1 Abnormal Psychology: Overview and Research Approaches 25 What Do We Mean by Abnormality? 27
Indicators of Abnormality 27 The World Around Us Extreme Generosity or Pathological Behavior? 30 Thinking Critically about DSM-5 What Is the DSM and Why Was It Revised? 31 The DSM-5 and the Definition of Mental Disorder 31 Classification and Diagnosis 32 What Are the Disadvantages of Classification? 32 How Can We Reduce Prejudicial Attitudes Toward
Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior 57
Demonology, Gods, and Magic 58
Hippocrates’ Early Medical Concepts 58
Developments in Thinking Melancholia Through the Ages 59
Early Philosophical Conceptions of Consciousness 60
Later Greek and Roman Thought 60
Early Views of Mental Disorders in China 61
Views of Abnormality During the Middle Ages 61
Toward Humanitarian Approaches 63
The Resurgence of Scientific Questioning in Europe 63
The Establishment of Early Asylums 64
Humanitarian Reform 65
Nineteenth-Century Views of the Causes and Treatment of Mental Disorders 69
Changing
Attitudes Toward Mental Health
in the Early Twentieth Century 69
The World Around Us Chaining Mental Health
Patients 70
Mental Hospital Care in the Twentieth Century 70
The Emergence of Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior 72
Biological Discoveries: Establishing the Link Between the Brain and Mental Disorder 72
The Development of a Classification System 73
Development of the Psychological Basis of Mental Disorder 74
Developments in Research The Search for Medications to Cure Mental Disorders 74
The Evolution of the Psychological Research Tradition: Experimental Psychology 77
Unresolved Issues Interpreting Historical Events 80
Summary 82
Key Terms 83
3 Causal Factors and Viewpoints 84
Risk Factors and Causes of Abnormal Behavior 85
Necessary, Sufficient, and Contributory Causes 85
Feedback and Bidirectionality in Abnormal
Behavior 87
Diathesis–Stress Models 87
Perspectives to Understanding the Causes of Abnormal Behavior 90
The Biological Perspective 90
Genetic Vulnerabilities 91
Developments in Thinking Nature, Nurture, and Psychopathology: A New Look at an Old Topic 95
Brain Dysfunction and Neural Plasticity 96
Imbalances of Neurotransmitters and Hormones 97
Temperament 99
The Impact of the Biological Viewpoint 100
The Psychological Perspective 100
The Psychodynamic Perspective 101
Developments in Thinking The
Humanistic
and Existential Perspectives 106
The Behavioral Perspective 107
The Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective 110
What the Adoption of a Perspective Does and Does Not Do 113
The Social Perspective 114
Early Deprivation or Trauma 114
Problems in Parenting Style 117
Marital Discord and Divorce 119
Low Socioeconomic Status and Unemployment 120
Maladaptive Peer Relationships 121
Prejudice and Discrimination in Race, Gender, and Ethnicity 122
The Impact of the Social Perspective 123
The Cultural Perspective 123
Universal and Culture-Specific Symptoms of Disorders 123
Culture and Over- and Undercontrolled Behavior 124
The World Around Us Culture and Attachment
Relationships 125
Unresolved Issues Theoretical Perspectives and the Causes of Abnormal Behavior 126
Summary 127
Key Terms 128
4 Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis 130
The Basic Elements in Assessment 131
The Relationship Between Assessment and Diagnosis 131
Taking a Social or Behavioral History 132
Ensuring Culturally Sensitive Assessment
Procedures 133
The Influence of Professional Orientation 133
Reliability, Validity, and Standardization 134
Trust and Rapport Between the Clinician
and the Client 134
Assessment of the Physical Organism 135
The General Physical Examination 135
The Neurological Examination 135
The Neuropsychological Examination 138
Psychosocial Assessment 139
Assessment Interviews 139
The Clinical Observation of Behavior 140
Psychological Tests 141
Developments in Practice The Automated Practice: Use of the Computer in Psychological Testing 142
The Case of Andrea C.: Experiencing Violence in the Workplace 149
Developments in Practice Computer-Based
MMPI-2 Report for Andrea C. 150
The Integration of Assessment Data 152
Ethical Issues in Assessment 152
Classifying Abnormal Behavior 153
Differing Models of Classification 153
Formal Diagnostic Classification of Mental
Unresolved
Stress and Cytokines 169
Chronic Stress and Inflammation 170
Stress and Premature Aging 171
The World Around Us Racial Discrimination and
Cardiovascular Health in African Americans 171
Emotions and Health 173
Personality 173
Depression 174
Anxiety 175
