Texas H2O Summer '21

TEX Sh2o | Summer 2021 |



The Official Newsletter of the Texas Section AWWA | Every Drop, Every Day, Everywhere©

PFAS Sampling: An Introduction to Methods, Challenges, and Best Practices Page 3

Building Reliability with the Stability Stool Page 9

Celebrating 50 Years!

Submit an Abstract for TW22 | Longevity Awards | And More!

| pfas |

PFAS Sampling: An Introduction to Methods, Challenges, and Best Practices

BY RAUL DOMINGUEZ, KIMLEY-HORN & ASSOCIATES, INC. & AMLAN GHOSH, CORONA ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTING, LLC. texas section awwa’s water science & research division

P

er- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large family of synthetic man-made compounds that contain fluorine in their carbon backbone.

Perfluorinated compounds have all their carbons completely fluorinated, whereas in Polyfluorinated compounds some of the carbons are incompletely fluorinated. The polyfluorinated compounds are susceptible to a certain amount of biotransformation in the environment, and they tend to transform into dead end perfluorinated chemicals that degrade at an extremely slow rate.

Figure 1 illustrates the diversity of compounds that belong to the PFAS family tree. They have been widely used in industrial and consumer products because of their unique chemical and physical properties. These include resistance to water, stains, grease, oils, and temperature fluctuations.

Figure 1. Family Tree of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Compounds1.

PFAS can be classified into two groups: long chain (≥6) and short chain (<6). PFAS are extremely resistant to biodegradation and breakdown due to their exceptional chemical stability. There is a belief that the longer the carbon chain, the greater the persistence and bioaccumulation in the environment8.

Their chemical properties enable them to migrate easily between matrices and concentrate in the soil, surface water, groundwater, air, breast milk, food, among others4. As a result, 95-99% of the U.S. population has measurable concentration of some PFAS in their blood2. An analysis by the Environmental Working Group estimates that water supplies for 110 million Americans (about one third of the population) may be contaminated with PFAS to different extents3.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) are two most common PFAS compounds due to their mass production by industrial facilities such as DuPont and 3M. Extensive toxicology studies on these two compounds strongly indicate that exposure to PFAS results in potential risks to human health. Possible risks include reproductive issues, developmental defects to fetuses during gestation, certain types of cancers, among others.

Unfortunately, no federal drinking water standards have been established for PFOA, PFOS, or any PFAS for that matter.

The regulatory process was started on February 20, 2020, when the USEPA issued a preliminary regulatory determination to develop drinking water standards for PFOA and PFOS. They are currently gathering public comments and drinking water occurrence data to determine if establishing a maximum contaminant CONTINUED PAGE 25 | pfas

www.tawwa.org TEXASh2o SUMMER 2021 | 3 |

| letter from the texas section chair |

Celebrating our Volunteers Texas Section American Water Works Association P.O. Box 80150 Austin, Texas 78708 www.tawwa.org Theresa Pedrazas, Chair 512-338-2850 Andrew Molly, Chair-Elect 832-395-3785 Amy Middleton, Vice-Chair 210-510-0888 Melissa Bryant, Imm. Past Chair 210-302-3611 Mike Howe Executive Director/Secretary-Treasurer 512-238-9292 Fax: 512-238-0496 mikehowe@tawwa.org This publication is distributed bi-monthly to the more than 3,500 members and friends of the Texas Section – American Water Works Association.

Contributing writers can contact the editor: Cliff Avery GCP Association Services, LLC PO Box 676 Pflugerville, TX 78691 512-251-8101 Fax: 512-251-8152 texwater@texas.net The publication name, TexasH2O: © 1996-2021 Texas Section – American Water Works Association, Inc. © 2021 Texas Section – American Water Works Association, Inc.

FOLLOW TAWWA ON FACEBOOK AND TWITTER!

Texas AWWA

@txawwa

BY THERESA PEDRAZAS texas section chair

I

am continually inspired by the spirit of our Texas AWWA volunteers who dedicate their time, effort and passion for this organization.

Last month we held the annual Texas AWWA Leadership Summit, where leaders from Section committees and divisions shared their accomplishments and vision for the year ahead.

I was blown away by the incredible dedication that our members bring to this organization, THERESA PEDRAZAS particularly in light of the challenges we all faced 512-338-2850 last year. One major benefit of membership in theresa.pedrazas@tetratech.com Texas AWWA is the opportunity to share your knowledge and experience with others and make a difference in the water industry.

I would like to highlight the work of one division in particular that is looking for more volunteers throughout the state—the Small Systems Division. Did you know there are more than 4,000 small municipal and rural water systems across Texas? The Small Systems Division, led by Steve Walden and his co-chairs Stacy Barna, Katie Livas and Ian Toohey, serves as Texas AWWA’s focal point for assistance to these systems.

