probable asteroid collisions will increase significantly As a result, the chances of humans sharing the same end as the dinosaurs will continue to decrease. Despite this, smaller, less destructive asteroids will remain a risk to humans since they are harder to detect and track unlike larger asteroids Regardless of the difference in damage that the smaller asteroids can cause compared to larger ones, we should still be apprehensive about collision courses with smaller asteroids since they still pose threats of damage to cities

MISCELLANEOUS MISCELLANEOUS

This really depends on what feels comfortable for you and what subjects you’re taking For example, for maths it's best if you take notes by hand because it’s difficult typing in equations However, for a text heavy subject like history, if you’re faster at typing, it may be best if you type up your notes because there’s a lot of content to take in quite quickly But once again it depends on what you are comfortable with The other thing is that most teachers put up their presentations so that information will be available to you So instead of copying everything down from the slides, spend your time trying to understand the information and taking notes on additional information your teacher is giving you But once again everyone is different and it's best to experiment with different note taking techniques to see what works best for you in different classes A lot of people take notes on their ipads or laptops where they can physically write notes (either because its touch screen or with a pen tablet) I personally find this the best way to take notes because I can draw diagrams and write equations easily and type out my notes, which are neater for me This also makes it easier for me to organise notes and refer to them as they are available digitally

Apart from your teachers, different student forums have a lot of resources, but be careful when using them due to academic misconduct But subreddits like r/IBO, r/IBDP and r/IBresources are great places to find resources and advice on the IBDP from actual IBDP students who have gone through very similar situations such as you and are usually more experienced There are also several rules each forum has to follow which the moderators of the subreddits proactively make sure all users follow, this prevents most academic misconduct actions from happening There’s also a discord server for IB students where you can get specific resources and advice for the subjects you are taking

WORDSEARCH WORDSEARCH

Across 2. a person who takes risks.

5. (of a person or their behaviour) acting in accordance with morality and showing recognition of right and wrong.

6. intelligent and well informed.

8. relating to or characterised by deep thought; thoughtful

10. a person who thinks deeply and seriously.

Down

1. willing to consider new ideas; unprejudiced.

3. a person who asks for information.

4. a person who is able to convey or exchange information, news, or ideas, especially one who is eloquent or skilled.

7. keeping or showing a balance; in good proportions.

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