ผลงานวิจัยบทคัดย่อ การประชุมวิชาการอารักขาพืชแห่งชาติ ครั้งที่ 15

LECTURES

เรื่อง “Green Chemistry and Reduced Risk Crop Protection Technology”

โดย Mr. Pankaj Sharma, Integrated Field Scientist (IFS) Lead, Corteva Agriscience

เรื่อง “Reimagining Sustainability for a Better Tomorrow”

โดย Dr. Tanaya Ranjan Panda, UPL Limited, India

เรื่อง “Monitoring of Dioxins in 2,4-D and Prevention of 2,4-D Dust Exposure”

โดย Mr. Bhavin Kapta, Atul Co., Ltd, India

Green Chemistry and Reduced Risk Crop Protection Technology

Mr. Pankaj Sharma, Integrated Field Scientist (IFS) Lead, Corteva Agriscience

ABSTRACT

The Thai Government has promoted the Bio Circular Green (BCG) Economic Model as a new economic model for inclusive and sustainable growth. The BCG model’s value addition for Food and Agriculture can be achieved through product diversification, product differentiation, high value and premium quality products and services, waste reduction, resource and land use efficiency improvement.

The success of the BCG Economic Model will hinge upon the adoption of technology, particularly in the agricultural sector. The sector currently faces challenges that affect food security, not only in Thailand, but across the region, including ageing farmers, small farm sizes, and climate related risks such as water scarcity and soil degradation. These challenges can only be tackled by the adoption of technologies and innovations, especially those that will help sustain the environment and natural resources.

In the past decade, research based agricultural companies like Corteva have been doing research and development on greener agricultural chemicals crop protection products that will have less adverse impacts on the environment, human safety and health. In this event, Corteva will be sharing about what green chemistry and reduced risk pesticides mean; their benefits to farmers, the society and the economy; and how to accelerate the adoption of these technologies in Thailand so the country can enjoy the benefits of these products, in line with its BCG Economic Model vision.

Reimagining Sustainability for a Better Tomorrow

Dr. Tanaya Ranjan Panda, UPL Ltd.

ABSTRACT

Reimagine sustainability is a concept which goes beyond addressing today’s needs to anticipating the needs of the food systems well into the future. Sustainability is a holistic approach to conduct ethical business for progress, prosperity, people and the planet while creating a positive impact Three pronged focus for delivering sustainable agriculture depicted here below

A new era of Smart Farming Much of the world is still suffering from malnutrition, access to safe and nutritious food is negligible and problems such as global hunger, poverty, inequality and food insecurity are significantly increased Technological adaptations and innovations to achieve sustainability and tackle problems in agricultural technology and investments is a need of the hour Platform for Lab to Land Lab to land, Seeing is believing, 2 way communication etc are restricted to text books only It’s time to create a platform which can bring farmers closure to innovation UPL’s OpenAg learning centre for sustainable agriculture is one of such platforms where in farmers meet with technology In this learning centre farmers get an opportunity to interact with UPL scientists and understand the innovative offerings in the critical segments

Create a sustainable food Eco system Food systems are instead, complex networks that include all the inputs and outputs associated with agricultural and food production and consumption Consistently accelerate progress in building an agile and safe food system is a must. At UPL we work with stakeholders around the world to provide sustainable solutions, by shifting our mission and values from promise to practice We partner with NGOs to rebuild a robust food ecosystem across the globe

Digitization to Revolutionize Agriculture Role of digitization is critical in minimizing human error and unbiased data interpretation. In the era of smart phone smart apps can be useful in identifying disease, pest and weeds and available solutions to get rid of the problem UPL’s PaddyXPR is one of such one stop solution app which can be used to identify disease, pest and weeds and will suggest the UPL offerings for this problem and eventually at which retail outlet the product is available

Sustainable Agronomic Practices : Pronutiva An exclusive program that clubs natural BioSolutions with traditional crop protection techniques to meet the farmers’ varying and differing needs It is one of the useful technologies which can be used to optimize the no of applications and balance the usage of crop protection and nourishment compounds

Always an innovationdriven company UPL, we are relentlessly stepping up our R&D capabilities and unveiling new frontiers of crop solutions

Monitoring of Dioxins in 2,4 D and Prevention of 2,4 D Dust Exposure

Mr. Bhavin Kapta, Atul Co., Ltd, India

ABSTRACT

Polychlorinated dibenzo p dioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are tricyclic, chlorine substituted organic compounds and formed as unintentional by products in heating process involving chlorinated organic compounds. Dioxins are not degradable, very stable and persist in environment for very long time. These are also listed as Persistence Organic Pollutant by Stockholm Convention on POP.

Toxicological assessments of certain dioxins particularly 2,3,7,8 Tetrachloro dibenzo p dioxin (2,3,7,8 TCDD) is cause of concern. Its exposure induces chloracne, hypertrichosis and hyperpigmentation in human skin and also classified as human carcinogen by IARC.

2,4 D is manufactured using 2,4 Dichlorophenol and poor quality of 2,4 dichlorophenol containing polychlorinated phenol and poor manufacturing process can form 2,3,7,8 TCDD in 2,4 D as by product and become potential threat of exposure to farmers. Considering the risk of exposure of dioxin to farmers, regulatory authorities of US, Brazil, EU and Australia have introduced mandatory testing of Dioxins in 2,4 D to ensure its presence within prescribed limit. New FAO specification of 2,4 D has also specified 2,3,7,8 TCDD as relevant impurity of toxicological concern if it exceeds dioxins expressed as 2,3,7,8 TCDD toxic equivalent (TEQ) 10 µg/kg and must be limited within this concentration.

Now validated analytical methodology for determination of Dioxins content at very low level of ng/kg is well documented by regulatory authorities of various countries, it is possible to analyse dioxins by laboratories. There are number of accredited International laboratories offering dioxins analysis which are acceptable by regulatory authorities.

Thailand being an agrarian country, it is essential to ensure that 2,4 D and its formulations used by farmers in Thailand are free of Dioxins to prevent health hazards to end users.

Prestigious DOA Thailand is known to be proactive for farmers and following best IPM and GAP to provide safer pesticides to farmers. We request DOA Thailand to introduce monitoring mechanism for Dioxins in 2,4 D and make it mandatory to test 2,3,7,8 TCDD for 2,4 D supply in Thailand complying with FAO specification for Dioxins.

Efficacy of Antagonistic Bacteria Isolated from Sap of Some Plants to Control Bacterial Wilt Disease on Tomato Seedlings ‘Sida’ Alongkorn Nonthapa, Sawitree Phithak and Shanerin Falab

Fungicides for Controlling Rice Blast Disease Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Chiang Mai Anchalee Takham, Jaturat Songkham, Wanporn Khemmuk and Sukanya Arunmit

Degrade Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Soil: A Case Study of Lom Sak District, Phetchabun Province Thailand Kotchakorn krikaew, Ponchanok Datmanee, Warisara Surattaseranee, Dusit Athimuwat and Wilawan Chuaboon

อินทมา ชัยรัตน จันทรหนู กฤษณกมล เปาทอง วรัญสิตา ใบเด ศุภนัฐ นีซัง ณุภาวี สะกัญญา จุฬารักษ ศรีศักดา นฤมล เสือแดง และ ภัทรศยา สายยืด Monitoring of Pesticide Residuals in Rice Production in Suphanburi, Kanchanaburi, Chai Nat and Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Provinces Dararat Maneejan, Rattanawan Jansasithorn, Pakamas Wongtay, Rattikan Intama, Chairat Channoo, Kritkamol Paothong, Waransita Baide, Suppanat Neesung, Nupawee Sakanya, Jularuck Srisakda, Narumol Sueadang and Pattarasaya Saiyued

65 71

Effect of Insecticides for Controlling Thrips in Rice Fields Rattigan Intama, Supaporn Meeprasert, Kamonwan Yamboontab, Sukanya Arunmit and Sith Jaisong 69 OW 02 การสูญเสียน้ําจากการใชน้ําของวัชพืชรายแรงที่แพรระบาดในแหลงน้ําชลประทาน อุไร เพงพิศ ทิพากร สีวอ ศิริพร บุญดาว นลินอร มงคลหัตถี อดุลย รัศมีนพเศวต และ อิสระ เจริญพรทิพย The Water Consumptive Use of Noxious Weeds to Loses of Water from Irrigation Water Resource Urai Pengpis, Thiphakorn Si wo, Siriporn Bundao, Nalinon Mongkonhuttee, Adul Russameenopsawet and Isara Charoenporntip

67

and Ecology of Acrachne racemosa (Heyne ex Roth) Ohwi

Promma, Siriporn Zungsontiporn, Tanchanok Jongrukthai and Akekarat Tanutong

of Pre emergence Herbicide on Weed Control in Chinese Celery (Apium graveolens L.) Aussanee chindakul, Jaruya pinsupa, Terdphong mahawong, Akekarat tanutong, Phatphitcha rujirapongchai, Pruchya eakathin and Vilai intarajaroensuk

Research on Orchid Snails Detecting Prototype Machine Using Image Processing Techniques

Preedawan Chaisrichonlathan, Chusak Chavapradit, Parinyawat Yoothongin and Sanong Amaroek

and Development of Greenhouse Technology for Chili by Controlling the Internal Environment Weang Arekornchee, Kolawat Timinkul, Sakchai Arsawang, Ekaphap Panpoom, Watcharapong Tamthaisong and Tiwakorn Kalchak

93

Development of Suitable Greenhouse to Increase Melon Production Efficiency

Sanong Amaroek, Wuttipol Jansaku, Sarawut Panton, Rattiya Poungkaew, Manop Rakyat, Pongrawe Namwong, Sorawit Janjenjob, Manop Kantamarat and Bodin Na Jinda

Study on Diseases of Banana Caused by Fungal Pathogens Manorat Sudsanguan, Pornpimon Athipunyakom, Chanintorn Doungsa ard, Suneerat Srimadua and Sarunya Nalumpang

ดวงสอาด

Trinh Xuan Hoat Srean Pao Marita S. Pnili และ Keiko T. Natsuaki

Cassava Witches’ Broom Phytoplasma in Southeast Asia

Phanuwat Moonjuntha, Sirilak ankaew, Phoowanarth Maneechoat, Chanintorn Doungsa ard, Trinh Xuan Hoat, Srean Pao, Marita S. Pinili and Keiko T. Natsuaki

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) และ Turnip Mosaic Virus (TuMV) จากพืช

(PCFVd)

109 PP 09

จันทรพิศ

การศึกษาสถานภาพแบคทีเรีย

112

111 PP-10

Quarantine Pests Associated with Coriander Seed from the United State of America

รุงสวาง ปรียพรรณ

119 PP 14 การประเมินมาตรการสุขอนามัยพืชในการนําเขาเมล็ดพันธุปาลมน้ํามันจากมาเลเซีย

รุงสวาง สุวิชญา รอดสุวรรณนอย

of Trichoderma and Bacillus Bio Products for Against Downy Mildew Disease of Grape Phraomas Charoenrak, Suriya Samornparn, Patchareewan Chadnok, Seyha Khin, Sawat Pimsuwan and Dowroong Watcharinrat

Usage Bio Product of Bacillus subtilis BS DOA24 for Controlling

Bacterial Wilt of Ginger by Farmers’ Participation Kultida Donyuprai, Yupa Suwichian, Ketuwadee suksantimas, Rungnapha Thongkreng and Nuttima Kositcharoenkul

of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Stimulated by Heat Temperature to Control Fruit rot Disease of Strawberry Caused by Colletotrichum spp. Paothai Thayaping, Jiraporn

of Medical Plant Extracts on Growth Inhibition of Fungi Causing of Important Diseases in Durian (Durio zibethinus Linn.) Wongkod Khunthongnoi, Nuttamon Promwong and Supaporn Ieamkheng

Taxonomy of Root Mealybug in the Family Rhizoecidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Thailand Chamaiporn Buamas, Yuvarin boontop, Charuwat Taekul, Sunadda Chaovalit and Sitisirodom Kawsawat

Effects of Cold Plasma on Mortality of Adult of Rice Weevil Supaphorn Morncharn, Tinnakorn Lamchoo, Jirapong Sornsakdanuphap and Eak artit Ritdachyeng

Effectiveness of Anthocorid Predator, Cardiastethus exiguus Poppius (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), for Controlling Papaya Thrips, Thrips parvispinus (Karny) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on Tomato under the Greenhouse Athitiya Kaewpradit, Weerachai Somsri, Nutthinee Sirimajan, Itipon Banagan, Naphacharakorn Ta Phaisach, Wimolwan Chotiwong and Ploychompoo Kornvipartreang

efficiency of Water soluble Granular Soap Nut Tree (Sapindus rarak DC.) Pericarp Extract in Controlling of Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea sp.) Urassaya Kuanruen, Chatchai Boonnan and Thasdaw Katenate

Isolation and Chromatographic Characterization of Molluscicidal Saponins from Soapberry (Sapindus emarginatus) Extract Against Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea sp.)

Poachanee Norfun, Urassaya Kuanruen and Vichan Watthanakaiwan

นงพงา โอลเสน Application of Nanopesticide Formulation of Sweet Flag (Acorus Calamus L.) and Derris (Derris Elliptica Benth.) Extracts Alternated with Indoxacarb for Controlling Diamondback Moth; Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) Suthisa Ngoenrueangrot, Laksamee Dachanuraknukul, Sasima Mungnimitr, Malliga Thongkheaw, Pasinee Chaichana, Poachanee Norfun, Thitiyaporn Udomsilp, Somsak Siriphontangmun and Nongpanga Olsen

Selection and Rotation Programs of Acaricides for Controlling

Two Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch on Strawberry Naphacharakorn Ta Phaisach, Srijumnun Srijuntra, Atcharabhorn Prasoetphon, Ploychompoo Konvipartreang, Athitiya Kaewpradit, Wimolwan Chotwong and Weerachai Somsri

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) ในพื้นที่ปลูกมะเขือเทศจังหวัดนครพนม

The Efficacy of Insecticide for Controlled Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), in Tomato Cultivation Areas on Nakhon Phanom Province.

Teerathai Boonyaprapa, Puangpakar Angmani, Suprada Sukonthabhirom na Pattalung and Somsak Siripontangmun

จิรพงศ ใจรินทร ศักดา คงสีลา กันตธณวิชญ ใจสงฆ และ สุกัญญา อรัญมิตร

The Effect of Insecticides Against Rice Stem Borers on Diversity of Natural Enemies in Rice Field, Ubon Ratchathani Province

Arisa Jittikornkul, Jirapong Jairin, Sakda Kongsila, Kanthanawit Jaisong and Sukanya Arunmit

191

PE 21

193 PE 22 การศึกษาเทคนิคประมวลผลภาพถายเพื่อใชในการตรวจสอบการเขาทําลาย

03

PW 06

Herbicide

with

207

อุษณีย จินดากุล ภัทรพิชชา รุจิระพงศชัย เทอดพงษ มหาวงศ เอกรัตน ธนูทอง ปรัชญา เอกฐิน และ จรัญญา ปนสุภา Efficiency Study of Weed Control Herbicides on Oil Palm Grown in Acid Soil Area Aussanee Chindakul, Phatphitcha rujirapongchai, Terdphong Mahawong, Akekarat tanutong, Pruchya Ekkathin and Jarunya Pinsupa 213 PW 09 การควบคุมวัชพืชรายแรงในงานชลประทานโดยใชปลากินพืช ศิริพร บุญดาว อุไร เพงพิศ และ ทิพากร สีวอ Controlling Noxious Weeds in Irrigation by Phytophagous Fishes Siriporn Bundao, Urai Pengpis and Thiphakorn Si wo 215

Chinese Sprangletop Resistance to ACCase Inhibiting Herbicides in Paddy Fields

Thanawat Srisuphatphong, Jamnian Chompoo, Somkiat Rimchon and Tosapon Pornprom

Applicator for Durian Farm

Sutthiwaree, Bandit Jitjamnong and Thiwakorn Kalajak

Diseases Survey and Diagnosis on Date Palm for Imported Plant

Wanwisa

1

ABSTRACT

Date palm is a plant species in the palm family (Arecaceae) and is a major fruit crop in the Middle East and North Africa. Recently, date palms have been cultivated for commercial purposes in Thailand. Fungi and phytoplasma are known as the most causal pathogens on date palm trees. This study was conducted to determine and observe plant diseases that occur on date palms in Thailand. The surveys have been conducted on the date palm plantations located in the northern and eastern regions from January to June 2022. The 45 date palm orchards located in fifteen provinces, namely, Chiangmai, Phayao, Uttaradit, Chaiyaphum, Ubon Ratchathani, Nong Khai, Ubon Ratchathani, Buri Ram, Phetchabun, Kamphaeng Phet, Phitsanulok, Sukhothai, Nakhon Sawan, Uthai Thani, and Tak, were observed. The disease specimens had been collected and preserved in dried condition for further investigation in the laboratory. The results of surveys showed that the majority of the diseases which were found in almost every site were graphiola leaf spot (false smut) caused by Graphiola phoenicis. The incidence of false smut disease was at 100% in 44 date palm orchards. Sooty mold was also found in 11 date palm orchards with a 90 100% disease incidence. The others irregular symptoms which had been found on date palm plantation were potassium deficiency. The findings of this study will be used to supplement Thailand's pest list of date palms for plant quarantine purposes

Keywords: date palm, plant diseases, pest list

Pet amphai1 Manorat Sudsanguan1 Chanintorn Doungsa ard1 Pornpimon Athipunyakom2 Phoowanarth Maneechoat1 Tippawan Kanhayart1 Kanchana Srimai1

Plant Pathology Research Group, Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, 10900 2Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, 10900

The Reaction of Promising Sugarcane Clones to Smut

ABSTRACT

The objective of this experiment was to study the reaction of sugarcane smut caused by the fungus Sporisorium scitamineum. This experiment was conducted at Khon Kaen Field Crop Research Center, during 2018 2019, plan an experiment in RCBD with 3 replications, comparing with Khon Kaen 3 (Resistant Check) and Marcos (Susceptible Check) with 19 promising clones. The result showed that the pathogenesis was statistically significant difference, 10 promising clones were found to be moderately resistant. The selected clones were taken for plant certifying agencies, namely KK07 037, KK06 441, KK07 1083, KK08 091(BC2), KK07 250, KK07 599, KK08 051(BC2), NSS08 22 3 13, KK07 370 and KK05 643

Keywords: sugarcane, smut diseases, Sugarcane smut, Sporisorium scitamineum, Ustilago scitaminea

Mattana Wanitch Sangdaun Chanachai Piyarat Jangpol

Khon Kaen Field Crops Research Center, Department of Agriculture, Khon Kaen 40000

The Diversity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Race 1, the Causal Agent of Banana Wilt

Disease in Thailand

Chanintorn Doungsa ard1 Manorat Sudsanguan1 Wanwisa Pet amphai1 Suneerat Seemadua 1Amonrat Kitjaideaw1 Tarntip Passabut1 Suttinee Likhittrakulrung2 Pornpimon Athipunyakom3

1Plant Pathology Research Group, Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, 10900

2 Division of Development of Inspection for Crops and Production Resources, Office of Agricultural Research and Development Region 1, Department of Agriculture, Chiang Mai, 50100

3 Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, 10900

ABSTRACT

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Race 1 (Foc Race 1) is the causative agent of banana wilt disease, which has the potential to harm the global banana industry. The fungus penetrates the plant through the roots and invades the peduncle via xylem vascular bundle causing discoloration. The outer leaves become pale yellow at first and later present wilt and blight symptoms. When the disease is severe, the edges of the leaves dry out. The leaves fold within 1 2 weeks and eventually die back. The Foc Race 1 was revealed as a cryptic species. This study was conducted to determine the diversity of Foc Race 1 in Thailand. More than 100 banana wilted specimens have been collected from each region; in total, 28 provinces. The Foc isolates were obtained from discolored peduncles, which were later extracted for DNA. The data from the translation elongation factor 1 alpha gene region was multiplied from each DNA template through a PCR assay. The phylogenetic reconstruction based on tef1 data showed that Foc Race 1 in Thailand was found to represent a species complex, which was provisionally divided into at least three species. The findings and information from this study will be valuable for the precise and current classification of species, support the establishment of potential pest prevention, plant quarantine and negotiation of agricultural products according to sanitary and phytosanitary measures.

Keywords: species complex, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Race 1, taxonomy

Disease and Pest Management Guidelines for Farmers Cultivating Potatoes in Dry Season: A Case Study of Wangyang District, Nakhon Phanom Province

Tidarat Poonprasit1,3, Wanalai Viriyasuthee2, Niyom Khaimuk4 , Thamrongjet Puttamuk2

1

Major of Agricultural Resources Management, Department of Agricultural Management and School of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University, Nonthaburi 11120

2Major of Plant Production Management, and Urban Agriculture Learning Center, Department of Agricultural Management, School of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University, Nonthaburi 11120

3 Wangyang District Agricultural Extension Office, Department of Agricultural Extension, Nakhon Phanom 48130 4Nakhon Phanom Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Agriculture, Nakhon Phanom 48000

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this research was to study the disease and pest management of potato farmers during the dry season and to propose guidelines for the management of potato disease and pests that are appropriate for the area. Data were collected using a questionnaire from the total population of 53 cases from the potato large field group in Wang Yang District, Nakhon Phanom Province. Data were then analyzed using descriptive statistics and conducting group discussions. From the study results, it was found that most of the farmers were male, with an average age of 49.96 years. The average potato planting area was 4.29 rai per person with average yielding of 3,189.62 kg/rai. All farmers grow potatoes through contract farming. The majority of farmers had good knowledge of potato disease management (50.94%) and moderate potato pest management (60.38%). Farmers’ opinions on the most serious potato diseases were 1) Wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum), 2) Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis), and 3) Ringworm or scab. (Streptomyces scabies), and the most virulent species of pests are 1) Red spider mites (Eutetranychus oirentalis (Klein)), 2) Earthen burrs (Dorylus orientalis Westwood), and 3) Mealworms (Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel). The practices of farmers in potato disease management were 1) Plowing the soil to air dry, 2) Soil conditioning with organic fertilizer or dolomite, 3) Using tubers from clean fields or disease resistant tubers, 4) Crop rotation, 5) Appropriate rate of fertilization. Moreover, most farmers are aware of the importance of potato disease management at a high level. (Total average = 3.81) In terms of farmer’s practice in potato pest management, it was found that all farmers practiced 1) Crop rotation, 2) Weed control in the field, 3) Collecting potato tubers immediately after harvest to prevent the invasion of the mother butterfly laying eggs. 3) Spray chemical pesticides regularly even if infestations are not found, 4) Inspect the plots regularly, and 5) Destroy insect pests when they are found. Most farmers are aware of the importance of potato pest management at a moderate level. (Total average = 3.29) Guidelines for managing potato diseases and pests are 1) Focusing on reducing production costs, 2) Focusing on increasing yields, 3) Focusing on community centered practices, 4) Focusing on integrated pest management practices, 5) Developing the potential of the government staff in potato pest management and 6) Promote the establishment of disease free and good quality tuber field.

Keywords: Potato, Potato disease and pests, Disease and pest management

TU12

Characterization and Efficacy of Antagonist Microorganism to Control Phytophthora palmovora Causing Root Rot Disease of Durian

Datmanee Dusit Athinuwat Wilawan Chuaboon

Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Center Pathum Thani, 12120

ABSTRACT

Root rot caused by Phytophthora palmovora are important diseases and problems in durian production. The causative agent can infect durian at all stages of growth. The use of pesticides has been shown to be effective, but resulting in residues in durian produce and affect exports. Therefore, the use of biological methods is another way to reduce and/or replace the use of chemicals. This research aims to isolate and test the efficacy of microorganisms in inhibiting the growth of P. palmovora strain P TU12 from soil and material under durian trees that are intact and free from plant disease. It was found that from 34 samples of soil and material under durian trees, 15 and 189 isolates of fungi and bacteria were isolated, respectively. Bacteria are divided into 10 groups based on colonies on nutrient glucose agar. The isolated microorganisms were tested for the inhibition efficacy of P. palmovora P TU12 by dual culture method on potato dextrose agar. It was found that the beneficial bacteria isolates TU 18, PC TU2 and PC TU7 were highly effective in inhibiting the growth of P. palmovora P TU12 at 73.33, 70.00 and 69 11%, respectively.

Classification of the 2 isolates according to morphology, physiology, certain biochemistry and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization was found that PC TU2 and PC TU7 isolates were similar to Bacillus mycoides and B. clausii, respectively. TU 18 isolate morphology and the spores were found have similarities with Trichoderma asperellum.

Keywords: microorganisms, biological control, reducing chemicals

Ponchanok

กวาง 1.74 3.11 ไมครอน ยาว 2.20 3.84 ไมครอน ผิว โคนิเดียขรุขระ มีตุมนูนรูปทรงไมแนนอน

Morphological and Molecular Identification of an Antagonistic Fungus Trichoderma asperelloides TDOAE002 Recommended by the Department of Agricultural Extension

Arisa Jittikornkul1 Payorm Cobelli2 Ilada Choomsang2

Sunisa Pewrumpai3 Teerada Wangsomboondee4

1Ubon Ratchathani Rice Research Center, Mueang, Ubon Ratchathani 34000 2Division of Rice Research and Development, Rice Department, Bangkok 10900 3Plant Protection Promotion and Soil Fertilizer Management Division, Department of Agricultural Extension, Bangkok 10900 4Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330

ABSTRACT

An antagonistic fungus Trichoderma sp. TDOAE002 isolate has been promoted to control plant diseases in Thailand by the Department of Agricultural Extension (DOAE). Nevertheless, Trichoderma sp. TDOAE002 isnot classified in the current taxonomy of Trichoderma spp. This study contributes to the taxonomy of Trichoderma sp. TDOAE002 is based on morphological characteristics and molecular methods. Identification of Trichoderma sp. TDOAE002 was described based on morphological characters and phylogeny analyses. The fungus grew rapidly on a culture medium, potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C, with white, fluffy mycelia, and pale green to dark green conidia mass forming within 48 hours. Conidiophores branched, central axis from which secondary branches arose, the branches terminating in a single ampulliformphialide or a whorl of 2 4 divergent phialides. Conidia were subglobose shaped, 1.74 3.11 x 2.20 3.84 µm in diameter, with irregular warts on the conidial surface, and pale green in mass. Chlamydospores were globose to subglobose, surface smooth, and solitary. In addition, species identification of Trichoderma sp. TDOAE002 by using the molecular technique was conducted on Multilocus Identification System for Trichoderma (MIST) program based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, translation elongation factor 1 alpha (tef 1a), and RNA polymerase II subunit (rpb2) nucleotide sequences. The phylogenetic tree from the combined three loci identified TDOAE002 isolate as Trichoderma asperelloides.

Keywords: Trichoderma asperelloides, antagonistic fungi, fungal identification, phylogenetic analysis

Controlling Botrytis cinerea Using Combination of Azoxystrobin and Trichoderma harzianum

Natarus Kurtkid1 Chatchawan Chaisuekul2 1M.Sc. Program in Zoology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330

ABSTRACT

Botrytis cinerea Pers., 1794 is a pathogenic fungus that causes damage to over 200 different economic crops. One of the fungicides commonly used to control B. cinerea is azoxystrobin, a broad spectrum fungicide that may affect other fungi, such as Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, 1969, which is antagonistic to plant pathogenic fungi. Therefore, this study aims to examine the combination of azoxystrobin and T. harzianum on the growth of B. cinerea. Azoxystrobin was added at a concentration of 8 x 10 7 8 x 10 1 mol a.i. L 1 to the experiments, which were divided into three treatments: only B. cinerea, only T. harzianum, and a mix of both fungi. After 14 days, the biomass and hyphae length of both fungi were recorded to determine the growth of both fungi. The results showed that B. cinerea had the ability to resist azoxystrobin at the highest concentrations, while azoxystrobin induced a positive effect on T. harzianum hyphae formation. In treatment with a mix of both fungi, B. cinerea increased T. harzianum hyphae formation by being a resource for the growth of T. harzianum. In conclusion, both fungi exhibited resistance to azoxystrobin. Therefore, further studies of the mechanisms of azoxystrobin on the growth of T. harzianum should be conducted, which may lead to the development of suitable integrated management of plant pathogenic fungi in the future.