Social Isolation and Lack of Social Support 175
Positive Emotions 175
The Importance of Emotion Regulation 177
Treatment of Stress-Related Physical Disorders 177
Biological Interventions 177
Psychological Interventions 177
Stress and Mental Health 179
Adjustment Disorder 179
Adjustment Disorder Caused by Unemployment 180
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 180
Thinking Critically about DSM-5 Changes to the Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD 181
Acute Stress Disorder 182
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Causes and Risk Factors 182
DSM-5 Criteria for... Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 183
Prevalence of PTSD in the General Population 184
Rates of PTSD after Traumatic Experiences 184
Causal Factors in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 186
Individual Risk Factors 186
Biological Factors 187
Sociocultural Factors 188
Long-Term Effects of Posttraumatic Stress 189
Prevention and Treatment of Stress Disorders 189
Prevention 189
The World Around Us Does Playing Tetris After a Traumatic Event Reduce Flashbacks? 190
Treatment for Stress Disorders 191
Trauma and Physical Health 192
The World Around Us Virtual Reality Exposure
Treatment for PTSD in Military Personnel 193
Unresolved Issues Why Is the Study of Trauma So
Contentious? 194
Summary 194
Key Terms 196
6 Panic, Anxiety, Obsessions, and Their Disorders 197
The Fear and Anxiety Response Patterns 198
Fear 198
Anxiety 199
Overview of the Anxiety Disorders and Their Commonalities 200
Specific Phobias 201
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Specific Phobia 201
Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences 203
Psychological Causal Factors 203
Biological Causal Factors 205
Treatments 205
Social Phobia 207
Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences
207
Psychological Causal Factors 208
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Social Anxiety Disorder
(Social Phobia) 208
Biological Causal Factors 209
Treatments 210
Panic Disorder 211
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Panic Disorder 212
Agoraphobia 212
Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences 213
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Agoraphobia 213
Comorbidity with Other Disorders 214
The Timing of a First Panic Attack 214
Biological Causal Factors 215
Psychological Causal Factors 216
Developments in Research Nocturnal Panic
Attacks 218
Treatments 219
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 221
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Generalized Anxiety Disorder 222
Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences 223
Comorbidity with Other Disorders 223
Psychological Causal Factors 223
Biological Causal Factors 225
Treatments 226
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 227
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 227
Thinking Critically about DSM-5 Why Is OCD
No Longer Considered to Be an Anxiety Disorder? 227
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder 229
Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences
230
Comorbidity with Other Disorders 230
Psychological Causal Factors 230
Biological Causal Factors 232
Treatments 234
Body Dysmorphic Disorder 236
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Body Dysmorphic Disorder 237
Hoarding Disorder 239
Trichotillomania 239
Cultural Perspectives 240
The World Around Us Taijin Kyofusho 240
Unresolved Issues The Choice of Treatments:
Medications or Cognitive-Behavior Therapy? 241
Summary 242
Key Terms 243
7 Mood Disorders and Suicide 244
Mood Disorders: An Overview 245
Types of Mood Disorders 245
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Major Depressive Disorder 246
The Prevalence of Mood Disorders 246
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Manic Episode 247
Unipolar Depressive Disorders 248
Major Depressive Disorder 248
Persistent Depressive Disorder 251
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Persistent Depressive Disorder 252
Other Forms of Depression 252
Thinking Critically about DSM-5 Was It Wise to Drop the Bereavement Exclusion for Major Depression? 253
Developments in Thinking A New DSM-5
Diagnosis: Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder 253
Causal Factors in Unipolar Mood Disorders 254
Biological Causal Factors 254
Psychological Causal Factors 259
Developments in Research Why Do Sex
Differences in Unipolar Depression Emerge During Adolescence? 267
Bipolar and Related Disorders 270
Cyclothymic Disorder 270
