Essentials of Psychology: Concepts and Applications, 5th Edition
by
Jeffrey S. Nevid
is a concise yet comprehensive introduction to the field of psychology. Nevid covers core concepts in psychology, presenting them in a way that’s accessible for students new to the field while also challenging them to think critically. This textbook emphasizes practical applications, encouraging students to see psychology as both an academic discipline and a relevant tool for everyday life. Below is a detailed summary by chapter:
Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology
Nevid begins by defining psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. He outlines psychology's history, discussing early approaches like
structuralism and functionalism, followed by behaviorism, psychoanalysis, and humanistic psychology. The chapter introduces major perspectives in psychology today—biological, cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, and sociocultural—and emphasizes the importance of scientific research and critical thinking in understanding human behavior.
Chapter 2: Research Methods in Psychology
This chapter introduces students to the scientific methods used in psychology, such as descriptive, correlational, and experimental methods. Nevid explains how to design experiments, establish variables, and control for biases. Ethical considerations in psychological research, including informed consent and confidentiality, are discussed. Nevid emphasizes the importance of statistical analysis in evaluating research findings, teaching students how to distinguish between causation and correlation.
Chapter 3: Biological Foundations of Behavior
Nevid explores the biological basis of behavior, focusing on the role of neurons, neurotransmitters, and the brain's structure. Key brain regions like the cerebrum, limbic system, and brainstem are discussed along with their functions. He also covers genetics, the nervous and endocrine systems, and how these systems interact to influence behavior. Nevid explains how knowledge of biology is essential in understanding psychological phenomena like motivation, emotion, and mental illness.
Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
This chapter covers how we experience and interpret the world around us through sensation and perception. Nevid discusses the senses (sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch), as well as principles of perception, such as figure-ground relationships, depth perception, and constancies. The chapter explores how sensory information is processed and how our brains construct meaningful experiences. Nevid discusses optical illusions, demonstrating how
perception can be influenced by context, expectations, and cultural differences.
Chapter 5: States of Consciousness
Nevid addresses different states of consciousness, including sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and meditation. He describes sleep cycles, stages, and the functions of REM and non-REM sleep, and provides insights into sleep disorders like insomnia and narcolepsy. The chapter also discusses the effects of psychoactive drugs on consciousness, covering categories such as depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and their effects on the brain and behavior. Nevid emphasizes the importance of healthy sleep and awareness of the potential dangers of substance abuse.
Chapter 6: Learning
This chapter explains the principles of learning, focusing on classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. Nevid explains Pavlov’s experiments on classical conditioning, discussing acquisition, extinction, and generalization. Skinner’s operant conditioning is
introduced, emphasizing reinforcement and punishment, as well as schedules of reinforcement. Observational learning, based on Bandura’s research, is explored, showing how individuals learn by observing others’ behaviors. Nevid discusses the reallife applications of learning principles in areas such as education and behavioral therapy.
Chapter 7: Memory
Nevid explores the processes of memory, detailing encoding, storage, and retrieval. He explains the different types of memory, including sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, and discusses factors that enhance or impair memory, such as rehearsal, chunking, and retrieval cues. He also addresses common memory failures, like forgetting, interference, and amnesia. Nevid’s exploration of memory also includes contemporary models, such as working memory and the reconstructive nature of memory, showing how memory is not always accurate.
Chapter 8: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
This chapter examines cognitive processes, including problem-solving, decision-making, and creativity. Nevid discusses heuristics and biases that affect decision-making and provides an overview of language development theories. The chapter also explores intelligence, presenting the history and development of IQ testing, theories of multiple intelligences, and the role of genetics and environment in shaping intelligence. Nevid emphasizes the importance of critical thinking and cultural considerations in assessing cognitive abilities.
Chapter 9: Motivation and Emotion
Nevid examines the biological and psychological bases of motivation, covering drives, needs, and incentives. He discusses hunger, sex, achievement, and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Emotion is also explored, with discussions on theories like JamesLange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer, which offer different perspectives on how emotions are generated. Nevid explores the role of the brain and
body in emotional response, as well as cultural influences on emotional expression.
Chapter 10: Developmental Psychology
In this chapter, Nevid addresses human development across the lifespan, from infancy through late adulthood. Topics include physical, cognitive, and social development, with an emphasis on the stages of development proposed by Piaget, Erikson, and Kohlberg. Nevid discusses attachment theory, the effects of parenting styles, and the challenges of adolescence and aging. He explores how biological and environmental factors interact to influence development, emphasizing the importance of understanding developmental milestones and individual differences.
Chapter 11: Personality
Nevid provides an overview of personality theories, including psychodynamic theories (Freud), humanistic theories (Rogers, Maslow), trait theories (Big Five), and social-cognitive theories (Bandura). The chapter explains how personality is measured through various
assessments, such as projective tests and self-report inventories. Nevid discusses personality development, the impact of genetics and environment, and the stability of personality traits over time, presenting personality as a complex and dynamic construct influenced by various factors.
Chapter 12: Psychological Disorders
This chapter introduces the classification and diagnosis of psychological disorders based on the DSM-5. Nevid describes major categories of disorders, such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders. He discusses possible causes, including biological, psychological, and social factors, and emphasizes the importance of destigmatizing mental illness. Nevid explains how understanding psychological disorders is crucial for identifying effective treatments.
Chapter 13: Therapies
Nevid reviews different approaches to psychological treatment, including psychodynamic, cognitive-
behavioral, humanistic, and biological therapies. He explains techniques used in each type, such as free association, cognitive restructuring, and exposure therapy, and discusses the use of medications for various disorders. Nevid emphasizes the role of research in evaluating therapy effectiveness and explores the importance of therapeutic alliances, evidence-based practices, and the ethical responsibilities of therapists.
Chapter 14: Social Psychology
The final chapter explores how individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of others. Topics include conformity, obedience, group dynamics, and attitudes. Nevid discusses research on conformity by Asch, obedience by Milgram, and groupthink by Janis, emphasizing how social factors can shape individual actions. The chapter also examines prosocial behavior, prejudice, aggression, and persuasion, with discussions on how cultural and social contexts influence behavior.
Additional Features and Applications
• Critical Thinking Exercises: Each chapter includes questions designed to stimulate reflection and apply concepts, helping students build critical thinking skills.
• Application Boxes: “Psychology in Your Life” boxes present real-world applications of psychological principles in everyday settings, from managing stress to improving study habits.
• Case Studies and Examples: Nevid uses case studies, examples, and research studies to illustrate key points, making the content engaging and relevant to students.
• Visual Aids: The book is rich with charts, graphs, and diagrams that help clarify complex concepts and reinforce learning through visual representation.
• Glossary and Review Questions: Each chapter concludes with a glossary and review questions, aiding in retention and providing a clear summary of key terms and ideas.
Essentials of
Psychology: Concepts and Applications, 5th Edition by Jeffrey S. Nevid is an engaging, wellorganized introduction to psychology that balances foundational knowledge with practical applications. Nevid’s clear explanations, combined with real-life examples and a focus on the scientific method, make this an ideal textbook for students who want a comprehensive understanding of psychology. By integrating critical thinking exercises and ethical considerations, Nevid encourages students to see psychology as both an academic field and a tool for personal growth and social understanding.