Of Critical Thinking 44
Implied Premises 47
Quick Review 47
Deconstructing Arguments 48
Moral Statements and Arguments 51
Testing Moral Premises 54
Assessing Nonmoral Premises 55
Quick Review 55
iv Á CONTENTS
Avoiding Bad Arguments 56
Begging the Question 56
Equivocation 57
Appeal to Authority 57
Appeal To Emotion 57
Slippery Slope 58
Faulty Analogy 58
Appeal to Ignorance 58
Criterion 1: Consistency with Considered Moral Judgments 71
Moral Judgments 72 Criterion 2: Consistency with Our Moral Experiences
Thought—A 100 Percent All-Natural Theory
SUMMARY 81
KEY TERMS 81
REVIEW QUESTIONS 81
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 82
ETHICAL DILEMMAS 82
FURTHER READING 82
PART 3: THEORIES OF MORALITY
CHAPTER 5 Consequentialist Theories: Maximize the Good 85
Ethical Egoism 85
Applying the Theory 86
Evaluating the Theory 87
Can Ethical Egoism Be Advocated? 89
Quick Review 91
Utilitarianism 91
Applying the Theory 94
Peter Singer, Utilitarian 95
Quick Review 96
Evaluating the Theory 96
Learning from Utilitarianism 100
Social Contract Theory 100
Critical Thought—Cross-Species Transplants: What Would A
Utilitarian Do? 101
Hobbes’s Theory 101
Evaluating the Theory 102
vi Á CONTENTS
Egoism and Altruism by Louis P. Pojman 107
Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill 111 A Theory of Justice by John Rawls 115 The Entitlement Theory of Justice by Robert Nozick 122
And The “Trolley Problem” 142
Evaluating the Theory 142
Learning from Natural Law 143
SUMMARY 144
KEY TERMS 144
REVIEW QUESTIONS 144
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 145
ETHICAL DILEMMAS 145
FURTHER READING 146
READINGS
Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals by Immanuel Kant 146
Summa Theologica by St. Thomas Aquinas 155
Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives by Philippa Foot 165
CHAPTER 7 Virtue Ethics: Be a Good Person 172
The Ethics of Virtue 172
Critical Thought—Learning Virtues
In The Classroom 173
Virtue in Action 174
Evaluating Virtue Ethics 174
Critical Thought—Warrior Virtues And Moral
Disagreements 176
Quick Review 177
Learning from Virtue Ethics 177
SUMMARY 177
KEY TERMS 178
REVIEW QUESTIONS 178
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 178
ETHICAL DILEMMAS 178
FURTHER READING 179
READINGS
Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle 179
The Need for More Than Justice by Annette C. Baier 188
CHAPTER 8 Feminist Ethics and the Ethics of Care
196
Feminist Ethics 197
Critical Thought—Feminist Ethics In History 197
The Ethics of Care 198
Quick Review 199
SUMMARY 199
KEY TERMS 199
REVIEW QUESTIONS 199
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 200
ETHICAL DILEMMAS 200
FURTHER READING 200
READINGS
Feminist Ethics by Alison M. Jaggar 201
The Ethics of Care as Moral Theory by Virginia Held 209
PART 4: ETHICAL ISSUES
CHAPTER 9 Abortion 221
Issue File: Background 221
Abortion In The United States: Facts And Figures 223
Moral Theories 224
Majority Opinion In Roe V. Wade 225
Abortion And The Scriptures 226
Moral Arguments 227
Quick Review 227
State Abortion Laws 229
Critical Thought—Fact-Checking Abortion Claims 231
CONTENTS Á ix
SUMMARY 233 KEY TERMS 234
REVIEW QUESTIONS 234
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 234 FURTHER READING 235
ETHICAL DILEMMAS 235
READINGS
A Defense of Abortion by Judith Jarvis Thomson 237
On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion by Mary Anne Warren 247
Why Abortion Is Immoral by Don Marquis 256
Virtue Theory and Abortion by Rosalind Hursthouse 268
Abortion Through a Feminist Ethics Lens by Susan Sherwin 274
CHAPTER 10 Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted
Suicide 285
The Death Of Karen Ann Quinlan 286
Issue File: Background 286
Landmark Court Rulings 288
Quick Review 289
Moral Theories 289
Critical Thought—Dr. Kevorkian
Moral Arguments 291
Public Opinion And Euthanasia 293
SUMMARY 295
KEY TERMS 296
REVIEW QUESTIONS 296
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 296
FURTHER READING 296
ETHICAL DILEMMAS 297
Euthanasia for Disabled People? by Liz Carr 332
CHAPTER 11 Delivering Health Care 334
Issue File: Background 334
Health Care By Country 336
Critical Thought Comparing Health Care Systems 337
Moral Theories 338
Moral Arguments 339
Quick Review 340
SUMMARY 340
KEY TERMS 341
REVIEW QUESTIONS 341
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 341
FURTHER READING 342
ETHICAL DILEMMAS 342
READINGS
Autonomy, Equality and a Just Health Care System by Kai Nielsen 344
The Right to a Decent Minimum of Health Care by
Allen E. Buchanan 350
Is There a Right to Health Care and, If So, What Does It Encompass?
