Contents
Specialized Contents x
Welcome to Essentials of Human Communication,
Ninth Edition xii
Acknowledgments xix
Part oNE Foundations of Human
Communication 1
1 The Essentials of Human
Communication 1
Forms, Benefits, and Myths of Human
Communication 2
Forms of Human Communication 2
Benefits of Studying Human Communication 3
Myths about Human Communication 4
Communication Models and Concepts 5
Sources–Receivers 5
Messages 6
Communication Context 7
Noise 8
Effects 8
Principles of Communication 9
Communication Is Purposeful 9
Communication Takes Place in Varied Forms 9
Communication Is Ambiguous 10
Communication Involves Content and Relationship
Dimensions 11
Communication Is Punctuated 11
Communication Is Inevitable, Irreversible, and Unrepeatable 11
Culture and Human Communication 13
The Importance of Culture 13 The Dimensions of Culture 14 The Aim of a Cultural Perspective 16 Ethnic Identity and Ethnocentrism 17
The Competent Communicator Thinks Critically and Mindfully 18 The Competent Communicator Makes Reasoned Choices 19
The Competent Communicator Is an Effective Code Switcher 19 The Competent Communicator Is Culturally Aware and Sensitive 20 The Competent Communicator Is Ethical 20
Self-Awareness 29
Self-Esteem 30
Self-Disclosure 33
Self-Disclosure Rewards 34
Self-Disclosure Dangers 35
Guidelines for Making Self-Disclosures 36
Guidelines for Facilitating and Responding to Others’ Disclosures 37
Guidelines for Resisting Pressure to Self-Disclose 37
Perception 38
Stimulation (Stage 1) 39
Organization (Stage 2) 39
Interpretation–Evaluation (Stage 3) 39
Memory (Stage 4) 40
Recall (Stage 5) 40
Impression Formation 40
Impression Formation Processes 40
Increasing Accuracy in Impression
Impression Management: Goals and Strategies 46
To be Liked: Affinity-Seeking and Politeness Strategies 46
To Be Believed: Credibility Strategies 48
To Excuse Failure: Self-Handicapping Strategies 48
To Secure Help: Self-Deprecating Strategies 48
To Hide Faults: Self-Monitoring Strategies 48
Be Followed: Influencing Strategies
Confirm
Image-Confirming
Stages
Listening Differences: Culture and Gender 67
Culture and Listening 67
Gender and Listening 68
Summary of Concepts and Skills 69 • Key Terms 70
SKill DevelopmenT experienCeS 71
Using Active Listening Strategies 71
Responding with Empathy 71
4 Verbal Messages 73
Principles of Verbal Messages 74
Message Meanings Are in People 74
Messages Are Denotative and Connotative 74
Messages Vary in Abstraction 75
Messages Can Deceive 75
Messages Vary in Politeness 76
Messages Can Be Onymous or Anonymous 78
Messages Vary in Assertiveness 79
Disconfirmation and Confirmation 80
Racist Speech 82
Heterosexist Speech 82
Ageist Speech 83
Sexist Speech 84
Cultural Identifiers 85
Principles for Using Verbal Messages
Effectively 87
Extensionalize: Avoid Intensional Orientation 87
See the Individual: Avoid Allness 88
Distinguish Between Facts and Inferences: Avoid Fact–Inference Confusion 88
Discriminate Among: Avoid Indiscrimination 89
Talk About the Middle: Avoid Polarization 90
Update Messages: Avoid Static Evaluation 91
Summary of Concepts and Skills 92 • Key Terms 93
SKill DevelopmenT experienCeS 93
Using Assertive Strategies 93
Constructing Confirming, Rejecting, and Disconfirming Responses 93
5 Nonverbal Messages 95
Principles of Nonverbal Communication 96
Nonverbal Messages Interact with Verbal
Messages 97
Nonverbal Messages Help Manage
Impressions 97
Nonverbal Messages Help Form Relationships 98
Nonverbal Messages Structure Conversation 99
Nonverbal Messages Can Influence and Deceive 99
Nonverbal Messages Are Crucial for Expressing
Emotions 99
The Channels of Nonverbal Communication 100
Body Communication 100
Facial Communication 102
Eye Communication 103
Spatial Communication 105
Artifactual Communication 106
Touch Communication 109
Paralanguage and Silence 110
Temporal Communication 114
Nonverbal Communication Competence 117
Decoding Skills 118
Encoding Skills 119
Summary of Concepts and Skills 120 • Key Terms
121
SKill DevelopmenT experienCeS 121
Selecting a Seat at the Company Meeting 121
Height 122
Using Nonverbal Impression Management
Strategies 123
Identifying Connections between Verbal and Nonverbal Messages 123