Keywords: antagonistic fungi, pathogenic fungi, strobilurin fungicide

Study on Quasi species Population and Evolutionary Mechanisms of Columnea Latent Viroid (CLVd)

Parichate Tangkanchanapas

1

1

Annelies Haegeman

2

De Jonghe

2 Tom

Ruttink

2 Monica Höfte3 Kris

Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900 2Plant Sciences Unit, Crop Protection, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium

3Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

ABSTRACT

Columnea latent viroid (CLVd) is one of the most lethal tomato and bola maka diseases. In general, viroids have high mutation rates, generating population of variants (so called quasi species) that co exist in their host and exhibit a huge level of genetic diversity. In our work, the quasi species of CLVd in individual host plants (tomatoes, bolo maka and eggplant) were reported by using “whole genome deep sequencing technique”. An infectious dsDNA CLVd was synthesized from the recombinant plasmid containing full length genome of CLVd isolate Solanum 1 (JF742632) and then inoculated on tomato Rutgers. The CLVd infected Rutgers was used for subsequent inoculation of the above mentioned host plants. Afterward, RNA extraction and RT PCR were performed then libraries were prepared for high throughput deep amplicon sequencing. To study the CLVd population in individual host plants, the specific CLVd primers linked with an eight bases sample tagging sequence were used for amplifying libraries. The average 20,237 CLVd reads per PCR replicate and 22 progeny variants in total from the first infected tomato plant were obtained. Among these 22 CLVd variants, 22 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were observed, in which average three point mutations per CLVd genome (between 2 to 5 SNPs) mainly in Terminal Right (TR) and Pathogenic (P) domains. In addition, the estimated mutation rate of CLVd was calculated at 8.15 x10 3. Our data demonstrate that CLVd in a host plant exists as a population of quasi species while showing host specificity of the dominant variants as host driven in planta evolution.

Keywords: Columnea latent viroid (CLVd), quasi species, viroid secondary structure, amplicon sequencing, viroid host interaction, variant analysis

1

Development of On site RT LAMP Detection Technique for Pepper Chat Fruit Viroid (PCFVd)

Parichate Tangkanchanapas1 Monica Höfte2 Kris De Jonghe3

Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900 2Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

3Plant Sciences Unit, Crop Protection, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Merelbeke, Belgium

ABSTRACT

Pepper chat fruit viroid (PCFVd) is one of the most serious tomato, pepper and bolo maka diseases, determined as quarantine pest in several countries. This viroid causes serious losses, affecting productivity, fruit quality and even international seed trade. Reverse transcription Loop mediated isothermal amplification (RT LAMP) is a fast and reliable RNA amplification assay, with high robustness, analytical sensitivity and specificity, and cost effectiveness. In this work, a PCFVd specific RT LAMP detection assay, based on a set of six primers was developed. Under the optimized conditions, PCFVd could be detected within 15 min with a sensitivity that is comparable as a probe based RT qPCR and 10 100 times higher than the available endpoint RT PCR methods. No cross amplification with other viroids and tomato viruses was observed. The diagnostic assay was adapted for on site applications with a simple plant lysis procedure and SYTO 9, fluorescence dye, for visualization of the results under both visible and UV lights. In the closed tube reaction mix, positive reactions displayed color change from yellow to lime green under visible light and fluorescence under UV light. The results indicate that this PCFVd RT LAMP assay will be useful for any in field application of the method, such as seed certification schemes and quarantine purposes.

Keywords: Pepper chat fruit viroid (PCFVd), Reverse transcription Loop mediated isothermal amplification (RT LAMP), on site detection method, quarantine pest

Prototypical Development of LFIA for TeMV Detection in Passion Fruit

ABSTRACT

TeMV caused passion fruit woodiness disease (PWD), a major constraint to passion fruit cultivation in Thailand. PWD causes leaves to become mosaic, rough and woody small fruit. Growers need to replace new seedling every 1 2 years as PWD was severely affected both quantitively and qualitatively. To mitigate disease widespread, Lateral Flow Immunochro matographic Assay (LFIA) was developed to detect TeMV in scion and stock in easy, accuracy and ready to use in field. Passion fruit samples were collected from Development of Prototypes of Passion Fruits Production in Manufacturing Industry System for Trade Project in Wang Chao district, Tak province. TeMV was isolated through single lesion method then transferred to purple passion fruit as plant material for virus purification. Polyclonal antibody was produced and having absorbance value 3.65 (OD405) at a dilution of 1:500 comparable to a commercial product. The antibody was not react against Potyvirus; PRSV, PVY and SCMV using Indirect ELISA and DIBA respectively. An optimal concentration of TeMV IgG at 30 µg/ml was use to label with colloidal gold. A nitrocellulose membrane was used to prepare control and test lines at 0.5 and 1.4 mg/ml for Goat anti rabbit and TeMV IgG respectively. Diagnostic kit can detect infected passion fruit sap at a dilution of 1 : 10 within 5 20 minutes and without cross reaction against the other three Potyvirus as above. TeMV at 20 ng was limit of detection. Sensitivity and specificity were 93.33% and 96.67% respectively. Developed TeMV LFIA test kit is useful to screen passion fruit sample in field with potential to commercial product

Keywords: passion fruit woodiness, passion fruit disease, TeMV, LFIA, plant virus

Kanjana Warawichanee1 Chinnapan Thanarut2 Saenchai Khamla1 1Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900 2Department of Pomology, Faculty of Agricultural Production, Maejo University, Chaing Mai 50290

Study the Severity of Cassava Mosaic Disease and Cassava Yield Production with Infected, Non infected and Latent Infected Stems

Onpreechaya Khiannork1 Nuannapa Hemnaim1 Sukanya Roekwan1 Nattachai Vannatim1 Sirikan Hunsawattanakul2 Paphawe Pleeprom2 Chalermpol Phumichai2 Somruthai Chaowongdee3 Hakkam singh Harpal singh4 Srihunsa Malichan1 Wanwisa Siriwan1 1Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900 2Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900 3Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen campus, Nakhon Pathum 73140 4Tropical Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) is a significant disease that leads to loss of cassava yield. Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV) caused the disease. The virus transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and infected stems. The use of infected stems to plant has resulted in a rapid spread of this disease. The objective of this study was to study the severity of cassava mosaic disease and cassava yield production with infected, non infected and latent infected stems. The experiment was conducted during the growing season 2021/2022 in Sa Kaeo province. Split plot in randomized complete block design method with 4 replicates were applied. The main plot consisted of casava cultivars (Kasetsart 50, Huai Bong 60, TME3 and CMR 89) and the subplot was the type of stem infection (infected, non infected and latent infected stems). The results indicated that the cultivars and the type of stem infection were affected to disease severity. The average severity for TME3, Kasetsart 50, Huai Bong 60 and CMR 89 was 2.83, 3.31, 3.81 and 3.85, respectively, which were differences in statistical significance at the 0.05 level. Furthermore, the effect of the use of infected stems resulted in a small amount of fresh roots compared to the use of non infected and latent infected stems. The averaged fresh root of Kasetsart 50 by using latent infection stem was 3 tons/rai, while Huai Bong 60, TME3 and CMR 89 were 0.5 0.8 tons/rai, they were differences with statistical significance at the 0.05 level. The results from the starch content using infected stem for re planting, Kasetsart 50, Huai Bong 60, TME3 and CMR 89 presented 14% starch content while, 17.53% were found in the non infected stem. So, starch content differed on the statistical significance of the type of infection at the 0.05 level.

Keywords: Cassava mosaic disease, Disease severity, Infected stems, non infected stem, Latent infected stem, Fresh root, Starch content

Field Evaluation of Cassava Mosaic Disease Resistant Cultivars in Nakhon Ratchasima Province

Hakkam singh Harpal singh1 Somruthai Chaowongdee2 Paphawe Pleeprom3 Sirikan Hunsawattanakul3 Chalermpol Phumichai3 Nuannapa Hemniam 4 Onpreechaya Khiannork4 Srihunsa Malichan4 Wanwisa siriwan 4 1Tropical Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900 2Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen campus, Nakhon Pathum 73140 3Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900 4Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is among the major economic crops in Thailand. Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV) is one of the most destructive virus limiting the cassava cultivation in Thailand. This research aimed at exploring cassava cultivars resistant to SLCMV. A total of 11 cassava cultivars were used in the filed evaluation. The RCBD experimental designed with four replications was applied. Disease evaluation was observed at 3, 6, and 9 month after planting (MAP). Disease incidence of Pirun 2 and Hanatee were 28.8 and 9.6%, respectively, Huaybong 80, Huaybong 90 and CMR 89 were 100%. Whereas, Kasetsart 50 was 83%. Disease severity of all cultivars were average level 3 which is moderated symptoms. Regarding to disease index, eleven cultivars were classified into three groups including 1) highly resistant (Pirun 2 and Hanatee); 2) tolerant (Kasetsart 50, 72, 80, Pirun 1 and Huay bong 60); and 3) susceptible (Huay bong 80, 90, CMR 89 and Pirun 4). Furthermore, fresh root of Kasetsart 50 was highest at 4.2 ton/rai and lowest was recorded in CMR 89 at 1.6 ton/rai. While, Pirun 2 and Hanatee had a yield at 3.8 and 1.9 ton/rai. The highest starch content was found in Kasetsart 50, Huay bong 80 and Huay bong 90 about 30% and lowest was Hanatee, 20.7 %. Whereas Pirun 2 had starch content 25.5% and CMR 89 was 21.5%. The results of this study can help breeding programs for selecting cultivar for CMD resistance and reduces time to develop resistance.

Keywords: Cassava mosaic disease (CMD), Cassava, Field evaluation, Cassava cultivars, Disease index, Fresh yield, Starch content.

Efficacy of Antagonistic Bio product of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens for Control Blast and Dirty Panicle Disease of Rice in Farmer Field at Sakon Nakhon Province

Angkana Kantachan1 Chanasirin Klinmanee2

1

Sakon Nakhon Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Sakon Nakhon 47000

2Phatthalung Rice Research Center, Rice Department Phatthalung 93000

ABSTRACT

Disease management by biological control is an alternative approach to control the most important rice diseases, namely blast and dirty panicle disease which causes outbreak in an organic rice farming. Therefore, this research aims to test the efficacy of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, with 2 isolates, UDN028 and BD No.33 in soluble granules form to prevent blast and dirty panicle disease at the farmer's field level. The research was conducted at the fields of farmers who practiced organic agriculture in Sakon Nakhon province. There were 10 and 11 experimental plots in 2020 and 2021, respectively. The experiment compared the efficacy of B. amyloliquefaciens on blast management and dirty panicle disease management in each growing stage. The results revealed that the spraying of antagonistic bacteria, UDN028 isolate, was able to reduce the percentage of disease incidence and the severity of blast compared to the farmer practice in 2020 and 2021 at seedling stage for 22.16 and16.92 respectively, at tillering stage for 36.00 and 62.18 respectively and at booting stage for 86.86 and 49.01 respectively. Besides, BD No.33 isolate could reduce the percentage of disease incidence and the severity of dirty panicle disease compared to farmer practice at flowering stage for 45.60 and 40.61 respectively. Regarding for the yield, in 2020, it was found that the using the antagonistic bacteria B. amyloliquefaciens had a yield of 366 kilograms per rai which was not significantly different from the farer’s practice that had a yield of 361 kilograms per rai. However, in 2021, the use of bio pesticide had yield of 336 kilogram per rai, significantly higher than the farmer s’ practice of 319 kilograms per rai. The results from this have shown that using the antagonistic bacteria B. amyloliquefaciens could be a safe and sustainable alternative for farmers to reduce or replace the use of chemical pesticide. This will be safe for farmers, consumers and the environment

Keywords: rice, antagonistic bio product of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, blast, dirty panicle

Efficacy of Antagonistic Bacteria Isolated from Sap of Some Plants to Control Bacterial Wilt Disease on Tomato Seedlings ‘Sida’

ABSTRACT

Bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a devastating effect on tomato production worldwide. Since endophytic bacteria are able to suppress bacterial plant pathogens, it is interesting to explore those from the sap of some plants in order to explore novel biological control agents. This research aims to investigate the antagonistic bacteria from the sap of four plant species including Plumeria rubra L. (Plumeria), Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit), Carica papaya (papaya) and Musa sapientum L. (banana) against R. solanacearum in vitro via dual culture bioassay. Then the selected antagonistic bacteria were further used for testing their effect on bacterial wilt control on Sida tomato seedling under greenhouse condition. Of all isolated bacteria, the isolate Fa06 from Plumeria, Bn05 from banana and Ja03 from jackfruit showed the best antagonistic activity against R. solanacearum in vitro, indicated with the same diameter of clear zone (2.05  0.00 cm) for three isolates. Tomato seedling treated with R. solanacearum and each antagonistic bacterium revealed the reduction of bacterial wilt disease incidence (33.3%) compared with pathogen inoculated control (93.3%) and reduction bacterial wilt disease severity. The results indicated that the antagonistic bacteria isolated from the sap of three plant species are able to suppress the growth of R. solanacearum in vitro as well as to reduce disease incidence under greenhouse condition. Additionally, this provides the new source of bioagents for future biological control of plant diseases

Keywords: Biological control, Endophytic bacteria, Ralstonia solanacearum

Alongkorn Nonthapa Sawitree Phithak Shanerin Falab Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002

Interaction between Bioproduct and Different Lettuce Cultivars on Bacterial Soil Community under Smart Greenhouse

Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Center Pathum

ABSTRACT

This research aims to study interactions between disease control factors (Bacillus subtilis TU 089 bioproduct and carbendazim chemical) and nutrition (humic in liquid and humic nanoparticles from) on bacterial population structure in lettuce cultivation soil 3 types of lettuce, red oak (Lactuca sativa cv. crispa L.), green oak (Lactuca sativa), and cos (Lactuca sativa var. longifolia L) under a smart greenhouse. The experiment was arranged with CRD, consisting of 11 treatments. Soil samples were assessed for soil bacterial isolation by Ten fold dilution on nutrient glucose agar medium at 49 days of age (harvest period). The results found that the quantities of bacteria varying according to plant species are red oak, green oak, and cos, with an average of 9.16x1010 , 1.19x10 13, and 1.92x10 13cfu/g, respectively. It found that the bacterial population in each treatment consisted of 8 groups, classified by morphology most of the bacteria were convex, glossy, smooth edge, and opaque white, found in the soil grown lettuce, red oak, green oak, and Klaus, with an average amount of 23.45, 35.77, and 32.92%. All treatments used bioproducts, and the population of B. subtilis TU 089 in red oak, green oak, and cos increased by 16.71, 8.68, and 7.23 %. Whereas the treatments used agrochemical bacterial populations in, red oak, green oak, and cos decreased by an average of 3.40, 3.21, and 2.00 % compared control treatment (distilled water). The results of this study showed that the bioproduct with B. subtilis TU089 was able to increase and persist in the soil environment within the soil as well as have altered the population structure of soil bacteria.

Keywords: microorganism, bioproduct, nutrition

Warisara Surattaseranee Dusit Athimuwat Wilawan Chuaboon

Thani, 12120

Efficacy of Fungicides for Controlling Rice Blast Disease Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Chiang Mai

ABSTRACT

The use of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV or drone) in rice pest prevention is a modern technology being used to reduce the cost of rice production. This research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two fungicides, tricyclazole and isoprothiolane in the control of blast disease under field conditions. Using the UAV DJI AGRAS model T20 at an altitude of 1.5 meters and 2.0 meters, compared to manual and non chemical spraying. A 2X3 factorial in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications was used in the farmer's field, sub plot size 10x15 m. Cultivated Khao Dawk Mali 105 rice variety by transplanting and the disease was induced naturally. The fungicide was sprayed at the rate recommended on the label when the disease was found at an economic level (5% of leaf area index). Compare the mean disease severity and incidence after each spray and before harvest. The results showed that, the treatment with tricyclazole was found to have a lower mean disease severity and incidence than isoprothiolane and was statistically different compared with unsprayed fungicide (control). It was found that spraying by UAV at an altitude of 1.5 meters was more effective in controlling blast disease than at an altitude of 2.0 meters and was not statistically different compared with spraying by manual labor. The results of this study will be used as information for farmers in selecting fungicides and spraying methods using UAV to effective and cost effective control of blast disease in farmer’s fields.

Keywords: fungicides, rice blast disease, unmanned aerial vehicle, Chiang Mai

Anchalee Takham1 Jaturat Songkham1 Wanporn Khemmuk2 Sukanya Arunmit2 1Chiang Mai Rice Research Center, Sanpatong, Chiang Mai 50120 2Division of Rice Research and Development, Rice Department, Bangkok, 10900

พบสารปองกันกําจัดศัตรูพืช 1) กลุมคารบาเมตในแปลงผลิตแบบเคมี โคกหนองนา และอินทรีย เทากับ 0 17.52, 0 27.57 และ 0 2.26 มิลลิกรัม/กิโลกรัม ตามลําดับ 2) กลุมออรกาโนฟอสเฟต ในแปลงผลิตแบบเคมี โคกหนองนา และอินทรีย เทากับ 0 4.44, 0 7.11, 0 1.12 มิลลิกรัม/กิโลกรัม ตามลําดับ และ 3) กลุมไพรีทรอยด ในแปลงผลิตแบบ เคมี โคกหนองนา และอินทรีย เทากับ 0 4.90, 0 2.99, 0 3.12 มิลลิกรัม/กิโลกรัม ตามลําดับ และเมื่อ

Bioproducts Degrade Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Soil: A Case Study of Lom Sak District, Phetchabun Province Thailand

Kotchakorn krikaew Ponchanok Datmanee Warisara Surattaseranee Dusit Athimuwat Wilawan Chuaboon

ABSTRACT

The objective of this research was to test the efficacy of biological products containing beneficial bacteria Bacillus subtilis strain TU 089 for the degradation of pesticide residues in agricultural soil in Lom Sak District, Phetchabun Province. The efficiency test in the farmer plots with different crop production systems were 1) 52 plots of organic plant production, 2) 143 plots of chemical, and 3) 102 plots of Khok nong na, each with a test area of 1 rai. Test the efficiency of degradation of pesticide residues by the biological product was sprayed on the test area continuously 4 times (1, 8, 15, and 22 days). The analyzing the amount of pesticide residues before using the product was found to prevent pesticides 1) Carbamate group in the chemical production plot, Khok Nong Na, and organic were 0 17.52, 0 27.57, and 0 2.26 mg/kg, respectively, 2) Organophosphate in the chemical production plot, Khok Nong Na, and organic were 0 4.44, 0 7.11, 0 1.12 mg/kg, respectively, and 3) Pyrethroid group in the chemical production plot, Khok nong na, and organic were 0 4.90, 0 2.99, 0 3.12 mg/kg, respectively. The analyzing soil samples after using biological products, it was found that the organic form of plant production plots did not find any residues of all 3 groups in the soil. Whereas still found pesticide residues in the chemical plant production plots and Khok nong na.This experiment indicated that biological products containing bacteria B. subtilis strain TU 089 are the active ingredient effective in accelerating the breakdown of chemical pesticides in the soil faster and should be used continuously.

Keywords: bioproducts, chemical residues, chemical degradation, pesticides

Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Center Pathum Thani, 12120

Nanocellulose Film for Durian Peel Coating to Increase Export Capacity to China

ABSTRACT

Burning rice straw causes dust pollution, PM2.5, which is a huge problem affects the health of people in many areas and damages soil fertility in the long term. Based on the aforementioned issues, this research aims to bring rice straw, which is an agricultural waste material, by developing a nanocellulose and biodegradable film for coating on durian peel to prevent fruit rot and extend the shelf life stored during transportation for export to China. Nanocellulose from rice straw prepared according to standard methods. It looks like a small reticulated fiber used to store basil extract, which was effective against Lasiodiplodia theobromae, the causative agent of durian fruit rot by 90%, and was used as an active ingredient in biodegradable films which contains 10% Gum Arabic as the main ingredient. The results showed that biodegradable film from Gum Arabic mixed with nanocellulose from rice straw used to store basil extract was 100% effective in preventing postharvest rot disease, equivalent to 500 ppm of imazalil. Moreover, this biodegradable film was effective in extending the shelf life of Mon Thong durian as long as 21 days compared to other treatments. Firmness, sugar content and acid content are equal to 81 17 ± 0 07, 33 78 ± 0 31 , 0 69 ± 0 04 N, 14 50 ± 0 50 °Brix and 0 10 ± 0 00 respectively.

As well as reducing carbon dioxide emissions 50.87% when compared to the control process. The coated durian fruit has no luster and does not affect the smell, color, taste of the fruit, so it retains the natural sweetness of the durian very well. When exporting durian that has been coated with biodegradable film to China. Therefore, it has gained recognition and satisfaction from Chinese consumers as well.

Keywords: Rice straw, Nanocellulose, Rotten durian fruit, Biodegradable film, PM 2 5

Romnalin Jantawong Wilawan Chuaboon and Dusit Athinuwat

Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Center Pathum Thani, 12120

Taxonomic Study of Spider Fauna in Family Oxyopidae

Wimolwan Chotwong Ploychompoo Kronwipasrung Athitiya Kaewpradit Naphacharakorn Ta Phaisach Weerachai Somsri

Mite and spider section, Entomology and Zoology Group, Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

Lynx spiders or oxyopid spiders are unique spiders that differ from other spiders in that they have a hexagonal arrangement of eyes with a small middle pair of front eyes and the remaining 6 eyes arranged in a hexagon, long, thin and spiny legs. their eyesight is good, diurnal and nocturnal lifestyle and generalist predator that feeds on a wide variety of insect pest, including several economically important insect pests. This survey and collecting of spider in Family Oxyopidae was conducted in 9 provinces of Thailand from October, 2019 to September, 2021. The samples were collected and identified in laboratory. The taxonomic characters such as eyes arrangement , distance between eyes rows, legs length, endite, number of teeth on cheliceral fang furrow, the shape of palpus and epigyne were used for identification. The results revealed that there were 4 genera and 6 species of Family Oxyopidae including Hamadruas sp. Hamataliwa sp. Oxyopes lineatipes (C. L. Koch, 1847) Oxyopes javanus Thorell, 1887 Oxyopes shweta Tikader, 1970 and Peucetia viridana (Stoliczka, 1869). In addition Oxyopes Shweta Tikader, 1970 is the new record in Thailand.

Keywords: lynx spiders, morphology, taxonomic character

(Fawn colored mouse; Mus cervicolor) พบมากที่สุดรอยละ 46 รองลงมาคือ หนูหริ่งนาหางยาว (Ryukyu mouse; Mus caroli) พบรอยละ 38 หนูหริ่งใหญ (Cook’s mouse; Mus cookii) พบรอยละ 11 และหนูหริ่งปาเล็กขนเสี้ยน (Shortridge’s shrewmouse; Mus pahari) พบรอยละ 5 ตามลําดับ คาเฉลี่ยของลักษณะขนาด รูปรางภายนอก 5 ลักษณะ

Identification and Molecular Characteristic of Mice Group in the Genus Mus (Rodentia: Muridae: Murinae) in Thailand

ABSTRACT

The study of identification and molecular characteristics of mice group in the genus Mus (Rodentia: Muridae: Murinae) in Thailand were conducted from October 2016 to September 2019. This research aimed for study diversity of mice group in the genus Mus for planning effective control of rodent pest. We collected 110 of Mus spp. samples in 11 agricultural areas (10 provinces) obtain from 4 regions of Thailand. The morphological identification based on the external characters and cranial character measurements combined with molecular characteristics using cytochrome b region 500 bp can be divided into 4 species such as Fawn colored mouse (Mus cervicolor) that showed the highest number being 46%, followed by Ryukyu mouse (Mus caroli) 38%, Cook’s mouse (Mus cookii) 11% and Shortridge’s shrewmouse (Mus pahari) 5%, respectively. The measurements of the average number of 5 external characters and 21 cranial characters in each species, no significant differences when separated in each characters. The genetic diversity and the neutrality test such as Tajima’s D, Fu’s Fs, Fu and Li’s D and Fu and Li’s F indicated that haplotype and nucleotide diversity were very high and possible population expansion in the Mus species in this study. The results obtained could be used for model planning rodent control in the future.

Keywords: Genus Mus, morphology, cranial character measurements, cytochrome b

Vichan Watthanakaiwan Prasartong Promkerd Somkiat klakang Songtap Kaewta Entomology and Zoology Group, Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

Species Diversity, Population, and Damage of Rodents in Upland Rice Fields in Chiang Rai Province

1Division of Rice Research and Development, Rice Department, Bangkok 10900 2Plant Protection Research and Development Office,

ABSTRACT

Rodents are one of the main constraints to upland rice, with significant yield losses. However, there isa lack of knowledge regarding their biology and ecology, which is essential in planning prevention and eradication techniques. This study aimed to obtain the rodent species diversity, population, and reproductive biology, and assess their damage level in upland rice fields in Mae Suai, Wiang Pa Pao, and Phan districts, Chiang Rai province. Active burrow counts and live traps were applied to access rodent species and populations from May 2020 to November 2021. Six rodent species belonging to four genera were identified: greater bandicoot rat (Bandicota indica), Oriental house rat (Rattus tanezumi), ryukyu mouse (Mus caroli), cook’s mouse (M. cookii), fawn colored mouse (M. cervicolor), and Indomalayan niviventer (Niviventer fulvescens). Mus cookii was the most prevalent species accounting for 75.6% of the trapped species. The highest population abundance occurred during the maximum tillering stage (21.6%), followed by the booting stages (14.1%). The active burrow counts recorded the highest (100%) number of active holes (holes that still had rats) at the booting stages, followed by maximum tillering and preharvesting stages (66.7%). Adult males were more captured than females, and the highest percentage of pregnant females in the postharvesting stage was 88.9%, having 38 embryos in the uterus. There was strong positive correlation between the number of rodents and rainfall. The percentage of damage at the preharvest stage in wet seasons 2020 and 2021 were 2.9% and 5.4%, respectively. The results might be used as the basic data to assist in developing appropriate management practices to reduce the crop damage caused by rodents.

Keywords: upland rice, rodents, population, reproductive biology, damage

Urassaya Kuanruen 1 Chatchai Boonnan1 and Thasdaw Katenate2

Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

Coconut Pest Outbreak Change and Early Warning System Development

Walaiporn Sasiprapa1 Yingniyom Riyapan2 Nareerat Chuechui3 Prathompong Wongsuwan1 1

Information and Communication Technology, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900 2Suratthani Oil Palm Research Center, Department of Agriculture, Suratthani 84340

3Phetchaburi Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Agriculture, Phetchaburi 76120

ABSTRACT

Coconut pest outbreak change and early warning system development, conducted on survey and collect long term environmental data from 2 key fields, that difference intensively follow. Between October 2015 and December 2021, collect data covered both outbreak and non outbreak periods including experiences and specialization, in order to construct an early warning system. Brontispa longissima Gestro study in Suratthani province's Samui island and Opisina arenosella Walker in Prachuapkhirikhan province's Amphoe Kuiburi. The result shown that B. longissima population and infestation are seasonal and destroying percentage of first leaf related with rainfall, temperature and air humidity. While amount of O. arenosella related with number of leaves destroyed, rainfall, rainy day, amount of worn in previous month. In low rainfall and hot weather area destroyed increased. Open area was the first attractive area and direction to south west. The relation of environment and outbreak of 2 pests involved many factors, that machine learning could predicted outbreak. Developed models required a set of data. The B. longissima and O. arenosella models had high accuracy.

Keywords: coconut, Brontispa longissima Gestro, Opisina arenosella Walker, early warning

Creating Ecological Balance in Paddy Fields Using Ecological Engineering Approach

Yupadee Rattanapu1 Jintana Chaiwong2 Ploypilin Thanikkul2 Khanitta Tepppoch1 Kitisak Donkuanjao1 1Sakon Nakhon Rice Research Center, Mueang, Sakon Nakhon 47000 2Division of Rice Research and Development, Rice Department, Bangkok, 10900

ABSTRACT

Ecological engineering is a method for managing rice pests without using chemical pesticide by creating biodiversity in the rice field in order to have an ecological balance. The objective of this research was to find an eco engineering management system in creating ecological balance in the rainfed rice area. The study was carried out at 4 farmer’s fields who grew RD6 variety at Nong San village, Khok Phu sub district, Phu Phan district, Sakon Nakhon province, in wet season 2021 with 4 treatments as follows: 1) rice+sun hemp at the bunds+the no pesticide 2) rice+sun hemp at the bunds+Metarhizium bio pesticide, 3) rice+vegetables at the bunds and 4) rice+farmer's practice. Insect were collected by using vacuum insect suckers at seedling, tillering, booting, milky stage in the paddy fields and in mixed intercropping on bunds. It was found that in the paddy fields and in mixed intercropping on bunds in four stages of rice, treatments 1, 2 and 3 had the highest arthropod diversity except at milky stage in treatment 4 that had the highest arthropod diversity and lowest Simpson's dominance index. When insects were classified into groups, it was found that treatment 1, 2 and 3 were able to attract predators and parasitic insects to live in the fields and in mixed intercropping on bunds. Moreover, there was also a trend that flower plants could attract more natural enemies than vegetables. However, a practical approach should be considered and accepted by farmers. This ecological engineering can be further used for insect pest management in the organic production system.