by Norman Daniels 363
CONTENTS
REVIEW QUESTIONS 380
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 380
FURTHER READING 380
ETHICAL DILEMMAS 381
READINGS
All Animals Are Equal by Peter Singer 384
The Case for Animal Rights by Tom Regan 394
Difficulties with the Strong Animal Rights Position by Mary Anne Warren 401
The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research by Carl Cohen 407
How to Argue for (and Against) Ethical Veganism by Tristram McPherson 414
CHAPTER 13 Environmental Ethics 429
Issue File: Background 430
Climate Change—How We Know It’s Real 432
Moral Theories 434
Quick Review 435
Moral Arguments 435
Critical Thought—Should Pandas Pay The Price?
436
SUMMARY 438
KEY TERMS 438
xii Á CONTENTS
REVIEW QUESTIONS 439
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 439
FURTHER READING 439
ETHICAL DILEMMAS 440
READINGS
People or Penguins by William F. Baxter 442
It’s Not My Fault: Global Warming and Individual Moral Obligations by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong 446
Are All Species Equal? by David Schmidtz 458
The Land Ethic by Aldo Leopold 465
CHAPTER 14 Racism, Equality, and Discrimination
470 Issue File: Background 471
Critical Thought—White Privilege 474
Critical Thought—Are Legacy Admissions Racist? 479
Moral Theories 480
Critical Thought—Are Whites-Only Scholarships
Unjust? 481
Quick Review 482
Moral Arguments 482
SUMMARY 484
KEY TERMS 485
REVIEW QUESTIONS 485
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 486
FURTHER READING 486
ETHICAL DILEMMAS 486
READINGS
Racisms by Kwame Anthony Appiah 489
Racism: What It Is and What It Isn’t by Lawrence Blum 499
Dear White America by George Yancy 508
Uses and Abuses of the Discourse of White Privilege by Naomi Zack 511
The Case Against Affirmative Action by Louis P. Pojman 514
In Defense of Affirmative Action by Tom L. Beauchamp 526
CONTENTS Á xiii
CHAPTER 15 Sexual Morality 536
Issue File: Background 536
Sexual Behavior 536
Vital Stats—Sexual Behavior 537
Campus Sexual Assault 538
Critical Thought—Proving Sexual Assault 540
Moral Theories 541
Moral Arguments 542
Quick Review 544
SUMMARY 544
KEY TERMS 545
REVIEW QUESTIONS 545
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 545
FURTHER READING 546
ETHICAL DILEMMAS 546
READINGS
Plain Sex by Alan H. Goldman 548
Sexual Morality by Roger Scruton 557
Why Shouldn’t Tommy and Jim Have Sex? ADefense of Homosexuality by John Corvino 564
Seduction, Rape, and Coercion by Sarah Conly 571
Sex under Pressure: Jerks, Boorish Behavior, and Gender Hierarchy by Scott A. Anderson 582
CHAPTER 16 Free Speech on Campus 589
Issue File: Background 590
Critical Thought Who Can Say The N-Word? 591
Microaggressions 593
Moral Theories 594
Critical Thought—Is Hate Speech Violence? 595
College Students And Free Speech 596
Quick Review 597
xiv Á CONTENTS
CONTENTS Á xv
xv
Moral Arguments 597
SUMMARY 597
KEY TERMS 598
REVIEW QUESTIONS 598
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 598
FURTHER READING 599
ETHICAL DILEMMAS 599
READINGS
Why It’s a Bad Idea to Tell Students Words Are Violence by Jonathan Haidt and Greg Lukianoff 601
Restoring Free Speech on Campus by Geoffrey R. Stone and Will Creeley 605
Speech Codes and Expressive Harm by Andrew Altman 606
What “Snowflakes” Get Right About Free Speech by Ulrich Baer 615
The Progressive Ideas behind the Lack of Free Speech on Campus by Wendy Kaminer 618
