Culture and Values A Survey of the Humanities 8th Edition by Lawrence S. Cunningham - Test Bank

Chapter 1 - TEST BEGINNINGS I.

Multiple Choice (1 point each)

1. What artifacts from Jericho are considered an indication that they practiced ancestor worship? a) fertility figures b) burial statues c) restored skulls d) stone shrines 2. Where are some of the oldest paintings of humankind found? a) Sub-Saharan Africa b) Lascaux c) Amarna d) Egypt 3. What development during the Neolithic period made possible the growth of communities and villages? a) agriculture b) writing c) tool-making d) masonry 4. According to the text, what have archaeologists posited that Stonehenge was? a) an ancient temple b) a storage facility for weapons c) a monument to a great leader d) a solar calendar and observatory 5. What do archaeologists believe the Venus of Willendorf depicts? a) a Greek goddess b) a female fertility figure

c) a famous queen d) a child

6. Where did the Sumerians first settle? a) The Upper Nile b) The Fertile Crescent c) The Mediterranean Islands d) Western Africa 7. What are two Semitic languages? a) Arabic and Hebrew b) Urdu and Hindi c) Persian and Arabic d) Greek and Maltese 8. What was Sumerian religion based upon? a) animal worship b) spirits of ancestors c) natural phenomena d) monotheism 9. What was the first great literary work of ancient Mesopotamia? a)

Ashurbanipal

b)

Book of the Dead

c)

Epic of Gilgamesh

d)

Tutankhamen’s autobiography

10. According to legend, who dictated to King Hammurabi the laws which he would later include in the Law Code of Hammurabi? a)

Enlil

b) Shamash c) Aton d)

Osiris

11. Which civilization succeeded in uniting Mesopotamia in 1800 B.C.E.? a)

Assyrians

b)

Kassites

c)

Babylonians

d)

Sumerians

12. How do scholars traditionally divide the history of ancient Egypt? a)

into two major periods

b)

into three major periods

c)

into four major periods

d)

Into six major periods

13. In general terms, what is most striking about Egyptian culture over the centuries? a)

The evolution of its writing system

b)

Its unity and consistency

c)

Its ever-changing, highly diverse nature

d)

Its unjust social system

14. Who was the first great architect known to history? a) Khafre b)

Djoser

c)

Babur

d)

Imhotep

15. What was the most important new religious figure of the New Kingdom of ancient Egypt? a)

Aton

b)

Isis

c)

Minos

d)

Knossos

16. How did the art of Amarna differ from conventional Egyptian art? a)

It employed a stylized, artificial quality.

b)

It was highly formal, apparently intended only for somber occasions.

c)

It had greater lightness and naturalism.

d)

It depicted female figures exclusively.

17. What civilization conquered the Babylonian Empire? a)

The Semites

b)

The Persians

c)

The Kassites

d)

The Sumerians

18. What was the most common medium of the art of the Cyclades islands? a)

Marble statues

b)

Pottery

c)

Wall-painting

d)

Wood-caring

19. Who discovered the civilization which predated the Mycenaeans? a)

Sir Arthur Evans

b)

Lord Wilton Spiel

c)

Heinrich Schliemann

d)

Howard Carter

20. Who was the central figure of Minoan religion? a)

a being that is half-man and half-wolf

b)

a river god

c)

a sun god

d)

a fertility goddess

21. Who succeeded the Minoans? a)

the Sumerians

b)

the Persians

c)

the Mycenaeans

d)

the Kassites

22. Which war provided the background for Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey? a)

the Peloponnesian War

b)

the Trojan War

c)

the Persian War

d)

the Babylonian War

23. What important archaeological discovery was made by Heinrich Schliemann? a)

Kingdom of Knossos

b)

Tomb of Tutankhamen

c)

Royal Grave Circle

d)

Altar to Osiris

24. What city was buried beneath the Roman city of Ilium? a)

Attica

b)

Sparta

c)

Athens

d)

Troy

25. What colossal statue stands next to the pyramids at Giza? a)

The Stele of Aton-rah

b)

The Sphinx

c)

Demeter

d) Gilgamesh

II.