Volunteers in the Small Systems Division help water service providers assess their needs, achieve regulatory compliance and protect public health. Many small systems struggle with the initial assessment of their needs and securing funding through available financial sources to make necessary improvements. The Small Systems Division has already made a direct impact on eight rural water systems and has directed many others to available resources such as grant funding and training programs.

The Small Systems Division also facilitates technology transfer and education. Through a grant program with AWWA, the Rural Community Assistance Partnership (RCAP) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Texas AWWA has been able to provide grant-funded training to these small systems, allowing them to meet and maintain compliance with the Safe Drinking Act, as well as developing cybersecurity protection and rate setting.

The Small Systems Division is gaining steam and making an impact CONTINUED PAGE 20 | letter from the texas section chair

| 4 | SUMMER 2021 TEXASh2o www.tawwa.org

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| executive director report |

Wash, Rinse, Repeat – Adapt!

BY MIKE HOWE tawwa executive director

T

hroughout our lives, by necessity, we are forced to adapt to family changes, works changes and life changes. Sometimes we are enormously successful. Other times, well, you know how those went. When pressed with an unexpected and serious problem, I am reminded of the quote from the Matt Damon movie, "The Martian." "Work the Problem." It’s a good motivator to rationally find the best outcome.

Even though we know organizational change is vital for any organization that wants to survive, resistance to change is a natural phenomenon. But, in many cases, it isn’t the change itself that people resist.

People resist change because they believe they will lose something of value, or they fear they will not be able to adapt to the new ways. In any situation, how do we deal with the mental "resistance" that is borne of

If your utility would like to be featured in future newsletters/social media please contact Karen Menard at karen.menard@dallascityhall.com.

| 6 | SUMMER 2021 TEXASh2o

uncertainty and fear?

One of the needs we all share is certainty. This is a need for safety and security and for knowing how change will affect us. We need clarity and assurances so we can put our fears to rest and feel that we will be safe and MIKE HOWE OK. In spite of the change.

512-238-9292 mikehowe@tawwa.org When we feel threatened or unsafe, we switch from our rational brain to our emotional brain. We are simply not as logical and rational as we would like to think!

So, now, let’s apply the above to last 15 months. It was March 2020 when we realized the pandemic was real and the world needed to shut down. Businesses sent everyone home. Employees needed to learn how to carve out a space at home to continue working.

Masks were required IF you ventured out. Supply chains slowed and sometimes stopped. Online shopping became an even bigger norm. Shortages of KEY stuff (toilet paper comes to mind) were prevalent.

But, as awful as it was and as uncertainty mounted, most of us adapted.

Utilities and their staffs were amazing. With so little information, they stayed true to their mission of making sure safe drinking water kept flowing while keeping employees safe. And making sure wastewater operations continued while keeping employees safe.

I just realized I could go on and on and on about the last 15 months of the pandemic, but I don’t need to.

You all experienced every moment— just like I did.

Oh, in case you were wondering, I am not ignoring the February deep freeze. What’s the old line, "If it’s not CONTINUED PAGE 17 | executive director report

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| stability stool |

Building Reliability with the Stability Stool – Crisis Preparedness and Emergency Planning: Part 2

BY CHUCK CHAPMAN emergency management coordinator for austin water

I

n Section 1 of this series, I introduced the general guidance available for emergency managers and highlighted what I believe is the most important aspect of any response program—the local Incident Management Team (IMT). The IMT is the first leg of "The Stability Stool", an illustrative icon used for creating a crisis preparedness and critical response system. Though a stool is a basic tool, it offers many advantages for its users.

Primarily, a stool provides a stable platform from which to work. The stool offers a flat surface, supported by three legs. We can rest on, elevate with, and work from the hardy stool. In this section, I am going to add the remaining legs to complete the stool, which I use to plan for and respond to incidents.

Leg #2 is Situational Awareness. This is a cornerstone for understanding the circumstances of the incident we’re responding to. We must plan for and be able to filter critical information so that we can properly address the issues we’re facing. Good situational

awareness is understanding your normal operational characteristics and understanding the conditional influences that can impact those characteristics. You must be able to intake information and analyze it’s impacts to your operational capabilities. The specific information that you’ll need is dependent upon your critical practices and service outputs. Don’t forget to include understanding the conditions of your resources, such as crucial pieces of equipment and your staff.

You should develop multiple avenues for obtaining situational awareness, and establish daily information sharing protocols to create a common operating picture. The picture must relay a shared meaning between your organizational stakeholders, of what the information is saying about your institution's ability to maintain services and meet challenges.