CHAPTER 17 Drugs, Guns, and Personal Liberty 621
Issue File: Background 621
Drugs: Social Harms versus Personal Freedom 621
Critical Thought—Does Legalizing Medical Marijuana
Encourage Use Among Teenagers? 622
Diverse Views On Legalizing Marijuana 623
Gun Ownership: Security versus Individual Rights 624
Vital Stats—Guns In The United States 625
Survey—Views Of U.S. Adults On Gun Policy 626
Moral Theories 626
Moral Arguments 628
Quick Review 630
SUMMARY 631
KEY TERMS 631
REVIEW QUESTIONS 631
xvi Á CONTENTS
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 632
FURTHER READING 632
ETHICAL DILEMMAS 632
READINGS
The Ethics of Addiction by Thomas Szasz 634
Against the Legalization of Drugs by James Q. Wilson 643
Gun Control by Hugh LaFollette 652
Political Philosophy and the Gun Control Debate: What Would Bentham, Mills, and Nozick Have to Say? by Stacey Nguyen
663
CHAPTER 18 Capital Punishment 666
Issue File: Background 666
Moral Theories 668
Critical Thought The Morality Of Botched Executions 670
Quick Review 672
Moral Arguments 673
Critical Thought—Different Cases, Same Punishment 674
SUMMARY 675
KEY TERMS 676
REVIEW QUESTIONS 676
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 676
FURTHER READING 676
ETHICAL DILEMMAS 677
READINGS
The Ultimate Punishment: A Defense by Ernest van den Haag 679
Justice, Civilization, and the Death Penalty: Answering van den Haag by Jeffrey H. Reiman 684
The Case Against the Death Penalty by Hugo Adam Bedau 690 A Life for a Life by Igor Primoratz 698 CONTENTS Á xvii
CHAPTER 19 Political Violence: War, Terrorism, and Torture 705
705 Critical Thought—Preemptive War On Iraq 708
Moral Theories 715
Moral Arguments 717
Quick Review 721
SUMMARY 721
KEY TERMS 722
REVIEW QUESTIONS 722
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 722
FURTHER READING 723
ETHICAL DILEMMAS 723
READINGS
Reconciling Pacifists and Just War Theorists by James P. Sterba 726
Drones, Ethics, and the Armchair Soldier by John Kaag 735
Can Terrorism Be Morally Justified? by Stephen Nathanson 737
The Case for Torturing the Ticking Bomb Terrorist by Alan M. Dershowitz 745
My Tortured Decision by Ali Soufan 754
CHAPTER 20 The Ethics of Immigration 756
Issue File: Background 756
Critical Thought—Deporting Children 760
Quick Review 760
Moral Theories 761
Critical Thought—Accepting Or Rejecting Refugees 761
Moral Arguments 762
SUMMARY 763
KEY TERMS 763
REVIEW QUESTIONS 763
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 763
FURTHER READING 764
ETHICAL DILEMMAS 764
xviii Á CONTENTS
READINGS
The Morality of Migration by Seyla Benhabib 766
The Moral Dilemma of U.S. Immigration Policy
Revisted: Open Borders vs. Social
Justice? by Stephen Macedo 768
Selecting Immigrants by David Miller 781
Immigration and Freedom of Association by Christopher Heath Wellman 787
Freedom of Association Is Not the Answer by Sarah Fine 808
CHAPTER 21 Global Economic Justice 820
Issue File: Background 820
Moral Theories 822
Vital Stats The Planet’s Poor And Hungry 822
Moral Arguments 823
Quick Review 825
SUMMARY 826
KEY TERMS 826
REVIEW QUESTIONS 826
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 826
FURTHER READING 827
ETHICAL DILEMMAS 827
READINGS
Famine, Affluence, and Morality by Peter Singer 829
Lifeboat Ethics by Garrett Hardin 835
A Critique of Lifeboat Ethics by William W. Murdoch and Allan Oaten 841
The Case for Aid by Jeffrey Sachs 850
GLOSSARY G–1
