Detailed Contents
Preface: To Our Readers
Instructors: How to Make This Book Work for You
A Personal Note to the Instructor
Acknowledgments
Part I. Understanding Our Social World: The Scientific Study of Society
Chapter 1 • Sociology: A Unique Way to View the World
What Is Sociology?
Ideas Underlying Sociology
Sociological Findings and Commonsense Beliefs
The Sociological Imagination
Questions Sociologists Ask—and Don’t Ask
The Social Sciences: A Comparison
Why Does Sociology Matter?
Sociology in Our Social World: High School Dropouts: Causes, Consequences, and Cures
What Do Sociologists Do?
What Do Employers Want?
Social World Model
Social Structures
Social Processes
Environment of Our Social World
Studying the Social World: Levels of Analysis
Micro-Level Analysis
Meso-Level Analysis
Macro-Level Analysis
Engaging Sociology: Micro-Meso-Macro
Social World Model and This Book
Engaging Sociology: Micro-Meso-Macro: An
Application Exercise
• What Have We Learned?
• Discussion Questions
• Key Terms
• Contributing to Our Social World: What Can We Do?
Chapter 2 • Examining the Social World: How Do We Know?
Development of Sociology
Rise of Modern Sociology
Sociology’s Major Theoretical Perspectives
Micro- to Meso-Level Theories
Symbolic Interaction Theory
Sociology in Our Social World: Human Language and the Marvel of a College Classroom
Rational Choice (Exchange) Theory
Meso- and Macro-Level Theories
Structural-Functional Theory
Conflict Theory
Multilevel Analysis
Using Different Theoretical Perspectives
Theory and Research Methods
Ideas Underlying Science
How Sociologists Study the Social World
Planning a Research Study
Designing the Research Plan and Method for Collecting the Data
Designing the Research Plan
Sociology in Our Social World: Being Clear About Causality
Sociology in Our Social World: The Hull House
Circle—Historical Content Analysis in
Sociology
Selecting a Sample
Collecting the Data
Making Sense of the Data
Analyzing the Data
Presenting the Findings
Putting Sociology to Work: Public Sociology
Engaging Sociology: How to Read a Research Table
Sociologists in Action—Kristin Kenneavy: Using Sociology to Improve Campus Life and Gain Marketable Skills
• What Have We Learned?
• Discussion Questions
• Key Terms
• Contributing to Our Social World: What Can We Do?
Part II. Social Structure, Processes, and Control
Chapter 3 • Society and Culture: Hardware and
Software of Our Social World
Society: The Hardware
Evolution of Societies
Hunter-Gatherer Societies
Herding and Horticultural Societies
Agricultural Societies
Industrial Societies
Postindustrial or Information Societies
Engaging Sociology: Demographics of Internet Users
Culture: The Software
Sociologists in Action—Richard Florida: The Creativity
Class and Successful Communities
Engaging Sociology: Pop Culture Technology Timeline
Characteristics of Culture
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativity
Components of Culture: Things and Thoughts
Material Culture: The Artifacts of Life
Nonmaterial Culture: Beliefs, Values, Rules, and Language
Sociology Around the World: Social Justice in a Guatemalan Village
Society, Culture, and Our Social World
Microcultures: Micro-Level Analysis
Subcultures and Countercultures: Meso-Level
Analysis
Sociology in Our Social World: Deaf Subculture in the United States
National and Global Culture: Macro-Level Analysis
National Society and Culture
Global Society and Culture
Theories of Culture
Cultural Theory at the Micro Level
Symbolic Interaction Theory
Cultural Theories at the Meso and Macro Levels
Structural-Functional Theory
Conflict Theory
Middle-Range Theories
Fit Between Hardware and Software
• What Have We Learned?
• Discussion Questions
• Key Terms
• Contributing to Our Social World: What Can We Do?
Nature Versus Nurture—or Both Working Together?
