Table of Contents
Cover image
Title Page
Copyright Contributors
Reviewers
Preface
Organization and Content: What's New in the Eighth
Edition
Features to Promote Learning
Art Program
Ancillaries
Acknowledgments
Introduction to Pathophysiology
References
Part One Central Concepts of Pathophysiology:
Cells and Tissues
Unit I The Cell
Chapter 1 Cellular Biology
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Cellular Functions
Structure and Function of Cellular Components
Cell-to-Cell Adhesions
Cellular Communication and Signal Transduction
Cellular Metabolism
Membrane Transport: Cellular Intake and Output
Cellular Reproduction: the Cell Cycle
Tissues
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 2 Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
Cellular Adaptation
Cellular Injury
Manifestations of Cellular Injury
Cellular Death Aging and Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
Somatic Death
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 3 The Cellular Environment
Distribution of Body Fluids
Aging and Distribution of Body Fluids
Alterations in Water Movement
Sodium, Chloride, and Water Balance
Alterations in Sodium, Water, and Chloride Balance
Alterations in Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium Balance
Acid-Base Balance
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Unit II Genes, Gene-Environment Interaction, and Epigenetics
Chapter 4 Genes and Genetic Diseases
DNA, RNA, and Proteins: Heredity at the Molecular
Level
Chromosomes
Elements of Formal Genetics
Transmission of Genetic Diseases
Linkage Analysis and Gene Identification
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 5 Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases
Factors Influencing Incidence of Disease in Populations
Principles of Multifactorial Inheritance
Nature and Nurture: Disentangling the Effects of Genes and Environment
Genetics of Common Diseases
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 6 Epigenetics and Disease
Overview of Epigenetic Mechanisms
Epigenetics and Human Development
Genomic Imprinting
Epigenetics in Cognitive Development and Mental Health
Exploring the Possible Multigenerational Persistence of Epigenetic States That
Arise in Response to Environmental Factors
Epigenetic Change Over the Life Span
Molecular and Computational Tools for Exploring Epigenetic States
Epigenetics and Cancer
Emerging Strategies for the Treatment of Epigenetic Disease
Future Directions
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Unit III Mechanisms of Self-Defense
Chapter 7 Innate Immunity
Human Defense Mechanisms
First Line of Defense: Physical, Mechanical, and Biochemical Barriers and
Normal Microbiome
Second Line of Defense: Inflammation
Local Manifestations of Inflammation
Systemic Manifestations of Acute Inflammation
Chronic Inflammation
Wound Healing
Pediatrics: Innate Immunity in the Newborn Child
Aging: Innate Immunity in the Older Adult Population
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 8 Adaptive Immunity
General Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity
Recognition and Response
Generation of Clonal Diversity
Induction of an Immune Response: Clonal Selection
Effector Mechanisms
Fetal and Neonatal Immune Function
Aging and Immune Function
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 9 Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation
Hypersensitivity: Allergy, Autoimmunity, and Alloimmunity
References: Deficiencies in Immunity
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 10 Infection
Emerging Infections
References
Microorganisms and Humans: a Dynamic
Relationship
Microorganisms and Infections
References
References
References
References
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Countermeasures Against Pathogens
References
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 11 Stress and Disease
Historical Background and General Concepts
Concepts of Stress, Homeostasis, and Allostasis
Stress Response
Stress, Illness, and Coping
Aging and Stress: Stress-Age Syndrome
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Unit IV Cellular Proliferation: Cancer
Chapter 12 Cancer Biology
Cancer Characteristics and Terminology
The Biology of Cancer Cells
Clinical Manifestations of Cancer
Diagnosis and Staging of Cancer
Treatment of Cancer
Targeted Disruption of Cancer
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 13 Cancer Epidemiology
Genetics, Epigenetics, and Tissue
Incidence and Mortality Trends
In Utero and Early Life Conditions
Environmental-Lifestyle Factors
Chemicals and Occupational Hazards as Carcinogens
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 14 Cancer in Children
Incidence and Types of Cancer
Etiology
Prognosis
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Part Two Pathophysiologic Alterations: Organs and
Systems
Unit V Pathophysiologic Alterations: Organs and
Systems Chapter 15 Structure and Function of the Neurologic System
Overview and Organization of the Nervous System
Cells of the Nervous System
Nerve Impulse
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Aging and the Nervous System
Tests of Nervous System Structure and Function
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 16 Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory
Function
Pain
Pediatrics and Perception of Pain
Aging and Perception of Pain
Temperature Regulation
Pediatrics and Temperature Regulation
Aging and Temperature Regulation
Sleep
Pediatrics and Sleep Patterns
Aging and Sleep Patterns
Somatosensory Function and the Special Senses
Aging and Vision
Aging and Hearing
Aging and Olfaction and Taste
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 17 Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function
Alterations in Cognitive Systems
Alterations in Cerebral Hemodynamics
Alterations in Neuromotor Function
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 18 Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction
Central Nervous System Disorders
Peripheral Nervous System and Neuromuscular
Junction Disorders
Tumors of the Central Nervous System
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 19 Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood
Disorders, Anxiety
Disorders, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Schizophrenia
Mood Disorders: Depression and Bipolar Disorder
Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 20 Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children
Development of the Nervous System in Children
Structural Malformations
Alterations in Function: Encephalopathies
Cerebrovascular Disease in Children
Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders in Children
Childhood Tumors
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Unit VI The Endocrine System
Chapter 21 Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation
Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation
Structure and Function of the Endocrine Glands
Aging and the Endocrine System
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 22 Alterations of Hormonal Regulation
Mechanisms of Hormonal Alterations
Alterations of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary System
Alterations of Thyroid Function
Alterations of Parathyroid Function
Dysfunction of the Endocrine Pancreas: Diabetes
Mellitus
Alterations of Adrenal Function
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 23 Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition
Adipose Tissue
Obesity
Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge
Eating Disorder
Starvation
Anorexia of Aging
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Unit VII The Reproductive Systems
Chapter 24 Structure and Function of the
Reproductive Systems
Development of the Reproductive Systems
The Female Reproductive System
Structure and Function of the Breast
The Male Reproductive System
Tests of Reproductive Function
Aging and Reproductive Function
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 25 Alterations of the Female Reproductive System
Abnormalities of Reproductive Tract Development
Alterations of Sexual Maturation
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
Disorders of the Female Breast
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 26 Alterations of the Male Reproductive System
Alterations of Sexual Maturation
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
Disorders of the Male Breast
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 27 Sexually Transmitted Infections
Sexually Transmitted Urogenital Infections
Sexually Transmitted Infections of Other Body
Systems
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Unit VIII The Hematologic System
Chapter 28 Structure and Function of the Hematologic System
Components of the Hematologic System
Development of Blood Cells
References
Mechanisms of Hemostasis
Clinical Evaluation of the Hematologic System
Pediatrics and the Hematologic System
Aging and the Hematologic System
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 29 Alterations of Erythrocyte, Platelet, and Hemostatic
Function
Anemia
Myeloproliferative Red Blood Cell Disorders
Alterations of Platelets and Coagulation
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 30 Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function
Alterations of Leukocyte Function
Alterations of Lymphoid Function
Alterations of Splenic Function
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Chapter 31 Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children
Fetal and Neonatal Hematopoiesis
Postnatal Changes in the Blood
Disorders of Erythrocytes
Disorders of Coagulation and Platelets
Neoplastic Disorders
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Unit IX The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
Chapter 32 Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
Circulatory System
The Heart