Contents
Preface
About the Authors
Chapter 1 • What Is Behavioral Neuroscience?
The Origins of Behavioral Neuroscience
Prescientific Psychology and the Mind-Brain
Problem
Descartes and the Physical Model of Behavior
Helmholtz and the Electrical Brain
The Localization Issue
Nature and Nurture
The Genetic Code
The Human Genome Project
Application | The Promise of DNA Computing
Heredity: Destiny or Predisposition?
RESEARCH SPOTLIGHT | Beyond the Human
Genome Project
Part I. Neural Foundations of Behavior: The Basic Equipment
Chapter 2 • Communication Within the Nervous System
The Cells That Make Us Who We Are Neurons
Application | Targeting Ion Channels
Glial Cells
How Neurons Communicate With Each Other
Chemical Transmission at the Synapse
IN THE NEWS | Ramón y Cajal’s Work Received by
New
Audience
Regulating Synaptic Activity
Neurotransmitters
Neural Codes and Neural Networks
Application | Agonists and Antagonists in the Real World
RESEARCH SPOTLIGHT | DHA for a Better Brain
Chapter 3 • The Organization and Functions of the Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
The Forebrain
Application | The Case of Phineas Gage
The Midbrain and Hindbrain
The Spinal Cord
Protecting the Central Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Cranial Nerves
The Autonomic Nervous System
Development and Change in the Nervous System
The Stages of Development
How Experience Modifies the Nervous System
IN THE NEWS | Breastmilk Consumption Is Good for the Brain
Damage and Recovery in the Central Nervous
System
Application | Ultrasound Surgery
RESEARCH SPOTLIGHT | Mending the Brain With Computer Chips
Chapter 4 • The Methods and Ethics of Research
Science, Research, and Theory
Theory and Tentativeness in Science
Experimental Versus Correlational Studies
Research Techniques
Staining and Imaging Neurons
Light and Electron Microscopy
Measuring and Manipulating Brain Activity
RESEARCH SPOTLIGHT | Looking Into the Brain
IN THE NEWS | Portable EEG Reveals Real-Life
Brain Activity
Brain Imaging Techniques
Application | Scanning King Tut
RESEARCH SPOTLIGHT | Growing a Model Brain
From Skin
Cells
Investigating Heredity
RESEARCH SPOTLIGHT | The Brainbow
Connection
Research Ethics
Plagiarism and Fabrication
Protecting the Welfare of Research Participants
Gene Therapy
Stem Cell Therapy
Part II. Motivation and Emotion: What Makes Us Go
Chapter 5 • Drugs, Addiction, and Reward
Psychoactive Drugs
Opiates
Depressants
Application | Government Agencies Act to Curb
Overdose Deaths
Application | The Auto-Brewery Syndrome
Stimulants
Psychedelics
Marijuana
Application | Changing Attitudes Toward Marijuana
Addiction
The Neural Basis of Reward
The Neural Basis of Addiction
Brain Plasticity and Learning in Addiction
Treating Drug Addiction
IN THE NEWS | Targeting the Brain to Lessen Drug Withdrawal
The Role of Genes in Addiction
Separating Genetic and Environmental Influences
What Is Inherited?
Implications of Addiction Research
Chapter 6 • Motivation and the Regulation of Internal States
Motivation and Homeostasis
Theoretical Approaches to Motivation
Simple Homeostatic Drives
Hunger: A Complex Drive
Gustation: The Role of Taste
Application | Predator Control Through Learned
Taste Aversion
Digestion and the Two Phases of Metabolism
Signals That Start a Meal
Signals That End a Meal
Long-Term Controls
Obesity
Research Spotlight | How Nicotine and Marijuana
Affect Appetite
Research Spotlight | Diabetes, the Duck-Billed
Platypus, and the
Cone Snail
The Myths of Obesity
The Contributions of Heredity and Environment
Application | The Sweet Taste of Obesity
Obesity and Reduced Metabolism
Treating Obesity
IN THE NEWS | Pets May Provide Protection
Against Obesity
Anorexia, Bulimia, and Binge Eating Disorder
Environmental and Genetic Contributions
The Role of Serotonin, Dopamine, and Cannabinoids
Chapter 7 • The Biology of Sex and Gender
Sex as a Form of Motivation
Arousal and Satiation
The Role of Testosterone
Brain Structures and Neurotransmitters
Odors, Pheromones, and Sexual Attraction
Application | Of Love, Bonding, and Empathy
The Biological Determination of Sex
Chromosomes and Hormones
Prenatal Hormones and the Brain
Gender-Related Behavioral and Cognitive Differences
Some Demonstrated Male-Female Differences
Origins of Male-Female Differences
IN THE NEWS | GTEx Project Provides New Insight Into the
Differences Between the Sexes
Biological Origins of Gender Identity
Gender Dysphoria
46 XY Difference in Sexual Development
46 XX Difference in Sexual Development
Cognitive and Behavioral Effects
Application | Sex, Gender, and Sports
Ablatio Penis and Other Natural Experiments
Sexual Orientation
Application | Who Chooses a Child’s Sex?