Short Answer Questions (3 points each) 1. What are the six characteristics of civilized societies and of civilization mentioned in the textbook?

2. How was national unity maintained in ancient Egypt despite the differences between the regions of the Upper and Lower Nile?

3. What are three universal themes touched upon in the Epic of Gilgamesh?

4. How did the focus of Mycenaean art and architecture differ from that of the Minoans?

5. What is the Greek myth of the Minotaur and the Labyrinth?

Key Terms (1 point each)

III.

1. _______________________ Sumerian religious structure.

2. _______________________ An upright stone slab decorated with relief carvings.

3. _______________________ Assyrian king of ancient Mesopotamia.

4. _______________________ Egyptian pharaoh who built the Great Sphinx.

5. _______________________ A river in ancient Mesopotamia.

6. _______________________ Center of the Minoan civilization.

7. _______________________ Vertical shafts running down through Minoan palaces.

8. _______________________ Egyptian god who was symbolic of death and rebirth.

9. _______________________ Tomb chamber in the shape of a beehive 10. _______________________ Family of languages including Arabic, Hebrew, and Aramaic.

Chapter 1 – TEST Answer Key I. 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. b 6. b 7. a 8. c 9. c 10. b 11. c 12. c 13. b 14. d 15. a

Multiple Choice

16. c 17. b 18. a 19. a 20. b 21. c 22. b 23. b 24. d 25. b

II.

Short Answer Questions

1. The 6 characteristics of civilization are:  urban life  a system of government  distinct social classes  tools and specialized skills which lead to the rise in manufacturing  a written form of communication  a shared system of religious belief 2. National unity was maintained through a strong central government controlled by the pharaoh, whose power was further consolidated by the belief in his divinity. Moreover, this power was cemented by a priesthood which disseminated the national religion throughout the Upper and Low Nile regions through a strict adherence to traditional rituals and arts.

3. The universal themes touched upon in the Epic of Gilgamesh include:      

The elevation of some human beings over others The disregard for nature and the natural order of things The virtues and rewards of the simple life The pleasures of love, companionship, food, and drink The fear of death The desire for fame and glory

4. Mycenaean art, unlike that of the Minoans, focused on death and war. The Mycenaeans built large fortressed palaces and richly furnished tombs. Similar to the Minoans, the walls of the Mycenaean palaces were decorated with frescos; however, in contrast with the vivacity of the Minoans, these works are characterized by a solemn, dignified style.

5. The Labyrinth was in Knossos, Crete, and in it was a Minotaur—half man and half bull— to whom seven boys and girls were regularly sacrificed. According to legend, Theseus killed the Minotaur, freed the children, and escaped with King Minos’ daughter, Ariadne.

III.

Key Terms

1. ziggurat 2. stele 3. Ashurbanipal 4. Khafre 5. Euphrates 6. Knossos 7. Light wells 8. Osiris 9. Tholos 10. Semitic

Chapter 2 – TEST The Rise of Greece I.

Multiple Choice (1 point each) 1. What Greek epic poem recounts the story of Achilles and the Trojan War? a)

The Odyssey

b)

The Iliad

c)

The Aeneid

d)

The Epic of Gilgamesh

2. What was the region or state controlled by Athens? a)

Thebes

b)

Sparta

c)

Boetia

d)

Attica

3. What was the polis? a)

The ruling class

b)

The city-state

c)

The city theater

d)

Greek soldiers

4. How did the Greek system of belief differ from Judaism and Christianity? a)

It involved formal worship ceremonies.

b)

It was polytheistic.

c)

It was based upon the worship of animals.

d)

It was based upon spirit-possession ritual.

5. What role did mythology serve in the lives of the Greeks? a)

Mythology was understood to represent an accurate and incontrovertible recounting of historical fact.

b)

Mythology was understood to represent the direct word of God.

c)

Mythology was understood to help humans understand their own lives.

d)

Mythology was purely a vehicle for entertainment.