Keywords: rice field, ecological engineering, natural enemies

Use of the Predatory Mite Neoseiulus longispinosus Evans (Acari: Phytoseiidae) for Biological Control of Red Mite Tetranychus truncatus Ehara (Acari: Tetranychidae) on Cannabis

Athitiya Kaewpradit1 Weerachai Somsri1 Ploychompoo Kronwipasrung1 Somkid Damnoi2 Songmat Sungnoi2 Surakitti Srikul2 Wimolwan Chotwong1 and Naphacharakorn Ta Phaisach1

1Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand 2Cannabis & Kratom One Stop Service Management Center, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand 10900

ABSTRACT

At present, cannabis is a narcotic plant which could be cultivated legitimately for general and medical uses in Thailand to become a new crop of economic importance. In a preliminary survey, the important mite and insect pests found on cannabis grown in the greenhouse were the mulberry red mite (Tetranychus truncatus), peanut thrips (Caliothrips phaseoli) and vegetable cutworm (Spodoptera litura) and the most common one was the mulberry red mite. The objective of this project is to release the predatory mite, Neoseiulus longispinosus, for biological control of cannabis mite pest in the greenhouse. The application rate was determined at the laboratory of the Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok. The experiment on the application rate was then carried out in the cannabis greenhouses of the Buriram Community Enterprise, Buriram, from October 2021 to January 2022 during the flowering period of two months. The comparison was Treatment 1 No release of the predatory mites, and Treatment 2 Release with the predatory mites. They were carried out in the greenhouses where the three similar mite and insect pests were found. The results showed that the population of the mulberry red mite, T. truncatus, was much lower in the greenhouse with the release of predatory mite than the one with no release, yielding 55 and 44 kg of dried flower bud (marijuana) in each greenhouse, respectively.

Keywords: Mite pest of cannabis, predatory mite, Neoseiulus longispinosus, red mite

Tetranychus truncatus, biological control

Potential of Coccinellid Predator, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) for Controlling Mealybug in Cassava

Nattatinee Sirimachan Rojana Waijaroen Patchareewan Chongchitmate Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand 10900

ABSTRACT

The coccinellid predator, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an important natural enemy of mealybug which can be used to control several mealybug species. As a biological control agent, thus it is necessary to study the application of C. montrouzieri in the field. This experiment aims to study release rate adult stage and larval stage and using of C. montrouzieri for controllingpinkcassavamealybug, Phenacoccusmanihoti Matile Ferrero in greenhouse and cassava field. The experiment was carried out during October 2017 September 2020 at Entomology and Zoology Group, Plant Protection Research and Development Office and cassava field at Na Wang Hin Sub district, Phanat Nikhom District, Chon Buri Province. The results showed that when release with 30 adults of C. montrouzieri in the greenhouse could be reduced mealybug population highest by statistically significant, and percentage efficacy of C. montrouzier was 48.33 82.82 and 100 after release at 1 2 and 3 weeks, respectively, while release 30 larvae of C. montrouzieri was reduced mealybug population highest by statistically significant, and percentage efficacy of C. montrouzier was 81.72 and 100 after release at 1 and 2 weeks, respectively. However, we chose adult stage for application in cassava field, because it is suitable management more than larval stage. As for in cassava field, the results revealed that after release adults of C. montrouzieri at 1 2 and 3 weeks were found the number of mealybug population less than non release by statistically significant, and percentage efficacy of C. montrouzier was 79.70 95.25 and 100 after release at 1 2 and 3 week, respectively. A release rate of C. montrouzieri of 30 adults when found about 600 mealybug/cassava between 8.00 10.00 a.m. every month was recommended. Obviously, that C. montrouzier had efficiency to control mealybug which could be reduced mealybug and can be established in cassava field.

Keywords: coccinellid predator, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, pink cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti

Using of Nucleopolyhedro Virus to Control Fall Armyworm

Anusorn pongmee Itsares tiantad

Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

SfNPV efficacy bioassay against fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith)) has been performed from April 2018 to March 2019. The SfNPV virus is sponsored by THE UNIVERSITY OF GREENWICH (“Greenwich”) of Old Royal Naval College and mass rearing in laboratory at Biological Control Research Group, Entomology and Zoology Division, Plant protection research and development office, Department of Agriculture The laboratory experiments showed that the SfNPV virus had a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 1.29x10 6 PIBs/ml for the fall armyworm 5 7 days after hatching. Then, the SfNPV has produced at a concentration of 2x109 PIBs/ml and tested in sweet corn maize in Tha muang district, Kanchanaburi province. The field experiments showed that the SlNPV application rate 25 30 ml/ 20 liters showed the highest efficacy for control fall armyworm populations and damage on the corn leaves were greatly reduced. The results of this experiment can be used as a guideline for the development of SfNPV for controlling fall armyworm in the future.

Keywords: fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith), Spodoptera frugiperda Nucleopolyhedro virus (SfNPV)

Oscillatoria sp. MK636802 รอยละ 97.00 สาหรายสีเขียวแกมน้ําเงิน Albertania skiophila MH030274 รอยละ 99.26 และสาหรายสีเขียวแกมน้ําเงิน Leptolyngbya sp. IPPAS B 1204 MW404016 รอยละ 100 ตามลําดับ คําสําคัญ: สารกําจัดหอย ศักยภาพ Leptolyngbyaceae Oscillatoriaceae หอยศัตรูพืช

Potential of Molluscicidal Cyanobacterium Family Leptolyngbyaceae and Oscillatoriaceae from Thailand

Suphakorn Wongruengpibool Daraporn Rintarak Apinan Iamsuwansuk Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand,

ABSTRACT

Highly potential cyanobacteria in the family Leptolyngbyaceae and Oscillatoriaceae were selected in order to control and eliminate two dangerously agricultural snail pest species, Succinea sp. (amber snail), and Prosopeas walkeri. The experiment was tested by contact method for investigating highly efficient blue green algae. The results show that fourteen cyanobacteria isolates, CPSB05 HMLB01 HMLB08 KUBK03 KUBK06 OTCK04, OTCK05 and SMSP06, can eradicate amber snail significantly within 48 (p values < 0.05) and 72 hours (p values < 0.01). Next, regarding those 14 isolates, there are only three blue green algae isolates, HMLB05, OTCK04, and SMSP06 that can lead to a death rate of Prosopeas walkeri (86 667%, 90 000% and 90 000% respectively) significantly within 72 hours (p values < 0.01). 16s rDNA of three highly potential cyanobacteria isolates, HMLB05, OTCK04, and SMSP06 were identified using BLAST program in GenBank. The result from program show that they are Oscillatoria sp. MK636802 (percentage Identities = 97.00%), Albertania skiophila MH030274 (percentage Identities = 99.26%), and Leptolyngbya sp. Strain IPPAS B 1204 MW404016 (percentage Identities = 100.00%) respectively.

Keywords: Molluscicidal, Potential, Leptolyngbyaceae, Oscillatoriaceae, Pest snail

Influences of Media Formulations on Growth and Virulence of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokīn

Ilada Choomsang1 Payorm Cobelli1 Arisa Jittikornkul2 Teerada Wangsomboondee3

1Rice Research and Development Division, Rice Department, Bangkok 10900

2Ubon Ratchathani Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Ubon Ratchathani 34000

3Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330

ABSTRACT

The effective entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokīn, is well known for biological control of insect pests and is promoted for controlling brown planthopper (BPH) in rice fields. Rice Department has studied to select the most efficient and specific M. anisopliae isolates to control rice insect pests since 2015. However, a well formulated culture media that effects growth and virulence of the entomopathogenic fungus is an important factor for repeating sub culture on an artificial medium and further large scale production of M. anisopliae biopesticide to efficiently control BPH. This research aimed to select an appropriate media formulation for mycelial growth, sporulation and virulence of M. anisopliae against BPH. The experiment was performed at the Division of Rice Research and Development, from January 2021 to October 2021. Four different media formulations consisting of potato carrot agar (PCA), Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), Sabouraud dextrose agar + yeast extract (SDAY) and malt extract agar (MEA) were used to culture 4 isolates of M. anisopliae (MNMHN031 MNNKI033 MNPRE034 and MNDOAE) for 15 days. The result presented that SDA and SDAY were the most effective formulations to induce sporulation and increase virulence of the fungus at 15 days after incubation and significantly different (P<0.05) from other culture media. The virulence test of the fungus against BPH was conducted by 4 isolates of M. anisopliae cultured on SDA and SDAY formulations under greenhouse conditions. Sixty BPH nymphs (4th 5 th instars) were treated by aerial spraying of 4 isolates at 10 8 spores/ml and 0.05% (v/v) Tween 80 was used as a control. The results showed that mortality of BPH after 4 14 days of spraying with all isolates of M. anisopliae cultured on SDA and SDAY was no significant difference. However, the highest efficient isolate of MNMHN031 showed 62.17% 86.30% of BPH mortality. Furthermore, the lethal time (LT50) against BPH of the Rice Department’s isolates was 4.57 6.24 days which was more effective to control BPH than isolates from DOAE (MNDOAE).

Keywords: culture media formulation, entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokīn, brown planthopper

Efficacy of Neem and Derris elliptica Nano Emulsion Formulation in Combination with Indoxacarb to Control Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) on Kale

Laksamee Dachanuraknukul1 Thitiyaporn Udomsilp1 Poachanee Norfun1 Suthisa Ngoenrueangrot 1 Malliga Thongkheaw1 Pasinee Chaichana1 Sasima Mungnimitr1 Suprada Sukonthabhirom na Pattalung2 Somsak Siriphontangmun2 Nongpanga Olsen3 Pichate Chaowattanawong2 1 Agriculture Production Sciences Research and Development Division, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, 10900 2Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, 10900 3Office of Agricultural Research and Development Region 1, Department of Agriculture, Chiang Mai, 50100

ABSTRACT

Study on the techniques of using finished products from plant extracts combined with chemicals that are effective in preventing and killing important insect pests in kale. to reduce the use of agricultural chemicals Performed a prototype of neem+derris elliptica nano emulsion (50 mL/20 L of water) combined with the use of 15% EC indoxacarb (60 ml/20 L of water) to control the diamondback moth (DMB) in kale at the plot level. The results of both experiments showed that the indoxacarb only treatment yielded the highest quality and most effective 77.06 80.65% protection DMB. indoxacarb alone produced the highest quality and effective yields for preventing the removal of DMB, with the highest average kale yield of 1.75 2.5 kg/m2. The average yield of kale is 1.75 2.5 kg/m2 . It is close to the process of spraying indoxacarb 3 first and spraying the formulation of a plant extract once before harvesting. It has an efficiency of 74.29 80.56% and an average kale yield of 1.74 2.15 kg/m2 and has no phytotoxicity to kale leaves. Analysis of residues of indoxacarb chemicals in kale after the last spraying of the 7 day harvest period showed 0.56 0.6 mg/kg of indoxacarb residue. Other treatments use early spray chemicals in combination with spraying finished products from plant extracts near the harvest stage. After the last spray at 7 days, the amount of indoxacarb chemical residues found was Not Deteted (ND) 0.12 mg/kg (LOQ 0.01 mg/kg, LOD 0.005 mg/kg) lower than Codex MRL values. The treatment includes spraying neem+derris elliptica nano emulsion. When collecting kale yield 7 days after the last spraying. There were no azadirachtin (LOQ 0.5 mg/kg, LOD 0.05 mg/kg) or rotenone (LOQ 0.5 mg/kg, LOD 0.2 mg/kg) residues found. It is proven that azadirachtin and rotenone plant extracts are easier and faster to decompose than the chemical indoxacarb in kale plantations. Chemical sprayers are recommended if there is a serious pest infestation at the beginning of planting. At least twice before harvest, it is recommended to use the formulation of a plant extract at least twice before harvest. Therefore, it is another effective option to prevent and get rid of wireworms well. Compared to the use of indoxacarb chemicals alone, it can reduce the number of chemicals used and chemical residues in the yield.

Keywords: Neem and Derris elliptica Nano Emulsion, Indoxacarb, Plutella xylostella

คือ spinetoram 12 %SC (กลุม 5) chlorfenapyr 10 %SC (กลุม 13) cyantraniliprole 10 % OD (กลุม 28 abamectin 18 % EC (กลุม 6) acetamiprid 20 % SP (กลุม 4A) และ lambda cyhalothrin 25%CS (กลุม 3A) นํามาพนหมุนเวียนกลุมกลไกการออกฤทธิ์ 4 รูปแบบ

Rotation Spraying Patterns for Insecticides with Different Mode of Action for Controlling Chilli Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood) in Mango

Srijumnun Srijuntra1 Somsak Siriphontangmun1 Tinnasit Kaisinburasak2 Suprada Sukonthabhirom na Pattalung1

1Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900 2Agriculture Engineering Research Institute, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

Mango production has encountered insecticide resistance problem in chilli thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood). Insecticide rotation is the management method that can reduce this problem The experiments were conducted to find proper insecticide rotation pattern using insecticides from different mode of action for controlling chilli thrips in mango The experiment was carried out in farmer’s’ orchard at Si Prachan district, Suphan Buri province; during September November 2019 and March April 2021. The experiments were designed in RCB with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were composed of insecticides from 6 different mode of actions; spinetoram 12 % SC (Gr. 5), chlorfenapyr 10% SC (Gr. 13), cyantraniliprole 10 % OD (Gr. 28), abamectin 1 8% EC (Gr. 6) acetamiprid 20 % SP (Gr. 4A) and lambda cyhalothrin 2 5% CS (Gr. 3A). The insecticides were sequentially sprayed in four different rotation patterns compared with farmer’s spraying practice and untreated The results revealed that the rotation spraying pattern IV, which was spraying spinetoram 3 times abamectin 3 times lambda cyhalothrin 3 times, in every 15 day interval of thrips life cycle was the most suitable rotation spraying pattern because this pattern can control thrips numbers throughout flowering period as low as 0.35 6.24 and 0.23 10.03 insects/ inflorescence in year 2019 and 2021, respectively which was significantly lower than that of farmer’s spraying pattern which can control thrips number as 0 35 11 15 and 0 40 12 20 insects/ inflorescence in year 2019 and 2021, respectively The spraying cost for insecticide rotation pattern IV per thrips life cycle was 553 60 baht/rai which was cheaper than that of 662 00 bath/rai of farmer’s spraying The insecticide rotation pattern obtained was proper for recommendation to reduce insecticide resistance problem in chili thrips damaging mango.

Keywords: thrips control, chemical control, insecticide resistance, mango production

สาร carbosulfan 20% EC มีประสิทธิภาพ รอยละ 91 98 สาร cyantraniliprole 10% OD มีประสิทธิภาพ รอยละ 89 93 สาร chlorantraniliprole +thiamethoxam 20%+20% WG มีประสิทธิภาพ รอยละ 89 91 และสาร fipronil 5% SC มีประสิทธิภาพ รอยละ 85 87 ตามลําดับ

ศัตรูธรรมชาติในนาขาว พบวาการพนสารทั้งสี่ชนิดทําใหคาดัชนีความหลากหลาย (Shannon Wiener diversity index)

fipronil 5% SC มีคาดัชนีความหลากหลาย (Shannon Wiener diversity index) ลดลงนอยกวาสาร chlorantraniliprole +thiamethoxam 20%+20% WG สาร cyantraniliprole 10% OD และสาร carbosulfan 20% EC และเมื่อพิจารณาตนทุนของสารตอไร พบวาสาร fipronil 5% SC มีตนทุนต่ํา ที่สุด เทากับ

Insecticides' Impact

on

Rice Stem Borer Management in Chiang Rai Province

Kunlayaa Boonsa nga 1 Sukanya Arunmit2

Apiradee Manasuwanphol1

Somruedee Panson1 Jirapat Thasee1 Piyapan Srikoom1 1Chiang Rai Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Chiang Rai 57120

2Rice Research and Development Division, Rice Department, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

The efficacy of the registered insecticides with the Department of Agriculture (DOA) for controlling the rice stem borer and impacts on natural enemy diversity in rice fields are important data. Thus, the goal was to gain knowledge and recommendations on how to use the insecticides on rice field in the case of an economic threshold level. The experiments were conducted at farmer’s fields at Wiang Chai district, Chiang Rai province on dry season 2020 and at the Chiang Rai Rice Research Center, for wet season 2020. The experimental design consisted of a randomized complete block with four 4 replications 5 treatments included fipronil 5% SC (2B) carbosulfan 20% EC (1A) chlorantraniliprole (28)+ thiamethoxam (4A) 20%+20% WG cyantraniliprole 10% OD (28) and spraying water as a controlled. The results showed that the most effective chemical in controlling the rice stem borers under the outbreak situation reaching the economic level was carbosulfan 20% EC (91 98%) following with cyantraniliprole 10% OD (89 93%), chlorantraniliprole +thiamethoxam 20%+20% WG (89 91%) and fipronil 5% SC (85 87%), respectively. For the effects of pesticides on the diversity of natural pests in rice fields, the results showed that after spraying of all four insecticides the Shannon Wiener diversity index) showed a tendency to decrease. The decreased value of Shannon Wiener diversity index after spraying fipronil 5% SC was less than those sparying chlorantraniliprole+thiamethoxam 20%+20% WG cyantraniliprole 10% OD and carbosulfan 20% EC. Furthermore, considering the cost of insecticides per rai, it was found that fipronil 5% SC had the lowest cost (24 baht per rai) following with carbosulfan 20% EC (42 baht per rai) chlorantraniliprole +thiamethoxam 20%+20% WG (51 baht per rai) and cyantraniliprole 10% OD (238 baht per rai). The information obtained from this study can be taken into account in decision making and provide advice to farmers for the achievement of rice stem borer control. Fipronil% SC, chlorantraniliprole+ thiamethoxam 20%+20% WG and cyantraniliprole 10% OD are suggested alternatives for farmers.

Keywords: rice, rice stem borer, insecticides’ impact, natural enemies

benfuracarb 20% EC, carbaryl 85% WP, carbosulfan 20% EC, dinotefuran 10% WP และ thiacloprid 24% SC มีประสิทธิภาพในการควบคุม เพลี้ยไฟสูงที่สุดหลังพนสารเปนเวลา 15 วัน ในฤดูนาปรัง 2563 (รอยละ 95.00 97.50) และฤดูนาป 2564 (รอยละ 93.41 97.95) สําหรับศัตรูธรรมชาติในนาขาว พบ 6 อันดับ ไดแก Araneae, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera และ Odonata อยางไรก็ตามทุกกรรมวิธีที่พนสารทําใหความชุก

อันดับ Coleoptera และ Hemiptera ลดลง แตอันดับ Odonata

Effect of Insecticides for Controlling Thrips in Rice Fields

Rattigan Intama1 Supaporn Meeprasert 1 Kamonwan Yamboontab1 Sukanya Arunmit2 Sith Jaisong3

1Thailand Rice Science Institute, Rice Department, SuphanBuri 72000 2Rice Research and Development Division, Rice Department, Bangkok 10900 3Phatthalung Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Phatthalung 93000

ABSTRACT

The outbreak of thrips (order Thysanoptera) is a major problem that can cause economic damage in rice production. The most common method in controlling thrips chosen by the farmers is insecticide application. However, the continual use of the insecticide in the rice production could cause negative impact on beneficial natural enemies. This research aimed to determine the efficiency of insecticides for controlling thrips and to investigate the effect of these insecticides on the survival of the natural enemies in paddy fields. The experiments were conducted in the farmers’ rice fields at Bangplama district in Suphanburi province. The RD41 rice variety was grown in dry and wet seasons, 2020 2021. The experimental design was randomized complete block design with six treatments. All treatments were done in 4 replications. The results showed that five selected insecticides which were 20% EC benfuracarb, 85% WP carbaryl, 20% EC carbosulfan, 10% WP dinotefuran and 24% SC thiacloprid had the highest efficiency for thrips control at 15 days after spraying and the controlling efficiency of these insecticides were increased to 95.00 97.50% in dry season 2020 and 93.41 97.95% in wet season 2021. In addition, the natural enemies found in this research were grouped into six orders such as Araneae, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, and Odonata. The abundance of the natural enemies in order Coleoptera and Hemiptera were decreased in the plots sprayed with the insecticides while the members of order Odonata were increased. However, Shannon Wiener diversity indices were not considerably different among the treatments. It is indicated that, the five types of insecticides used in this study were very harmful to the insects of order Coleoptera. The results from this study could provide important information of the negative impact of insecticide application on thrips management. Therefore, the rice farmers should consider both the insecticide efficiency and negative impact on natural enemies for thrips control.

Keywords: rice, thrips, insecticide, natural enemy diversity, insecticide efficiency

omethoate, carbaryl, propoxur, 3 hydroxycarbofuran, carbofuran, cyproconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole และ tricyclazole นอกจากนี้เมื่อติดตาม

Monitoring of Pesticide Residuals in Rice Production in Suphanburi, Kanchanaburi, Chai Nat and Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Provinces

Dararat Maneejan1 Rattanawan Jansasithorn1 Pakamas Wongtay1 Rattikan Intama1 Chairat Channoo2 Kritkamol Paothong3 Waransita Baide1 Suppanat Neesung 1 Nupawee Sakanya1 Jularuck Srisakda1 Narumol Sueadang1 Pattarasaya Saiyued1

1Thailand Rice Science Institute, Rice Department, SuphanBuri 72000 2Chai Nat Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Chai Nat 17000 3Phra Nakhon Si AyutthayaRice Research Center, Rice Department, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya 13000

ABSTRACT

Recently, the use of pesticides in agriculture has been increasing to prevent plant diseases and pests. The overdose and inappropriate application of pesticides could cause contamination in rice products. This research aimed to analyze and monitor pesticide residues in rice samples at Suphanburi, Kanchanaburi, Chai Nat and Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya. The pesticide residues were detected in rice samples at the level of 27%. Chlorpyrifos, omethoate, carbaryl, propoxur, carbofuran, cyproconazole, 3 hydroxycarbofuran, propiconazole, tebuconazole and tricyclazole were detected from the rice samples. In addition, the monitoring of pesticide residues in rice production was also surveyed. The results showed an invasion of brown planthopper, thrips, brown spot, and bacterial blight that most of the farmers decided to apply pesticides to control these problems at all stages of rice development. Emamectin benzoate, difenoconazole propiconazole, hexaconazole, tricyclazole, and tebuconazole were used at maturation stages which caused a result of pesticide residues in the rice samples. However, the pesticide residues found in the rice samples did not exceed the maximum residue limit of Thai regulation (MRLs) and Codex’s MRLs, but exceeded the European Commission maximum residue levels (EU MRLs). These results should be used to control and recommend the farmers to use pesticides safely and appropriately as properly use of the pesticides could sustainably reduce negative impacts from them and the production cost

Keywords: pesticide, pesticide residue, rice, monitoring

Neptunia Family Weeds Spread in Irrigation Area

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ABSTRACT

Mimosaceae Family, genus Neptunia, are classified as perennial plant.It can grow both in water and on land. There is There is a white spongy stem when floating in water.. The properties of this plant are invasive species as weeds. According to the study, there are 2 species found in irrigation area: 1) giant water mimosa (Neptunia plena (L.) Benth. Once in the water, the tops are fried, there is white spongy stem when floating. When on land, the stems are stretched and the shoots are raised. Male pollen has glands at the upper end of the anthers, and no seeds are found, classified as noxious weeds that infect irrigated areas. water canal, drainage canals, reservoirs, and other bodies of water, and 2) (Neptunia javanica Miq) is characterized by parallel stems branching over the surface of the water. There is a sponge like white mitten covering it, allowing it to float. The leaves and flowers emerged from the surface of the water. Once on land, the plant is erect, branched, has a strong wood texture. It is characterized by the presence of volcanic glands on the last pair of petioles and being able to produce pods and seeds. It was found in irrigated areas around the water canal.

Keywords: Genus Neptunia, species, botanical characteristics

Urai Pengpis

Saranya Watcharothai 2 Siriporn Bundao

Thiphakorn Si wo

Scientific and Development Research and Environment Division, Bureau of Research and Development, Royal Irrigation Department Nonthaburi 11120

Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900

(Eichhornia crassipes) (ขนาดเล็ก ขนาดกลาง และขนาดใหญ) จอก (Pistia stratiotes L.) จอกหูหนู (Salvinia cucullate) จอกหูหนูยักษ (Salvinia mollesta) กระฉูด (Neptunia plena L.) ธูปฤาษี (Typha angustifolia L.) และไมยราบยักษ (Mimosa pigra L.) โดย มีปริมาณการใชน้ําของผักตบชวาขนาดเล็ก

The Water Consumptive Use of Noxious Weeds to Loses of Water from Irrigation Water Resource

Urai Pengpis1 Thiphakorn Si wo 1 Siriporn Bundao1 Nalin on Mongkonhuttee1 Adul Russameenopsawet2 Isara Charoenporntip1

1Scientific and Development Research and Environment Division, Bureau of Research and Development, Royal Irrigation Department Nonthaburi 11120 2Irrigation Water Management Division Bureau of Water Management and Hydrology, Royal Irrigation Department 76120

ABSTRACT

Infestation of aquatic weeds in water sources for irrigation. This has created problems for water management continuously, such as blocking the flow of water causing the tide to change not according to the water management plan. The Royal Irrigation Department loses a significant amount of budget to remove these noxious weeds. The objective of the study on water loss from consumptive use of noxious weeds that spread in water bodies. was to know the amount of water from the evaporation of each weed that infects the irrigated area. The study, conducted between October 2021 and March 2022, found nine coefficients from water use of weeds that spread in irrigated areas; water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) (small, medium and large), Water lettuce (pistia stratiotes L.), floating fern (Salvinia cucullate), giant water fern (Salvinia mollesta), aquatic sensitive plant (Neptunia plena L.), narrow leaved cattail (Typha angustifolia L.), and giant mimosa (Mimosa pigra L.), with water consumption of small, medium, large water hyacinths averaging 4.7 8.6 and 14.2 mm/day. Water consumption coefficients (Kc) 1.3, 2.5 and 4.0, respectively. Floating weeds include water lettuce, floating fern, giant water fern. 4.7 5.1 and 5.0 mm/day, with water consumption coefficients (Kc) of 1.2, 1.3 and 1.3 respectively. Marginal weeds; aquatic sensitive plant, giant mimosa and narrow leaved cattail that water consumption values of 6.2, 6.2 and 6.9 mm/day, with water consumption coefficients (Kc) of 1.61, 1.64 and 1.81, respectively.

Keywords: aquatic weed, Noxious weeds, water consumption, transpiration, consumption coefficient (Kc) Evapotranspiration, Reference Crop Evapotranspiration

Biology and Ecology of Acrachne racemosa (Heyne ex Roth) Ohwi

Ansaya Promma Siriporn Zungsontiporn Tanchanok Jongrukthai Akekarat

Tanutong

Weed Science Research Group, Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, 10900

ABSTRACT

The study Biology and ecology of Goosegrass (Acrachne racemosa) were conducted at the department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, during October 2016 September 2018. The survey of agricultural areas and other ecosystem 43 provinces found Goosegrass in 6 provinces; there were Chiang Mai, Nakhon Sawan, Saraburi, Kanchanaburi, Tak and Nakhon Phanom. Seeds are reddish brown, oblong, surface rugose, about width 0.55 0.59 mm, length 0.86 1.00 mm. Growth studies have shown that the height, number of branches, number of inflorescences, and number of seeds, there were not significant. It had the number of stems, fresh and dry weight, were significantly different. Planting 1 plant/plot had the highest number of stems, 27 stems/plant. Planting 1 plant/plot had the highest fresh weight, 174.27 g/plant, not significant Planting 3 and 5 plants/plot. Planting 1 plant/plot had the highest dry weight, 72.17 g/plant, not significant Planting 5 plants/plot. Goosegrass had the life cycle 58 days. It is not successful propagation by stem cuttings. But only propagated by dividing clumps. Seeds can only germinate on the soil surface, 67.20%.