Importance of Socialization
Isolated and Abused Children
Sociology Around the World: The Intriguing Case of Genes Versus the Environment
Socialization and the Social World
Development of the Self: Micro-Level Analysis
The Looking-Glass Self and Role-Taking
Sociology in Our Social World: Black Men and Public
Space
Parts of the Self
Stages in the Development of the Self
The Self and Connections to the Meso Level
Socialization Throughout the Life Cycle
Process of Resocialization
Sociology Around the World: ISIS Recruitment
Agents of Socialization: The Micro-Meso Connection
Micro-Level Socialization
Meso-Level Socialization
Social Class
Electronic Media
Online Social Networking
Engaging Sociology: Uses and Consequences of
Social Networking
Socialization and Macro-Level Issues
Sense of Self in a New Global Context
Policy and Public Sociology
Sociologists in Action—David S. Kirk: Evidence-Based
Research to Inform Public Policy:
Resocialization After Hurricane Katrina
• What Have We Learned?
• Discussion Questions
• Key Terms
• Contributing to Our Social World: What Can We Do?
Chapter 5 • Interaction, Groups, and Organizations: Connections That Work
Networks and Connections in Our Social World
Networks at the Micro, Meso, and Macro Levels
Engaging Sociology: Networking via Facebook
Process of Interaction: Connections at the Micro Level
Elements of Social Interaction
Theoretical Perspectives on the Interaction Process
Symbolic Interaction Theory
Rational Choice Theory
Social Status: Individuals’ Link to Groups
Relationship Between Status and Role
Role Strain and Role Conflict
Groups in Our Social World: The Micro-Meso Connection
Group Solidarity, Anomie, and Suicide
Types of Groups
Organizations and Bureaucracies: The Meso-Macro Connection
Modern Organizations and Their Evolution
Formal Organizations and Modern Life
Sociology Around the World: The McDonaldization of Society
Characteristics of Bureaucracy
Issues in Bureaucracies
Diversity and Equity in Organizations
National and Global Networks: The Macro Level
Sociologists in Action—Elise Roberts: Using Sociology in International Travel and Intercultural Education
• What Have We Learned?
• Discussion Questions
• Key Terms
• Contributing to Our Social World: What Can We Do?
Chapter 6 • Deviance and Social Control: Sickos, Weirdos, Freaks, and Folks Like Us
Engaging Sociology: Who Is Deviant?
Crime: Deviance That Violates the Law
What Causes Deviant Behavior? Theoretical
Perspectives
Micro-Level Explanations of Deviance
Symbolic Interaction Approach to Deviance: Differential Association
Symbolic Interaction Approach to Deviance: Labeling
Sociology in Our Social World: Stigmatizing Fatness
Rational Choice Approaches to Deviance
Meso- and Macro-Level Explanations of Deviance
Structural-Functional Approach to Deviance: Social Control
Structural-Functional Approach to Deviance: Anomie
Structural-Functional Approach to Deviance: Strain
Conflict Theory of Deviance
Multilevel Analysis of Deviance: Feminist Theories
Arrests
Sociology Around the World: Blaming the Victim—
Extreme Cases
Crime and Individuals: Micro-Level Analysis
How Much Crime Is There?
Types of Crime
Predatory Crimes
Crimes Without Victims
Hate Crimes
Crime and Organizations: Meso-Level Analysis
Sociologists in Action—Jack Levin: Three Times the Violence Crimes Involving Organizations and Institutions
Organized Crime
Occupational Crime
National and Global Crime: Macro-Level Analysis
Cross-National Comparison of Crimes
Controlling Crime: Social Policy Considerations
Dealing With Crime: The Criminal Justice Process
Prisons
The Purposes of Prisons
Prisons and Profits
The Death Penalty
Alternative Forms of Social Control
• What Have We Learned?
• Discussion Questions
• Key Terms
• Contributing to Our Social World: What Can We Do?
Part III. Inequality
Chapter 7 • Stratification: Rich and Famous—or Rags and Famine?
Sociology Around the World: Chocolate and Coffee—A
Moral Dilemma?