6. What two opposing aspects of Greek civilization were represented by Apollo and Dionysus? a)

Love vs. hate

b)

Logic vs. emotion

c)

Productivity vs. laziness

d)

Joy vs. sorrow

7. Which Greek god represented supreme good? a)

Zeus

b)

Orpheus

c)

Apollo

d)

none of the above

8. Who was the first known “author” in the history of western literature? a)

Homer

b)

Herodotus

c)

Darius

d)

Pythagoras

9. Who is the Greek goddess of wisdom and warfare? a)

Aphrodite

b)

Athena

c)

Sappho

d)

Penelope

10. Who are Achilles, Agamemnon, Hector, Patroclus and Priam? a)

The main characters in the Odyssey

b)

Greek gods

c)

The main characters in the Iliad

d)

Greek philosophers

11. What kinds of information does painted pottery give us about early Greek culture? a) It includes images from mythology, history, and everyday life. b) It includes long passages of text from Homer and Sappho’s writing. c) It includes clear historical records about trade and warfare. d) It includes allegorical depictions of Greek religious beliefs.

12. What was the meander found on Greek geometric pottery? a)

A floral image

b)

A crisscross pattern

c)

A garland design

d)

A maze pattern

13. By the eighth century B.C.E., what had become the principal subject of Greek art? a)

The female body.

b)

The human body.

c)

The figure of Apollo.

d)

The figure of Zeus.

14. Which artist’s work represents a breakthrough in black-figure painting? a)

Euphronios

b)

Protagoras

c)

Exekias

d)

Kletias

15. What was an important basis for Corinth’s political and economic strength during the seventh and sixth centuries B.C.E.? a)

engraved silver

b)

cloth

c)

pottery

d)

slaves

16. What impact did the tyrants have on Greek society?

a)

They crushed the Republic.

b)

They supported the arts.

c)

They developed the state laws.

d)

They destroyed public property in an attempt to destabilize the government.

17. What did the archaic smile signify? a)

That the subject was from the upper class

b)

That the subject was a happy person

c) That the subject was a living human being d)

That the subject was a shepherd

18. What characterizes early Greek music? a)

It was instrumental, performed only for kings and nobility.

b)

It was choral, performed by large groups at private concerts.

c)

It was polyphonic, with several interweaving melodies.

d) It was monophonic, made up of single melodies.

19. What is a mode? a)

a distinct scale type

b)

a stringed instrument

c)

a narrative song

d)

a historical story

20. In Greek music, what was the doctrine of ethos? a)

Music should convey the moral values of the society.

b)

Music can influence human behavior.

c)

Music was associated with Dionysius and Aphrodite.

d)

Music was a precious gift to humans from the gods.

21. What is lyric verse? a)

Poetry which are accompanied by a lyre

b)

Poetry which conveys personal feelings

c)

Stories told through dance

d)

Stories recounting the deeds of heroes, gods, and demigods

22. Who was the first woman to leave a literary record of her personal feelings? a)

Xerxes

b)

Helena

c)

Augustina

d) Sappho

23. Which philosopher tried to explain all phenomena in terms of one or more material elements? a)

Thales

b)

Anaxagoras

c)

Pythagoras

d)

Empedocles

24. Which philosopher believed that our world was subject to constant change (“It is not possible to step into the same river twice”)? a)

Democritus

b)

Heraclitus

c)

Zeno

d)

Leucippus

25. Who was the first great Greek historian (the “Father of History”)?

II.

a)

Darius

b)

Ptolemy

c)

Herodotus

d)

Augustus

Short Answer Questions (3 points each) 1. How did the physical geography of Greece affect the development of the states?

2. What are the causes of the many contradictions in Classical Greek mythology?

3. How did the Doric style differ from the Ionic style or order of architecture (consider the base, capital, frieze)?

4. According to Herodotus, why were the Persians defeated? What Greek word does Herodotus use for his explanation? What is the English translation of this word?

5. How did the epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey come into being?

III.

Key Terms (1 point each) 1. _______________________ Greek musical instrument. A seven-stringed lyre.

2. _______________________ The underworld in classical Greek mythology.

3. _______________________ Greek double-reed musical instrument.

4. _______________________ A hymn in a Greek tragedy.