Bipolar Disorders (I and II) 270
Causal Factors in Bipolar Disorders 273
Biological Causal Factors 273
Psychological Causal Factors 275
Sociocultural Factors Affecting Unipolar and Bipolar Disorders 275
Cross-Cultural Differences in Depressive Symptoms 276
Cross-Cultural Differences in Prevalence 276
Treatments and Outcomes 276
Pharmacotherapy 277
Alternative Biological Treatments 279
Psychotherapy 280
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders: An Overview 294
Somatic Symptom Disorder 295
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Somatic Symptom Disorder 295
Causes of Somatic Symptom Disorder 296
Treatment of Somatic Symptom Disorder 299
Illness Anxiety Disorder 300
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Illness Anxiety Disorder 300
Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder) 300
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Conversion Disorder 301
Range of Conversion Disorder Symptoms 301
Important Issues in Diagnosing Conversion Disorder
302
Prevalence and Demographic Characteristics 302
Causes of Conversion Disorders 303
Developments in Research What Can
Neuroimaging Tell Us about Conversion Disorder? 304
Treatment of Conversion Disorder 304
Developments in Practice Treatment of a Patient
Who Was Mute 305
Factitious Disorder 305
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Factitious Disorder 306
Distinguishing Between Different Types of Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders 307
Dissociative Disorders: An Overview 307
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder 308
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Depersonalization/
Derealization Disorder 310
Dissociative Amnesia 310
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Dissociative Amnesia 312
Thinking Critically about DSM-5 Where Does
Conversion Disorder Belong? 313
Dissociative Identity Disorder 314
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Dissociative Identity
Disorder 315
The World Around Us DID, Schizophrenia, and Split Personality: Clearing Up the Confusion 316
Causal Factors and Controversies about DID 316
Current Perspectives 320
Cultural Factors, Treatments, and Outcomes in Dissociative Disorders 321
Cultural Factors in Dissociative Disorders 321
Treatment and Outcomes in Dissociative Disorders 321
Unresolved Issues DID and the Reality of “Recovered Memories” 323
Summary 324
Key Terms 326
9 Eating Disorders and Obesity 327
Clinical Aspects of Eating Disorders 328
Anorexia Nervosa 328
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Anorexia Nervosa 329
Bulimia Nervosa 331
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Bulimia Nervosa 331
Binge-Eating Disorder 332
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Binge-Eating Disorder 333
Age of Onset and Gender Differences 334
Thinking Critically about DSM-5 Other Forms of Eating Disorders 335
Prevalence of Eating Disorders 335
Medical Complications of Eating Disorders 336
Course and Outcome 337
Diagnostic Crossover 337
Association of Eating Disorders with Other Forms of Psychopathology 338
Eating Disorders Across Cultures 339
The World Around Us Ethnic Identity and Disordered Eating 340
Risk and Causal Factors in Eating Disorders 341
Biological Factors 341
Sociocultural Factors 342
Family Influences 344
Individual Risk Factors 344
Treatment of Eating Disorders 348
Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa 348
Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa 349
Developments in Practice New Options for Adults with Anorexia Nervosa 350
Treatment of Binge-Eating Disorder 351
The Problem of Obesity 352
Medical Issues 353
Definition and Prevalence 353
Weight Stigma 353
The World Around Us Do Negative Messages about Being Overweight Encourage Overweight
People to Eat More or Less? 354
Obesity and the DSM 354
Risk and Causal Factors in Obesity 354
The Role of Genes 354
Hormones Involved in Appetite and Weight
Regulation 355
Sociocultural Influences 356
Family Influences 357
Stress and “Comfort Food” 358
Pathways to Obesity 358
Treatment of Obesity 359
Lifestyle Modifications 359
Medications 360
Bariatric Surgery 360
The Importance of Prevention 361
Unresolved Issues The Role of Public Policy in the Prevention of Obesity 362
Summary 363 Key Terms 364 10 Personality Disorders 365
Clinical Features of Personality Disorders 366 Challenges in Personality Disorders Research 368
Difficulties in Diagnosing Personality Disorders 369
Difficulties in Studying the Causes of Personality Disorders 370