Using Nonverbal Messages 123
Part two interpersonal and Small
Group Communication 124
6 Interpersonal Communication and Conversation 124
Preliminaries to Interpersonal Communication and Conversation 125
Definition of Interpersonal Communication 125
The Interpersonal Continuum 125
The Interpersonal Process 127
The Principles of Conversation 128
The Principle of Cooperation 128
The Principle of Politeness: Conversation Is (Usually) Polite 128
The Principle of Turn-Taking 130
The Principle of Dialogue 131
The Principle of Immediacy 132
Everyday Conversations 133
Small Talk 133
Apologies 135 Compliments 136
Summary of Concepts and Skills 137 • Key Terms
138
SKill DevelopmenT experienCeS 138
Opening and Closing a Conversation 138
Making Small Talk 139
Making Apologies 139
Giving and Receiving Compliments 139
7 Interpersonal Relationships 140
Advantages and Disadvantages of Interpersonal Relationships 141
The Stages of Interpersonal Relationships 143
Contact 143
Involvement 144
Intimacy 145
Deterioration 145
Repair 146
Dissolution 146
Interpersonal Relationship Types 146
Friendship 146
Love 147
Family Relationships 148
Work Relationships 149
Online-Only Relationships 151
Theories of Interpersonal Communication and Relationships 153
Attraction Theory 153
Relationship Rules Theory 153
Social Exchange and Equity Theory 155
Summary of Concepts and Skills 157 • Key Terms 158
SKill DevelopmenT experienCeS 158
Exchanging Cherishing Messages 158
Analyzing Interpersonal Relationships in the Media 158
8 Managing Interpersonal Conflict 160
Preliminaries to Interpersonal Conflict 161
Definition of Interpersonal Conflict 161
Interpersonal Conflict Issues 161
Myths about Interpersonal Conflict 163
Principles of Interpersonal Conflict 163
Conflict Can Be Negative or Positive 163
Conflict Is Influenced by Culture and Gender 164
Conflict Styles Have Consequences 165
Conflict Management Strategies 167
Avoidance and Fighting Actively 168
Force and Talk 169
Defensiveness and Supportiveness 171
Face-Attacking and Face-Enhancing Strategies 172
Silencers and Facilitating Open Expression 173
Gunnysacking and Present Focus 173
Verbal Aggressiveness and Argumentativeness 173
Summary of Concepts and Skills 175 • Key Terms
176
SKill DevelopmenT experienCeS 176
Generating Win-Win Solutions 176
Constructing I-Messages 176
9 Small Group Communication 177
The Nature of Small Groups and Teams 178
The Small Group 178
The Team 179
Virtual Groups and Teams 179
Advantages and Disadvantages of Groups 180
Small Group Stages, Formats, and Culture 180
Small Group Stages 180
Small Group Formats 181
Small Group Culture 182
Idea Generating and Sharing Groups 183
Brainstorming Groups 183
Focus Groups 185
Problem-Solving Groups 186
The Problem-Solving Sequence 186
Problem-Solving Groups at Work 188
Summary of Concepts and Skills 189 • Key Terms
190
SKill DevelopmenT experienCeS 190
Small Group Apprehension 190
Using Brainstorming Techniques 191
Listening to New Ideas 191
Solving Problems in Groups 192
10 Members and Leaders in Small
Group Communication 193
Members in Small Group Communication 194
Member Roles 194
Member Skills 196
Leaders in Small Group Communication 198
Leadership Theories 199
Leadership Skills 201
Membership, Leadership, and Culture 203
Individual and Collective Orientations 204
High- and Low-Power Distances 205
Summary of Concepts and Skills 206 • Key Terms
207
SKill DevelopmenT experienCeS 207
Responding to Individual Roles 207
Empowering Group Members 208
Part thrEE public Speaking 209
11 Public Speaking Preparation
(Steps 1–6) 209
The Nature of Public Speaking 210
Benefits and Skills of Public Speaking 210
Communication Apprehension 210
Starting Early 212
Step1: Select Your Topic, Purposes, and Thesis 214
Your Topic 214
Your Purposes 216
Your Thesis 216
Step 2: Analyze Your Audience 217
Audience Sociology 218
Audience Psychology 218
Analysis and Adaptation during the Speech 219
Step 3: Research Your Topic 220
Research Principles 220
Research Evaluation 221
Research Integration and Citation 221
Step 4: Collect Supporting Materials 222
Step 5: Develop Your Main Points 224
Eliminate or Combine Points 225
Select Points That Are Most Relevant 225
Phrase Propositions in Parallel Style 226