Keywords: Biology and ecology, Goosegrass, Weed, Weed seeds

2563 มีนาคม 2564 สารกําจัดวัชพืชที่นํามาทดสอบ ไดแก butachlor, pretilachlor, dimethanamid p, mesotrione+atrazine, carfentrazone ethyl, sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, s metolachlor, metribuzin และ nicosulfuron อัตรา 288, 180, 180, 151 25, 6, 96, 15, 153 6, 84 และ 9.6 กรัมสาร ออกฤทธิ์ตอไร ตามลําดับ ผลการทดลองในเรือนทดลอง พบวาสารกําจัดวัชพืช butachlor, dimethanamid p, mesotrione+atrazine และ flumioxazin ไมเปนพิษตอขาวโพดฝกออน

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Efficacy of Pre emergence Herbicides on Weed Control in Baby Corn for Export

Akekarat Tanutong1 Jarunya Pinsupa2 Pruchya Ekkathin1 Terdphong Mahawong1 Aussanee Chindakul1

Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

2Field and Renewable Energy Crops Research Institute, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, 10900

ABSTRACT

The most farmers use pre emergence herbicides: alachlor, atrazine and pendimethalin for management of weed in baby corn. Such herbicides are substances that the European Union and Japan beware. Because they are endocrine disruptors. This will affect the export of baby corn in Thailand. The objectives of this research were to identify effective pre emergence herbicides which did not negatively affect the growth of baby corn The study was under greenhouse conditions in Weed Science and Research Group, Department of Agriculture. Afterwards these herbicides were tested on field experiments at the Tha Maka district, Kanchanaburi Province and Kamphaeng Saen district, Nakhon Pathom Province from November 2020 to September 2021. The pre emergence herbicide treatments were investigated including butachlor, pretilachlor, dimethanamid p, mesotrione+atrazine, carfentrazone ethyl, sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, s metolachlor, metribuzin and nicosulfuron at 288, 180, 180, 151.25, 6, 96, 15, 153.6, 84 and 9.6 g ai/rai respectively. Tested herbicides included butachlor, dimethanamid p, mesotrione+atrazine and flumioxazin. Greenhouse results showed that the pre emergence herbicides less or without toxic to the baby corn with effective weed control. Field trials revealed similar results; only these 4 herbicides: butachlor, dimethanamid p, mesotrione+atrazine and flumioxazin performed a promising good weed control up to 45 days after application as well as alachlor at 312 g ai/rai. and did not affect the yield of baby corn Comparing cost of weed control in each treatment, showed that butachlor, dimethanamid p, mesotrione+atrazine and flumioxazin cost 4 12 times less than hand weeding.

Keywords: Baby Corn, weed control, pre emergence herbicides

+ atrazine, topramezone + diuron, topramezone + indaziflam, glyphosate + indaziflam, glyphosate + diuron, glufosinate + indaziflam, glufosinate + diuron, glufosinate + flumioxazin, glyphosate และ เปรียบเทียบกับกรรมวิธีพนสารของเกษตรกรและกรรมวิธีไมกําจัดวัชพืช

glyphosate + indaziflam, glyphosate + diuron, glufosinate + indaziflam,

Efficacy of Pre emergence Herbicide on Weed Control in Chinese Celery (Apium graveolens L.)

Aussanee Chindakul1 Jarunya Pinsupa2 Terdphong Mahawong1 Akekarat Tanutong 1 Phatphitcha rujirapongchai

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ABSTRACT

The appropriated weed controls in properly oil palm fields with acidic soil. The weeds which grew up well in acidic soil should have high tolerance so it’s hard to control them. The herbicides should have high effective to control weeds. The aim of this study was to find out the appropriated weed control with the least effect to the palm yield and low cost. The experimental fields were conducted during October 2019 to September 2021 in Saraburi and Pathumthani provinces. All analyses were at laboratory of Weed Science Group, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok. The experiments were as followed. Firstly, to survey and collect all kinds of dominant weed in oil palm fields with acidic soil. Secondly, to analyze the toxicity of herbicides to oil palm plants and the ability of weed control in oil palm fields with acidic soil. Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replications and 12 treatments having 1 topramezone + atrazine, 2 topramezone + diuron, 3 topramezone + indaziflam, 4 glyphosate+indaziflam, 5 glyphosate + diuron, 6 glufosinate + indaziflam, 7 glufosinate+diuron, 8 glufosinate + flumioxazin, compared to farmer practices using only glyphosate and unweeded. The results were found obviously that the effective of glyphosate + indaziflam, glyphosate + diuron, glufosinate + indaziflam, glufosinate + diuron, and glufosinate+flumioxazin could control Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Panicum distichum L., Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf., Cleome rutidosperma DC. Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. And Gomphrena celosioides Mart. were better than farmer practice using only glyphosate and. Otherwise, no weed emergence at 90 days after herbicide application including absolutely no effects on oil palm plants which had no significant different in all treatments. hod of weed cutting by machine more than apply the herbicide.

Keywords: herbicide, oil palm, acid soil area

1 Pruchya Ekkathin1 Vilai intarajaroensuk1 1Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

Field and Renewable Energy Crops Research Institute, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, 10900

Integrated Weed Management for Minimized Use of Glyphosate and Paraquat in Sugarcane

ABSTRACT

Glyphosate and paraquat are major non selective post emergence herbicides in sugarcane. glyphosate is used to kill perennial and volunteer weeds before new planting and paraquat is sprayed to kill weeds between rows. Since 2019, glyphosate was restricted use while paraquat was banned in Thailand. Firstly, two similar experiments were conducted to determine efficacy of some pre emergence herbicides which offered a longer weed control period resulting in smaller number of paraquat applications. The results indicated that two combinations i.e. indaziflam + sulfentrazone at 0.075 + 0.94 kg ai/ha and imazapic + pendimethalin at 0.09+1.9 kg ai/ha gave an excellent control for 3 4 months without soil and water residues Secondly, those two combinations were integrated with harrowing and hoeing compared with farmer practice. For farmer practice, atrazine at 2.5 kg ai/ha was applied after first harrowing at 30 days and 2,4 D dimethyl ammonium at 1.3 kg ai/ha was sprayed at 120 days after planting. It was confirmed that indaziflam + sulfentrazone and imazapic + pendimethalin gave longer weed control for 3 and 4 months. Cost of weed control was reduced by 42.2 43.2% and sugarcane yields were also increased by 21 29% compared with farmer practice. It was noted that herbicide residues in sugarcane, soil and water were not detected by using HPLC. Hence, integrated weed control by using a tank mixture of pre emergence herbicides and harrowing machine could minimize use of both glyphosate and paraquat in sugarcane.

Keywords: integrated weed control, glyphosate, paraquat, imazapic, indaziflam, pendimethalin, sulfentrazone

Pruchya Ekkathin1 Yurawan Anantanamanee 1 Chanya Maneechote2 1Department of Agricultural Extension, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives 2Weed Science Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10900

Integrated Weed Management for Minimized Use of Glyphosate and Paraquat in Palm Oil

ABSTRACT

Glyphosate has been widely used in Thailand, especially in oil palm plantations, for five decades prior to glyphosate becomes a restricted use herbicide in 2019. This study aimed to find alternative herbicides which could be integrated with cultural practices and machines to minimize use of both herbicides in oil palm. Two consecutive experiments were conducted in 2 3 years oil palm fields. Firstly, single and tank mixture of pre and post emergence herbicides were screened for weed control efficacy. Two combinations of indaziflam + glufosinate ammonium at 0.075+0.68 kg a.i./ha and diuron + glufosinate ammonium at 3.0 + 0.68 kg a.i./ha exhibited excellent control of both grass and broadleaved weed with no soil residue. Secondly, those two combinations integrated with machines were further compared with farmer practice using labor and glyphosate in two locations. The results indicated that integrated methods of both combination and machines gave excellent weed control with lower cost by 36 39% when compared with farmer practice. In addition, herbicide residues in soil were not detected but glyphosate use could be reduced by 60 80%. In conclusion, tank mixtures of pre and post emergence herbicides integrated with machines would be a solution of minimized used of glyphosate in oil palm.

Keywords: Oil Palm, glyphosate, glufosinate ammonium, paraquat, indaziflam, diuron, soil residue

Yurawan Anantanamanee 1 Pruchya Ekkathin1 Chanya Maneechote2 1Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900 2Weed Science Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10900

Effected of Herbicides to Weeds Control in Peanuts

Terdphong Mahawong Phatphitcha rujirapongchai Pruchya Ekkathin Weed Science Research Group, Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, 10900

ABSTRACT

Efficacy of herbicides for weeds control in Peanut. Operated in farmer fields at Nhong ya sai district and Don chedi district, Suphanburi province. Field trials was set up in 9 treatments with 4 replications in experiment of RCBD compare with hand weeding and untreated control. Application at 0 Day after planting and soil had moisture. The result showed good control weeds in treatment of imazapic 24% W/V SL and dimethenamid p 72% W/V EC which could control Echinochloa colona (L.) Link , Panicum repens (L.), Leptochloa chinensis Nees, Melochia carchorifolia (L.), Merremia hederaceae (Burm. f.) Hall. and Cyperus iria L.. Both of treatment had significant decreased number of weeds and weeds dry weight compare with Untreated check. And Yield and yield component of Peanut showed significant more than other treatment. Moreover, non effected to rice which planting after trials finished with development and yield.

Keywords: Herbicides, Peanut, Rice, Weeds

benghalensis L.)

Rottboellia cochinchinensis

Cyperus rotundus L.) นิโคซัลฟูรอนมี

ตั้งแต 85 95 เปอรเซ็นต และไมมีผลกระทบตอผลผลิตของ พันธุกอนการคา GTX1946, GTX1959, HS1959, HS19012, STX109, WS8520, SP6001, SP6002, SP6015, TA7098, PMX29, PMX19011, NSX152067, NSX152097, KSX5720, KSX5819, KSX6017, KSX6019, KSX6021, KSX6101, KSX6102, KSX6103, KSX6108, KSX6109, KSX6110, KSX6112, KSX6206, KSX6202, KSX6203, KSX6204, KESX1709, KESX1712, NS3, S7328 และ SW4452 โดย

SW5731, KESX1612

Effect of Nicosulfuron to Pre commercial Field Corn Hybrids in 2020

Nattaporn Worathongchai1 Sodsai Changsaluk1 Prakayrat Phocadate1 Pornthep Chamchoy1 Samran Srichomporn1 Sarawut Rungmekharat2 Rungsit Suwanmonkha2

1National Corn and Sorghum Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Nakhon Ratchasima 30320

2Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

The nicosulfuron was gave good control weed, but its effects to some corn hybrids. The objective was to study on the efficiency of nicosulfuron (6% W/V OD) applied as mixed with atrazine (90% WG) 160+300 g/rai, to control weed and its effects on yield of 40 pre commercial hybrids cultivar were employed in this experiment. The trial was laid out in RCBD, composed of 3 replications, during July November 2021 at National Corn and Sorghum Research Center, Pak Chong district, Nakhon Ratchasima province. The results revealed that wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla L ), tropical spiderwort (Commelina benghalensis L ), purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L ) and Itch grass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis Lour ), were major weeds in the field. The application of nicosulfuron show very high efficiency on weed control, 85 95%, which was not affected to grain yield of pre commercial hybrids cultivar; GTX1946, GTX1959, HS1959, HS19012, STX109, WS8520, SP6001, SP6002, SP6015, TA7098, PMX29, PMX19011, NSX152067, NSX152097, KSX5720, KSX5819, KSX6017, KSX6019, KSX6021, KSX6101, KSX6102, KSX6103, KSX6108, KSX6109, KSX6110, KSX6112, KSX6206, KSX6202, KSX6203, KSX6204, KESX1709, KESX1712, NS3, S7328 and SW4452. They gave grain yield in the range of 557 1,840 kg/rai, but it’s effected to STG168, SW5731, KESX1612 and KESX1704 which had no yield and plant injury of 100%.

Keywords: nicosulfuron, weed control, field corn, pre commercial, yield

Aquatic Weeds Management in Reservoir with Agricultural Drones

Thiphakorn Si wo Srisamorn Sithikanchanakul Urai Pengpis Nalin on Mongkolhattee

Scientific and Development Research and Environment Division, Bureau of Research and Development, Royal Irrigation Department Nonthaburi 11120

ABSTRACT

This study aims to use of new agricultural technology for weeds control. Which was conducted between October 2021 and March 2022. This operation was intended to control of aquatic weed with agricultural drones were performed in the following areas: Maeham Reservoir and Huai Mae Pad Reservoir, Koh Kha District, Lampang Province, Huai Bung Reservoir, Na Haeo District, Loei Province The procedures for each were as follows: These areas were surveyed and determined the density of aquatic weeds, then planned weed control and finally, spray herbicides with agricultural drones. The results showed three prominent weeds were found, water hyacinth, water fern and Lipocarpha microcephala Herbicides were sprayed with agricultural drones at rate of 5 8 l/rai, spraying time of 6 minutes per rai. The spraying results showed that herbicides spread well into the weeds evenly. It takes 40 60 minutes/rai (depending on the density of aquatic weeds). Furthermore, weed control with agricultural drones could be reduced cycle times more than 85%. that removed completely (100%) of water hyacinths and L. microcephala, more than 90 percent of water fern including about 11,000 tons of weeds removed, increasing the surface area of the reservoirs by more than 98%, reducing water lost. Water users were more convenient to use and according to the survey.

Keywords: agricultural drones, aquatic weeds, herbicide, reservoir, weed control

Research on Orchid Snails Detecting Prototype Machine using Image Processing Techniques

Preedawan Chaisrichonlathan1 Chusak Chavapradit1 Parinyawat Yoothongin1 Sanong Amaroek2

1Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900 2Chiang Mai Agricultural Engineering

ABSTRACT

Orchid snails detecting prototype machine using image processing based on the behavior of snail, cold blooded animals which will hide in crevices of stems, leaves and flowers and will spread out when raining. In practical detection, the orchid exporters will dip the orchids in cold water (water mixed with ice) in which orchid snails would able to be screened and separated out from orchid by labor. Snail behavior was utilized on prototype machine by spraying cooling water orchid bouquet forcing snail to come up on top of the bouquet and can be detected and analyzed by image processing program through camera. Orchid snails detecting prototype machine consist of spray water system, conveyor belt, image capture and analyzing set consist of camera, computer, connection boards and spotlights. Vision builder software was applied in continuous prototype machine for snail detection based on color and size of snail in term of image processing and sound notification. The prototype was able to detect a minimum snail size of 1 mm. in diameter from water sprayed orchid containing trays. Detecting ability of the machine is 127.44 kg/day and summation detecting rate of 4 labors in terms of manual detection is 70.46 kg/day.

Keywords: Orchid Snails Detecting Prototype Machine, image processing technique

Research Center, Department of Agriculture, Chiang Mai 50100

Research and Development of Greenhouse Technology for Chili by Controlling the Internal Environment

Khonkaen

Khonkaen, 40000

ABSTRACT

This research is a study on the development of chili by controlling the internal environment. The Greenhouses built in size 14.00 x 30.00 x 3.50 m (width x length x height) and have 2 story gable roof with clear tiles. There is equipment for fogging to reduce the temperature and have a fan for ventilation. The conditional control equation is 1) Fogging control for fogging If the temperature inside the house is higher than 40 degrees Celsius and the relative humidity inside the house is below 65% 2) Ventilators Control to open the ventilation fan If the temperature inside the house is higher than 45 degrees Celsius and is hotter than the outside temperature of the house more than 3 degrees Celsius or when the relative humidity inside the house is higher than 75% and higher than the relative humidity outside the house more than 5% except when the temperature outside the house is less than 15 degrees Celsius. Test results of the planting of Srisaket 1 chili can yield 145 kilograms which can be used to make quality seeds

Keywords: Greenhouse, Chili, environment

Weang Arekornchee Kolawat Timinkul Sakchai Arsawang Ekaphap Panpoom Watcharapong Tamthaisong Tiwakorn Kalchak

Agricultural Engineering Research Center, Department of Agriculture,

Development of Suitable Greenhouse to Increase Melon Production Efficiency

Sanong Amaroek1 Wuttipol Jansaku2 Sarawut Panton 2 Rattiya Poungkaew3 Manop Rakyat1 Pongrawe Namwong 1 Sorawit Janjenjob1 Manop Kantamarat 1 Bodin Na Jinda4

1Chiangmai Agriculture Engineering Research Center, Department of Agriculture Chiangmai 50100

2Surattani Agriculture Engineering Research Center, Department of Agriculture Surattani 84170

3Rayong Agriculture Research and Development Center, Department of Agriculture Rayong 21150 4Agricultural Land Development Sub Division, Agriculture Engineering Research Institute, Department of Agriculture Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

This research aims to develop a greenhouse, which suitable for increasing melon production efficiency by developing the greenhouse to have better heat ventilation than primitive greenhouse (farmer’s greenhouse). The greenhouse designed to have overlap curve roof with overhead opening for cooling. Temperature and relative humidity in the greenhouse are controlled close to the outside by a control system. Temperature and relative humidity sensors are set together with automatic fans, which can ventilate heat and reduce temperature. The fans are set to work when the temperature is higher than 40°c. The greenhouse is 6 m wide, 30 m long, 3 m high of pole and 1.5 m high of roof. The construction costs not mor than 100,000 THB per unit, the price does not include fertilizer and irrigation systems, automatic temperature and humidity control systems along with ventilation fan set The structure is galvanized steel pipe. The roof is covered with plastic 150 microns thick, the 32 mesh net used for the rest. The results of the melon planting test compared to the farmer's greenhouse (semi circular greenhouse) found that if the fan is not turned on the temperature difference in the greenhouse and outside the greenhouse is 5 10°c. But the greenhouse can reduce the temperature by setting the fan to run automatically, when the temperature is higher than 40°c and cut off when the temperature drops to 37°c; The greenhouse and the farmer’s greenhouse have a temperature difference of 5 15°c. In terms of productivity, it was found that the greenhouse had an average total yield of 512.75 kg, an average income of 26,327 THB and a net profit of 6,633.21 THB per production cycle. Meanwhile, the farmer's greenhouse has an average total yield of 476 kg, an average income of 24,720 THB and a net profit of 2,692.88 THB per production cycle. The melon pulp from both greenhouses had a standard sweetness. The greenhouse has a break even point of 3.36 years with the lifetime of 10 years, while the farmer’s farmhouse has a break even point of 3.21 years with the lifetime of 5 years.

Keywords: Greenhouse, Melon

Study on Diseases of Banana Caused by Fungal Pathogens

Manorat Sudsanguan1,2 Pornpimon Athipunyakom2 Chanintorn Doungsa ard1 Suneerat Srimadua1 Sarunya Nalumpang1 1Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai 50200 2Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

The surveys were conducted to observe and collect disease samples from bananas. Multiple surveys have been conducted on various plantations located in 24 provinces, namely, Krabi, Khon Kaen, Chanthaburi, Chaiyaphum, Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai, Chonburi, Nakhon Ratchasima, Burirum, Phayao, Phitsanulok, Phetchaburi, Phetchabun, Phrae, Ratchaburi, Loei, Sukhothai, Satun, Sa Kaeo, Saraburi, Songkhla, Nong Bua Lamphu, Udon Thani, and Uttaradit. The causal agents of plant diseases were obtained from symptoms using the tissue transplanting method. The isolates of plant pathogenic fungi obtained from this study were identified based on morphological characters such as fungal growth, shape and color of the colony, spore, and conidiophore. The results from this study showed that the fungal isolated from leaf spot symptoms are Cordana musae, Deightoniella torulosa, Leptosphaeria sp., Mycosphaerella sp., Pestalotiopsia sp., Phoma sp., and Phyllosticta sp., from anthracnose symptoms are Colletotrichum musae and C. gloeosporioides, from crown rot symptoms is Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and from fusarium wilt symptoms is Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense. The specimens have been curated at Thailand Plant Pathology Herbarium, Plant Pathology Research Group, Pant Protection research and development, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand as references for further study and support plant quarantine works.

Keywords: leaf spot, anthracnose, crown rot, fusarium wilt disease

1

Detection of Candidatus Phytoplasma from Cassava and Weeds

Pairoh Khwanngam1 Nampheung Chomphukhaio2 Weerakorn Saengsai2 Phanuwat Moonjuntha3 Phoowanarth Maneechoat4

Field and Renewable Energy Crops Research Institute, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

2Khon Kaen Field Crops Research Center Field and Renewable Energy Crops Research Institute, Department of Agriculture, Khon Kaen 4000

3Rayong Field Crops Research Center Field and Renewable Energy Crops Research Institute, Department of Agriculture, Rayong 21150

4Plant Protection Research and Development office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

Cassava Witches’ Broom disease (CWB) is caused by the infection of Candidatus Phytoplasma as reduction in tuber yield and starch content at harvest of 10 and 30 % respectively. Candidatus Phytoplasma cause more than 1,000 plant species, important to know of host. The total of 326 cassava, weeds and economic crops samples showing symptoms of witches’ broom, virescence, phyllody, yellows and stunting were collected from 10 provinces 106 fields in Kamphaeng Phet, Tak, Nakhon Sawan, Phitsanulok, Lopburi Phetchabun, Suphanburi, Kanjanaburi, Chon Buri and Rayong. All of the collected cassava, weeds and economic crops samples were determined by Nested PCR technique with 16S rRNA gene specific primers, P1/P7 and R16mF2/R16mR1. DNA fragments around 1,400 bp in size were obtained from the extracted DNAs of 210 samples, include cassava, sesame, grass, Cleome viscosa, Momordica charantia, Tridax procumbens, Praxelis clematidea, Hyptis suaveolens, Vernonia cinerea, Blumea napifolia, Boerhavia erect and Adenosma indianum. Two to four band patterns were detected with Scal restriction enzymes, DNA fragments around 400, 600, 700 and 1,500 bp. This study, host plant species data of cassava witches’ broom able to cassava witches’ broom disease protection in the future.

Keywords: Candidatus Phytoplasma, Cassava witches’ broom, weed

National Crop Protection Center University of The Philippines Los Banos, Philippines

Graduate School of Agriculture Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo Japan

Cassava Witches’ Broom Phytoplasma in Southeast Asia

Phanuwat Moonjuntha1 Sirilak ankaew1 Phoowanarth Maneechoat2 Chanintorn Doungsa ard2 Trinh Xuan Hoat3 Srean Pao 4 Marita S. Pinili5 Keiko T. Natsuaki6 1Rayong Field Crops Research Center Rayong 21150 2Plant Protection Research and Development Office Department of Agriculture Bangkok 10900 3Plant Protection Research Institute, Hanoi Vietnam 4Faculty of Agriculture and Food Processing University of Battambang, Battambang Cambodia 5National Crop Protection Center University of The Philippines Los Banos, Philippines 6Graduate School of Agriculture Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo Japan

ABSTRACT

Cassava is the important crop in Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Philippines. Cassava yield loss in cassava production was mainly by insects and diseases. Especially, cassava witches’ broom disease (CWB) caused by phytoplasma caused crop losses up to 80% and reduced root yield and starch content reached 30%. This research aims to classify the phytoplasma group and study on the diversity of phytoplasma associated with CWB in Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Philippines. During 2017 2022, CWB field survey and 83 samples were collected in four countries and diagnosed for phytoplasma infection using nested PCR. Based on nested PCR diagnosis, all samples were positive for phytoplasma infection. To determine phytoplasma group, the 1.2 kb of 16S rDNA fragments of 15 samples were selected for sequencing and RFLP analysis. Neighbor joining phylogenetic tree clustered the CWB phytoplasmas of Thailand Cambodia and Vietnam into 16SrI and 16SrII groups while CWB phytoplasmas of Philippines were clustered into 16SrVIII group as same as the result of RFLP patterns digested by ScaI.

Keywords: Phytoplasma, Cassava, Cassava witches’ broom disease

Phoowanarth Maneechoat1 Pissawan Chiemsombat2

1

Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Bangkok 10900 2Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaengsaen, Kasetsart University Kamphaengsaen campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140

ABSTRACT

Tomato necrotic ring spot virus (TNRV) was first reported in Thailand over a decade. The virus destroyed pepper and tomato crop yields and fruit quality. The virus spreads widely across Thailand's production areas through the thrips vector, Thrips palmi. This research applied the next generation sequencing technique for TNRV whole genome sequencing and classification. Total RNA was extracted from symptomatic TNRV infected chilli pepper leaves, collected in Chiang Rai province (chilli CR). The mRNA was isolated and rRNA removed. The mRNA fragments were subjected to RNA library construction followed by transcriptomic next generation sequencing on an Illumina HiSeq instrument. The qualified short reads obtained were 116.9 million reads of 150 base pairs fragment. The virus transcripts were about 0.9% of transcriptome data. They were de novo assembled by Geneious Prime® software. The results revealed the complete genome sequence of TNRV RNAs isolate chilli CR, comprising 16,552 nucleotides (nt) of three segmented RNAs. The RNA L was 8,815 nt, RNA M was 4,724 nt, and RNA S was 3,013 nt. The viral RNAs coded for five proteins named RdRp of 2,873 amino acids (aa), NSm of 310 aa, GnGc of 1122 aa, NSs of 451 aa and N of 281 aa. The genome structure was typical of genus Orthotospovirus. The phylogenetic analysis showed that TNRV represented a distinct orthotospovirus species. In addition, we found the association of seed transmitted pepper cryptic virus 2 (PCV2) in viral transcriptome. This latent virus genome contained RNA 1 of 1,589 bp, encoding RdRp protein of 478 aa. RNA 2 was 1,500 bp encoding the coat protein of 430 aa. The nucleotide sequence of coat protein gene of PCV2 isolate chilli CR shared 98.92 99.07% identity with the isolates from South Korea, China, and the Republic of Dominican.

Keywords: Transcriptome, Capsicum, Tomato, Tospovirus, Thrips vector, Pepper cryptic virus 2

The Complete Genome Sequence of Tomato Necrotic Ringspot Virus in Chilli in Thailand Derived from Transcriptomic Next generation Sequencing Technique

413 bp แสดงถึงตัวอยางติดเชื้อไฟโตพลาสมา 16SrI group มีความคลายคลึง (KP054298.1) ถึง 95% และดี เอ็นเอขนาด 219 bp แสดงถึงตัวอยางติดเชื้อไฟโตพลาสมา 16SrII group มีความคลายคลึง (LN897457.1) ถึง 97% มีความไวในการตรวจสอบพบวาวิธี Multiplex PCR มีความไวสูงกวา

Validity of Multiplex PCR for Identifying Phytoplasma Witches’ Broom in Cassava

Weerakorn Seangsai1 Benjawan Ruttawat1 Namphueng Chomphukheaw1 Pairoh Khwanngam2 Phanuwat Moonjuntha3 Suchirat Sakuanrungsirikul1

1Khon Kaen Field Crops Research Center, Department of Agriculture, Khon Kaen, 40000 2Field and Renewable Energy Crops Research Institute, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, 10900 3Rayong Field Crops Research Center, Department of Agriculture, Rayong, 21150

ABSTRACT

Cassava witches’ broom disease cause by Candidatus Phytoplasma (Ca. P.) In Thailand, there have been reports of this disease caused by phytoplasmas in the 16SrI and 16SrII groups. The aim of this study was to design two primers from 16SrI and 16SrII groups of Candidatus Phytoplasma (Ca. P.). for Multiplex PCR detection. The detection of phytoplasma witches’ broom, Multiplex PCR was able to detect and identify of cassava phytoplasma witches’ broom were 16SrI and 16SrII groups and not detect in healthy plant. The samples revealed 413 bp (16SrI) DNA sequences of the amplification fragments matched 98% with Candidatus Phytoplasma (KP987848.1) in NCBI database and 219 bp (16SrII) DNA sequences of the amplification fragments matched 98% with Candidatus Phytoplasma (LN897457.1) amplified fragments by Multiplex PCR. The multiplex PCR has higher sensitivity than Nested PCR was 10 2. This study Multiplex PCR able to analyze the Cassava witches’ broom disease, able to identify infectious phytoplasmas, is highly sensitive and shortens the detection time through a one reaction cycle.