Sociologists in Action—Kevin Bales: Stopping Slavery in the 21st Century
Importance of Social Stratification
Micro-Level Prestige and Influence
Meso-Level Access to Resources
Macro-Level Factors Influencing Stratification
Theoretical Explanations of Stratification
Micro-Level Theory
Symbolic Interaction Theory
Rational Choice Theory
Sociology in Our Social World: Understanding Urban Homeless People
Meso- and Macro-Level Theories
Structural-Functional Theory
Conflict Theory
Evolutionary Theory of Stratification: A Synthesis
Individuals’ Social Status: The Micro Level
Individual Life Chances
Education
Health, Social Conditions, and Life Expectancy
Individual Lifestyles
Attitudes Toward Achievement
Engaging Sociology: Life Expectancy, Per Capita
Income, and Infant Mortality
Family Life and Child-Rearing Patterns
Religious Membership
Political Involvement
Status Inconsistency
Social Mobility: The Micro-Meso Connection
Types of Social Mobility
How Much Mobility Is There? Measures of Social Mobility
Factors Affecting an Individual’s Mobility
Family Background, Socialization, Marriage, and
Education
Engaging Sociology: First-Generation College
Students: Issues of Cultural and Social
Economic Vitality and Population Trends
Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and Earnings
Interdependent Global Market
Is There a “Land of Opportunity”? Cross-Cultural
Mobility
Major Stratification Systems: Macro-Level Analysis
Ascribed Status: Caste and Estate Systems
Achieved Status: Social Class in the United States
Examples of Social Classes in the United States
Poverty and Social Policy
Solutions to Poverty: Some Policy Considerations
Welfare, Workfare, and Other Aid Programs
National and Global Digital Divide: Macro-Level
Stratification
Sociologists in Action—Mary Gatta: Poor Women, Work, and School—Help to
Accomplish It All!
• What Have We Learned?
• Discussion Questions
• Key Terms
• Contributing to Our Social World: What Can We Do?
Chapter 8 • Race and Ethnic Group Stratification:
Beyond “Us” and “Them”
What Characterizes Racial and Ethnic Groups?
Minority Groups
Concept of Race
Social Construction of Race
Symbolic Interactionist Analysis of the Social Construction of Race
Sociology in Our Social World: Historical Attempts to Define Race
Continuing Significance of Race
Ethnic Groups
Biracial and Multiracial Populations: Immigration, Intermarriage, and Personal
Identification
Prejudice: Micro-Level Analysis
Nature of Prejudice
Explaining Racial Discrimination at the Micro Level
Sociology in Our Social World: Anti-Muslim Sentiment in the United States
Color-Blind Ideology and Racism Evasiveness
Discrimination: Meso-Level Analysis
Engaging Sociology: Using and Relating Key Concepts
Dominant and Minority Group Contact: Macro-Level Analysis
Dominant Group Policies to Manage Racial and Ethnic Relations
Minority Reactions to Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism
Micro-Level Coping Strategies
Sociology in Our Social World: Pluralism: A LongStanding History in the United States
Meso- and Macro-Level Efforts to Bring Change: Resistance
Theoretical Explanations of Dominant–Minority Group
Relations
Structural-Functional Theory
Conflict Theory
Policies Governing Minority and Dominant Group
Relations
Policies to Reduce Prejudice, Racism, and Discrimination
Individual or Small-Group Solutions
Group Contact
Institutional and Societal Strategies to Improve Group
Relations
Sociologists in Action—Anna Misleh: Challenging
Bigotry Toward the Roma
Affirmative Action
Engaging Sociology: Preference Policies at the
University of Michigan
Global Movements for Human Rights
• What Have We Learned?
• Discussion Questions
• Key Terms
• Contributing to Our Social World: What Can We Do?
Chapter 9 • Gender Stratification: She/He—Who Goes First?
Sex, Gender, and the Stratification System
Sex and Sexuality
Gender
Sex, Gender, and Sexuality: The Micro Level
Sex, Gender, and Sexuality: The Meso Level
Empowerment of Women
Sex, Sexuality, and Gender: The Macro Level
Sociologists in Action—Donna Yang, Christian Agurto, Michelle Benavides, Brianne
Glogowski, Deziree Martinez, and Michele Van Hook: Sociology Students Engage With Microfinance
Gender Socialization: Micro- to Meso-Level Analyses
Infancy
Childhood
Sociology in Our Social World: The Boy Code
Meso-Level Agents of Gender Socialization
Corporations
Mass Media
Educational Systems
Religious Organizations
Engaging Sociology: Masculinity and Femininity in Our
Social World
Gender Stratification: Meso- to Macro-Level Processes
Women and Men at Work: Gendered Organizations
Institutionalized Gender Discrimination
Gender Differences in Internet Use
Gender Stratification: Micro- to Macro-Level Theories
Symbolic Interaction Theory: Micro-Level Analysis
Structural-Functional and Conflict Theories: Mesoand Macro-Level Analyses
Structural-Functional Theory
Conflict Theory
Sociology in Our Social World: Gender and Food
Other Theoretical Perspectives
Feminist Theory
Sociology Around the World: Rape and the Victims of Rape
Interaction of Class, Race, and Gender
Sociology Around the World: Dowry and Death: Some Dangers of Marriage
Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Minority Status
Costs and Consequences of Gender Stratification
Psychological and Social Consequences: Micro-Level
Implications
Results of Gender Role Expectations
Societal Costs: Meso- and Macro-Level Implications
Changing Gender Stratification and Social Policy
• What Have We Learned?