The Social Influence Hypothesis
Genetic and Epigenetic Influences
Prenatal Influences on Brain Structure and Function
Social Implications of the Biological Model
Chapter 8 • Emotion and Health
Emotion and the Nervous System
Autonomic and Muscular Involvement in Emotion
The Emotional Brain
IN THE NEWS | Emotional Processing Differs by Class
Application | Why Bob Doesn’t Jump Out of Airplanes
Stress, Immunity, and Health
Stress as an Adaptive Response
Negative Effects of Stress
Social, Personality, and Genetic Factors
RESEARCH SPOTLIGHT | One Aftermath of Disaster Is StressRelated Brain Damage
Pain as an Adaptive Emotion
Biological Origins of Aggression
The Brain’s Role in Aggression
RESEARCH SPOTLIGHT | A Bug That Causes
Road Rage?
Hormones and Neurotransmitters in Aggression
Application | Neurocriminology, Responsibility, and the Law
Heredity and Environment
Part III. Interacting With the World
Chapter 9 • Hearing and Language
Hearing
The Adequate Stimulus for Hearing
The Auditory Mechanism
Frequency Analysis
Restoring Hearing
RESEARCH SPOTLIGHT | Beyond Cochlear
Implants
Analyzing Complex Sounds
Locating Sounds
Application | I Hear a Tree Over There
Language
Broca’s Area
Wernicke’s Area
The Wernicke-Geschwind Model
Reading, Writing, and Their Impairments
Recovery From Aphasia and Lateralization of Language
A Language-Generating Mechanism?
IN THE NEWS | Learn a New Language While You Study
Psychology
Language in Nonhuman Animals
Neural and Genetic Antecedents
IN THE NEWS | Language Dialects: You Are From What You Say
Chapter 10 • Vision and Visual Perception
Light and the Visual Apparatus
The Visible Spectrum
The Eye and Its Receptors
Pathways to the Brain
Color Vision
Application | Restoring Lost Vision
Trichromatic Theory
Opponent Process Theory
A Combined Theory
Color Blindness
IN THE NEWS | Being a Color-Blind Sports Fan
Form Vision
Contrast Enhancement and Edge Detection
Application | Neural Bases of Visual Illusions
Hubel and Wiesel’s Theory
Spatial Frequency Theory
The Perception of Objects, Color, and Movement
The Two Pathways of Visual Analysis
Disorders of Visual Perception
The Problem of Final Integration
RESEARCH SPOTLIGHT | When Binding Goes Too
Far
Chapter 11 • The Body Sense and Movement
The Body Senses
Proprioception
The Skin Senses
The Vestibular Sense
The Somatosensory Cortex and the Posterior
Parietal Cortex
Pain and Its Disorders
Movement
The Muscles
Application | Treating Pain in Limbs That Aren’t There
The Spinal Cord
The Brain and Movement
RESEARCH SPOTLIGHT | Brain-Computer
Interfaces
Disorders of Movement
Application | Deep Brain Stimulation and Parkinson’s
Disease
Part IV. Complex Behavior
Chapter 12 • Learning and Memory
Learning as the Storage of Memories
Amnesia: The Failure of Storage and Retrieval
Mechanisms of Consolidation and Retrieval
Application | The Legacy of HM
Where Memories Are Stored
Two Kinds of Learning
Working Memory
Brain Changes in Learning
Long-Term Potentiation
How LTP Happens
Consolidation and Sleep
Changing Our Memories
Application | Total Recall
IN THE NEWS | Enhancing Soldiers’ Learning With Neurostimulation
Learning Deficiencies and Disorders