Keywords: Cassava, Phytoplasma, Cassava witches’ broom disease, Multiplex PCR

และคูไพรเมอร DLH155 และ DLH156 ที่จําเพาะตอยีน ITS ของ Brassica spp. มีขนาด 100 คูเบส ผลการทําปฏิกิริยา real time PCR พบวาคูไพรเมอร DLH153 และ DLH154 มี melting temperature (tm) เทากับ 85 4 C มีความจําเพาะ

Detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in Chinese Kale Seeds Using Real-time PCR

Rungnapha Thongkreng Nuttima Kositcharoenkul Buranee Puawongphat Tippawan Kanhayart

Plant Pathology Research Group, Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris is the causative agent of black rot disease. The disease is widespread and detrimental to many cruciferous vegetables. Black rot disease is seed borne bacterial diseases, infested seeds cause the reemergence of the diseases in the field and also responsible for the movement of the disease to new areas. In conducive environment, severe symptom can occur especially in newly emerged seedling where the symptom occurs on the cotyledon and the plant eventually die. Detection technique for infested seed is necessary to reduce disease epidemic. In this study, the development of efficient, highly sensitive and accurate detection technique for X. campestris pv. campestris in seed was developed using real time PCR. Primers DLH153 and DLH154 specific to hrpF gene of X. campestris pv. campestris with 78 bp in length and primers DLH155 and DLH156 specific to ITS of Brassica spp. with 100 bp in length were used. According to real time PCR results, the melting temperature (tm) of DLH153 and DLH154 primers was 85 4 ◦ C and specific to hrpF gene and the melting temperature (tm) of DLH155 and DLH156 primers was 84 5 ◦ C. The sensitivity of the real time PCR reaction was 500 picograms of DNA which sensitive enough to detect 1:10,000 infected and healthy seed ratio where the conventional PCR was able to detect only 1:10,000 infected and healthy seed ratio. The semi selective media detection method was unusable when the number of bacteria is very low. Real time PCR, therefore, is an efficient, highly sensitive and accurate technique for X. campestris pv. campestris detection in seeds.

Keywords: black rot disease, seed, plant pathogenic bacteria, detection technique

Development of Duplex RT PCR for Detecting Mixed Infection of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) and Turnip Mosaic Virus (TuMV)

from Brassicaceae Plants

Salit Supakitthanakorn On Uma Ruangwong

Division of Plant Pathology, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200

ABSTRACT

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) are wide host range viruses which can infect many plants and the Brassicaceae is one of them. Occasionally, both viruses can co infect and cause more severe symptoms. This work aims to develop a duplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (duplex RT PCR) technique for simultaneous detection of TMV and TuMV. New sets of primers were designed based on using sequences of the coat protein (CP) gene of both viruses. The primers were optimized the optimal PCR conditions and found that the annealing temperature at 54°C could amplify PCR products consisting of 657 bp of TMV and 345 bp of TuMV. The sensitivity assay showed that the limit of detection (LOD) of duplex RT PCR was up to 10 3 of diluted cDNA and the cross reactivity with other viruses was not detected. The performance of duplex RT PCR was evaluated to detect TMV and TuMV from 30 field samples. The results revealed that single infection of TMV was detected from 5 samples, single infection of TuMV was detected from 7 samples and mixed infection of TMV and TuMV was detected from 4 samples. According to the results, duplex RT PCR can be used to detect mixed infection of TMV and TuMV effectively.

Keywords: leaf mosaic, mixed infection, molecular technique, Tobamovirus, Potyvirus

Development of Pepper Chat Fruit Viroid (PCFVd) Detection Technique in Tomato Seeds

Wasana Rungsawang 1 Preyapan Pongsapich1 Chonticha Rakkrai1 Wanpen Srichart1 Wanich Khampanich1 Sopa Meeamnat 1 Phannipa Paechaisri

1

Plant Quarantine Research Group, Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture Bangkok 10900

2

Plant Pathology Research Group, Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

Pepper chat fruit viroid (PCFVd) is the pathogen that the causes of disease. It infected on tomatoes and peppers and the important thing, It transmitted by seed. Many trading partners have required Thailand to inspect the export of tomato seeds before exporting. At the same time, Thailand is importing tomato seeds from many countries, some of which have already reported the detection of PCFVd. Also, prevent the entry of the PCFVd that may be attached to the seed of the tomato imported seeds and certify the tomato seeds that free from the before export. Therefore, this research have the objective for the development of the diagnostic method of Pepper chat fruit viroid (PCFVd) in tomato seeds. Comparing between four RNA extraction methods and four primer pairs, considering the results of the eight treatments, it was found that the most effective RNA extraction method was The CTAB extraction, according to Boonham's method, and the primer pair that produced accurate and sharp viroid test results were NAD5, PC2 and PCFVd primer pairs. To provide an appropriate viroid test result above. The results were used to detection of the 31 shipments of tomato imported and exported seeds. The results show that all samples of 31 shipments were free from PCFVd attached to the seeds.

Keywords: Detection, Pepper chat fruit viroid (PCFVd), Tomato Seeds

1 Nuttima Kositcharoenkul2

Interception on the Potato Cyst Nematode Quarantine Pest Associated with Imported Seed Potatoes

Surasak Saenkhot1 Tridate Khaithong1 Ungkana Poungngenmak2 Wanich Khampanich1 Sopa Meeamnat 1 Chanpis Dathamart1 Wasana Rungsawang 1 Preyapan Pongsapich1 Wanpen Srichart3

1Plant Protection Research Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900 2Office of Agricultural Research and Development, Region 1, Department of Agriculture, Chiang Mai 50100 3Office of Agricultural Research and Development, Region 2, Department of Agriculture, Phitsanulok 65130

ABSTRACT

Diagnosis of potato cyst nematode quarantine pest by the sampling of imported seed potatoes during October 2021 to July 2022. Imports from 4 countries are 1) Scotland imported 21 shipments, total weight 4,256,750 kg. 2) USA, imported 1 shipment, total weight 322 kg. 3) Australia, imported 5 shipments, total weight 505,000 kg. and 4) the Netherlands, imported 3 shipments, total weight 137,500 kg. Nematodes extraction from the seed potato and associated soil, then diagnosed and identified the species of parasitic nematodes by morphological character and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (Multiplex PCR) technique. The result was not found potato cyst nematode. Not found potato cyst nematode by the monitoring and inspected imported seed potato in the planting areas of Wiang Pa Pao District, Thoeng District, Chiang Rai Province, Mae Chaem District, Chiang Mai Province and Chiang Kham District, Phayao Province.

Keywords: Potato cyst nematode, parasitic nematode, quarantine pest, imported plant, seed potato

TTTT

Study on Status of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Caused of Bacterial Speck Disease in Thailand

Chonticha Rakkrai1 Nuttima Kositcharoenkul1 Wanpen Srichart2 Wanich Khampanich1 Tippawan Kanhayart1 Rungnapha Thong kreng1 Phannipa Paechaisri1 1Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900 2Office of Agricultural Research and Development, Region 2, Department of Agriculture, Phitsanulok 65130

ABSTRACT

A survey guide and specific survey for determination of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato status has been carried out between October 2018 and September 2021 in 642 tomato plantations in 14 provinces. A total of 124 samples were inspected, collected, and examined in the laboratory of Plant Quarantine Research Group, Plant Protection Research and Development Office by dilution plate method, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay and polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that all bacteria were not P. syringae pv. tomato.

Keywords: Status, quarantine pest, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, bacterial speck, tomato

Quarantine Pests Associated with Coriander Seed

the United State of America

from

Wanich Khampanich1 Chanpis Dethamart1 Surasak Saenkhot1 Sopa Meeamnat 1 Wanpen Srichart2 Phannipa Paechaisri1 Chonticha Rakkrai1 Nuttima Kositcharoenkul1 Sirichai Sathuwijarn1

1Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900 2Office of Agricultural Research and Development, Region 2, Department of Agriculture, Phitsanulok 65130

ABSTRACT

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is in family Apiaceae. The 10 targeted quarantine pests from the United State of America, such as Chenopodium album, Galium aparine, Orobanche ramosa, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum convolvulus, Chalara elegans, Pseudomonas viridiflava, Xanthomonas hortorum pv. carotae, Alfalfa mosaic virus and Clover yellow vein virus. The study on quarantine pests associated with imported coriander seeds from the United State of America into Thailand between October 2019 to September 2021 with the total of 691 metric tons of coriander seeds (37 samples). Initially, the pest detection by visual inspection and used the stereo microscope, did fine contaminated of 2 weed seeds; Polygonum convovulus and Convolvulus arvensis. In this study found quarantine weed seed (Polygonum aviculare). The phytosanitary measure for controlled and prevented the spread from quarantine weed seed was conducted by the Plant Quarantine Act B.E. 2507 amended by Plant Quarantine (NO. 2) B.E. 2542 and Plant Quarantine (NO. 3) B.E. 2551. The diagnostic in plant quarantine laboratory by blotter method, dilution plate technique and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay method of imported coriander seeds found Alternaria alternata and A. raphani. The phytopatogenic bacteria and plant virus was not found. No targeted quarantine pest from seedling symptom test and the field inspections

Keywords: quarantine pest, coriander seeds, imported plant, the United State of America

Quarantine Pest Associated with Chinese Kale Seeds from New Zealand

ABSTRACT

Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea L.) is in family Brassicaceae classified as restricted according to the announcement Notification of Agriculture and Cooperatives. Present, Thailand has imported kale seeds from abroad in large quantities. Research has shown the quarantine pests were contaminated with kale seeds imported from New Zealand. Therefore, there is a high risk that it will affect agriculture and the economy of Thailand including affecting sanitary and phytosanitary. The study on quarantine pest associated with Chinese kale seeds from New Zealand between October 2019 September 2021, there are 33 consignment imported from New Zealand. Seeds were sampled in accordance with ISTA standards, Initially, the pets detection by visual inspection and use the stereo microscope, did not find the damage by insect pest, but found contaminated of 3 weed seeds; Phacelia tanacetifolia and Galium spurium L. were not known occur in Thailand and Polygonum convolvulus is a quarantine weed in Thailand and has control quarantine weed seeds by phytosanitary measures accordance with Plant Quarantine Act B.E. 2507 and its amendments. The diagnostic in plant quarantine laboratory by blotter method of imported chinese kale seeds found 4 fungi; Alternaria alternate, Alternaria brassicicola, Alternaria raphani and Cladosporium sp., which were reported in Thailand. In greenhouses, the seeding symptoms test were no signs of disease or pests important in plant quarantine. This study can use the information of the detected pests to be used as a database for determining phytosanitary measures and survey and surveillance pests in pest of production to prevent the spread form quarantine pest in Thailand.

Keywords: quarantine pest, chinese kale seed, imported plant, New Zealand

Phannipa Paechaisri Chanpis Dethamart Wanich Khampanich Wasana Rungsawang Preyapan Pongsapich Tippawan Kanhayart Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

พบเมล็ดวัชพืช Polygonum aviculare, Chenopodium album, Persicaria lapathifolia, Viola arvensis, Plantago lanceolata, Malva neglecta, Chenopodium sp. และ Galium spp. ทํา การตรวจสอบเชื้อราดวยวิธี blotter method พบเชื้อรา Alternaria raphani และ Cladosporium sp. ผลการตรวจสอบตัวอยางเมล็ดพันธุจากสาธารณรัฐประชาชนจีนจํานวน 28 ตัวอยาง พบเมล็ดวัชพืช Galium spp. และ Chenopodium sp. เชื้อรา Alternaria raphani, Alternaria brassicicola, Alternaria tenuis, Cladosporium sp. และ Ulocladium sp. และจากการปลูกเพื่อสังเกตอาการใน

Quarantine Pest Associated with Pak choi Seeds from New Zealand and People’s Republic of China

Chanpis Dathamart1 Preyapan Pongsapich1 Sopa Meeamnat 1 Phannipa Paechaisri1 Jarunya Pinsupa2

1

Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

2Field and Renewable Energy Crops Research Institute, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

Pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.) seeds were imported from New Zealand and China in 2018 2020 with total amount of 482,662.27 and 31,827.87 kilograms, respectively. Seventy seven consignments of pak choi seeds were randomly sampled to examine and identify for contaminated pests. According to seeds from New Zealand, weed species were found in 49 samples, namely Polygonum aviculare, Chenopodium album, Persicaria lapathifolia, Viola arvensis, Plantago lanceolata, Malva neglecta, Chenopodium sp. and Galium spp., with 2 species of fungus viz Cladosporium sp., and Alternaria raphani Whilst, 28 samples from China were detected weed seed species of Galium spp. and Chenopodium sp. and specie of fungus Alternaria raphani, Alternaria brassicicola, Alternaria tenuis, Cladosporium sp. and Ulocladium sp. No quarantine pests from seedling symptom test and field inspection in Nakhon Pathom, Ratchaburi and Nakhon Ratchasima Provinces of Thailand.

Keywords: Pak choi, Weed seeds, Quarantine pest, New Zealand, China

Assessment of the Phytosanitary Measures for Importation of Oil Palm Seed from Malaysia

ABSTRACT

Oil palm is an essential economic crop in Thailand. It is processed to palm oil for consumption and used as a raw material in the industries. But the current situation reveals that oil palm production is insufficient to domestic demand in Thailand. The importation of oil palm seeds from Malaysia is the solutions for oil palm growers. Due to the Malaysian oil palm cultivars have an early harvesting period, high yield and high oil percentage. These reasons have contributed to increased demand for seeds from the growers. However, any part of the Elaeis guineensis Jacq. is the prohibited article. The importation for commerce which shall be subjected to pest risk analysis and complied with the criteria, procedures, and conditions imposed stipulated by the Director General, Department of Agriculture. This study examined the effectiveness of phytosanitary measures and phytosanitary import requirements under the Notification of Department of Agriculture, Re: Conditions for Import of Oil Palm from Malaysia B.E. 2558 (2015) after it entered into force in the Government Gazette in order to prevent and control pests or quarantine pests associated with the pathway (oil palm seeds) imported from Malaysia. The oil palm seeds were imported from Malaysia since October 2019 to December 2021. The study was conducted with 347,998 seeds of oil palm that were imported from Malaysia, consisting of two varieties, namely Yangambi and Calix. The oil palm seed samples were collected for pest diagnosis in the laboratory by the blotter method and the molecular technique, the Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT PCR) assay. The results shown that the oil palm samples found to be free from any quarantine pests. In addition, the survey and monitoring of oil palm seedlings under greenhouse and field conditions in Krabi and Surat Thani provinces found that the seedlings under both conditions were grown normally without abnormal symptoms caused by disease and pests infestation. In conclusion, the phytosanitary measures enforced for the importation of oil palm from Malaysia were effective and the exporting country complied with the phytosanitary import requirements.

Keywords: phytosanitary measure, import, seed, oil palm, Malaysia

Nathamon Kaewnuy1 Wasana Ridthaisong1 Alongkot Phodee1 Wasana Rungsawang 1 Suwithcha Rodsuwannoi2 Porntip Yamsuwan 2 1Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900 2The office of Agricultural Regulation, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

เชื้อรา Phytophthora palmivora เชื้อสาเหตุ โรครากเนาโคนเนาทุเรียน เชื้อรา Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc สาเหตุโรคโคนเนาพริก เชื้อรา Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc สาเหตุโรคลําตนเนามันฝรั่ง และเชื้อราFusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense สาเหตุโรคตาย พรายกลวย ดวยวิธี

Isolation and Screening of Effective Trichoderma Species Against the Fungi Causing Plant Diseases

Phornnapa Khamkongkaew1 Pinit Reunchan1 Anusorn Tadakittisarn1 Ampaiwan Paradornuwat2 1

Business Research and Development Division, SOTUS International CO., LTD., Nonthaburi 11120

2Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

Trichoderma spp. were isolated from 12 soil samples, and 35 different Trichoderma isolates were divided into 9 groups based on their different morphologies and sporulation on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). All isolates were screened for their ability to control Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing Anthracnose of chili, durian, and mango, Alternaria brassicicola causing a black spot of Chinese kale, Rhizoctonia solani causing leaf blight of durian, Fusarium solani causing dieback of durian, Pythium aphanidermatum causing damping off of tomato and Chinese kale, Phytophthora palmivora causing root and stem rot of durian, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc causing stem rot of chili and potato and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense causing Fusarium wilt of banana by dual culture methods. Nine isolates from those nine groups, including TST 006, TST 009, TST 010, TST 023, TST 026, TST 032, TST 033, TST 034 and TST 035, showed more than 80% radial growth inhibition (PIRG) in vitro experiments. Eight isolates were later identified based on the morphology characterization and nucleotide sequence of the Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. TST 006, TST 009 and TST 023 isolates were identified as Trichoderma harzianum and TST 024, TST 032, TST 033, TST 034 and TST 035 isolates were identified as Trichoderma asperellum. The result reveals that the nine Trichoderma isolates are promising biological control agents and could be developed as a biological pesticide for agricultural applications.

Keywords: Trichoderma spp., antagonistic fungi, plant pathogens, disease control

Effects of Trichoderma and Bacillus Bio Products for Against Downy Mildew Disease of Grape

Phraomas Charoenrak1 Suriya Samornparn1 Patchareewan Chadnok1 Seyha Khin1 Sawat Pimsuwan1 Dowroong Watcharinrat2

1

of Crop

ABSTRACT

To study the effects of Trichoderma and Bacillus bio products on the downy mildew disease of grape caused by Plasmopara viticola. The fresh cultures of Trichoderma asperellum isolate CB Pin 01 and NST 009 (1 kg per 100 L.) or the pellet formulations of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens isolate BB 165 and Bacillus cereus isolate B03 were sprayed on whole plants of ‘Shiraz’ grapevine and under the canopy every week for 6 weeks The results indicated that all treatments sprayed with bio products reduced the disease of leaves on the branches by 3 32 8 32% when compared with the control treatment The disease assessment of the whole plant showed that the T. asperellum CB Pin 01 and B. cereus B03 treatments reduced the incidence of downy mildew disease by 1 92% when compared to the control treatment. The chemical treatment showed the lowest disease index of downy mildew on the whole grape plant with statistical significance Moreover, all bio products treatments reduced the sporangium of P. viticola on grape leaves by 57.72 73 22% compared to control treatments In particular, the spraying treatment with T asperellum CB Pin 01 had the lowest sporangium of P viticola by 5 01 x 10 3 sporangium per 1 cm 2 of grape leaves

Keywords: Trichoderma, Bacillus, Grape disease, Biocontrol

Division

Production, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology 2School of Liberal Arts, Shinawatra University, Samkok, Pathum Thani 12160

Selection and Efficacy Test of Trichoderma asperellum in Controlling Damping off of Cabbage Seedlings Caused by Rhizoctonia solani Nuchnart Jonglaekha Jiraporn Juntawong krannipha chairat Royal Project Foundation, Chiangmai 50200

ABSTRACT

Selection of Trichoderma spp. in the Royal Project's areas for control of damping off of cabbage seedlings caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani. Collection of cultivated soil from organic planting plots and forest soil in many Royal Project's areas. Pure isolation was made for Trichoderma spp.; efficacy test on growth inhibition of Rhizoctonia solani, using dual culture technique. Seven isolates showed good results but isolates Tricho 002 and Tricho 004 (Trichoderma asperellum) gave most effective ones. The two isolates were retested on stimulating growth and development of cabbage seedings. It was found that Tricho 004 gave best results for controlling R. solani. The two isolates were then tested on percentage of growth inhibition with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici isolates FT 07, FT 10 and R. solani isolate Rhiz. Both isolates were most effective, of which Tricho 004 showed 96.66% inhibition. Tricho 004 was chosen to make bioproducts; 4 formulas were tested for control of damping off of cabbage seedlings compared with chemical fungicide (quintozene + etridiazole). It was found that formula 1 and formula 4 showed very good results at 90.48% survival of seedlings but the chemicals had 100% seedling survival. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that Trichoderma spp. isolate Tricho 004 could be used for effective control of R solani. The bioproduct of this isolate could be used in the planting plots to stimulate growth and strength of cabbage and control soil borne fungal pathogen.

Keywords: Trichoderma asperellum, damping off, cabbage seedlings

Usage Bio product of Bacillus subtilis BS DOA24 for Controlling Bacterial Wilt of Ginger by Farmers’ Participation

Kultida Donyuprai1 Yupa Suwichian1 Ketuwadee suksantimas1/ Rungnapha Thongkreng2 Nuttima Kositcharoenkul2 1Office of Agricultural Research and Development, Region 2, Department of Agriculture, Phitsanulok 65130 2Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

Bacterial wilt disease cause by Ralstonia solanacearum is a major problem in ginger production. This disease affects productivity decline, no quality and unable to harvested. Farmers must move the ginger planting area every year because they cannot replant at the same area. The Department of Agriculture has developed bio product of Bacillus subtilis BS DOA 24 for effective control of ginger wilt in field conditions. The bio product BS DOA24 must be tested at the ginger planting area with the participation of farmers for farmers acceptation. The objective of this research was to test bio product of B. subtilis BS DOA 24 for controlling bacterial wilt of ginger and to create the model farmers to serve as in community representatives for using bioproduct in crop production. This research was conducted in ginger planting areas in 3 provinces, namely Phetchabun, Phitsanulok and Tak, each 5 plots per province total 15 plots. Each plot consists of 2 treatments; using BS DOA24 strain for controlling Bacterial Wilt of ginger in crop production and farmer’s method. The results showed that using bio product of B. subtilis BS DOA 24 was able to control bacterial wilt during Ginger production. in 3 provinces with an average yield and income higher than a farmer method. In Phetchabun, the treatment using bio product of B. subtilis BS DOA 24 showed the average yield to be at 6,217 kg/rai and average income was 108,933 baht/rai. and The benefit cost ratio (BCR) at 3.1 The farmer's method had an average total yield of 4,775 kg/rai and an average income was 69,125 baht per rai. and the benefit cost ratio (BCR) at 2.2. the using bio product of B. subtilis BS DOA 24 method increased farmer’s income by 57.6 percent. In Phitsanulok, the treatment using bio product of B. subtilis BS DOA 24 showed the average yield to be at 7,053 kg/rai and average income was 60,117 baht/rai. and the benefit cost ratio (BCR) at 1.9. The farmer's method had an average total yield of 3,603 kg/rai and an average income was loss of 2,308 baht/rai. and the benefit cost ratio (BCR) at 0.9. the using bio product of B. subtilis BS DOA 24 method increased farmer’s income by 96.6 percent. In Tak, the treatment using bio product of B. subtilis BS DOA 24 showed the average yield to be at 5,200 kg/rai and average income was 123,755 baht/rai. and the benefit cost ratio (BCR) at 4.9 The farmer's method had an average total yield of 4,400 kg/rai and an average income was 95,980 baht per rai. and the benefit cost ratio (BCR) at 3.2. the using bio product of B. subtilis BS DOA 24 method increased farmer’s income by 28 9 percent Moreover, farmers from 3 provinces showed high acceptance on bioproduct in terms of practical, convenience, safety, and efficiency measurements. In addition, farmers continue to use bio product of B. subtilis BS DOA 24 in ginger production as well as recommending it to other farmers.

Keywords: Bio product of Bacillus subtilis BS DOA24, Bacterial Wilt of Ginger, Farmers’ Participation

The Use of Bioproduct from Antagonistic Bacteria; Bacillus amyloliquefaciens to Control Brown Spot Diseases in the Central Region

Suphalaksana Sonkhongnok1 Wanporn Khemmuk1 Supawadee Rittison1 Sunisa Kongsom od1 Anchana Dolchala1 Chanchira chaikla1 Chanasirin Klinmanee2 1Division of Rice Research and Development, Rice Department, Bangkok 10900 2Phatthalung Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Phatthalung 93000

ABSTRACT

Rice disease affected to rice production in term of quality and quantity worldwide. Using of an antagonistic bacterium; Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, to control rice diseases is one of the famous alternative biocontrol agents with environmentally friendly method. This study was aimed to investigate the antagonistic ability of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in granular form for prevention of major rice diseases. The experiments were conducted in farmer’s fields at center region in Suphan Buri province and Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya province. The research experiments were conducted during dry season 2020 to wet season 2021 comprised of 2 treatments which were (1) pre soaking the rice seeds of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens suspension before sowing and spraying of this bacterial suspension at every different growth stage after sowing, and (2) the farmers practices. Comparing between our rice disease management using the antagonistic bacteria and the farmers practices, it was found that brown spot disease occurred at booting stage was that were statistically significant differences at 95% and 99% levels. Interestingly, we found that the farmer practices showed higher yields than our rice disease management at 99% levels in Suphan Buri province, however the rice disease management showed higher yields than farmer practices at 95% level in Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya province. However, the production cost of our rice disease management using the antagonistic bacteria was lower than the farmer practices. Therefore, the antagonistic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens should be suggested to use for preventing the brown spot during booting stage for reducing chemical application and production cost to high yields.

Keywords: antagonist bacteria, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, brown spot disease, rice, center region

paper disc diffusion พบวา Bacillus spp. จํานวน 2 ไอโซเลท ไดแก BST 024 และ BST 025 สามารถยับยั้งเชื้อแบคทีเรียสาเหตุโรคพืชได 4 เชื้อสาเหตุโรค คือ X. campestris pv. Campestris X. oryzae pv. oryzae X. axonopodis pv. citri และ R. solanacearum สวนไอโซเลท BST 053 สามารถยับยั้งเชื้อแบคทีเรียสาเหตุโรคพืชได 4 เชื้อสาเหตุโรค คือ X. campestris pv. Campestris X. oryzae pv. oryzae P. carotovorum และ R. solanacearum เชื้อแบคทีเรียทั้ง

Screening of Bacillus species for Biological Control of Plant Diseases

Phornnapa Khamkongkaew1 Pinit Reunchan1 Anusorn Tadakittisarn1 Ampaiwan Paradornuwat2 1Business Research and Development Division, SOTUS International CO., LTD., Nonthaburi 11120 2Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

Fifty three different Bacillus strains were divided into 15 groups based on their diverse morphologies on Nutrient Agar (NA). All isolates were screened for their ability to control Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris causing black rot of Chinese kale, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae causing bacterial leaf blight of rice, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri causing canker of lime, Pectobacterium carotovorum causing bacterial soft rot of Chinese kale, Ralstonia solanacearum causing bacterial wilt of tomato by paper disc diffusion methods. Two Bacillus strains, BST 024 and BST 025, inhibited four plant pathogenic bacteria: X. campestris pv. campestris, X. oryzae pv. oryzae, X. axonopodis pv. citri and R. solanacearum while BST 053 isolate was able to inhibit four plant pathogenic bacteria: X. campestris pv. campestris, X. oryzae pv. oryzae, P. carotovorum and R. solanacearum. All of those three isolates showed competitive growth and antibiotic mechanisms that were successful in inhibiting a broad variety of plant pathogenic bacteria. In conclusion, these three bacterial isolates are Gram positive and rod shaped. produce endospores. Bacterial isolates were identified based on the morphology biochemical characterization and 16S rDNA sequencing. BST 024 and BST 025 isolates were identified as Bacillus siamensis while The BST053 isolate was identified as Bacillus velezensis.

Keywords: Bacillus spp., antagonistic, plant pathogens, 16s rDNA

spp.

Using of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Stimulated by Heat Temperature to Control Fruit rot Disease of Strawberry Caused by Colletotrichum spp.