The third leg of the stool is High Reliability Organizing (HRO), which is the purposeful process and functional actions taken to sustain performance within your organization. HRO is an active process involving five key attributes, a preoccupation with detecting failure, a reluctance to simplify, sensitivity to operational risk, a commitment to resiliency, and a deference to expertise.1 High reliability entities must avoid focusing only on positive metrics, and actively seek out indications for potential failure. Imagine driving your car without paying attention to the gas gauge, you’d end up on the side of the road because you failed to recognize a clear indication of impending trouble. What are the signals available in your organization that might indicate problems around the next bend?

CONTINUED PAGE 36 | stability stool

www.tawwa.org TEXASh2o SUMMER 2021 | 9 |

| abstracts |

Texas WaterTM 2022 Abstract Submittal is Open!

Share your knowledge with the Texas Water community!

Submit your abstract by

September 21, 2021

www.txwater.org/abstract_ submission_2022.cfm Save the Date!

Texas WaterTM 2022 April 4-7, 2022 Henry B. González Convention Center San Antonio, TX

| 10 | SUMMER 2021 TEXASh2o www.tawwa.org

Power outages, a pandemic, and perseverance.

“Unprecedented.” “Flatten the curve.”

“CDC guidance says to wash your hands.”

2020 – and a global pandemic – brought an onslaught of new phrases and a time when washing our hands felt more imperative than ever before. But while washing our hands has crossed our minds countless times since, many of us didn’t stop to consider where the clean water that flows from our faucets comes from or who handles the germs and dirt when it flows down the drains in our homes.

to give an inside look at what it takes to keep our water clean and safe. We connected with eight operators from across the country about what it takes to keep our communities supplied with reliable water amid a global pandemic.

Thanks to the behind-the-scenes efforts of the water and wastewater operators in our communities, clean, safe water is delivered to our homes every day, and wastewater is then highly treated prior to being released back into the environment.

Those dedicated operators include Phillip Scruggs, a Treatment Plant Operator III for the Central Wastewater Treatment Plant in Pflugerville, TX. Phillip is known for walking the length of the entire plant each day, ensuring he’s up-to-date on the intricate details of its operations and is ready to take action wherever he’s needed.

To share and celebrate their dedication, skill, and ingenuity, Garver launched the Behind-the-Scenes Operators initiative

This practice proved useful as his team managed not only the challenges of the

pandemic but navigated a major capacity expansion. As Pflugerville continues to experience rapid growth, the city’s water supply and capacity needs have expanded along with it. The onset of the pandemic and the ongoing expansion operations quickly led to increased flows – and a strained system and lean team. But thanks to the critical thinking and ingenuity of Phillip and his fellow operators, the Central Wastewater Treatment Plant continued to function efficiently and successfully amid a multitude of new obstacles.

It’s their commitment to their community and their work that kept the Central Wastewater Treatment Plant operating smoothly and the water flowing.

“Phillip is the epitome of dedication. He led his team as they navigated not only the challenges of a global pandemic but a capacity expansion, as well.

Though behind-the-scenes, their efforts are what kept Pflugerville’s water flowing.”

Ian Toohey, PE Garver Central Texas Water Infrastructure Team Leader

Thank an operator!

Join us in thanking the men and women who have worked around the clock to keep our taps running.

Share your gratitude on social media by using #ThankAWaterOperator or #ThankAWastewaterOperator!

For more stories of behind-the-scenes operators, visit GarverUSA.com/BTSO.

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| longevity awards |

Members Recognized with Longevity Awards

T

he Texas Section would like to recognize and honor water professionals for longtime membership in AWWA and service to the industry.

GOLD WATER DROP AWARD Edward Puzig is recognized for 50 years of service to the water community and AWWA with a Gold Water Drop Award.

LIFE MEMBERSHIP AWARDS Receiving Life Membership Awards, recognizing members who previously achieved Silver Water Drop Award status and are now at least 65 years old, are William Bulloch, John Byrum, Anthony Cepak, Gary Faber, Matthew Holzapfel, Thomas Jacobs, Kathlie Jeng-Bulloch, Michael Kane, Bobbie Kidd, Ed Larson, James McWhorter, Doug

Meador, Greg Pierson, Carola Serrato, Ronald Tamada and William Waggy.

SILVER WATER DROP AWARDS AWWA recognizes members who have achieved 30 years of service to the water community and AWWA. Receiving recognition are Donald Burger, Wendy Chi-Babulal, Matt Cullen, Michael Curran, John Davis, John Ferguson, James Gallovich, Russell Gibson, Robert Hoffman, Earl Kirkpatrick, Dale Lindemuth, Brian Macmanus, Mark McCrary, Greg Meszaros, Hector Ortiz, William Pembroke, Benjamin Shanklin, Sean Wheatley, Brian Williams and Allen Woelke.