• Discussion Questions
• Key Terms
• Contributing to Our Social World: What Can We Do?
Part IV. Institutions
Importance of Institutions
Development of Modern Institutions
Connections Among Institutions
Chapter 10 • Family: Partner Taking, People Making, and Contract Breaking
What Is a Family?
Theoretical Perspectives on Family
Micro-Level Theories of Family and the Meso-Level
Connection
Symbolic Interaction Theory
Rational Choice Theory
Meso- and Macro-Level Theories of the Family
Structural-Functional Theory
Alternative Theory for Analysis of the Family
Feminist Theory
Family Dynamics: Micro-Level Processes
Mate Selection: How Do New Families Start?
Norms Governing Choice of Marriage Partners:
Societal Rules and Intimate
Choices
Finding a Mate
Who Holds the Power? Authority in Marriage
Decision Making in Marriage
Who Does the Housework?
Family as an Institution: Meso-Level Analysis
Structure and Parts of the Family Institution
Types of Marriages
Engaging Sociology: Household Tasks by Gender
Sociologists in Action—Erin L. Kelly: Helping
Organizations Reduce Work-Life Conflicts
Extended and Nuclear Families
Economic Institution and the Family
Poverty and Families in the United States
Socioeconomic Status and Parenting
Dual-Worker Families
National and Global Family Issues: Macro-Level
Analysis
Same-Sex Marriage
Divorce: Contract Breaking
Divorce and Its Social Consequences
Marriage, Divorce, and Public Sociology
National Family Patterns and Policies in the United States
Global Family Patterns and Policies
Sociology Around the World: Cross-Cultural Differences in Family Dissolution
• What Have We Learned?
• Discussion Questions
• Key Terms
• Contributing to Our Social World: What Can We Do?
Chapter 11 • Education: What Are We Learning?
State of the World’s Education: An Overview
Ins and Outs of Local Schools: Micro-Level
Interactions in Educational Organizations
Micro-Level Theories: Individuals Within Schools
Symbolic Interaction Perspective and the Classroom
Rational Choice Theory and Education Settings
Statuses and Roles in the Education System
Students and the Peer Culture of Schools
Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and Academic Success
Sociology in Our Social World: Where the Boys Are— and Where the Men Are Not?
Teachers: The Front Line
Administrators: The Managers of the School System
The Informal System: What Really Happens Inside a School?
Educational Climate of Schools
Value Climate of Schools
Power Dynamics and Coping Strategies in the Classroom
After the School Bell Rings: Meso-Level Analysis of
Educational Organizations
Formal Education Systems
Bureaucratic School Structure
Education and the Social Institution of Family
Educational Decision Making at the Meso Level
Local-Level Influences
National-Level Influences
Sociology in Our Social World: Disability and Inequality
Education, Society, and the Road to Opportunity: The Macro Level
Why Societies Have Education Systems: Macro-Level
Theories
Functionalist Perspective on Education
Engaging Sociology: Consequences of High or Low
Numbers of Bachelor’s Degrees
Can Schools Bring About Equality in Societies?
Who Gets Ahead and Why? The Role of Education in Stratification
Assessing Student Achievement: Testing
Student Tracking
Engaging Sociology: Test Score Variations by Gender and Race or Ethnicity
School Funding
Education and Public Policy
Educational Policies in the United States
Sociologists in Action—Geoffrey Canada: Harlem
Children’s Zone
Global Policy Issues in Education
Future of Education in the Global System
• What Have We Learned?
• Discussion Questions
• Key Terms
• Contributing to Our Social World: What Can We Do?