Paothai Thayaping Jiraporn Juntawong Waraphorn Tasan Phichamon Sutawong Chanchai Chantima Kanjana Vichittragoontavorn Royal Project Foundation, Chiangmai 50200

ABSTRACT

Using of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (B15) stimulated by heat temperature and UV to control fruit rot disease of strawberry caused by colletotrichum spp. Strawberry fruit with the symptoms of fruit rot from the farmer field in Chomtong district, Chaiang Mai. It was found that the fruit rot disease is caused by colletotrichum spp. B15 by creating 2 new 1 old formulas and spores suspension, using different kinds of carrier were tested on efficacy for growth inhibition of thecolletotrichum spp.on PDA, using Dual Culture Technique.Results showed that the B15 could inhibit growth of the fungal pathogen offruit rotdisease of strawberry: Formula 1 powder (62.36 %) liquid (50.29 %) and Formula 2 powder (43.97%) lowest). A comparative test of the 4 formulas on controlling fruit rot disease of strawberry caused by colletotrichum spp. on field. The experiment by Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) were 5 treatments 4 replication. Strawberry plant were sprayed B15 each treatments 5 time at 4 day intervals compared to spraying water(control) after sprayed was kept fruit in room temps at 7 day to check. It was found that Formula 1 powder has a higher percentage in prevention of the disease thanspraying water (control)

Keywords: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, fruit rot, strawberry, heat temperature

The Efficacy of Antagonistic Bacteria and Plant associated Bacteria in Melon in Controlling Bacterial Fruit Blotch and Promoting Growth of Melon

Choosak Khaengraeng Tiyakhon Chatnaparat

2Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

Bacterial fruit blotch (BFB), caused by Acidovorax citrulli, a major disease in the production of melon crops. This study investigates the ability of antagonistic bacteria, Bacillus subtilis KnB1 and Pseudomonas putida KnCo4, and plant associated bacteria isolated from melon in suppressing A. citrulli and promoting melon growth. Plant associated bacteria were isolated from melon fruit and were selected by testing the non pathogenic ability to cause disease on seedling of melon cv. Green net. Analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences revealed that bacteria isolate PlkM1from melon belong to Pseudacidovorax intermedius with 99% identity. The antimicrobial activity assay showed that KnCo4 was able to inhibit growth of A. citrulli. Plant growth pouches assay showed that PlkM1 was able to induced root, shoot, and fresh weight of melon. Seed treated with KnCo4 reduced disease incidence by 40.91 % at seedling stage when compared with non treated control. In the present study, it was shown that certain antagonistic bacteria P. putida KnCo4 can substantially reduce BFB disease and may well provide useful solutions to disease control.

Keywords: Antagonistic Bacteria, Plant associated Bacteria, melon

Laboratory Evaluation of Fungicides and Biopesticides Efficacy in Controlling the Major Pathogens of Wheat

Jiraporn Juntawong1 Anchalee Takham2 Suraphon Chaiwongsar3

Royal Project Foundation, Chiang Mai 50100

Chiang Mai Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Chiang Mai 50120

Program in Plant Science, Faculty of Sciences and Agricultural Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology LannaLamPang, Lampang, 52000

ABSTRACT

Fungal diseases are the major problems affecting wheat production. To overcome this problem, farmers frequently spray fungicides. This research aimed to select the main preventive agents for the major wheat disease, such as Sclerotium rolfsii causing seedling blight disease caused, Bipolaris sorokiniana causing spot blotch disease caused, and Fusarium graminearum causing scab disease caused. The results found that difenoconazole 15% + propiconazole 15% EC (15 ml per 20 liters) completely inhibited the fungal mycelium growth. For bio based substances from the Royal Project, PP BK 33 inhibited the growth of S. rolfsii mycelium at 60.02%, while PP Trico showed better results in inhibiting the growth of B. sorokiniana and F. graminearum, at 36.16 and 55.94%, respectively, with significant statistic difference at a 95% confidence level, when compared with the control and other treatments The obtained results can be used to select an effective agent for controlling pathogenic wheat fungi. However, further studies are needed to assess the efficacy of these compounds in greenhouse and field conditions.

Keywords: fungicides, biopesticide, major pathogens, wheat

Efficiency of Registered Fungicides in Controlling Rice Brown Spot Disease

Anchalee Takham1 Wannisa Tananta1 Pawilai Sutthasena1 Wanporn Khemmuk2 Sukanya Arunmit2 Payorm Cobelli2 1

ABSTRACT

Many fungicides recommended to control brown spot disease on rice are classified as endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs) and affected to rice export. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of fungicides which registered to Department of Agriculture for control brown spot disease to replace endocrine disruptor substances. The efficiency test of 16 registered fungicides were conducted in laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions. In laboratory condition, the result of 11 fungicides showed mycelium growth inhibition over 80%. In greenhouse condition, two fungicides, propineb 70% WP (40 grams per 20 liters) and mancozeb 64% + metalaxyl M 4% WG (40 grams per 20 liters), presented higher effective in reducing disease severity by 50% more than carbendazim, 50% SC (20 milliliters per 20 liters) and untreated control. Consistently, these two fungicides applied to field conditions could reduce the disease severity by 20% more than untreated control at the tillering stage and significantly different (p≤ 0.05). However, propineb is the only one fungicide which is not classified as endocrine disruptor. It could be an option fungicide to replace other substances to control brown spot disease on rice and then published in Rice Knowledge Bank

Keywords: rice brown spot disease, registered fungicides, disease severity, disease incidence

Chiang Mai Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Chiang Mai 50120 2Division of Rice Research and Development, Rice Department, Bangkok, 10900

ไดแก กรรมวิธีพนสาร chlorothalonil 50% SC อัตรา 30 มิลลิลิตร azoxystrobin 25% EC อัตรา 5 มิลลิลิตร mancozeb 80% WP อัตรา 30 กรัม difenoconazole 25% EC อัตรา 15 มิลลิลิตร propiconazole 25% EC อัตรา 30 มิลลิลิตร cyproconazole 10% SL อัตรา 10 มิลลิลิตร และ tebuconazole 25% EW อัตรา 10 มิลลิลิตร ตอ น้ํา 20 ลิตร

Efficacy of Fungicides for Control Rust Disease on Yard long Bean Cause of Uromyce phaseoli var. vignae

ABSTRACT

Yard long bean rust disease caused by Uromyce phaseoli var. vignae. is the major problem of yard long bean which leaf blight, fallen leaves and reduces both its quality and yield. The purpose of this research was to study the efficacy of fungicides and their application rates for controlling rust disease to be used as a recommendation for the correct and appropriate prevention of rust disease in yard long beans. This experiment was conducted on farmer's orchard at Don Rae Subdistrict, Mueang District, Ratchaburi Province, December 2019 January 2020 and Don Rae Subdistrict, Mueang District, Ratchaburi Province, December 2019 January 2020 The experiment was designed in RCB with 8 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were the applications chlorothalonil 50% SC at the rate 30 ml, azoxystrobin 25 SC at the rate 5 ml, mancozeb 80% WP at the rate 30 g, difenoconazole 25% EC at the rate 15 ml, propiconazole 10% EC at the rate 30 ml, cyproconazole 10% SL at the rate 10 ml, tebuconazole 25% EW at the rate 10 ml/ 20 L of water, while the control treatment was spray water. Spray the with backpack pressure sprayer every 5 days 4 times. The severity of disease was randomly evaluated for 20 leaves per plot before the experimental spray and after the last spray at 5 and 10 days. The results indicated that every application has percentage severity index less than are significantly different with control treatment was spray water. The most effective application control for rust disease already sprayed 4 times, which are tebuconazole 25% EW, azoxystrobin 25% SC L with cost of 72 90 and 156 195 baht/rai/application respectively. The application difenoconazole 25% EC were moderately effective for controlling rust disease with cost of 116 4 145 5 baht/rai/application

Keywords: rust disease, yard long bean, fungicide

Noppon Sathayasai, Warangkana Chotsetthee Hataipat Jessadarom Pest Management Group,Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

Efficacy of Fungicides for Controlling Rice Seedling Rot Disease

Duangkamon Boonchuay1 Chaninphat Thongrod1 Jiraporn Jaengpradit1 Wanporn Khemmuk2

1

Chai Nat Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Chai Nat 17000 2Division of rice research and development, Rice Department, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

Rice cultivation with a seedling transplanting machine is often destroyed by pathogenic fungi such as Curvularia lunata, Bipolaris oryzae, and Fusarium spp. The rice seedlings are infected with fungi causing abnormal seedlings such as stunted or tall thin stems, pale yellow leaves, rotten seedlings at the base, roots, or whole plant rot This leads to the infected seedlings being unsuitable for transplanting. This research aimed to screen effective fungicides registered by the Department of Agriculture and select the proper methods for controlling rice seedling rot disease. Initially, twenty fungicides were tested to inhibit fungal growth causing seedling rot disease, including B. oryzae, C. lunata, F. semitectum, and F. fujikoroi, in laboratory conditions using poisoned food technique on potato dextrose agar and selected the effective fungicide, which had inhibition of mycelial growth of more than 80% and a broad spectrum of activity against pathogenic fungi. Additionally, it did not affect the laboratory's seed germination and seedling growth Then, the efficacy of fungicides to control seedling rot disease of RD41rice variety (fungus infected seed) was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. The results found that the soaking seeds with epoxiconazole 7.5% W/V EC, flusilazole 40 % W/V EC and soaking or spraying seeds with mancozeb+metalaxly M 68% WG showed the high effective disease control and did not show statistically different. Followed by soaking seeds with tebuconazole 25% W/V EW and soaking seeds with azoxystrobin+ tebuconazole 12%+20%. W/V SC, respectively and significantly different from the control (water), which had the highest disease incidence (68.07%). These fungicides were able to reduce disease incidence by 57.60 77.70 %

Keywords: Rice seedling rot disease, Fungicides, Fungi, Rice seedling tray

KK07 370, KK06 537, KK05 643, KK07 241, KK08 091, KK09 599, KK07 050, KK08 053, KK08 081, KK08 075, KK06 441, KK08 570, KK08 051, KK09 0358, KK09 0844, KK09 0857, KK09 0939, KK 3/E09 1, KK09 1155, KK10 226, KK11 443, KK11 621, KK11 650, KK08 418, KK12R 103, KK13 203, KK13 114, KK13 171, KK13 470, KK12R 062, KK13 330, KK12R 085, KK12R 076, KK12R 087 และ KK12R 038

The Reaction of Promising Sugarcane Clones to Red Rot Wilt Diseases

ABSTRACT

The objective of this experiment was to study the reaction of sugarcane red rot wilt disease. This experiment was conducted at Khon Kaen Field Crop Research Center, during 2018 2021, plan an experiment in RCBD with 3 replications, comparing with Khon Kaen 3, K92 11 K84 200 Utong 1 and Utong 3 with 57 promising clones. The result showed that the pathogenesis was statistically significant difference, 35 promising clones were found to be resistant and moderately resistant. The selected clones were taken for plant certifying agencies, namely KK07 370, KK06 537, KK05 643, KK07 241, KK08 091, KK09 599, KK07 050, KK08 053, KK08 081, KK08 075, KK06 441, KK08 570, KK08 051, KK09 0358, KK09 0844, KK09 0857, KK09 0939, KK 3/E09 1, KK09 1155, KK10 226, KK11 443, KK11 621, KK11 650, KK08 418, KK12R 103, KK13 203, KK13 114, KK13 171, KK13 470, KK12R 062, KK13 330, KK12R 085, KK12R 076, KK12R 087 and KK12R 038

Keywords: sugarcane, red rot wilt diseases

Mattana Wanitch Sangdaun Chanachai Piyarat Jangpol

Khon Kaen Field Crops Research Center, Department of Agriculture, Khon Kaen 40000

Encapsulation

1

of Jicama’s Extract by Freeze drying Technique for Controlling of Agricultural Pests

Prapassorn Bussaman 1 Paweena Rattanasena 2 Chirayu Sa uth3

Biological Control Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150 2Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phranakhon Si Ayutthaya Rajabhat University, Phranakhon Si Ayutthaya 13000 3Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajabhat Rajanagarindra University, Chachoengsao 24000

ABSTRACT

Jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban) has mature seeds that are toxic to several agricultural pests. This research aimed to study the inhibitory efficacy of the extract derived from jicama’s mature seeds for controlling 4 plant pathogenic fungi, including Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc., Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, Fusarium oxysporum Schechtendahl และ Phytophthora spp. and also mushroom mite (Luciaphorus perniciosus Rack). Jicama’s mature seeds were extracted using distilled water and microwave heating and then encapsulated by freeze drying technique with 3 cryoprotectants, including maltodextrin, whey protein, and gum arabic. The results showed that jicama extract encapsulated with whey protein at 2% (w/v) and above could effectively inhibit all 4 pathogenic fungi despite being stored at 4C for 1 month, and it caused the highest antifungal efficacy at 94 67%, which was comparable to carbendazim at 0.005% at the significant level of 0.05. For acaricidal efficacy, the results showed that jicama extract encapsulated with gum arabic at 3% (w/v) could cause the highest death rate of mushroom mites at 97 78%, followed by jicama extract encapsulated with whey protein that caused 94 44%; both of which were comparable to propargite at 0.005% at the significant level of 0.05. These results suggested that jicama extract encapsulated with whey protein was the most suitable formula since it could maintain the efficacy against pathogenic fungi and mushroom mites even though it was kept under storage conditions for 1 month.

Keywords: Extract, Jicama seed, Freeze drying, Plant pathogenic fungi, Mushroom mite

Taxonomy of Root Mealybug in the Family Rhizoecidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Thailand

Chamaiporn Buamas Yuvarin boontop Charuwat Taekul Sunadda Chaovalit Sitisirodom Kawsawat

Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

There are several families of subterranean mealybug but the most common family is Rhizoecidae (root mealybug or ground mealybug). This family only found in the soil and very small. Moreover, there are feed on the roots of host plants. The objective of this study was to identify species, host plants and distribution in Thailand. The study was conducted between October 2019 and September 2021. Survey and specimen collecting were carried out from various agricultural crops across Thailand. The ninety five collected samples were made permanent slides and identified species. The total of three genera and three identified species are revealed: 1) Geococcus coffeae Green 2) Rhizoecus americanus (Hambleton) 3) Ripersiella saintpauliae (Williams) and has provided key. All specimens from this research collect at Insect Museum, Department of Agriculture to improve a database of insect pests in Thailand. In addition, can be used as a key for inspection of various plants that are imported with planting material. In order to prevent alien pest species and prepare the most suitable method to management.

Keywords: root mealybug, ground mealybug, subteranian mealybug, Rhizoecidae

ในขณะที่หนอนมวนใบถั่ว Archips micaceana Walker หนอนกระทูผัก Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) และหนอนเจาะสมอฝาย Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) เปนแมลงที่พบไมบอยครั้งแตสรางความเสียหายรุนแรงจากการกัดกินใบและชอดอก สําหรับ ระดับความเสียหายจากแมลงแตละชนิดจําเปนตองมีการศึกษาเพิ่มเติมเพื่อใหไดขอมูลที่ถูกตอง

Insect Pests on Hemp, Cannabis sativa L., in Thailand

Yuvarin

ABSTRACT

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a new economic crop in Thailand, where it is increasingly cultivated for medical and industrial purposes. At present, Thai farmers lack experience with hemp production and the necessary scientific insights are missing to implement integrated pest management (IPM). In this study, we describe the prevailing insect pests in greenhouse grown hemp crops in Thailand. Specimens were collected from hemp plantations across Thailand between October 2021 August 2022, and were identified using morphological features. A total of 24 insect pests were identified. The important species are: Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, Caliothrips phaseoli Hood, Thrips palmi Karny, Phorodon cannabis Passerini, Aphis gossypii Glover, Ferrisia virgate Cockerell and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) were the most common sap sucking pests. Moreover, Soybean leafroller; Archips micaceana Walker, common cutworm; Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) and cotton bollworm; Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) were chewing pests that is infrequent, has demonstrated greatest potential for crop injury, being particularly damaging to Leaves and flower buds. While the extent of pest induced crop damage appears to be minimal, further in depth study is needed. While the extent of pest induced crop damage appears to be minimal, further in depth study is needed. Our exploratory survey of the most common (crop feeding and beneficial) insects associated with hemp in Thailand provides a basis for the future development and implementation of IPM strategies and biological control tactics in this crop.

Keywords: Cannabis sativa, hemp, insect pests, biological control, integrated pest management

Sunadda Chaovalit Charuwat Taekul Ploychompoo Konvipasruang

boontop Chamaiporn Buamas Ittipon Bannakan Kessuda sonsiri Artit Rukkasikorn Sitisirodom Kawsawat Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) ในไมโทคอนเดรีย (500 600 คูเบส) พบวาเพลี้ยจักจั่นศัตรูขาวคอนขางมีความ

(hd = 0.5302 0.7650) ยกเวนเพลี้ยจักจั่น Stirellus มีความหลากหลาย

Phylogenetic and Haplotype Network Analyses based on Mitochondrial COI Gene Sequences of Leafhoppers in Thailand

Jintana Chaiwong1 Jirapong Jairin1 Phikul Leelagud2 Kunlayaa Boonsa nga 3 Ploypilin Thanikkul1 Wanporn Khemmuk1 Pakorn Paoteerasarn1 Apiradee Manasuwanphol3 Witchayut Preecha1 Tanadol Khairak1 1Division of Rice Research and Development, Rice Department, Bangkok 10900 2Ubon Ratchathani Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Ubon Ratchathani 34000 3Chiang Rai Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Chiang Rai 57120

ABSTRACT

Several species of leafhoppers are the major rice pests in all rice ecosystems of Thailand. Leafhoppers cause direct damage by sucking the sap of rice plants and can also cause indirect damage by spreading virus diseases on rice. Analysis of genetic variation, evolutionary relationship, and the haplotype network of rice leafhoppers are the basic information necessary for leafhopper control. However, there is no study in Thailand. This study aimed to examine genetic diversity and verify the evolutionary relationship of five leafhopper species, i.e., green leafhopper (Nephotettix virescens, N. nigropictus), white leafhopper (Cofana spectra), small white leafhopper (C. Unimaculata), zigzag leafhopper (Recilia dorsalis), and leafhopper of the genus Stirellus. The leafhoppers were collected from the rice fields in 28 provinces. Variability analysis of partial nucleotide sequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes in mitochondria (500 600 base pairs) revealed that the rice leafhopper was quite diverse. There was a high haplotype diversity (hd = 0.5302 0.7650) among these five leafhoppers, except for the leafhopper Stirellus which had relatively low haplotype diversity (hd = 0.4231). The mitochondrial COI gene sequences in each haplotype of leafhoppers are deposited at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), which would be useful for further study. In addition, this may lead to an understanding of the origin and migration of rice leafhoppers in rice planting areas in Thailand and Southeast Asia.

Keywords: rice, leafhoppers, genetic variation, haplotype network, COI gene

Effects of Cold Plasma on Mortality of Adult of Rice Weevil

Supaphorn Morncharn1 Tinnakorn Lamchoo1 Jirapong Sornsakdanuphap2 Eak artit Ritdachyeng1 1Program in Agro industrial Biotechnology, Maejo University Phrae Campus,Phrae 54140 2

ABSTRACT

The objective was to study the effects of cold plasma on mortality of adult of S. oryzae. The treatments were arranged in a factorial in completely randomized design (CRD) with 2 factors as distance between the nozzle of discharge plasma and the insects, and exposure time with 3 replicated on 30 adults. The mortality rates were collected after exposure. The results showed that cold plasma affected this insect in the adult stage by way of the existence of mortality in experimental groups which showed significantly higher rates (P < 0.05) when compared with control group. After the treatment of cold plasma at 4 cm distance for 30, 60, 90 and 120 second and at 8 cm distance for 120 second, the results showed the highest mortality rate with 100%. In addition, after the treatment of cold plasma directly to insects rearing in rice at 4 cm distance for 30, 60, 90 and 120 second, the mortality found 10 00±3 33, 8 89±1 92, 11 11±1 92 and 17 78±5 09%. At 8 cm distance, the mortality found 1 11±1 92, 5 86±1 92 and 6 67±0 00% after exposed to cold plasma for 60, 90 and 120 second, respectively. Moreover, the results indicated that mortality rate increased when exposed to longer time. However, mortality rate decreases with longer distance between the nozzle of discharge plasma and the insects. Comparison of argon/helium generated cold plasma, higher mortality rate was observed in helium plasma than argon plasma after exposure.

Keywords: rice weevil, cold plasma, argon, helium, mortality

Program in Basic Science, Maejo University Phrae Campus, Phrae 54140

Anthocoridae)

Effectiveness of Anthocorid Predator, Cardiastethus exiguus Poppius (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), for Controlling Papaya Thrips, Thrips parvispinus (Karny) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on Tomato under the Greenhouse

Athitiya Kaewpradit Weerachai Somsri Nutthinee Sirimajan, Itipon Banagan Naphacharakorn Ta Phaisach Wimolwan Chotiwong Ploychompoo Kornvipartreang

Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

The papaya thrips, Thrips parvispinus, is one of the important pests in the production of the cherry tomato in the greenhouse for fresh consumption, thus necessitating a study to control it by using the anthocorid predator, Cardiastethus exiguus. The study objective is to test the effectiveness of C. exiguus in the control of T. parvispinus in the greenhouse from April 2020 to September 2021. The trials were carried out at the Plant Protection Research and Development laboratory, Department of Agriculture in Bangkok and at the Agricultural Product Production Optimization Learning Center (Network), Chorakhe Samphan Subdistrict, U Thong District, Suphan Buri Province. The feeding efficiency test at the Plant Protection Research and Development laboratory was carried out using CRD with 3 treatments consisting of Treatment 1 Release with adult predators; Treatment 2 Release with the third instar nymphs; and Treatment 3 Release with the fourth instar nymphs, with 10 replications. It showed that the releases of the fourth instar nymphs and adults could consume 11.7 and 12.9 thrips per day, respectively with no significant statistical difference, and higher than those using the third instar nymphs. Additional test using CRD with 6 treatments and 4 replications showed that by releasing the fourth instar nymphs per 15 30 thrips per plant they could consume a large number of thrips with significant statistical difference. Further test was then carried out in the producer’s greenhouse at U Thong District, Suphan Buri Province to compare its efficiency. The treatments were no release and release of 2,000 predators per week starting from transplanting of tomato seedlings until harvest in the greenhouse for 12 weeks. The results showed that with the release of the predator the thrips population was significantly lower and yielded 185.2 kg of tomato while the no release one yielded only 86.8 kg of tomato.

Keywords: Cardiastethus exiguus, feeding efficiency, papaya thrips, Thrips parvispinus, cherry tomato

The Efficiency of Water soluble Granular Soap Nut Tree (Sapindus rarak DC.) Pericarp Extract in Controlling of Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea sp.)

1

ABSTRACT

The study aimed to develop a prototype and determine the most effective concentration of the granular water soluble pericarp extract from soap nut tree (Sapindus rarak DC.) against the golden apple snail (Pomacea sp.), with minimal impact on other aquatic animals. The extract was prepared using soap nut tree dried pericarps in 95% methanol and formulated in granule water soluble tablets containing 1 gram. The formulation was tested against the golden apple snail in a randomized complete block (RCB) experimental design with four replications and six treatments. This experiment selected the four most effective treatments to compare with the treatment with tea seed powder and the negative control (untreated). The efficiency tests were conducted in 3x5 meters rice field plots from October 2019 to May 2022 at Chiang Rai Rice Research Center, and the toxicity of the extracts was tested on the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). The result showed that 72 hours after being treated with the granule 2 kg/rai, the snail mortality was 80%, with a significant difference from the control. However, it was not different from the tea seed powder that caused the death of 93.3% of the apple snails. As for the effects on aquatic animals, it was found that 24 hours after being treated with the granule 3 kg/rai was 30% and significantly to tea seed powder (100%). The efficiency test in experimental fields in seven days after being treated with the granule 3 kg/rai, the mortality of apple snails were not significantly different to tea seed powder (P≤0.05).

Keywords: golden apple snail, soap nut tree, water soluble granular, rice

Urassaya Kuanruen 1 Chatchai Boonnan1 Thasdaw Katenate2

Division of Rice Research and Development, Rice Department, Bangkok 10900 2Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

S6 ที่ระดับความเขมขน 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 และ 0.3 กรัม/น้ํา 8 ลิตร ที่ระยะเวลาหลังจากใสสารสกัด 7, 24, 48, 72 และ 96 ชั่วโมง พบวาที่ระดับความ เขมขน 0.2 และ 0.3 กรัม/น้ํา 8 ลิตร สามารถทําใหหอยทดลองตายได 100% และ 93.34%

Isolation and Chromatographic Characterization of Molluscicidal Saponins from Soapberry (Sapindus emarginatus) Extract Against Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea sp.)

Poachanee Norfun1 Urassaya Kuanruen 2 Vichan Watthanakaiwan3 1

Agricultural Production Sciences Research and Development Division, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900 2Chiang Rai Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Chiang Rai 57120 3

Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

Soapberry (Sapindus emarginatus) is one of the most important sources of saponins known as a natural molluscicide against the golden apple snail (Pomacea sp.). The development of biomolluscicides is of great interest for pest control to avoid the environmental impact caused by synthetic molluscicides. The present study is based on the extraction and isolation of saponin with molluscicidal activity from soapberry. First, the extraction of soapberry was done by maceration with methanol. The methanol crude extract was then fractionated by column chromatography. The collected fractions were measured by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). The fractions with similar HPTLC fingerprint profiles were recombined to yield seven major fractions (S1 S7), which were analyzed under laboratory conditions for their molluscicidal activity on golden apple snails. Bioassay data showed that fraction S6 had the highest molluscicidal activities due to the presence of saponins. The result of the mortality rate of golden apple snail exposed to different concentrations of fraction S6 showed that the percentage mortality of golden apple snail at the concentrations of 0.2 and 0.3 g/8 L of water were 100% and 93.34% within 96 and 72 hours after treatment, respectively. The HPTLC fingerprint profile of the bioactive saponin found in the soapberry extract was observed with Rf value of 0.18. Finally, fraction S6 was re isolated to obtain the purified saponin, which was used as a saponin marker for quality control of raw materials, extracts, and products from soapberry.

Keywords: Soapberry (Sapindus emarginatus), Golden Apple Snails (Pomacea sp.), saponin

50 มล /น้ํา 20 ลิตร, สารเคมี indoxacarb 15% EC เดี่ยวอัตรา 60 มล./น้ํา 20 ลิตร เปนกรรมวิธีเปรียบเทียบ และไมพนสารเคมี เปน

Application of Nanopesticide Formulation of Sweet flag (Acorus Calamus L.) and Derris (Derris Elliptica Benth.) Extracts

Alternated with Indoxacarb for Controlling Diamondback moth; Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus)

Suthisa Ngoenrueangrot1 Laksamee Dachanuraknukul1 Sasima Mungnimitr1 Malliga Thongkheaw1 Pasinee Chaichana1 Poachanee Norfun1 Thitiyaporn Udomsilp1 Somsak Siriphontangmun2 Nongpanga Olsen3

1Agricultural Production Sciences Research and Development Division, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900 2Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900 3Office of Agricultural and Development Region 1, Department of Agriculture, Chiangmai 50100

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to reduce chemical pesticide use by using nano formulated pesticides containing sweet flag and derris in combination with indoxacarb to control the Diamondback moth; Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) in broccoli, Chinese. This trial was conducted between June and November 2021 in two broccoli, Chinese fields in Kanchanaburi province and Nakhon Pathom province. The trial was designed as a randomized complete block with 6 treatments and 4 replicates. The treatments were conducted with the nano formulated pesticides at a rate of 50 mL/ 20 L of water, indoxacarb 15% EC at a rate of 60 mL/ 20 L of water switch nano formulated pesticides at a rate of 50 mL/ 20 L of water, indoxacarb 15% EC at a rate of 60 mL/ 20 L of water and water as control. The result showed that indoxacarb switch nano formulated pesticides were effective in controlling diamondback moth compared to indoxacarb. The results support the use of chemical pesticides in combination with botanical pesticides to reduce chemical use and reduce risks to human health and the environment.