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www.tawwa.org TEXASh2o SUMMER 2021 | 13 |

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| 14 | SUMMER 2021 TEXASh2o www.tawwa.org

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| executive director report |

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 6 | executive director report one thing, it’s another?" In the middle of a worldwide pandemic, the entire state and roughly 40 percent of water systems were shut down or were at least in serious peril as the power grid failed and frozen pumps and pipes wreaked havoc on water systems.

But we adapted. Certainly, a little worse for wear, but we adapted.

Now what? We think we are on the other side of the pandemic, but there is still some real uncertainty and fear. What will happen this fall with the variants and schools opening? Will the unvaccinated finally get vaccinated? Will workplaces require vaccines before employees return? I know we are planning on Texas Water™ 2021 to be in person in San Antonio next April.

And no virtual. But that’s nine months away. Positive thinking!

As we come out the pandemic, what will the workplace look like? Some employers are insisting all employees will need to return to the office. Some are

going to allow some to work at home full time or at least a certain number of days per week. And in an odd outcome, some employees have decided to move on if they are forced to return to the office workplace.

The potential changes in the workplace are forcing cities to examine the potential negative outcomes if their downtown office space remains vacant, or with fewer employees working downtown. In a recent article in The New York Times, the number of downtown buildings dedicated to office space could put cities at risk. Austin and Fort Worth are less at risk if employers opt to allow remote work. However, Dallas and Houston are at significantly higher risk.

There are numerous takeaways from the last few months that are remaking how we live our lives.

As tired as we may be of Zoom or Teams calls, the technology has provided us with real options on how we connect. Our ability to adapt has allowed us all to decide if the next meeting is "worth the trip," or can we just connect online. Of course, there will be times when we have to meet in person to be the most productive, CONTINUED PAGE 18 | executive director report

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| executive director report |

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 17 | executive director report but you know that some of those update meetings will be virtual. While some things will come back, things will never be the same.

Historically, epidemics are change agents that we can’t control. As grim as that sounds, the positive side of these events is we learn how to "Work the Problem."

If we take anything away from the chaos of the last 15 months, we can be certain this won’t be the last crisis that disrupts our so-called normal life.

Knowing that, let’s realize we have an incredibly positive opportunity because we have proven we DO have the ability to adapt to even the worst of circumstances. Let us learn how to be better prepared, aware of how to work smarter, and not ignore the science.

Knowing what we know now, we should have more certainty and less fear when we have to "Wash, Rinse and Repeat." And adapt.

If your utility would like to be featured in future newsletters/social media please contact Karen Menard at karen.menard@dallascityhall.com.

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| 18 | SUMMER 2021 TEXASh2o www.tawwa.org

LEAD AND COPPER RULE REVISIONS ARE HERE.

WE’RE HERE TO HELP.

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The EPA’s revisions to the Lead and Copper Rule will have a major impact on all 60,000+ public water systems in the U.S. To protect communities from the risks of lead, water systems must develop a lead service line inventory, strengthen treatment to comply with a new 10 μg/L trigger level, sample schools and childcare facilities, and enhance public communications.

These things will take time. Carollo can help you determine how your system will be impacted and work with you to develop and implement a compliance plan. Let’s get star ted now.

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| letter from the texas section chair |

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 4 | letter from the texas section chair across the state! If you'd like to be a part of this effort, I encourage you to reach out to Steve Walden (stevenwalden@sbcglobal.net) and find out how you and your local chapter can get involved in this program.

More information on the work being done by our volunteers can be found at the Texas AWWA website, www.tawwa.org. As we move past the summer solstice, put those extra daylight hours to good use by volunteering!

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Check www.tawwa.org for events happening near you! | 20 | SUMMER 2021 TEXASh2o www.tawwa.org

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TEXASh2o SUMMER 2021 | 23 |

9001:2015

| pfas | | | swift program

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 3 | pfas level (MCL) is justified under the Safe Drinking Water Act. In the meantime, several states have decided to take a more proactive approach by implementing their own rules and regulations. Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania are some of the states that have established regulations. Texas has established residential and commercial/industrial cleanup standards for 16 perfluorinated chemicals in soil and groundwater.

Overview of Sampling, its Importance, and Drinking Water Methods: Appropriate PFAS sampling plans, strategies, and protocols are critical for conducting proper site characterizations and managing future risk and liability of your assets. Site characterizations answer the fundamental questions of the source of contamination, its extent, and whether the level of contamination exceeds state regulatory criteria, if any.

Sampling is the critical aspect of site characterization.

The high financial ties and legal ramifications associated with site characterizations requires an accurate, reliable, and credible sampling plan. Furthermore, reliable sampling practices enable the affected parties to determine the nature and degree of the contamination. It could be in the form of plume delineation, extent, and rate of movement, or figuring out whether the contamination of the site extends to other matrices besides water.