Thinking Critically about DSM-5 Why Were No
Changes
Made to the Way Personality Disorders
Are Diagnosed? 371
Cluster A Personality Disorders 372
Paranoid Personality Disorder 372
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Paranoid Personality Disorder 373
Schizoid Personality Disorder 373
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Schizoid Personality
Disorder 374
Schizotypal Personality Disorder 375
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Schizotypal Personality Disorder 376
Cluster B Personality Disorders 376
Histrionic Personality Disorder 376
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Histrionic Personality
Disorder 377
Narcissistic Personality Disorder 378
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Narcissistic Personality
Disorder 378
Antisocial Personality Disorder 379
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Antisocial Personality
Disorder 380
Borderline Personality Disorder 383
Thinking Critically about DSM-5 Nonsuicidal Self-
Injury: Distinct Disorder or Symptom of Borderline
Personality Disorder? 384
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Borderline Personality
Disorder 385
Cluster C Personality Disorders 388
Avoidant Personality Disorder 388
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Avoidant Personality
Disorder 389
Dependent Personality Disorder 389
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Dependent Personality
Disorder 390
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder 391
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Obsessive-Compulsive
Personality Disorder 392
General Sociocultural Causal Factors for Personality
Disorders 392
Treatments and Outcomes for Personality Disorders 393
Adapting Therapeutic Techniques to Specific Personality Disorders 393
Treating Borderline Personality Disorder 394
The World Around Us Marsha Linehan Reveals
Her Own Struggle with Borderline Personality
Disorder 395
Treating Other Personality Disorders 395
Psychopathy 396
Dimensions of Psychopathy 396
Developments in Research Are You Working for a Psychopath? 399
The Clinical Picture in Psychopathy 400
Causal Factors in Psychopathy 401
A Developmental Perspective on Psychopathy 403
Treatments and Outcomes in Psychopathic
Personality 404
Unresolved Issues DSM-5: How Can We Improve the Classification of Personality Disorders? 405
Summary 405
Key Terms 407
11 Substance-Related Disorders 408
Alcohol-Related Disorders 409
The Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Demographics of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence 410
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Alcohol Use Disorder 412
The Clinical Picture of Alcohol-Related Disorders 412
Developments in Research Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: How Much Drinking Is Too Much? 414
Causal Factors in the Abuse of and Dependence on Alcohol 416
Biological Causal Factors in Alcohol Abuse and Dependence 416
Psychosocial Causal Factors in Alcohol Abuse and Dependence 418
The World Around Us Binge Drinking in College 420
Sociocultural Causal Factors 421
Treatment of Alcohol-Related Disorders 421
Use of Medications in Treating Alcohol Abuse and Dependency 421
Psychological Treatment Approaches 422
Controlled Drinking versus Abstinence 423
Alcoholics Anonymous 423
Outcome Studies and Issues in Treatment 424
Relapse Prevention 425
Drug Abuse and Dependence 426
Opium and Its Derivatives 427
Biological Effects of Morphine and Heroin 427
Social Effects of Morphine and Heroin 428
Causal Factors in Opiate Abuse
and Dependence 429
Neural Bases for Physiological Addiction 429
Addiction Associated with Psychopathology 430
Treatments and Outcomes 430
Stimulants 430
Cocaine 430
Amphetamines 432
Methamphetamine 433
Caffeine and Nicotine 433
Thinking Critically about DSM-5 Can Changes to the Diagnostic Criteria Result in Increased Drug Use? 433
Sedatives 435
Effects of Barbiturates 435
Causal Factors in Barbiturate Abuse and Dependence 436
Treatments and Outcomes 436
Hallucinogens 436
LSD 436
Mescaline and Psilocybin 437
Ecstasy 437
Marijuana 438
The World Around Us Should Marijuana Be
Marketed and Sold Openly as a Medication? 439
Gambling Disorder 440
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Gambling Disorder 441
Unresolved Issues Exchanging Addictions: Is This an Effective Treatment Approach? 442
Summary 442
Key Terms 444
12 Sexual Variants, Abuse, and Dysfunctions 445
Sociocultural Influences on Sexual Practices and Standards 446
Case 1: Degeneracy and Abstinence Theory 447