Develop Main Points Separately and Distinctly 226
Step 6: Organize Your Speech Materials 226
Time Pattern 226
Spatial Pattern 227
Topical Pattern 227
Problem–Solution Pattern 227
Cause–Effect/Effect–Cause Pattern 228
Structure–Function Pattern 229
Comparison-and-Contrast Pattern 229
Pro-and-Con Pattern 230
Claim-and-Proof Pattern 230
Multiple-Definition Pattern 230
Who? What? Why? Where? When? Pattern 231
Fiction–Fact Pattern 231
Summary of Concepts and Skills 234 • Key Terms 235
SKill DevelopmenT experienCeS 235
Using Cultural Beliefs as Assumptions 235
Topic Appropriateness 236
Limiting Topics 236
12 Public Speaking Preparation
and Delivery (Steps 7–10) 237
Step 7: Word Your Speech 238
Clarity 238
Vividness 239
Appropriateness 239
Personal Style 240
Power 240
Sentence Construction 241
Step 8: Construct Your Conclusion, Introduction,
Transitions, and Outlines 242
The Conclusion 242
The Introduction 243
Avoiding Some Common Mistakes 244
Transitions and Internal Summaries 245
Outlines 245
Step 9: Rehearse Your Speech 250
Methods of Delivery 250
Effective Rehearsing 251
Step 10: Deliver Your Speech 252
Voice 252
Body Action 253
Using Notes 254
Critically Evaluating Speeches 255
Questions to Consider 255
Expressing and Listening to Criticism 256
Summary of Concepts and Skills 260 • Key Terms
261
SKill DevelopmenT experienCeS 261
Constructing Conclusions and Introductions 261
Checking Your Pronunciation 262
13 The Informative Speech 263
Guidelines for Informative Speaking 264
Center Information on the Audience 264
Limit the Information 264
Adjust the Level of Complexity 264
Relate New Information to Old 265
Make the Information Easy to Remember 265
Three Types of Informative Speeches 266
Speeches of Description 266
Speeches of Definition 267
Speeches of Demonstration 268
Supporting Materials 271
Examples, Illustrations, and Narratives 271
Testimony 271
Numerical Data 272
Definitions 273
Additional Forms of Support 273
Presentation Aids 274
Types of Presentation Aids 274
Using Presentation Aids 276
Presentation Software 277
Summary of Concepts and Skills 283 • Key Terms 284
SKill DevelopmenT experienCeS 284
Supporting Statements 284
Evaluating Testimony 284
Preparing an Informative Speech 285
14 The Persuasive Speech 286
Goals of Persuasion 287
Guidelines for Persuasive Speaking 288
Focus on Your Audience 288
Ask for Reasonable Amounts of Change 288
Anticipate Selective Exposure 288
Adapt to the Culture of Your Audience 289
Follow a Motivated Sequence 290
Three Types of Persuasive Speeches 291
Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Fact 291
Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Value 294
Persuasive Speeches on Questions of Policy 295
Supporting Materials 297
Logical Appeals 297
Emotional Appeals 299
Credibility Appeals 301
Summary of Concepts and Skills 307 • Key Terms
308
SKill DevelopmenT experienCeS 308
Developing Persuasive Speeches 308
Preparing a Persuasive Speech 308
Glossary 309
References 321
Credits 343
Index 347
Specialized Contents
SelF-TeSTS
These self-assessment tests will help you bring to awareness, analyze, and improve your communication patterns and strategies.
How’s Your Self-Esteem? (Chapter 2, p. 31)
How Willing to Self-Disclose Are You? (Chapter 2, p. 35)
How Do You Listen? (Chapter 3, p. 62)
How Assertive Are Your Messages? (Chapter 4, p. 79)
Can You Distinguish Facts from Inferences? (Chapter 4, p. 89)
How Polite Are You? (Chapter 6, p. 129)
How Do You Small Talk? (Chapter 6, p. 134)
Conflict Management Strategies (Chapter 8, p. 168)
How Apprehensive Are You in Group Discussions? (Chapter 9, p. 191)
What Kind of Group Member Are You? (Chapter 10, p. 194)
What Kind of Leader Are You? (Chapter 10, p. 199)
How Apprehensive Are You About Public Speaking? (Chapter 11, p. 211)
What’s Wrong With These Comments? (Chapter 12, p. 256)
Using Presentation Software (Chapter 13, p. 277)
How Credible Are You? (Chapter 14, p. 302)
CommuniCaTinG eTHiCally
These sections examine ethical issues and dilemmas to illustrate the close connection between ethics and communication, to encourage you to think about the ethical implications of your messages, and to stimulate you to formulate your own code of ethical communication.