It is important to note that currently, there are only three methods that are USEPA validated and published

for the analysis of PFAS. Two of the three methods apply to drinking water only and the remaining method applies to surface water, groundwater, and wastewater. For the purposes of this article we will focus on the drinking water methods. These are USEPA Method 537.1, and USEPA Method 5335.

There are several issues that surround sampling of these compounds in drinking water. Due to their ubiquitous presence in common consumer products and in the equipment typically used to collect and analyze drinking water, exceptional handling and rigorous care must be taken during all aspects of sampling. Special care must be taken when considering any supplies or equipment labeled as stain resistant or/and water repellant. It is imperative to make sure no PFAS are present in any component of the sampling supplies and the analytical equipment to be used.

The inherent presence of these compounds on some supplies can definitely affect the sampling results and skew them in an upward direction6. Furthermore, PFAS CONTINUED PAGE 26 | pfas

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| pfas |

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 25 | pfas sources are widespread. There is no easily identifiable "point source" pollution for these chemicals. Finally, the analytical detection limits and the regulatory maximum contaminant levels (MCL) that are being set are extremely low parts per trillion (some <20 ppt).

Producing accurate data in the low parts per trillion range requires impeccable sampling practices, state of the art laboratory equipment, daily calibration of the instruments used, optimization of the analytical procedure, and appropriately trained lab technicians.

Some best practices to follow to ensure accurate and reliable sampling results involve appropriate consideration of equipment and supplies to be used, bottle type selection, shipping, and hold times.

1. Equipment and Supplies: Reviewing the safety data sheet (SDSs) for all materials to be used during collection and analysis is a requisite. If any PFAS is listed on the SDS of the equipment/ supplies, it should not be used. Additionally, no

PFAS should be utilized during the manufacturing processes of the equipment and supplies. Reaching out to the manufacturer can provide clarity on whether PFAS are part of the inherent components of the equipment/supplies, or whether they were utilized at all during the manufacturing process. Avoid materials that contain low-density polyethylene (LDPE), fluorinated ethylenepropylene (FEP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, otherwise known as TEFLON), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), among others6. Finally, avoid PPE material to be used in the field that may include PFAS and could lead to contamination of the sample.

2. Bottle Selection: Suitable sample containers should be supplied by the laboratory and be verified to be PFAS free. PFAS tend adsorb to the surfaces they come in contact with. This is why selection of appropriate sample collection containers is so important. When it comes to the drinking water methods, USEPA Method CONTINUED PAGE 29 | pfas

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| 28 | SUMMER 2021 TEXASh2o

www.tawwa.org

| pfas |

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 26 | pfas 537.1 and USEPA Method 533 state that due to the potential adsorption of analytes unto glass, poly-propylene or high-density poly-ethylene containers are used for all preparation (250 ml for method 537.1 and 100-250 ml for method 533)5. There are a variety of bottle types referenced under different methods, programs, and procedures, but the most important aspect of collection is extracting whole samples and rinsing the bottles. This will ensure accurate recoveries regardless of the bottle types used.

3. Shipping and Hold Times: For packaging and shipping the samples, it is recommended that you use real ice instead of blue ice for preservation. This is not because blue ice is a source of PFAS, but rather, the blue ice packs may not be sufficiently decontaminated specifically for PFAS between uses. Please note that real ice could be a source of trace levels of PFAS, so in an abundance of caution, it is recommended

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that you double bag the ice. The coolers need to be cleaned between uses, and again, it is recommended that the contents of the cooler are bagged to create a barrier between the samples and the cooler itself. This is done with the use of a plastic liner. Finally, it is recommended that each sample be contained in a Ziplock bag.

Figure 2. Best Practices for packing and shipping samples7.

CONTINUED PAGE 30 | pfas

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| pfas |

Having been cleared of being a source for PFAS, Ziplock bags are prudent and acceptable to use.

Figure 2 illustrates Eurofins packing and shipping instructions. When it comes to holding times, the drinking water methods 537.1 and 533 specify different holding times by which to extract the specific PFAS analytes from the sample. The sample results will be valid only if the analytes are extracted from the sample within that holding time.

This is 14 days for Method 537.1, and 28 days for Method 533 (Figure 3). The extract needs to be analyzed within a specific time. The extract results are valid only if the extracts are analyzed within that holding time. This are 28 days for both Method 537.1 and Method 533 (Figure 3).

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 29 | pfas

Sampling Considerations for Drinking Water Matrix: Drinking Water: Sampling a potable public/private water source is conducted as defined in USEPA Methods 537.1 and 533. Figure 4 provides a side by side comparison between the two methods. Method 537.1 measures 18 compounds total, and Method 533

Figure 3. Holding times for extraction and analysis of PFAS analytes for drinking water Method 537.1 and 5337.