Case 2: Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia 448
Case 3: Homosexuality and American Psychiatry
448
Paraphilic Disorders 450
Fetishistic Disorder 450
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Several Different Paraphilic Disorders 451
Transvestic Disorder 452
Voyeuristic Disorder 453
Exhibitionistic Disorder 453
Frotteuristic Disorder 454
Sexual Sadism Disorder 454
Sexual Masochism Disorder 455
Causal Factors and Treatments for Paraphilias 456
Gender Dysphoria 457
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Gender Dysphoria in Children 457
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents and Adults 458
Treatment for Gender Dysphoria 459
Transsexualism 459
Treatment for Transsexualism 460
Sexual Abuse 461
Childhood Sexual Abuse 461
Pedophilic Disorder 463
Thinking Critically about DSM-5 Pedophilia and Hebephilia 464
Incest 464
Rape 465
Treatment and Recidivism of Sex Offenders 468
The World Around Us Megan’s Law 468
Sexual Dysfunctions 470
Sexual Dysfunctions in Men 471
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Different Sexual Dysfunctions 472
Sexual Dysfunctions in Women 476
Unresolved Issues How Harmful Is Childhood
Sexual Abuse? 479
Summary 480
Key Terms 482
13 Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic
Disorders 483
Schizophrenia 484
Origins of the Schizophrenia Construct 484
Epidemiology 485
Clinical Picture 486
Delusions 486
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Schizophrenia 487
Hallucinations 488
The World Around Us Stress, Caffeine, and Hallucinations 489
Disorganized Speech 489
Disorganized Behavior 490
Negative Symptoms 490
Subtypes of Schizophrenia 491
Other Psychotic Disorders 491
Schizoaffective Disorder 491
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Schizoaffective Disorder 491
Schizophreniform Disorder 491
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Schizophreniform
Disorder 492
Delusional Disorder 492
Brief Psychotic Disorder 492
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Delusional Disorder 492
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Brief Psychotic Disorder 493
Genetic and Biological Factors 493
Genetic Factors 493
The World Around Us The Genain
Quadruplets 495
Prenatal Exposures 500
Developments in Thinking Could Schizophrenia
Be an Immune Disorder? 501
Genes and Environment in Schizophrenia: A Synthesis 501
A Neurodevelopmental Perspective 502
Thinking Critically about DSM-5 Attenuated
Psychosis Syndrome 504
Structural and Functional Brain Abnormalities 505
Neurocognition 505
Social Cognition 506
Loss of Brain Volume 507
Affected Brain Areas 507
White Matter Problems 508
Brain Functioning 509
Cytoarchitecture 510
Brain Development in Adolescence 511
Synthesis 511
Neurochemistry 512
Psychosocial and Cultural Factors 514
Do Bad Families Cause Schizophrenia? 514
Families and Relapse 515
Urban Living 516
Immigration 516
Cannabis Use and Abuse 517
A Diathesis–Stress Model of Schizophrenia 518
Treatments and Outcomes 519
Clinical Outcome 519
Pharmacological Approaches 520
Psychosocial Approaches 522
Unresolved Issues Why Are Recovery Rates in Schizophrenia Not Improving? 524
Summary 525
Key Terms 526
14 Neurocognitive Disorders 527
Brain Impairment in Adults 528
Thinking Critically about DSM-5 Is the Inclusion of Mild Neurocognitive Disorder a Good Idea? 529
Clinical Signs of Brain Damage 529
Diffuse Versus Focal Damage 530
The Neurocognitive/Psychopathology
Interaction 532
Delirium 533
Clinical Picture 533
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Delirium 534
Treatments and Outcomes 534
Major Neurocognitive Disorder 534
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Major Neurocognitive
Disorder 535
Parkinson’s Disease 536
Huntington’s Disease 536
Alzheimer’s Disease 536
Clinical Picture 537
Prevalence 538
Causal Factors 539
Developments in Research Depression Increases the Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease 541
Neuropathology 541
Treatment and Outcome 543
Early Detection 543
Developments in Research New Approaches to the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease 544
The World Around Us Exercising Your Way to a Healthier Brain? 545
Supporting Caregivers 545
Neurocognitive Disorder Resulting from HIV
Infection
or Vascular Problems 546
Neurocognitive Disorder Associated with HIV-1
Infection 546
Neurocognitive Disorder Associated with Vascular Disease 547
Neurocognitive Disorder Characterized by Profound
Memory Impairment (Amnestic Disorder) 547
Disorders Involving Head Injury 548
Clinical Picture 549