Chapter 12 • Religion: The Social Meaning of Sacred Meaning
What Does Religion Do for Us?
Components of Religion
Meaning System
Belonging System
Structural System
Becoming Part of a Faith Community: Micro-Level Analysis
Symbols and the Creation of Meaning: A Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
Seeking Eternal Benefits: A Rational Choice
Perspective
Religion and Modern Life: Meso-Level Analysis
Types of Religious Organizations
Denominations and Denominationalism
Denominational Structures and the Micro-Meso Connection
New Religious Movements (NRMs) or Cults
Sociology in Our Social World: Islam, Mosques, and Organizational Structure
Sociology in Our Social World: Witchcraft in the United States
Religion and Other Social Institutions
Religion and Family
Religion and Politics: Theocracies and Civil Religion
Sociology Around the World: Transnational Religion: The Catholic Church and Political
Systems
Religion and the Economy: The Protestant Ethic and Capitalism
Religion in Society: Macro-Level Analysis
Contribution of Religion to Society: A Functionalist
Perspective
Social Cohesion
Social Change
Link Between Religion and Stratification: A Conflict
Perspective
Class Base of Religion
Sociologists in Action—Grace Yukich: From Religious
Violence to Peace and Understanding
Racial Bias, Gender Prejudice, and Religion
Engaging Sociology: Women and Spirituality
Religion in the Modern World
Engaging Sociology: Determining What It Means to Be
Religious Is Religion Dying or Reviving?
Religion and Secularization: Micro-, Meso-, and
Macro-Level Discord
Religion: Fostering War or Peace?
Religion, Technology, and the World Wide Web
Social Policy: Same-Sex Marriage and Gay or Lesbian Clergy
• What Have We Learned?
• Discussion Questions
• Key Terms
• Contributing to Our Social World: What Can We Do?
Chapter 13 • Politics and Economics: Probing Power, Dissecting Distribution
What Is Power?
Power and Privilege in Our Social World
Theoretical Perspectives on Power and Privilege
Legitimacy of Power: Micro- and Meso-Level Perspectives
Social Constructions of Politics: Legitimacy, Authority, and Power
How Do Leaders Gain Legitimate Power?
Sociology in Our Social World: The Flag, Symbolism, and Patriotism
Self-Interest as a Path to Legitimacy
Pluralist Model of Power
Elite Model
Individuals, Power, and Participation: Micro-Level
Analysis
Participation in Democratic Processes
Ideology and Attitudes About Politics and Economics
Levels of Participation in Politics
Power and Resource Distribution: Meso-Level Analysis
What Purposes Do Political and Economic Institutions Serve?
Meso- and Macro-Level Systems of Power and Distribution
Sociologists in Action—Lindsay Owens: Using Sociological Training in Government Policy
Work
Types of Governments
Sociology Around the World: The Khmer Rouge
Revolution: A Totalitarian Regime
Types of Economic Systems
Sociology in Our Social World: Technology and Democracy
National and Global Systems: Macro-Level Analysis
Power and the Nation-State
Revolutions and Rebellions
Meso-Macro Political Connection
Sociology Around the World: Social Media and Political Protests
Global Interdependencies: Cooperation and Conflicts
Engaging Sociology: Political Decisions: Social
Processes at the Micro, Meso, and Macro
Levels
Violence on the Global Level
Why Do Nations Go to War?
How Might Nations Avoid War?
Terrorism
• What Have We Learned?
• Discussion Questions
• Key Terms
• Contributing to Our Social World: What Can We Do?
Chapter 14 • Health Care: An Anatomy of Health and Illness
Why Is Health a Social Issue?