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| pfas |

measures up to 25 compounds (14 of the 18 compounds in Method 537.1)5. Combining both methods allows the analysis of 29 distinct PFAS compounds. The protocols themselves describe the appropriate sample collection method, storage and shipping procedure, holding times for analysis and extraction, and proper sampling and analysis equipment.

Considerations for collecting samples in the field include avoiding leaking taps, flushing the sample tap for 15 minutes before collection, disconnecting hoses attached to the tap before the sample is taken, protecting the tap from exterior contamination during collection, collecting the sample with constant water flow, among others7.

The method selected by utilities throughout the United States will vary depending on their specific sampling objectives. Utilities suspecting source contamination with a predominant population of short chain PFAS compounds (<6) will skew towards Method 533, whereas

Figure 4. Side to side comparison between drinking water Methods 533 and 537.17.

those suspecting contamination from a predominant long chain population will prefer Method 537.1. Utilities might also choose a combination of both methods if broad source contamination is expected or if an extensive evaluation of their system is desired.

There are some differences to note between Method 533 CONTINUED PAGE 32 | pfas

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| pfas |

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 31 | pfas and Method 537.1 As you can see in Figure 4, while there are some components that are the same in both methods, some differences include the polymer used during solid phase extraction of the sample, the acceptable holding times of the sample after collecting it in the field, and the kind of PFAS chemicals that they test for. But the most notable difference between both methods is the use of isotope dilution in Method 533.

Both methods for drinking water utilize solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry as the analytical techniques to quantify PFAS contaminants.

Under the Third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring rule (UCMR 3), the USEPA collected data for 30 chemicals that were suspected contaminants in drinking water but are not currently regulated.

6 PFAS were included for monitoring between 20132015 throughout a significant number of PWSs. Based on the 2009 provisional health advisories issued by the EPA (PFOA-400 ppt, PFOS-200 ppt), the level of

contamination appeared low4. That quickly changed, however, when the EPA revised its drinking-water advisories in 2016 (PFOS+PFOA=70 ppt individually or combined). Additionally, the sensitivity of the analytical equipment between 2013-2015 was limited and not nearly as powerful as the current available equipment.

Currently, the sensitivity of the lab equipment used to detect PFAS in drinking water has increased significantly to the single ppt levels. Hence, several PWSs that were sampled between 2013-2015 could have had levels of PFAS that were above the updated health advisory level of 70 ppt but were not able to detect it based on the limitations of the lab methods at the time. Therefore, UCMR 3 has only given us a very rough high-level overview of nationwide PFAS occurrence.

The proposed UCMR 5 was published on March 11, 2021. It specifies Assessment Monitoring for 30 contaminants (29 PFAS and lithium). Sampling in the PWSs will take place between 2023-2025. This comprehensive monitoring plan along with the increased sensitivity of current analytical equipment

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| pfas |

will provide us with a more specific an accurate idea of nationwide PFAS occurrence trends.

Relevance and Conclusion: A comprehensive understanding of PFAS quantitative and qualitative sampling is necessary for conducting accurate and reliable site characterizations. Knowing the methods available and the matrices they apply to is invaluable when determining the extent of contamination at a particular location and whether one or several matrices at the site have been contaminated.

Accurate and reliable sampling can significantly aid in identification of local or adjacent sources of contamination, site-specific fate and transport of the PFAS contaminants, effect on the local geologic features of a site, extent of hydrogeologic migration into local groundwater, and potential exposure risks posed by a site. Development of a proper sampling plan and correct interpretation of the results is of critical importance due to the high financial ties associated with the potential remediation of a

contaminated site. These emerging contaminants are complex compounds characterized by their persistence, migration, diversity, transformation, and frequency of occurrence. As such, they pose many challenges for the characterization of a contaminated site. Therefore, a critical understanding of the sampling methods, their applications, and limitations is imperative to develop a proper assessment of the extent of contamination.

Future articles will discuss treatment/remediation technologies available to remove these compounds, occurrence trends in the nation, and an update on PFAS regulatory developments throughout the country.

To read the full version of the article go to http:// tiny.cc/pfas.

References: 1. GEO FORWARD.PFAS & C8: Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. https://www.geoforward.com/what-is-pfas-c8/ 2. Cardenas, Andres, et al. “Association of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances With Adiposity.” JAMA Network Open, vol.

1, no. 4, 2018, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.1493.

CONTINUED PAGE 34 | pfas

www.tawwa.org TEXASh2o SUMMER 2021 | 33 |

| pfas |

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 33 | pfas 3. EWG. 2018. EWF Report: Up to 110 Million Americans Could Have PFAS Contaminated Drinking Water. https://www.ewg.org/research/report-110-million-americans-couldhave-pfas-contaminated-drinking-water 4. Miller, et al., Dealing with Widespread PFAS Contamination, presented at Florida Section AWWA Fall 2019 Conference, ChampionsGate, 2019, Florida.