Keywords: Indoxacarb, Sweet flag, Derris, Nanopesticide, Diamonกback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus)

bifenazate 48% SC (IRAC 20D), cyflumetofen 20% SC (IRAC 25A), tebufenpyrad 36% EC (IRAC 21A), spiromesifen 24% SC (IRAC 23) และ fenpyroximate 5% SC (IRAC 21A) นําสารกําจัดไรที่มีประสิทธิภาพมากกวา 70

Selection and Rotation Programs of Acaricides for Controlling

Two

Spotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch on Strawberry

Naphacharakorn Ta Phaisach1 Srijumnun Srijuntra1 Atcharabhorn Prasoetphon2 Ploychompoo Konvipartreang1 Athitiya Kaewpradit1 Wimolwan Chotwong1 Weerachai Somsri1

1 Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900 2Kanchanaburi Provincial Agricultural Extension Office, Department of Agricultural Extension, Kanchanaburi 71000

ABSTRACT

The luminescent mushroom "Sirin Ratsamee", a royal given name from Princes Maha Chakri Sirindhorn was firstly reported from the mushroom diversity study in Plant Genetic Conservation Project of the area Khok Phu Taka, Amphoe Wiang Kao, Khon Kaen province. The objective of this study is to apply the luminescent mushroom to control root knot disease of potato caused by Meloidogyne incognita in Agricultural Experiment Station at Phop Phra, Agricultural Research and Development Center., Tak province. The experiment comprised 7 treatments, 4 replications and using randomized complete block design (RCB). Ninety days after planting, the potato tubers were harvested from the 2 middle rows of each plot and evaluated on percentage of disease incidence, percent of wart tubers and tuber weight. The result revealed that all treatments using luminescent mushroom spawn infested in the soil before planting, expressed an efficient control and reduced disease incidence. In particular, application of luminescent mushroom 45 g/plant gave rise to low disease incidence of 0.2% and wart percentage of 0.54%. The treatment with the mushroom 40 g/plant was also effective to control the disease (1% disease incidence and 1.08% wart percentage). Both treatments were highly significantly different to no use of N. nambi (control treatment) showing disease 67% incidence and 28.63% wart percentage. For tuber yield evaluation, the highest tuber yield (16 kg/plot) was obtained by application of the mushroom with the rate 45 g/plant but not significantly different (P<0.01) to the rate of 40 g/plant (tuber yield 15.53 kg/plot). Whereas no use of the mushroom derived tuber yield only 6.7 kg/plot. This study demonstrates on the efficiency of Sirin Ratsamee mushroom for control root knot nematodes on potatoes.

Keywords: two spotted spider mite, acaricides mode of action, acaricides resistance, strawberry pests

spinetoram (กลุม 5) 1 ครั้ง ตามดวย imidacloprid (กลุม 4A) 1 ครั้ง ตามดวย emamectin benzoate (กลุม 6) 3 ครั้ง ตามดวย fipronil (กลุม 2B) 3 ครั้ง สามารถควบคุมจํานวนเพลี้ยไฟให มีระดับต่ําเฉลี่ย 1.7 9.0 ตัว/ยอด และ 0.2 1.9 ตัว/ยอด ในป 2562 และ 2563 ตามลําดับ ซึ่งนอยกวาและ แตกตางอยางมีนัยสําคัญทางสถิติกับกรรมวิธีการพนสารของเกษตรกรที่ควบคุมเพลี้ยไฟไดเฉลี่ยเพียง

Insecticide Rotation for Controlling Chili Thrips Damaging Lime

ABSTRACT

Insecticide resistance problem in Chili thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, damaging lime can be solved by using insecticide rotation. The objective of this experiment was to test insecticide rotation patterns for controlling Chili thrips in lime. The experiments were conducted in farmer’s lime plantations at Doem Bang Nang Buat and Si Prachan district, Suphan Buri province in year 2019 2020. Four insecticide rotation patterns were tested using different insecticide groups showing high and moderate efficacy and number of thrips were counted every 5 days. The result pointed that all rotation spraying patterns tested gave good result for controlling thrips in lime which were significantly better than that of farmer’s spraying practice. The spraying pattern of spinetoram (group 5) 1 time followed by imidacloprid (group 4A) 1 time followed by emamectin benzoate (group 6) 3 times followed by fipronil (group 2B) 3 times can control thrips population as low as 1.7 9.0 insects/shoot and 0.2 1.9 insects/shoot in year 2019 and 2020, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of farmer’s spraying practice which were 3.6 15.6 insects/shoot and 0.8 4.0 insects/shoot. The average cost of this spraying pattern was 13.4 Baht/plant/15 day period which was lower than those of other rotation spraying patterns tested. Using proper insecticide rotation pattern can effectively control chili thrips in lime and reduce insecticide resistance problem in the future.

Keywords: Insecticide rotation, insecticide resistance management, insecticide resistance, thrips in lime, chili thrips.

Srijumnun Srijuntra Somsak Siripontangmun Suprada Sukonthabhirom na Pattalung Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

emamectin benzoate ในคะนาโดยเทคนิค Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC MS/MS) มีคาLimit of Quantitation (LOQ) เทากับ 0.005 มิลลิกรัมตอกิโลกรัม

Pesticide Residue Trial of Emamectin Benzoate in Chinese Kale to Establish Maximum Residue Limit [MRL]

ABSTRACT

The study on the emamectin benzoate in Chinese kale after the use of pesticide according to Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) was conducted through 6 supervised field trials in accordance with the FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 225. The first supervised field trial conducted February April, 2017 in Saraburi province the second supervised field trial conducted June August, 2017 in Nakhon Pathom province the third supervised field trial conducted March May, 2018 in Nakhon Pathom province the fourth supervised field trial conducted March April, 2018 in Supanburi province the fifth supervised field trial conducted December, 2018 February, 2019 in Nakhon Pathom province and the sixth supervised field trial conducted March April, 2019 in Kanchanaburi province. Emamectin benzoate 15% w/v EC with concentration of 20 ml/20 liter of water was sprayed weekly for 2 times. Later, random samples of whole plants were taken from plot for analysis at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days after the final application of pesticide. For this study, all samples were analyzed by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC MS/MS). The Limit of Quantitation (LOQ) of emamectin benzoate in Chinese kale was 0 005 mg/kg and the set of result showed that were found of emamectin benzoate residue 0 53 mg/kg at 0 day and <LOQ at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days in Saraburi province 0 06, 0 02 and 0 01 mg/kg at 0, 1 and 3 and <LOQ 5, 7, 10, and 14 days in Nakhon Pathom province 0 30 and 0 28 mg/kg at 0 and 1 and <LOQ 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days in Supanburi province 0 43, 0 20 and 0 12 mg/kg at 0, 1 and 3 and <LOQ 5, 7, 10, and 14 days in Kanchanaburi province 0.07 and 0.01 mg/kg at 0 and 1 and <LOQ 1, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days in Nakhon Pathom province and 0 16, 0 27 and 0 13 mg/kg at 0, 1 and 3 and <LOQ 5, 7, 10, and 14 days in Kanchanaburi province.

Keywords: Emamectin benzoate, Chinese Broccoli, Chinese Kale

Chanita Thongsam Wichuta Kuanhat Weerasing Sangwan Valentine Juasakul 1Pesticide Research Group, Agricultural Production Sciences Research and Development Division, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

10% W/V OD อัตรา 30 มิลลิลิตรตอน้ํา 20 ลิตร bifenthrin 2.5% W/V EC อัตรา 30 มิลลิลิตรตอน้ํา 20 ลิตร sulfoxaflor 50% WG อัตรา 10 กรัมตอน้ํา 20 ลิตร flonicamid 50% WG อัตรา 20 กรัมตอน้ํา 20 ลิตร spirotetramat 15% W/V OD อัตรา 20 มิลลิลิตรตอ น้ํา 20 ลิตร เปรียบเทียบกับกรรมวิธีที่พนสาร buprofezin 40% W/V SC อัตรา 25 มิลลิลิตรตอน้ํา 20 ลิตร imidacloprid 70% W/V WG อัตรา 10 กรัมตอน้ํา 20 ลิตร และกรรมวิธีไมพนสาร ผลการทดลอง พบวา สารที่มีประสิทธิภาพดีที่สุดในการปองกันกําจัดแมลงหวี่ขาวยาสูบไดแก spirotetramat 15% W/V OD อัตรา 20 มิลลิลิตรตอน้ํา 20 ลิตร มีประสิทธิภาพการปองกันกําจัด 88 99% มีตนทุนการพนสาร

Efficacy

of Insecticides for Controlling Tobacco Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)) on Eggplant

Suchada Supornsin Pruetthichat Punyawattoe Nalina Chaiyasing Sirikanya Khunwiset Sunchai Phetthummaros

Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this research was to study the efficacy of insecticides and their application rates for controlling tobacco whitefly (Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)) on eggplant. This experiment was conducted on farmer's eggplant farm at Si Prachan district, Suphanburi province and Phanom Thuan district, Kanchanaburi province, during June August 2020. The experiment was designed in RCB with 8 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were the applications of cyantraniliprole 10% W/V OD at the rate of 30 ml/20 L of water, bifenthrin 2 5% W/V EC at the rate of 30 ml/20 L of water, sulfoxaflor 50% WG at the rate of 10 g./20 L of water, flonicamid 50% WG at the rate of 20 g./20 L of water, spirotetramat 15% W/V OD at the rate of 20 ml/20 L of water compared with buprofezin 40% W/V SC at the rate of 25 ml/20 L of water, imidacloprid 70% W/V WG at the rate of 10 g./20 L of water and untreated control. The results indicated that the application of spirotetramat 15% W/V OD spirotetramat 15% W/V OD at the rate of 20 ml/20 L of water which gave the best 88 99% control with cost 512 baht/rai/application The application of flonicamid 50% WG at the rate of 20 g./20 L of water and cyantraniliprole 10% W/V OD at the rate of 30 ml/20 L of water which gave good control 73 97%with cost 320 and 552 baht/rai/application, respectively. For maximum efficacy, all insecticides should be sprayed at least 2 times for every 5days. All spraying treatments showed no phytotoxic symptoms were caused by each insecticide.

Keywords: tobacco whitefly, eggplant, insecticide

kurstaki 10,600 IU/mg SC

The Efficacy of Insecticide for Controlled Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), in Tomato Cultivation Areas on Nakhon Phanom Province.

Teerathai Boonyaprapa Puangpakar Angmani

Suprada Sukonthabhirom na Pattalung Somsak Siripontangmun Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

Insecticides with high efficiency for controlling Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in Tomato : indoxacarb 15% W/V EC, lufenuron 5% W/V EC, emamectin benzoate 1.92% W/V EC, spinetoram 12% W/V SC, chlorfenapyr 10% W/V SC, chlorantraniliprole 5.17% W/V SC, and Bacillus thuriengiensis subsp. kerstaki 10,600 IU/mg SC, which is a member of the different mode of action groups. Therefore, they are suitable for rotation in the management of insecticide resistance of Cotton Bollworm and the rotational method. On tomato cultivation areas, Plapak district Nakhon Phanom province. It was found all treatments were able to prevent from Cotton Bollworm. The selection of the insecticide should be considered from the appropriate plant stage. Tomato in the vegetative phase and found Cotton bollworm destroyed can choose the method that the lower cost but high efficiency for controlling Cotton Bollworm. They were sprayed with insecticide indoxacarb 15% W/V EC twice and lufenuron 5% W/V EC twice or chlorantraniliprole 5.17% W/V SC twice and Bacillus thuriengiensis sub.kerstaki twice. Tomato in a productive period that requires strict supervision. Therefore, insecticides that should be used, such as indoxacarb 15% W/V EC twice and chlorfenapyr 10% SC twice or spinetoram 12% W/V SC twice and lufenuron 5% W/V EC twice or emamectin benzoate 1.92% W/V EC twice or lufenuron 5% EC twice, however the selection of insecticide consider to the stage of the plant, the amount of Cotton Bollworm outbreaks. Level of insecticide resistance in each cultivating areas. Appropriate selection of rotate Mode of action groups and cost price range. Make the most beneficial of insecticides and did not increase the level of insecticide resistance in Cotton Bollworm in tomatoes.

Keywords: Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), Tomato, insecticide

Survey of Spinetoram Resistance in Diamondback Moth

Suprada Sukonthabhirom na Pattalung Srijumnun Srijuntra Somsak Siripontangmun

Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Chatujak Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

Spinetoram 12% SC is insecticide mostly recommended for controlling diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., (DBM) damaging cruciferous plants. Farmers have used this insecticide repeatedly without rotation with other insecticides, causing an increase in resistance to spinetoram in DBM in many areas. The objective of this experiment was to examine spinetoram resistance in DBM from many areas. In year 2020 2021, larvae of DBM from farmer’s fields in Tha Maka and Tha Muang district, Kanchanaburi province; Lom Kao, Lom Sak and Khao Kho district, Phetchabun province; Phop Phra and Mae Sot district, Tak province; Pak Chong district, Nakhon Ratchasima province and Chiang Dao district, Chiang Mai province; were collected and reared in laboratory. Resistance testing using leaf dipping bioassay with F1 larvae was conducted. Young cabbage leaves were dipped in various concentrations of spinetoram and fed to the second to the third instars larvae. Mortality percentage after feeding for 48 hr. was recorded. The results revealed that DBM from Lom Sak district showed moderate resistance level to spinetoram and resistance factors (RF) were 45.09 45.91 folds when using the data of DBM from Chom Thong district, Chiang Mai province in year 2014 as susceptible population reference. However, DBM from other district areas, Tha Maka, Tha Muang, Lom Kao, Khao Kho, Phop Phra, Mae Sot, Pak Chong, and Chiang Dao district, showed high to very high resistance level to spinetoram and resistance factors (RF) were 55.27 368.18 folds. Rotation spraying of various insecticide groups to control DBM is highly recommended to farmers to prevent problem of increasing spinetoram resistance in DBM.

Keywords: Resistance in diamondback moth, insecticide resistance, diamondback moth

fipronil (fip, กลุม 2B), lambda cyhalothrin (lam, กลุม 3A), imidacloprid (imi, กลุม 4A), acetamiprid (ace, กลุม 4A), spinetoram (spi, กลุม 5), abamectin (aba, กลุม 6), emamectin benzoate (ema, กลุม 6), chlorfenapyr (chl, กลุม 13), และ cyantraniliprole (cya, กลุม 28)

Evaluation of Insecticide Resistance in Chili Thrips Damaging Lime

Suprada Sukonthabhirom na Pattalung Srijumnun Srijuntra Somsak Siripontangmun

Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

Insecticide resistance data in chili thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, damaging lime guides selection of proper insecticides or insecticide groups to be used in rotation scheme for retarding insecticide resistance problem in chili thrips. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate insecticide resistance in chili thrips damaging lime in various planting areas. In year 2018 2019, chili thrips from lime plantation in Mueang Kamphaeng Phet district, Kamphaeng Phet province; Mueang Chai Nat district, Chai Nat province; Si Prachan and Doem Bang Nang Buat district, Suphan Buri province and Pho Thale district, Pichit province were collected and tested in laboratory using leaf dipping method. Young lime leaves were dipped with various insecticides, fipronil (fip, gr. 2B), lambda cyhalothrin (lam, gr. 3A), imidacloprid (imi, gr. 4A), acetamiprid (ace, gr. 4A), spinetoram (spi, gr. 5), abamectin (aba, gr. 6), emamectin benzoate (ema, gr. 6), chlorfenapyr (chl, gr. 13), and cyantraniliprole (cya, gr. 28), at their recommended dose and at 2 fold of their recommended dose and then fed to the thrips. The mortality percentage was recorded after feeding for 48 hr. The results found that the insecticides which thrips showed low resistance and caused 60 100% mortality in thrips from Mueang Kamphaeng Phet district were fip, spi, ema and chl; Mueang Chai Nat district were fip, imi, spi, ema and chl; Si Prachan district were spi, ema and chl; Doem Bang Nang Buat district were fip, spi, ema and chl and Pho Thale district were spi, ema and chl. Selection of insecticides showing low resistance for using in insecticide rotation scheme in each planting area could reduce insecticide resistance problem in chili thrips damaging lime.

Keywords: Insecticide resistance, thrips in lime, chili thrips, insecticide rotation

Hemiptera Coleoptera และ Odonata ลดลงเหลือรอยละ 32.51 32.28 และ 26.45 ตามลําดับ สวนในฤดูนาป

The Effect of Insecticides Against Rice Stem Borers on Diversity of Natural Enemies in Rice Field, Ubon Ratchathani Province

Arisa Jittikornkul1 Jirapong Jairin2 Sakda Kongsila1 Kanthanawit Jaisong3 Sukanya Arunmit2

Ubon Ratchathani Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Ubon Ratchathani 34000 Rice Research and Development Division, Rice Department, Bangkok 10900 Phatthalung Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Phatthalung 93000

ABSTRACT

Rice stem borers are serious insect pests of rice production in Thailand. Insecticide application is highly effective for controlling them. However, because of the negative consequences of insecticide use, we should consider the effects of the insecticides on natural enemies for sustainable management of rice pests. This research aims to assess the effects of insecticide application against rice stem borers on the diversity of natural enemies in rice fields. The experiment was conducted at Ubon Ratchathani Rice Research Center. In the dry season, 2020, The experimental plots were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block design with four replications. Four treatments of insecticide including carbosulfan 20 % W/V EC, flubendiamide 24% W/V SC+thiacloprid 24% W/V SC, fipronil 5% W/V SC, and cyantraniliprole 10% W/V OD were used in this study. Distilled water was sprayed as a control treatment. The result found that abundant natural enemies in Hemiptera, Odonata, and Coleoptera one day before spraying (DBS) were 64.96, 20.00, and 9.05%, respectively. Fourteen days after spraying (DAS), Hemiptera, Coleoptera, and Odonata numbers accounted for 32.51, 32.28, and 26.45%, respectively. In the wet season, 2021, Hemiptera was found the most at 81.75% and decreased to 1.29% at 14 DAS. While Diptera, Odonata, and Coleoptera were found at 38.03, 37.68, and 18.61%, respectively. The results indicated that the insecticide application against rice stem borers did not affect the numbers of Coleoptera, Odonata, and Diptera, but it affected the number of Hemiptera. Therefore, a study is needed to confirm whether the decrease in insect numbers results from insecticide applications or the movement of insects in the experimental fields. The information from this study will help farmers decide and select appropriate insecticides for controlling rice stem borers with a minimal negative impact on natural enemies.

Keywords: rice, rice stem borer, natural enemies, diversity, insecticide

To Study The Impact of Oil Palm Plant Destruction Management Methods for New Palm Planting

ABSTRACT

A study on the effects from the coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB) from management of the destructive of the oil palm trees in old oil palm plantation for the new planting of the farmers. The experiment was conducted at the oil palm plantation of the farmers. From October 2016 to November 2021. The test consist 5 methods with 4 plots/method, plot size was 10 rai per plot, and 68 plants/plot were collected the data. The results from counted the number of damage palm leaves were found the method; 50% of old oil palm trees were destroyed by chopping 2 rows, leaving 2 rows apart, stacked in the plot was found the least damage palm leaves 890 lesions/4 plots, and farmers still have income from old oil palm trees in the first 2 3 years before the newly planted oil palm produces yield. As for the method of destroying the old oil palm 100% by trunk injection with herbicides and let the trees die was found the most damage palm leaves 11,652 lesions/4 plots and found throughout the data collection period

Keywords: Oil Palm, Oryctes rhinoceros (L), Pheromone of Oryctes rhinoceros (L)

Yingniyom Riyaphan Worakorn Sitthiphong Tuanjit Petcharun Suratthani Oil Palm Research Center, Department of Agriculture, Suratthani 84340

carbaryl 85% WP (1A) สาร carbosulfan 20% EC (1A) สาร dinotefuran 10% WP (4A) สาร thiacloprid 24% SC (4A) สาร imidacloprid 70% WG (4A) และสาร malathion 83% EC (1B) ผลการทดลอง พบวาสารปองกันกําจัดเพลี้ยไฟที่มีประสิทธิภาพหลังการพนสารที่ 7 และ 14 วัน ไดแก สาร dinotefuran 10% WP (4A) สาร carbosulfan 20% EC (1A) สาร thiacloprid 24% SC (4A) สาร malathion 83% EC (1B) สาร carbaryl 85% WP (1A) และสาร imidacloprid 70% WG (4A) ตามลําดับ เมื่อพิจารณาถึง ประสิทธิภาพและราคาของสารปองกันกําจัดเพลี้ยไฟ พบวา สาร carbaryl 85% WP (1A) สาร thiacloprid 24% SC (4A) สาร carbosulfan 20% EC (1A) สาร malathion 83% EC (1B) และสาร dinotefuran 10% WP (4A) เปนสารที่มีราคาต่ําที่สุด

Effects of Spraying Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (Drones) on Thrips Control in Chiang Rai Province

Kunlayaa Boonsa nga 1 Sukanya Arunmit2 Apiradee Manasuwanphol1 Somruedee Panson1 Jirapat Thasee1 Piyapan Srikoom1 1Chiang Rai Rice Research Center, Rice Department, Chiang Rai 57120 2Division of Rice Research and Development, Rice Department, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

Efficacy of the unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) for spraying pesticides was tested in order to gain knowledge and develop the used of unmanned aerial vehicles for rice protection. Experiments were carried out in rice fields under the rice thrips outbreaks reaching the economic threshold level (ETL) at Phan district, Chiang Rai province. The agricultural drone model DJI MG 1P by using the recommended application rate of the chemicals per 3 liters of water per rai, flying height at 2 meters above the rice plants. The experimental design was randomized complete block (RCB), sub plots size 10x20 meters, distance between plots 10 meters, having 7 treatments (carbaryl 85% WP (1A) carbosulfan 20% EC (1A) dinotefuran 10% WP (4A) thiacloprid 24% SC (4A) imidacloprid 70% WG (4A) malathion 83% EC (1B) and water (control)) with 3 repetitions. For considering the efficacy and cost of the insecticides after 7 and 14 days of spraying, the results showed that carbaryl 85% WP (1A) thiacloprid 24% SC (4A) carbosulfan 20% EC (1A) malathion 83% EC (1B) and dinotefuran 10% WP (4A) had the lowest priced with effective for controlling rice thrips as high as 79 12 92 26 93 96 80 90 and 97 03%, respectively. Therefore, under outbreak situation of rice thrips carbaryl 85% WP (1A) malathion 83% EC (1B) and dinotefuran 10% WP (4A) should be recommended to farmers and spraying contractors to choose for effective disposal and reduced production costs.

Keywords: rice, thrips, unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), insecticides

UAV Applications for Survey and Brown Planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)) Damage Evaluation in Paddy Fields

Ploypilin Thanikkul Jintana Chaiwong Pakorn Paoteerasarn Witchayut Preecha Tanadol Khairak Nittaya Ruensuk1 Division of Rice Research and Development, Rice Department, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

The increasing world population and the climate changes around the world are the agricultural challenges leading to improvement of new technologies and innovations for efficient agricultural productions in order to meet the growing demand for food and agricultural products Currently, the widely popular technology is remote sensing connected with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Hence, the aim of this research was to compare the use of UAV with ground truth in term of survey and assessing the infestation of brown planthopper (BPH) in rice fields The spatial resolution of UAV images that distinguished healthy plants from the BPH damaged, correlation between the vegetation index (NDVI) and the damage on rice from BPH infestations were investigated in 2020 at Pathum Thani Rice Research Center and in 2021 at Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Rice Research Center. The results showed that the NDVI value analyzed from aerial photos data at a high resolution of 1 and 2 centimeters per pixel in a time series could discriminate healthy rice plants from the BPH infested plants. In addition, we found that the vegetation index was decreased when plants showed the sign of hopper burn which was consistent with the manual measured ground truth data Therefore, the UAV was able to initially assess the degree and damaged area caused by BPH in the field conditions Further researches are needed to develop UAV applications for additional monitoring of the outbreak of BPH in rice field

Keywords: rice, brown planthopper (BPH), Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), remote sensing, vegetation index (NDVI)

flubendiamide + thiacloprid 24% + 24% SC ที่อัตรา 30 มล./ไร (100% ของอัตราที่แนะนํา); 2) flubendiamide + thiacloprid 24% + 24% SC ที่ขนาด 30 มล./ไร (100% ของอัตราที่แนะนํา) บวกสาร KAO ADJUVANT A 200 ที่ อัตรา 20 กรัม/ลิตร; 3) flubendiamide + thiacloprid 24% + 24% SC ที่อัตรา 21 มล./ไร (70% ของ อัตราที่แนะนํา) บวกสาร KAO ADJUVANT A 200 ที่อัตรา 20 กรัม/ลิตร; 4) flubendiamide + thiacloprid 24% + 24% SC ที่อัตรา 15 มล./ไร (50% ของอัตราที่แนะนํา) บวกสาร KAO ADJUVANT A 200 ที่อัตรา 20 กรัม/ลิตร; 5) flubendiamide + thiacloprid 24% + 24% SC ที่อัตรา 9 มล./ไร (30% ของอัตราที่แนะนํา) บวกสาร KAO ADJUVANT A 200 ที่อัตรา 20 กรัม/ลิตร; 6) พนดวยเครื่องพน สารสะพายหลังแบบแรงดันน้ําสูง ที่อัตรา 60 ลิตร/ไร โดยใชสาร flubendiamide + thiacloprid 24% + 24% SC ที่อัตรา 30 มล./ไร (100% ของอัตราที่แนะนํา) และ 7) กรรมวิธีไมพนสาร ผลการทดลองพบวา การพนดวยเครื่อง FAZER โดยใชสาร flubendiamide + thiacloprid 24% + 24% SC ในอัตรา 21 มล./ไร (70% ของอัตราที่แนะนํา) รวมกับ KAO ADJUVANT

Effect of KAO ADJUVANT A 200 Spray Adjuvant on the Control Efficacy of the FAZER Helicopter UAV in Controlling Rice Stem Borers in Paddy Fields

Benjawan Potjanavatee Sasinard Kaewkrachang Thanatporn Seephai Taiki Yoshino Yohei Yoshikawa

Kao Industrial (Thailand) Co., Ltd., Chonburi 20000

ABSTRACT

The efficacy of the KAO ADJUVANT A 200 spray adjuvant on the FAZER helicopter UAV in controlling rice stem borers in the paddy fields is investigated in Suphanburi Province from August to November 2021. Seven different treatments are purposed: 1) FAZERs at the rate of 2.56 L/rai applying flubendiamide + thiacloprid 24% + 24% SC at a dose of 30 ml/rai (100% of the recommended rate); 2) flubendiamide + thiacloprid 24% + 24% SC at a dose of 30 ml/rai (100% of the recommended rate) plus KAO ADJUVANT A 200 at a dose of 20g/L; 3) flubendiamide + thiacloprid 24% + 24% SC at a dose of 21 ml/rai (70% of the recommended rate) plus KAO ADJUVANT A 200 at a dose of 20g/L; 4) flubendiamide + thiacloprid 24% + 24% SC at a dose of 15 ml/rai (50% of the recommended rate) plus KAO ADJUVANT A 200 at a dose of 20g/L; 5) flubendiamide + thiacloprid 24% + 24% SC at a dose of 9 ml/rai (30% of the recommended ratee) plus KAO ADJUVANT A 200 at a dose of 20g/L; 6) Knapsack sprayer at the rate 60 L/rai applying flubendiamide+thiacloprid 24% + 24% SC at a dose of 30 ml/rai (100% of the recommended rate) and untreated control. The results indicate that a FAZER applying flubendiamide+thiacloprid 24%+24% SC at a dose of 21 ml/rai (70% of the recommended rate) plus KAO ADJUVANT A 200 at a dose of 20g/L is proven to be equally effective in controlling rice stem borers as FAZER and knapsack sprayers at the full rate. This research reveals that the KAO ADJUVANT A 200 spray adjuvant provides an interesting alternative for improving the efficiency of UAV spraying in Thailand.

Keywords: FAZER helicopter UAV, KAO ADJUVANT A 200 spray adjuvant, Rice stem borer

Early Warning System Development of Brontispa longissima Gestro Outbreak

Walaiporn Sasiprapa1 Yingniyom Riyapan2 1Information Technology Center, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900 2Suratthani Oil Palm Research Center, Department of Agriculture, Suratthani 84340

ABSTRACT

Development of early warning system for Brontispa longissima Gestro outbreak, gather data by survey that covered both the outbreak and non outbreak periods, and gather long term environmental data from 10 key fields on Samui Island, Surat Thani province. The involved factors had been analyzed for early warning conditions that are suitable for outbreaks and design predicted models to forecasting 1 month forward. Supervised machine learning based model, the k nearest neighborhood (K NN) was used to apply with B. longissima population, destroying percentage of first leaf, rainfall, maximum minimum temperature and relative humidity to predicted outbreak. The findings indicated that K=1 has the highest accuracy, precision and specificity values. Therefore, in order to developed an early warning system for B. longissima outbreak through the internet, a prediction model that requires the fewest input data from the field was chosen. The system is designed to be flexible to modify the prediction model from new datasets, historical daily weather data and visual first leaf destructive available at https://fc.doa.go.th/pest. The results can be used as information for decision making on further warning.