Health at the Micro Level
Health at the Meso Level
Health at the Macro Level
Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Illness
Micro-Level Theoretical Perspectives
Symbolic Interaction Perspective and Labeling Theory
Meso- and Macro-Level Theoretical Perspectives
Sociology in Our Social World: Alcoholism, Medicalization, and Policy
Functionalist Perspective
Conflict Perspective
Sociologists in Action—Eric R. Wright: Improving
State-Level Substance Abuse
Prevention Policy
Engaging Sociology: Health Care During a Financial Crisis
Feminist Theory
Status and Roles of the Sick Person: Micro-Level
Analysis
The Sick Role
Social Factors and Attitudes Toward Health, Illness, and Death
Modern Health Care Systems: Meso-Level Analysis
Organization of Health Care Systems
Types of National Health Care Systems
Sociology Around the World: Comparing Health Care
Systems: The Canadian Model
Hospitals as Complex Organizations
Changing Professional Status of Employees in the Health Care System
Health Care Issues at the National and Global Levels:
Macro-Level Analysis
Health Care System in the United States
Health Care Advances
Problems in the U.S. Health Care System
Health Care Around the Globe
The People’s Republic of China: Medicine in a Communist State
Engaging Sociology: Access to Health Care for Rich and Poor
Globalization of Medical Problems
Globalization and the Mobility of Disease
• What Have We Learned?
• Discussion Questions
• Key Terms
• Contributing to Our Social World: What Can We Do?
Part V. Social Dynamics
Chapter 15 • Population and Urbanization: Living on Planet Earth
Macro-Level Patterns in World Population Growth
Patterns of Population Growth Over Time
Engaging Sociology: If the World Were 100 People
Predictors of Population Growth
Population Patterns: Theoretical Explanations
Malthus’s Theory of Population
Demographic Transition: Explaining Population
Growth and Expansion
Conflict Theorists’ Explanations of Population Growth
Meso-Level Institutional Influences on Population
Change
Institutions and Population Patterns
Economic Factors and Population Patterns
Political Systems and Population Patterns
Religion and Population Patterns
Education and Population
Factors Affecting Mortality Rates
Sociology in Our Social World: The Significance of the Baby Boom
Migration and Mobility: Where People Move and Why
International Migration
Internal Migration in the United States
Sociology Around the World: From South to North of the U.S. Border
Micro-Level Population Patterns
Urbanization: Movement From Rural to Urban Areas
Engaging Sociology: Population Pyramids and Predicting Community Needs and Services
Cities as Micro-Level Living Environments
Engaging Sociology: World Urbanization Trends
Life in the City
Urban Residential Patterns
Human Relationships in Cities
How Did Cities Evolve? Meso-Level Organizational Structures
Sociology Around the World: Evolution of Early Cities:
The Nabateans and Petra
Theories of Urban Development
Types of Cities
Industrial Cities
Postindustrial Cities
Megacities
Urban Environment and Social Policy: Macro-Level
Perspectives
Rural Migrants and Overcrowding
Sociologists in Action—Jay Weinstein: Improving Quality of Life by Transforming
Community Structure
Crime and Delinquency in the City
Urban Planning for Structures That Meet Human Needs
Intersection of Demographics and Environmental Policy
• What Have We Learned?
• Discussion Questions
• Key Terms
• Contributing to Our Social World: What Can We Do?
Chapter 16 • Process of Change: We Can Make a Difference!
Complexity of Change in Our Social World
Change at the Individual Level: Micro-Level Analysis
Change at the Institutional Level: Meso-Level Analysis
Change at the National and Global Levels: MacroLevel Analysis
Societal-Level Change
Global Systems and Change
Social Change: Process and Theories
Process of Social Change
Sociology in Our Social World: Disasters and Their Aftermath
Sociology in Our Social World: Technology and Change: The Automobile
Theories of Social Change
Meso- and Macro-Level Theories of Change
Collective Behavior: Micro- to Meso-Level Change
Collective Behavior: Middle-Range Theories
Types of Collective Behavior
Planned Change in Organizations: Meso-Level Change
Sociology in Our Social World: Exam Stories: Testing the Truth
How Organizations Plan for Change
Models for Planning Organizational Change
Process of Planned Change
Social Movements: Macro-Level Change
What Is a Social Movement?
Sociologists in Action—Ruth Meinzen-Dick: Natural
Resource Management in Developing Countries
Stages of Social Movements
Types of Social Movements
Globalization and Social Movements
Engaging Sociology: Micro to Macro: Change From the Bottom Up
Technology, Environment, and Change
Sociologists in Action—Ellis Jones: Empowering
Everyday People: Democratizing Access to Social Change
Technology and Science
Technology and Change
Engaging Sociology: Making a Difference
• What Have We Learned?
• Discussion Questions
• Key Terms
• Contributing to Our Social World: What Can We Do?
Glossary
References
Index
About the Authors
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