5. USEPA. 2019. Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Methods and guidance for sampling and analyzing water and other environmental media. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-01/documents/pfas_ methods-sampling_tech_brief_7jan2020-update.pdf 6. Denly, Elizabeth, Jim Occhialini, Phil Bassignani, Michael Eberle, and Nidal Rabah. 2019. “Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in environmental sampling products: Fact or fiction?” Remediation Journal 29 (4):65-76. doi: 10.1002/rem.21614.

7. Eurofins. 2020. Part 1- PFAS Basics: An Introduction to the Chemistry, Sources, Regulation and Analysis. https://www.eurofinsus.com/environment-testing/resources/webinars/ pfas-webinar-series/pfas-part-1/ 8. Conder JM, Hoke RA, Wolf Wde, Russell MH, Buck RC. Are PFCAs Bioaccumulative? A Critical Review and Comparison with Regulatory Criteria and Persistent Lipophilic Compounds. Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 2008;42(4):995-1003. doi:10.1021/es070895g

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| golf tournament |

Annual Larry Kelm Memorial Golf Tournament

SAVE THE DATE

Tour 18 Golf Course Veterans Day Thursday Nov 11, 2021 Check in and Breakfast 7AM

Benefitting the SETAWWA Water Education Programs

Sponsorship and Online Registration at https://www.tawwa.org/event/SEgolf2021

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| stability stool |

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 9 | stability stool While keeping things simple can be an aid to our daily work, we want to actively avoid oversimplification when addressing potential issues and real emergencies and look for details. Many problems can seem similar at first glance; however, you should define specific issues and observable data to better understand root causes. While many illnesses present with headache, fever, and malaise, there are very different treatments for viruses and infections. Improper diagnosis and treatment can exacerbate problems and lead to catastrophic results.

Pay close attention to the influences that impact your operations, with an emphasis on risks to continuity. Prioritize limited resources to address those risks with a focus on redundancy and the ability to withstand interruptions. During emergencies resources may have to be reassigned or tasked with unfamiliar duties. Try to preidentify multiuse resources and build flexibility into your arsenal.

The organization itself must be committed to

resiliency, to supporting efforts related to situational awareness and response. Build Incident Management Teams, make training and exercises organizational requirements, and expand your abilities to obtain and analyze situational intelligence. Develop redundancies and contingency plans to operate in austerity and think about sustaining yourself through multiple operational periods.

CONTINUED PAGE 38 | stability stool

Imagine it.

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| 36 | SUMMER 2021 TEXASh2o www.tawwa.org

| customer service |

TAWWA Customer Service Virtual Workshop Make plans to join us on October 13 and 14 for the 2021 Customer Service Workshop. This year’s workshop will be virtual, with 2 sessions each day. PresentaƟon topics include Cyber Security, Work From Home Strategies, Risk CommunicaƟon and a panel discussion with your peers on the impacts of COVID-19 and Winter Storm Uri on our organizaƟons.

DATES:

October 13—14, 2021

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9am‐11am and 2pm‐4pm each day

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Register online at www.tawwa.org

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| stability stool |

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 36 | stability stool Lastly, defer to the experts. And, know that expertise is not a product of rank or hierarchical assignment, but infers knowledge and proximity to the problem. When someone on-scene is reporting information, believe it.

Don’t rely on past experiences as providing accurate information regarding the current condition. Once you’ve seen one, you’ve seen one.2 All problems will present with different specifics, and deference to expertise is a relational process. Let emerging information guide your sense making.

The Stability Stool provides a powerful tool for use in preparedness and response activities. It reminds us to receive information, reflect on the issues and your options, then respond to the circumstances that challenge our critical operations. I believe, and have experienced, that this approach provides organizations with the capacity to meet disruption and adversity, and cultivates a culture of resiliency.

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ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT COURSES

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TO LEARN MORE AND REGISTER ONLINE, VISIT TEXAS AWWA'S ADVANCED TREATMENT COURSES WEBPAGE https://www.tawwa.org/ page/advancedtreatment