Treatments and Outcomes 551
The World Around Us Brain Damage in Professional Athletes 552
Unresolved Issues Should Healthy People Use
Cognitive Enhancers? 553
Summary 554
Key Terms 555
15 Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence (Neurodevelopmental Disorders) 556
Special Considerations in Understanding Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence 558
Psychological Vulnerabilities of Young Children 558
The Classification of Childhood and Adolescent Disorders 558
Anxiety and Depression in Children and Adolescents 559
Anxiety Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence 559
Childhood Depression and Bipolar Disorder 561
Developments in Research Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Is There an Epidemic? 563
Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorder 564
Oppositional Defiant Disorder 565
Conduct Disorder 565
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Conduct Disorder 565
Causal Factors in ODD and CD 566
Treatments and Outcomes 567
Elimination Disorders 568
Enuresis 568
Encopresis 569
Neurodevelopmental Disorders 569
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 569
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder 570
Autism Spectrum Disorder 573
DSM-5 Criteria for. . . Autism Spectrum Disorder 575
Tic Disorders 576
Developments in Practice Can Video Games
Help Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders? 577
Specific Learning Disorders 578
Causal Factors in Learning Disorder 579
Treatments and Outcomes 579
Thinking Critically about DSM-5 What Role Should
Cultural Changes Have in Developing Medical
Terminology? 580
Intellectual Disability 580
Levels of Intellectual Disability 581
Causal Factors in Intellectual Disability 582
Organic Intellectual Disability Syndromes 583
Treatments, Outcomes, and Prevention 586
Special Considerations in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents 587
Special Factors Associated with Treatment of Children and Adolescents 587
The World Around Us The Impact of Child Abuse on Psychological Disorders 589
Family Therapy as a Means of Helping Children 589
Child Advocacy Programs 590
Unresolved Issues How Should Society Deal with Delinquent Behavior? 590
Summary 591
Key Terms 593
16 Psychological Treatment 594
An Overview of Treatment 595
Why Do People Seek Therapy? 595
Who Provides Psychotherapeutic Services? 597
The Therapeutic Relationship 597
Measuring Success in Psychotherapy 598
Objectifying and Quantifying Change 598
Would Change Occur Anyway? 600 Can Therapy Be Harmful? 600 The World Around Us When Therapy Harms 600 What Therapeutic Approaches Should Be Used? 601 Evidence-Based Treatment 601
Medication or Psychotherapy? 602 Combined Treatments 602
Psychosocial Approaches to Treatment 603
Behavior Therapy 603
Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy 606
Humanistic-Experiential Therapies 608
Psychodynamic Therapies 611
Couples and Family Therapy 614
Eclecticism and Integration 615
Rebooting Psychotherapy 615
Sociocultural Perspectives 616
Social Values and Psychotherapy 616
Psychotherapy and Cultural Diversity 616
Biological Approaches to Treatment 617
Antipsychotic Drugs 617
Antidepressant Drugs 618
Antianxiety Drugs 621
Lithium and Other Mood-Stabilizing Drugs 622
Thinking Critically about DSM-5 What Are Some of the Clinical Implications of the Recent Changes? 623
Nonmedicinal Biological Treatments 624
The World Around Us Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression 627
Unresolved Issues Do Psychiatric Medications
Help or Harm? 628
Summary 629
Key Terms 630
17 Contemporary and Legal Issues in Abnormal Psychology 631
Perspectives on Prevention 632
Universal Interventions 633
Selective Interventions 634
Indicated Interventions 637
Inpatient Mental Health Treatment in Contemporary Society 637
The Mental Hospital as a Therapeutic Community 637
Aftercare Programs 639
Deinstitutionalization 639
Controversial Legal Issues and the Mentally Ill 641
Civil Commitment 641
The World Around Us Important Court Decisions for Patient Rights 641
Assessment of “Dangerousness” 642
The World Around Us Controversial Not Guilty Pleas:
Can Altered Mind States or Personality Disorder Limit
Responsibility for a Criminal Act? 643
The Insanity Defense 646
Competence to Stand Trial 649
Does Having Mental Health Problems Result in
Convicted Felons Being Returned to Prison After Being Released? 650
Organized Efforts for Mental Health 651
U.S. Efforts for Mental Health 651
International Efforts for Mental Health 653
Challenges for the Future 653
