**Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (10th Edition)** by Yunus A. Çengel and Michael A. Boles is a comprehensive textbook designed for students and professionals in the field of engineering. The book offers a systematic introduction to thermodynamics, combining theoretical concepts with practical applications. Below is a detailed summary of the key concepts, structure, and content covered in this edition:
### **1. Introduction to Thermodynamics**
**1.1 The Scope of Thermodynamics**
- **Definition**: Thermodynamics is the science that deals with energy, its transformations, and its relation to matter.
- **Importance**: It plays a crucial role in numerous fields like mechanical, chemical, and civil engineering by understanding energy efficiency and
the performance of systems like engines, refrigerators, and turbines.
**1.2 Key Concepts**
- **System and Surroundings**: The book begins with basic definitions such as systems (closed, open, and isolated), surroundings, and boundaries.
- **Energy Types**: It emphasizes different forms of energy, primarily internal energy, kinetic energy, potential energy, and work.
### **2. Properties of Pure Substances**
**2.1 Phases of Pure Substances**
- **Solid, Liquid, and Gas Phases**: The book introduces the phase changes of substances—solid, liquid, and gas—and explains phase diagrams (P-v, T-v, and P-T diagrams).
- **Saturation Properties**: Saturated liquid, saturated vapor, and superheated vapor concepts are introduced, followed by descriptions of how these states change during heating or cooling.
**2.2 Property Tables**
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**Understanding Tables**: The text guides students on how to use property tables for various substances like water and refrigerants to find values for temperature, pressure, enthalpy, and entropy.
- **Ideal Gas Law**: The book discusses the ideal gas equation of state and its application to simplify calculations for gases.
### **3. Energy Transfer and General Energy Analysis**
**3.1 Forms of Energy Transfer**
- **Work and Heat**: This section discusses how energy can be transferred across system boundaries via work and heat.
- **First Law of Thermodynamics**: Energy conservation is described by the first law, which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.
**3.2 Energy Analysis of Closed Systems**
- **Work-Energy Principle**: The work-energy principle is applied to closed systems, such as pistons or cylinders, emphasizing work done by expanding gases and heat transfer mechanisms.
### **4. Energy Analysis of Open Systems**
**4.1 Control Volume Analysis**
- **Open Systems**: The text transitions from closed systems to open systems where mass and energy can cross boundaries, like turbines, compressors, and nozzles.
- **Steady-Flow Process**: The book introduces the concept of steady-flow devices, where the properties of mass entering and leaving remain constant over time.
**4.2 Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems**
- **Steady-State Energy Equation**: It explores the application of the first law of thermodynamics to
steady-flow systems such as nozzles, diffusers, turbines, and pumps.
### **5. The Second Law of Thermodynamics**
**5.1 Entropy and the Second Law**
- **Directionality of Processes**: The second law introduces the concept of entropy, stating that the total entropy of an isolated system always increases, indicating the irreversibility of natural processes.
- **Heat Engines**: The second law is applied to heat engines, refrigeration cycles, and heat pumps, exploring their efficiencies and limitations.
**5.2 The Carnot Cycle**
- **Carnot Efficiency**: The theoretical Carnot cycle is introduced, which sets an upper limit on the efficiency of any heat engine operating between two temperature reservoirs.
### **6. Entropy and the Second Law Analysis of Systems**
**6.1 Entropy Generation and Transfer**
- **Entropy Change**: The text explains entropy generation and transfer during processes and connects these to irreversibilities such as friction, heat loss, and unrestrained expansion.
- **Clausius Inequality**: The Clausius inequality is presented as a mathematical expression of the second law, helping to determine the feasibility of thermodynamic processes.
**6.2 Entropy Balances for Open and Closed Systems**
- **Entropy Balance Equations**: The book covers entropy balance equations for both closed and open systems, with applications in compressors, turbines, and nozzles.
### **7. Exergy: Work Potential of Energy**
**7.1 Understanding Exergy**
- **Exergy and Irreversibility**: Exergy is introduced as the maximum useful work obtainable from a system as it comes into equilibrium with its surroundings.
- **Exergy Destruction**: Irreversibilities result in exergy destruction, which is linked to the generation of entropy.
**7.2 Exergy Analysis**
- **Exergy Balance**: The book walks through exergy balance for control volumes and systems, highlighting the use of exergy analysis in improving energy efficiency in real-world systems.
###
**8. Gas Power Cycles**
**8.1 Otto, Diesel, and Brayton Cycles**
- **Internal Combustion Engines**: The book presents gas power cycles, including the Otto cycle (used in gasoline engines), Diesel cycle, and the Brayton cycle (used in jet engines).
- **Thermal Efficiency**: Thermal efficiency calculations for these cycles are covered, explaining the relationship between compression ratios and efficiency.
**8.2 Combined Cycles**
- **Power Plant Efficiency**: The combined cycle power plant, which uses both gas and steam turbines to improve efficiency, is discussed.
### **9. Vapor and Refrigeration Cycles**
**9.1 Rankine Cycle**
- **Power Generation with Steam**: The Rankine cycle, the backbone of power generation using steam, is explained in detail.
- **Regeneration and Reheating**: Techniques for improving the efficiency of the Rankine cycle through regeneration and reheating are also covered.
**9.2 Refrigeration Cycles**
- **Vapor Compression Cycle**: The vapor compression refrigeration cycle, used in refrigerators and air conditioners, is thoroughly examined.
- **Coefficient of Performance (COP)**: The concept of COP is introduced to measure the performance of refrigeration cycles.
### **10. Thermodynamic Property Relations**
**10.1 Maxwell Relations and Gibbs Equations**
- **Mathematical Relationships**: This section dives into the mathematical tools that relate various thermodynamic properties, including the Maxwell relations, Gibbs equations, and Clapeyron equations.
**10.2 Compressibility Factors**
- **Real Gas Behavior**: The book provides tools for understanding the behavior of real gases using compressibility factors, highlighting deviations from ideal gas behavior at high pressures.
### **11. Chemical Reactions and Combustion**
**11.1 Combustion Processes**
- **Fuel and Air Mixtures**: Combustion of fuels is analyzed, focusing on stoichiometric air-fuel ratios, enthalpy of formation, and the role of chemical reactions in energy production.
- **First and Second Law Analysis**: Combustion processes are examined using the first and second laws of thermodynamics to calculate efficiency and analyze performance.
**11.2 Chemical Equilibrium**
- **Equilibrium Constant**: The concept of chemical equilibrium is introduced, describing how the composition of reaction products depends on temperature and pressure.
### **12. Gas Mixtures and Psychrometrics**
**12.1 Ideal Gas Mixtures**
- **Mixture Laws**: The laws governing ideal gas mixtures, including Dalton’s law of partial pressures, are covered in detail.
**12.2 Air-Conditioning Processes**
- **Psychrometrics**: The book introduces the field of psychrometrics, which deals with the properties of moist air and its applications in air conditioning and environmental control.
### **13. Compressible
Flow**
**13.1 Speed of Sound and Mach Number**
- **Compressible Flow Analysis**: The speed of sound and Mach number are introduced as key concepts in compressible flow, with applications in jet engines and high-speed aerodynamics.
- **Isentropic Flow**: Isentropic flow relations are provided to analyze the behavior of gases in nozzles and diffusers at high speeds.
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### **Conclusion**
"**Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (10th Edition)**" provides an in-depth and structured exploration of thermodynamics from fundamental principles to advanced topics. Its practical approach, with numerous real-world engineering examples, helps students and professionals apply theoretical concepts to analyze and design systems that involve energy transformation and transfer. Find the original Textbook (PDF)