The Ethics of Impression Management (Chapter 2, p. 49)
Ethical Listening (Chapter 3, p. 59)
Lying (Chapter 4, p. 77)
Communication Silence (Chapter 5, p. 113)
Your Obligation to Reveal Yourself (Chapter 6, p. 126)
Relationship Ethics (Chapter 7, p. 154)
Ethical Listening (Chapter 8, p. 169)
The Ethics of Gossip (Chapter 9, p. 186)
The Leader’s Ethical Responsibilities (Chapter 10, p. 202)
Plagiarism (Chapter 11, p. 223)
The Ethical Critic (Chapter 12, p. 258)
Speaking Ethically (Chapter 13, p. 265)
Appeals to Emotions (Chapter 14, p. 301)
publiC SpeaKinG Sample aSSiSTanT
These sample speeches and outlines, along with their annotations, will assist you in preparing and outlining your own speeches.
A Poorly Constructed Informative Speech (Chapter 11, p. 232)
The Preparation Outline (Chapter 12, p. 246)
The Template Outline (Chapter 12, p. 249)
The Delivery Outline (Chapter 12, p. 250)
A Poorly Constructed Persuasive Speech (Chapter 12, p. 258)
Special Occasion Speeches (Chapter 13, p. 270)
An Excellent Informative Speech (Chapter 13, p. 279)
Special Occasion Speeches (Chapter 14, p. 293)
An Excellent Persuasive Speech (Chapter 14, p. 303)
SKill DevelopmenT experienCeS
These exercises are designed to help you work actively with the skills and applications discussed in the text and to help you make these skills a part of your everyday communication behavior.
Communicating Content and Relationship Messages (Chapter 1, p. 23)
Writing Your Social Network Profile (Chapter 1, p. 24)
Checking Your Perceptions (Chapter 2, p. 52)
Using Impression Management Strategies (Chapter 2, p. 52)
Applying Impression Management Strategies (Chapter 2, p. 53)
Using Active Listening Strategies (Chapter 3, p. 71)
Responding with Empathy (Chapter 3, p. 71)
Using Assertiveness Strategies (Chapter 4, p. 93)
Constructing Confirming, Rejecting, and Disconfirming Responses (Chapter 4, p. 93)
Selecting a Seat at the Company Meeting (Chapter 5, p. 121)
Height (Chapter 5, p. 122)
Using Nonverbal Impression Management Strategies (Chapter 5, p. 123)
Identifying Connections between Verbal and Nonverbal Messages (Chapter 5, p. 123)
Using Nonverbal Messages (Chapter 5, p. 123)
Opening and Closing a Conversation (Chapter 6, p. 138)
Making Small Talk (Chapter 6, p. 139)
Making Apologies (Chapter 6, p. 139)
Giving and Receiving Compliments (Chapter 6, p. 139)
Exchanging Cherishing Messages (Chapter 7, p. 158)
Analyzing Interpersonal Relationships in the Media (Chapter 7, p. 158)
Generating Win–Win Solutions (Chapter 8, p. 176)
Constructing I-Messages (Chapter 8, p. 176)
Small Group Apprehension (Chapter 9, p. 190)
Using Brainstorming Techniques (Chapter 9, p. 191)
Listening to New Ideas (Chapter 9, p. 191)
Solving Problems in Groups (Chapter 9, p. 192)
Responding to Individual Roles (Chapter 10, p. 207)
Empowering Group Members (Chapter 10, p. 208)
Using Cultural Beliefs as Assumptions (Chapter 11, p. 235)
Topic Appropriateness (Chapter 11, p. 236)
Limiting Topics (Chapter 11, p. 236)
Constructing Conclusions and Introductions (Chapter 12, p. 261)
Checking Your Pronunciation (Chapter 12, p. 262)
Supporting Statements (Chapter 13, p. 284)
Evaluating Testimony (Chapter 13, p. 284)
Preparing an Informative Speech (Chapter 13, p. 285)
Developing Persuasive Speeches (Chapter 14, p. 308)
Preparing a Persuasive Speech (Chapter 14, p. 308)