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TEXASh2o SUMMER 2021 | 39 |

| new members |

TAWWA Welcomes New Members Joining May 16–July 15, 2021 Sora Ahn Cypress, TX

Delton Box Bedford, TX

William Duckworth Hearne, TX

Ivan Hernandez El Paso, TX

Victor Odili The Woodlands, TX

Jose Segovia San Antonio, TX

Jack Aiello Dallas, TX

Bonnye Brewington Pflugerville, TX

Austin Duehr Dallas, TX

Natalia Hoogesteijn Fort Worth, TX

Oller Engineering, Inc. Lubbock, TX

Will Shappee Houston, TX

William Alfaro Austin, TX

John Buhner Houston, TX

Chris Flores Seminole, TX

Cortland Hughes San Marcos, TX

Joseph Ortega San Antonio, TX

Shayan Sharifzad Pacific Palisades, CA

Dante Amador Houston, TX

Bradley Bzdyra Austin, TX

Ryan George Houston, TX

Jason Hurst Argyle, TX

Doyle Peake Leander, TX

Kevin Smith Austin, TX

Christopher Anderson Alice, TX

Jose Cairo Houston, TX

James Golab Austin, TX

Vishakha Kaushik Houston, TX

Joseph Portillo Jr Weatherford, TX

Troy Svede El Paso, TX

Sabrina Anderson Austin, TX

Chris Campbell Denton, TX

Beatriz Gonzalez Boerne, TX

Amber Knott Garland, TX

Brandon Price Grand Prairie, TX

Roy Teal Fort Worth, TX

Ana Artola Houston, TX

Jennifer Chen Frisco, TX

Nattie Gonzalez Austin, TX

Georgina Loginow Richmond, TX

Kimberly Rhodes Austin, TX

Leigh Thomas Austin, TX

John Bach Fort Worth, TX

Shelby Coppedge Corpus Christi, TX

Saul Gonzalez San Marcos, TX

Jonathan Marks Humble, TX

Brenn Riley Corpus Christi, TX

Aby Varghese Houston, TX

Sarah Backhouse Austin, TX

Andrea Croskrey Austin, TX

Nissim Gore-Datar Austin, TX

Gloria Martinez Frisco, TX

Mayo Rios Odessa, TX

Christopher Wall El Paso, TX

Mark Bauer II Houston, TX

Braniff Davis Austin, TX

Jamie Hand Montgomery, TX

Lilian McIntosh Abilene, TX

Myles Savage Dallas, TX

Kristen Whatley Houston, TX

Zafar Bhatti College Station, TX

Pritam Deshmukh Denton, TX

Daniela Hernandez El Paso, TX

Trevor Meyer Hallettsville, TX

Suzanne Schadel Austin, TX

Kriston Williams Wichita Falls, TX

Merritt Nolte-Roth Sugar Land, TX

Justin Screws Terrell, TX

Brian O'Connor Arlington, TX

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| 40 | SUMMER 2021 TEXASh2o www.tawwa.org

| drinking water seminar |

SAVE THE DATE 20 th ANNUAL ROBERT F. PENCE North Central Texas Chapter of Texas AWWA

DRINKING WATER SEMINAR

OCTOBER 22, 2021 The Petroleum Club of Fort Worth The event may be held in-person or virtually.

Updates will be communicated once registration opens.

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ADVANCED WATER TREATMENT COURSES

IT'S EASY TO BE THE BEST IN CLASS LET US TEACH YOU HOW EXCELLENT CONTENT, EXCEPTIONAL VALUE.

UV/AOP CORRESPONDENCE COURSE

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OFFERED AT $100

COURSE FEATURES APPLICATIONS FOR WATER, WASTEWATER & REUSE UV LIGHT CONCEPTS DISINFECTION PATHOGEN INACTIVATION WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS LATEST EQUIPMENT CHEMICAL INJECTION SYSTEMS CONTROLS AND PIPING DETERMINING AND IMPROVING PERFORMANCE MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

| 42 | SUMMER 2021 TEXASh2o

TO LEARN MORE AND REGISTER ONLINE, VISIT TEXAS AWWA'S ADVANCED TREATMENT COURSES WEBPAGE https://www.tawwa.org/ page/advancedtreatment

www.tawwa.org

| | calendar calendar |

What’s Happening Across Texas DATE

ACTIVITY

TIME

LOCATION

INFORMATION

AUG 23

SE Chapter Annual Dinner Event

6-8:10 pm

Petroleum Club of Houston

www.tawwa.org

SEPT 21

Texas Water Abstract Deadline

San Antonio

www.txwater.org

OCT 8

13th Annual WFP Hill Country Classic

8 am tee off

Hyatt Hill Country Golf Club San Antonio

www.tawwa.org

OCT 13-14

TAWWA Customer Service Workshop

9-11 am & 2-4 pm each day

Online

www.tawwa.org

NOV 11

SE Annual Larry Kelm Memorial Golf Tournament

Tour 18 Golf Course Humble, TX

7 am

www.tawwa.org

Want to share your event with the Texas water community?

Contact Mike Howe, 512-238-9292, or mikehowe@tawwa.org.

H20 Ad_2.pdf 1 4/25/2019 3:59:00 PM Check the Section’s website, www.tawwa.org, for the Texas latest information on Section activities.

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