Keywords: coconut, Brontispa longissima Gestro, early warning system

difference vegetation index,

Using Digital Image Analysis to Quantify External Damage by Mite in Cassava

ABSTRACT

Mites are a major pest of cassava, feeding on fluids from the leaves and causing chlorophyll loss, as seen by the spots visible on the leaves. The image processing was utilized to estimate the extent of the mite infestation on cassava. This allows for a more accurate and timely assessment of damage. Based on the analysis of the key parameters aspects Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), Green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI), Red Edge GNDVI (REGNDVI), Red Edge Blue NDVI (REBNDVI), Near infrared Red Edge NDVI (NRENDVI) and Triangular greenness index (TGI). After releasing 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mites per leaf on cassava 3 months old for 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks, imaging analyses using an ASD FieldSpec HandHeld 2 spectrometer were performed. All indexes were found to separate healthy plants from damaged plants. However, when we divided the cassava into ten categories of damage, we discovered that only the NDVI index distinguished each level of damage. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with MicaSence RedEdge MX camera visual assessments were utilized to classify damage of cassava 3 months old in the survey field settings between February March 2021, and NDVI values were used to compare visual assessments. The trend appears to be going in the same direction. However, there are some inconsistencies

Keywords: Cassava, Normalized difference vegetation index, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Weerachai Somsri1 Atcharabhorn Prasoetphon2 Naphacharakorn Ta Phaisach1 Athitiya Kaewpradit1 Ploychompoo Kornvipartreang1 Wimolwan Chotwong1 1 Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900 2Kanchanaburi Provincial Agricultural Extension Office, Department of Agricultural Extension, Kanchanaburi 71000

Study on Pest Risk for the Importation of Fresh Date Palm Fruit from the Islamic Republic of Iran

ABSTRACT

Fresh fruit of date palm is prohibited article under the Notification of Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives Re: Specification of plants and carriers from certain sources as prohibited articles, of exceptions and conditions under the Plant Quarantine Act B.E. 2507 (No. 5) B.E. 2550 The importation of fresh date palm fruit for commerce subjected to pest risk analysis. The PRA on fresh date palm fruit was initiated by the Islamic Republic of Iran requested market access of date palm fruit to Thailand. One species of quarantine pest, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) was conducted for pest risk assessment. C. capitata was assessed to be high risk on the probability of entry, establishment, spread and potential economic consequence that required specific phytosanitary measures. The specific phytosanitary measures for importation of date palm fruit from the Islamic Republic of Iran are as follows: (1) risk management must be done before exporting in the country of origin such as registration of orchard and packing houses, pest management in orchard and post harvest, handling in packing houses (2) for quarantine pest which has a high risk, C. capitata is require risk management measures, date palm fruit must be subjected to cold disinfestation treatment (3) risk management at plant quarantine station in the destination country by representative sample of the consignments to determine if pests are present. If the quarantine pests are found must be treated with an appropriated treatment (if available), re exported or destroyed.

Keywords: pest risk assessment, quarantine pest, dates, Mediterranean fruit fly, phytosanitary measures

Amonporn Kunaphan Waranya Malee Sukhontip Sombat Kessuda Sonsiri Phoowanarth Maneechoat

Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

Efficacy of Herbicide for Weed Control in Oil Palm at Pak Phanang Basin

Yurawan Anantanamanee 1 Jarunya Pinsupa2 Amarit Siriudom1 Pruchya Ekkathin1 Sirichai Sathuwijarn1 Phatphitcha rujirapongchai

1

ABSTRACT

Efficacy of herbicide tank mix in oil palm at Pak Phanang River basin, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. Field trail lay out was consisted of 7 treatments with 4 replications in RCB experiment compare with hand weeding and untreated control. The result show 3 treatment of herbicide tank mix, flumioxazin 50% WP + glufosinate 15%SL rate 20+105 gai/rai, diuron 80%WP + glufosinate 15%SL rate 120+105 gai/rai, indaziflam 50% SC+ glufosinate 15% SL rate 12+105 gai/rai and treatment of glyphosate 48% SL rate 240 gai/rai gave a good control of grass weeds as Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, Echinochloa colona (l.) link, Brachiaria mutica. broad leave weed as Praxelis clematidea (Griseb.) R. M. King & H. Rob. and sedge as Fimbristylis quinquangularis (Vahl) Kunth and Cyperus kyllingia Endl. Only treatment of ethoxysulfuron 15%WG+ glufosinate 15%SL rate 8+105 gai/rai can control Cyperus kyllingia Endl in moderately level. No phytotoxicity and no affect to oil palm growth in every treatment are apply herbicide. However most farmers in this area growing the oil palm simultaneously with raising cattle there were not apply the herbicide because there keep weed for feed the cow. Most farmers are accepted the method of weed cutting by machine more than apply the herbicide.

Keywords: Herbicide, oil palm, Pak Phanang River basin

1 Terdphong Mahawong1 Akekarat tanutong1 Aussanee Chindakul1

Plant Protection Research and Development office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

Field and Renewable Energy Crops Research Institute, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, 10900

Efficacy of Post emergence Herbicide for Control Weeds in Sugarcane

1Plant Protection Research and Development office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900 2Field and Renewable Energy Crops Research Institute, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, 10900

ABSTRACT

Efficacy of post emergence herbicide for control Purple Nut Sedge (Cyperus rotundus) in Sugarcane. Operated in farmer fields at Kamphengsean district, Nakhonpratom province and Nhong ya sai district, Suphanburi province. Field trials was set up in 7 treatments with 4 replications in experiment of RCBD compare with hand weeding and untreated control. Application at weeds stage 3 5 leaves. The result show 2 treatments of herbicide as halosulfuron methyl 75% WG rate 9 g ai/rai and flazasulfuron 25% WG rate 8 g ai/rai gave a good control Purple Nut Sedge (Cyperus rotundus) and efficacy could control weeds more than 60 Days after application. Could decreased weed number and weed dry weight compare with standard check as ethoxysulfuron 15% WG rate 3.75 g ai/rai, 2,4 D 84% W/V SL rate 210 g ai/rai, glyphosate 48% W/V SL rate 240 g ai/rai and untreated control. Moreover, Sugarcane had significant more height and tillers affected to had high yield.

Keywords: Purple Nut Sedge (Cyperus rotundus), Herbicide, Sugarcane

Terdphong Mahawong1 Aussanee Chindakul1 Jarunya Pinsupa2

pendimethalin 33% W/V EC, dimethanamid p 72% W/V EC, s metolachlor 96% W/V EC, acetochlor 50% W/V EC, oxyfluorfen 23.5% W/V EC, sulfentrazone 48% W/V SC, oxadiazon 25% W/V EC, metolachlor 72% W/V EC, flumioxazin 50% WP, clomazone 48% W/V SC และ alachlor 48% W/V EC อัตรา 231, 144, 192, 250, 47, 60, 120, 288, 20, 115.2 และ 384 กรัมสารออกฤทธิ์/ไร

Efficacy of Pre emergence Herbicides in Yard Long Bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis)

Amarit Siriudom1 Phatphitcha rujirapongchai2 Yurawan Anantanamanee 1

1

Pest Management Group,Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

2Weed Science Group Plant, Plant Protection Research and Development office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

The efficiency of pre emergence herbicide in Yard long bean. The objective of this research was to have herbicides before growing type, with effectively, economize, safe and reduce cost. The field experiments were conducted at Kanchanaburi Province, during June 2018 September 2019. Experiment plan is RCB type have 3 repeated with 13 treatment Including pendimethalin 33% W/V EC, 72% W/V EC, s metolachlor 96% W/V EC, acetochlor 50% W/V EC, oxyfluorfen 23.5% W/V EC, sulfentrazone 48% W/V SC, oxadiazon 25% W/V EC, metolachlor 72% W/V EC, flumioxazin 50% WP, clomazone 48% W/V SC and alachlor 48% W/V EC rate 231, 144, 192, 250, 47, 60, 120, 288, 20, 115.2 and 384 g (ai)/rai. All herbicide treatments were applied spray cover soil after seeding. Compared with the process of dispose weeds by hand, and weeds control, The results showed that oxadiazon 25% W/V EC, flumioxazin 50% WP and pendimethalin 33% W/V EC gave good weed control until 30 DAA and were not found crop injury and the best yield improvement. All herbicides treatment application gave the cost weed control lower than hand weed control.

Keywords: yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis), pre emergence herbicides

Study of Timing Post emergence Herbicides Application in Cassava

Pruchya Ekkathin1 Jarunya Pinsupa2 Terdphong Mahawong1 Aussanee Chindakul1 1Weed Science Group Plant, Plant Protection Research and Development office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900 2Field

ABSTRACT

Study timing of post emergence herbicides application in cassava by non selective herbicides such as glyphosate isoproplyammonium 48% W/V SL and glufosinate ammonium 15% W/V SL application between the rows of cassava during different timing after cassava planting. Conduct in 2 locations first location at Takpha district in Nakhon Sawan province. Experiment during May 2020 February 2021 Second location at Pakthongchai district in Nakhon Ratchasima during August 2020 March 2021. Trail experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design 14 treatment 3 replication the results found that in treatment glufosinate ammonium 15% W/V SL application at 15 and 45 days after cassava planting have an excellence control grassweeds such as (Brachiarai retans Linn. Gaard et Hubb.) (Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.) (Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd.) (Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf.) (Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.)P.Beauv. ) broadleaves weeds such as (Euphorbia heterophylla Linn.) (Corchorus olitorius L.) (Indigofera tinctoria L.) (Phyllanthus amarus Schum & Thonn.) (Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott) (Praxelis clematidea R.M. King & H. Rob.) until 90 days after cassava planting after that found weeds competition slightly but does not affect the growth and yield of cassava. Treatment glufosinate ammonium 15% W/V SL application at 15 and 45 days after cassava planting have a slightly toxic on cassava at 15 days after application cassava leaves exposed there is a slight distortion. In the other treatment glyphosate isoproplyammonium 48% W/V SL application at 15 and 45, 15 and 75, 30 and 60, 30 and 90 days after cassava planting, and glufosinate ammonium 15% W/V SL at 15 and 75, 30 and 60, 30 and 90 day after cassava planting have severely toxic on cassava affect the growth and cause the plant to die.

Keywords: Cassava, Weed Control, Post emergence herbicide

and Renewable Energy Crops Research Institute, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, 10900

Herbicide Efficacy of Barnyard Grass (Echinochloa crus galli (L.) P.Beauv.) with Multiple Resistance in Rice Fields

ABSTRACT

Situation of multiple resistance in barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus galli (L.)P.Beauv ) across the rice fi elds of Thailand From the survey of the herbicide resistance in rice field by Chanya et al. in 2014 found that 280 barnyard grass were collected for herbicide resistance in the ALS inhibitor (bispyribac sodium, penoxsulam, pyribenzoxim), the ACCase inhibitor Photosynthesis Cellulose PPO Resistance to three ALS inhibiting herbicides, i.e. bis pyribac sodium, penoxsulam and pyribenzoxim, ACCase inhibitors (fenoxaprop p ethyl) and cellulose inhibitor (quinclorac) were screened in laboratory and greenhouse. In addition, resistance to other herbicides with five different modes of action i.e. butachlor (cell division inhibitor), fenoxaprop p ethyl (ACCase inhibitor), propanil (PSII inhibitor), quinclorac (cellulose inhibitor) and oxadiazon (PPO inhibitor) Populations barnyardgrass multiple resistance at Singburi Province which has a history of using herbicide bispyribac sodium for more than 7 seasons and 5 seasons of quinclorac and populations barnyardgrass multiple resistance at Singburi Province which has a history of using the herbicide bispyribac sodium alternating with fenoxaprop p ethyl for more than 10 seasons Therefore 2 such populations were selected as representatives of the barnyardgrass population with multiple resistance mechanism to test in the field conditions by spraying herbicides commercially available in the group inhibits ACCase, ALS, Photosynthesis, PPO, Cellulose, Mitosis were sprayed with 11 repetitions of RCB 3 experimental planning. The results showed that PPO inhibitors (oxadiazone) were the most effective to barnyardgrass control followed by mitosis inhibitors that we're able to reduce numbers and dry weight of weeds. and yielding rice There is a statistical difference between spraying of ACCase, ALS, and Cellulose inhibitors and untreatedcontrol.

Keywords: barnyard grass, herbicide efficacy, multiple resistance

Pruchya Ekkathin Yurawan Anantanamanee Chanya Maneechote Plant Protection Research and Development office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

The Efficacy of Glyphosate Formulation on Weed Control

Sathuwijarn

ABSTRACT

Weed is a major cause of yield and quality reduction in agricultural production. Glyphosate is a non selective herbicide commonly used in agriculture production such as Sugarcane, Corn, Casava, Oil palm, Rubber tree and Fruit crop. The objective of this experiment was to study the efficacy of formulations of glyphosate in controlling weeds for recommendation to farmers. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse at Weed Science Research Group during October, 2017 September, 2019. The treatments were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block (RCB) with seven treatments and four replications. Treatments consisted of glyphosate i.e. glyphosate isopropyl ammonium 48% SL rate 240.00 and 288.00 g ai/rai respectively, glyphosate potassium 62% SL rate 148.80 and 198.40 g ai/rai respectively, glyphosate ammonium 88.8% SG rate 142.08 and 177.60 g ai/rai respectively, and untreated control. 70 species of weeds were planted and herbicide sprayed according to the treatment when weeds had more than 5 leaves. Data of the weed control efficiency was recorded at 14 days after application. The results found that all glyphosate formulations i.e. glyphosate isopropyl ammonium 48% SL, glyphosate potassium 62% SL and glyphosate ammonium 88.8% SG were good completely effective to control 61 species of weeds, except glyphosate ammonium 88.8 % SG rate 142.08 g ai/rai were slightly moderately effective to control Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Echinochloa crus galli (L.) P.Beauv., Mimosa pudica L., Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Sweet, Gomphrena celosioides Mart and Euphorbia heterophylla L.. All the glyphosate herbicide formulae were slightly moderately effective to control Portulaca oleracea L. and Cleome viscosa L.. Farmers can choose to use a glyphosate formulation that is suitable for the major weed in the field for better weed control efficiency.

Keywords: glyphosate herbicide, herbicide formulation, weed control

Sirichai

Amarit Siriudom Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

47.83 100.00 และ 47.83 100.00 เปอรเซ็นต ตามลําดับ และ พบหญาปากควายและหญาตีนกา มีความถี่ของการเกิดความตานทานตอสารกําจัดวัชพืชประเภทหลังงอก bromacil และ ametryn อยูระหวาง 82.61 95.65 และ 78.26 86.96 เปอรเซ็นต ตามลําดับ แตไมพบ ความถี่ของการเกิดการตานทานสารกําจัดวัชพืช haloxyfop R methyl และ fluazifop P butyl และ 2) กรรมวิธีพนสารกําจัดวัชพืช oxyfluorfen+ pendimethalin ตามดวย ametryn, flumioxazin ตามดวย bromacil+diuron, indaziflam ตามดวย bromacil+diuron, alachlor+diuron ตามดวย bromacil, topramezone+atrazine ตามดวย bromacil+ametryn, pendimethalin+diuron ตามดวย bromacil+atrazine, metribuzin ตามดวย bromacil+atrazine, bromacil+diuron ตามดวย diuron+ametryn และ acetochlor+atrazine ตามดวย bromacil+diuron มีประสิทธิภาพในการควบคุม

Situation of Herbicide resistant Weeds in Pineapple Plantation and Management

Sirichai Sathuwijarn

Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

ABSTRACT

Pineapple is an industrial crop of Thailand. Repeated used of the same herbicide continuously for pineapple production increases cases of herbicide resistance (HR) in weeds. The objectives of this experiment were to investigate the situation of HR weeds in pineapple plantations and management methods. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse at Weed Science Research Group and pineapple fields during October 2017 September 2020, with 2 sub experiments i.e. 1) study on situation of pre and post emergence HR weeds in pineapple plantations of Thailand and 2) herbicide testing for HR weed management in pineapple fields. The results found 1) the frequency of Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Eleusine indica resistance to pre emergence; hexazinone/ diuron, atrazine, ametryn, pendimethalin and diuron between 47.83 100.00 and 47.83 100.00 percent, respectively. And the frequency of Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Eleusine indica resistance to post emergence; bromacil and ametryn between 82.61 95.65 and 78.26 86.96 percent, respectively. However, the frequency of herbicide resistance was not found for haloxyfop R methyl and fluazifop P butyl herbicide and 2) On efficiency of herbicides in controlling HR weeds in pineapple fields, it was found that treatments of oxyfluorfen+pendimethalin followed by ametryn, flumioxazin followed by bromacil+ diuron, indaziflam followed by bromacil+diuron, alachlor+diuron followed by bromacil, topramezone+atrazine followed by bromacil+ametryn, pendimethalin+diuron followed by bromacil+atrazine, metribuzin followed by bromacil+atrazine, bromacil+diuron followed by diuron+ametryn and acetochlor+atrazine followed by bromacil+diuron were completely effective to control Eleusine indica, Brachiaria reptans, Digitaria sanguinalis, Digitaria sacchariflora, Praxelis clematidea, Euphorbia heterophylla and Trianthema portulacastrum without crop injury and this does not affect growth. The farmers can use these to rotate the use of herbicides to reduce the herbicide resistant weeds in pineapple plantations.

Keywords: weed control, weed management, herbicide resistance weed and pineapple

+ atrazine, topramezone + diuron, topramezone + indaziflam, glyphosate + indaziflam, glyphosate + diuron, glufosinate + indaziflam, glufosinate + diuron, glufosinate + flumioxazin, glyphosate และ

+ indaziflam, glyphosate

diuron, glufosinate + indaziflam, glufosinate + diuron, และglufosinate

Efficiency Study of Weed Control Herbicides on Oil Palm Grown in Acid Soil Area

Aussanee Chindakul1 Phatphitcha rujirapongchai1 Terdphong Mahawong1 Akekarat tanutong1 Pruchya Ekkathin1 Jarunya Pinsupa2 1Weed Science Group Plant, Plant Protection Research and Development office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900 2Field and Renewable Energy Crops Research Institute, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, 10900

ABSTRACT

The appropriated weed controls in properly oil palm fields with acidic soil. The weeds which grew up well in acidic soil should have high tolerance so it’s hard to control them. The herbicides should have high effective to control weeds. The aim of this study was to find out the appropriated weed control with the least effect to the palm yield and low cost. The experimental fields were conducted during October 2019 to September 2021 in Saraburi and Pathumthani provinces. All analyses were at laboratory of Weed Science Group, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok. The experiments were as followed. Firstly, to survey and collect all kinds of dominant weed in oil palm fields with acidic soil. Secondly, to analyze the toxicity of herbicides to oil palm plants and the ability of weed control in oil palm fields with acidic soil. Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replications and 12 treatments having 1. topramezone+atrazine, 2. topramezone+diuron, 3. topramezone+ indaziflam, 4. glyphosate+indaziflam, 5. glyphosate+diuron, 6. glufosinate+indaziflam, 7. glufosinate+diuron, 8. glufosinate+flumioxazin, compared to farmer practices using only glyphosate and unweeded. The results were found obviously that the effective of glyphosate+indaziflam, glyphosate+diuron, glufosinate+indaziflam, glufosinate+diuron, and glufosinate+flumioxazin could control Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Panicum distichum L., Brachiaria mutica (Forssk.) Stapf., Cleome rutidosperma DC. Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. And Gomphrena celosioides Mart. were better than farmer practice using only glyphosate and. Otherwise, no weed emergence at 90 days after herbicide application including absolutely no effects on oil palm plants which had no significant different in all treatments. hod of weed cutting by machine more than apply the herbicide

Keywords: herbicide, oil palm, acid soil area

Controlling Noxious Weeds in Irrigation by Phytophagous Fishes

Siriporn Bundao Urai Pengpis Thiphakorn Si wo

Scientific and Development Research and Environment Division, Bureau of Research and Development, Royal Irrigation Department Nonthaburi 11120

ABSTRACT

Study of controlling noxious weeds in irrigation by Phytophagous fishes. Aim of this study is to estimate the efficiency of the noxious weeds controlling method. We divided noxious weeds into 2 groups which are 4 types of floating weeds, namely water hyacinth, water lettuce, cuculate salvinia and giant salvinia and 3 types of submerged weeds, namely pondweed, hydrilla and bushy pondweed and using 3 types of phytophagous fishes which are grass carp, common silver barb and nile tilapia as a controller. The results are as follows. From the study, it was found that phytophagous fishes can be used to control aquatic weeds. This method had better controlling efficiency of submerged weeds than floating weeds without affecting water quality. As a result from the study on the control of 4 types of floating weeds, namely water hyacinth, water lettuce, cuculate salvinia and giant salvinia, 2 types of phytophagous fishes, namely nile tilapia and common silver barb, were used at 15, 30, 45 and 60 days. At 60th days, nile tilapia with a length of 20 25 centimeters at proportion of 4 fish/square meter gave the best results in controlling water lettuce, followed by water hyacinths, giant salvinia and cuculate salvinia with controlling efficiency of 43, 38, 16 and 15 percent, respectively. As for the common silver barb with a length of 20 25 centimeters at proportion of 4 fish/square meter gave the best results in controlling water lettuce, followed by water hyacinths, cuculate salvinia and giant salvinia with controlling efficiency of 45, 39, 31 and 15 percent, respectively. From the study on the control of 3 types of submerged weeds, namely pondweed, hydrilla and bushy pondweed, 3 types of phytophagous fishes, namely grass carp, nile tilapia and common silver barb, were used at 7, 15, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49 and 56 days. The result shows that grass carps were more effective in controlling all 3 types of submerged weeds than common silver barb and nile tilapia respectively, as evidenced by the proportion of fish in pond and the effective control period. By controlling the eradication of pondweed, it was found that only 1 fish/square meter of grass carp was able to control and eradicate 100 percent of the pondweed from 49 days after the experiment. Common silver barb had best control of pondweed at proportion of 3 fish/square meter at the end of the 56 day experiment with controlling efficiency of 94 percent For nile tilapia had best control of pondweed at proportion of 3 fish/square meter at the end of the 56 day experiment, 99 percent of eradication was achieved. The control of hydrilla, it was found that only 1 fish/square meter of grass carp was more than 95 percent effective from 21 th days, and at the end of the 56 day experiment, the control was 100 percent. Common silver barb had best control of hydrilla at proportion of 2 fish/square meter and able to control and eradicate 100 percent of the hydrilla from 35 days after the experiment. For nile tilapia had best control of hydrilla at proportion of 4 fish/square meter at the end of the 56 day experiment, 98 percent of eradication was achieved And the control of bushy pondweed, it was found that 2 fish/square meter of grass carp were able to control and eradicate 100 percent of the bushy pond weed from 14 days after the experiment. Common silver barb had best control of the bushy pond weed at proportion of 2 fish/square meter, able to control and eradicate 100 percent of the bushy pondweed at the end of the 56 day experiment For nile tilapia had best control of the bushy pond weed at proportion of 3 fish/square meter at the end of the 56 days experiment, the control was 87 percent

Keywords: noxious weeds, weed control, irrigation, Phytophagous fishes

Chinese Sprangletop Resistance to ACCase inhibiting Herbicides in Paddy Fields

Thanawat Srisuphatphong1 Jamnian Chompoo1 Somkiat Rimchon2 Tosapon Pornprom 1

1Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140 2Syngenta Crop Protection Limited, Bangkok 10310

ABSTRACT

Surveying the area of farmers in Krachan Subdistrict, U Thong District, Suphan Buri Province, in 2020 found that there was a problem of Chinese sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees) weed that is resistant to acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibiting herbicide cyhalofop butyl that was previously effective in controlling. This study was conducted to understand the resistant of Chinese sprangletop to cyhalofop butyl by determined whether Chinese sprangletop populations have developed resistance to cyhalofop butyl in paddy fields. Weed seeds were collected from farmer’s fields to determine the physiological response to cyhalofop butyl under greenhouse conditions. Both the resistant and susceptible Chinese sprangletop biotypes were investigated for I50 based on its visual injury and GR50 based on plant height and fresh weight at 3, 5, 10 and 21 days after application. The resistance index was approximately 16.10 36.42 times higher than that of the susceptible biotype. Then, the cross resistant of cyhalofop butyl resistance Chinese sprangletop to ACCase inhibitors was determined. The experiment was performed in CRD with four replicates per herbicide treatment included profoxydim, metamifop and fenoxafop at the recommended rate for each herbicide. The results indicate that cyhalofop butyl resistant Chinese sprangletop was not controlled at the labelled rate of ACCase inhibiting herbicides.

Keywords: ACCase Inhibitors, cross herbicide resistance, cyhalofop butyl, Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees

Barnyardgrass Resistance to Acetolactate Synthase inhibiting Herbicides In Paddy Fields

Jiraphon Intem1 Jamnian Chompoo1 Patiwat Sookgul1 Somkiat Rimchon2 Tosapon Pornprom 1

1Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140

2Syngenta Crop Protection Limited, Bangkok 10310

ABSTRACT

Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus galli L. Beauv.) is a common weed of paddy fields, which is most often controlled by pyribenzoxim, acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors. After several years of successful control there were recent failure reports by farmers in Krachan Sub district, U Thong District, Suphan Buri Province. This study was conducted to determine whether barnyardgrass populations have developed resistance to pyribenzoxim in paddy fields. Weed seeds were collected from farmer’s fields to determine the physiological response to penoxsulam. The experiment was designed as a split plot design in CRD with four replications. The main plots consisted of six pyribenzoxim dose rates (0, 15.63, 31.25, 62.5, 125 and 250 g a.i./ha) while sub plots were comprised of barnyardgrass susceptible and resistant biotypes. The experimental plots were treated with herbicides 10 days after seed sowing. Reaction of both resistant and susceptible biotypes to pyribenzoxim were assessed for resistance index, I50 based on visual injury and GR50 based on plant height and fresh weight at 7, 10, 14 and 21 days after application. The resistance index to pyribenzoxim of resistant biotype was approximately 25.67 60.43 times higher than that of the susceptible biotype. Furthermore, the cross herbicide resistance of pyribenzoxim resistant biotype to the other ALS inhibiting herbicides with the same site of action was determined. Results indicated that barnyardgrass resistance to ALS inhibiting herbicides was not controlled at the labelled rate by bispyribac sodium, penoxsulam and triafamone.

Keywords: Barnyardgrass, ALS Inhibitors, cross resistant, pyribenzoxim

Fertilizer Applicator for Durian Farm

ABSTRACT

Durian is a numerous time harvested horticultural crop for over 10 years. The most important crop processing is a crop protection. Now a day, lack of machinery and equipment used for horticultural crop protection, the fertilizer application for durian is commonly manual operated. The precision agricultural machinery is able to adopt in this process and it be able to reduce labor costs and input costs. The optimal amount of fertilizer application is the function of machinery. The prototype of semi auto fertilizer applicator was designed for 27 hp tractor. It is suitable for apply in durian farm where the plant pattern is optimized for agricultural machinery working. The prototype of fertilizer applicator is controlled by microcontroller and the position of fertilizer applying is controlled by ultrasonic sensor which attached at the front of tractor. The fertilizer applicator unit works after microcontroller make an order; it start working from initial to the end of durian canopy. The average work capacity is 6.28 rai/hr, fuel consumption rate is 0.14 lite/rai and fertilizer rate is 12.6 kg/rai. The testing was done in 5 years old Durian tree farm at fertilizer spreader speed 300 rpm. The break even point is 450 rai/year. The return period is 4 years, annual working time 300 hrs.

Keywords: fertilizer applicator, durian

Phakwipha Sutthiwaree1 Bandit Jitjamnong Thiwakorn Kalajak Agricultural Engineering Research Institute , Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900

อนุกรรมการ นายศรุต สุทธิอารมณ อนุกรรมการ นางสาวอทิติยา แกวประดิษฐ อนุกรรมการ นายสิริชัย สาธุวิจารณ อนุกรรมการ ดร ณัฏฐพัชร เถียรวรกานต อนุกรรมการ นางสาวพีรนุช เสนีวงศ ณ อยุธยา อนุกรรมการ นางสาวธัญรัตน พูลสวัสดิ์ อนุกรรมการ

นางสาวสุวีรยา อายุเจริญ อนุกรรมการ นางนุชจรี พันธโสม อนุกรรมการ นางสาวนาฏยา ทักภิรมย อนุกรรมการ นางสาวณัฐสินี ชุติคุณชัยนันทน อนุกรรมการ นายมานิต มงคลเกิด อนุกรรมการ นางสาวสายฝน เลิศพิทักษธรรม อนุกรรมการ นายสิริชัย สาธุวิจารณ อนุกรรมการ นายอมฤต ศิริอุดม อนุกรรมการ

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