5. _______________________ The first author of Greek epic poetry.

6. _______________________Sculptures deeply carved out of a stone background.

7. _______________________ Excessive pride and ambition.

8. _______________________ Draped, standing, female figure.

9. _______________________ Rectangular panels that alternate with triglyphs on a Doric frieze.

10. _______________________ The scales that formed the basis of the Greek system of music.

Chapter 2 – TEST Answer Key I. 1. b 2. d 3. b 4. b 5. c 6. b 7. d 8. a 9. b 10. c 11. a 12. d 13. b 14. c 15. c 16. b 17. c 18. d 19. a 20. b 21. b 22. d 23. a 24. b 25. c

Multiple Choice

II.

Short Answer Questions

1. Greece is comprised of a series of mountain ranges and high hills which crisscross and divide the region into discrete areas. Thus, the main urban centers and accompanying states developed in relative isolation from one another.

2. A primary reason for the contradictions in Greek mythology stems from the relative isolation of the regions. In addition, because the myths were considered regional folklore, poets and artists felt a certain freedom to choose and manipulate details to suit their own expressive desires. Moreover, most of these tales were passed down orally many years before they were written.

3. The Doric order architecture differed from the Ionic style or order of architecture in the following ways:



the base?

Doric no base

Ionic layered base



the capital?

abacus and echinus

abacus and volutes



the frieze?

triglyphs and metopes

continuous band

4. According to Herodotus, the Persians were defeated because they were in the moral wrong. Their fault was an excess of hubris, which means excessive ambition or pride.

5. The Iliad and the Odyssey were initially a body of several stories which recounted the events of the Trojan wars. It is believed that these tales crystallized into a cohesive form —similar to their present form—around 800 B.C.E., and that the first written versions were made after 600 B.C.E. The version used by most scholars today was written by a scribe in Alexandria in the second century B.C.E.

III.

Key Terms

1. Kithara 2. Hades 3. Aulos 4. Dithyramb

5. Homer 6. High relief 7. Hubris 8. Kore 9. Metope 10. Modes

Chapter 3 - TEST CLASSICAL GREECE AND THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD I.

Multiple Choice (1 point each)

1. What name is given to the period of Greek history between the Persian Wars and the death of Alexander the Great? a)

The Hellenistic Period

b)

The Alexandrian Period

c)

The Classical Period

d)

The Athenian Period

2. What descriptive name has been given to the Athenian civilization of the last half of the fifth century B.C.E.? a)

The Age of Philosophy

b)

The Golden Age of Greece

c)

The Age of Drama

d)

The Mythological Period

3. What is the subject of the frieze on the Altar to Zeus at Pergamum? a)

The battle of the gods and giants

b)

The creation of the world

c)

The rise to power of Alexander the Great

d)

The war between Athens and Sparta

4. What name is given to the period of history following the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C.E. (and until the rise of the Roman Empire)? a)

The Doric Period

b)

The Delian Period

c)

The Peloponnesian Period

d)

The Hellenistic Period

5. What does Plato illustrate in his Allegory of the Cave? a)

The destruction of the natural world

b)

The limits of human sense perception

c)

The importance of traditional religion

d)

The value of supporting the visual arts

6. What accounts for the powerful position of Athens during the first half of the Classical period? a)

Athenians’ superior skill in craftsmanship

b)

Athens’s assistance in defeating the Persians

c)

Athens’s highly developed system of trade routes

d)

Athenians’ rejections of religious worship in favor of more practical concerns

7. Who introduced the idea of catharsis in the analysis of drama? a)

Aristotle

b)

Plato

c)

Socrates

d)

Pythagoras

8. What was the cause of the Peloponnesian War? a)

The abduction of Helen

b)

The humiliation of Philip of Macedon

c)

The murder of Clytemnestra

d)

Athens’s use of the Delian League’s treasury

9. Which political leader is most associated with the achievements of the Athenian Golden Age? a)

Sophocles

b)

Doryphoros

c)

Pericles

d)

Aeschylus

10. What was the primary function of the chorus in Sophocles’ plays? a)

To sing praise to the gods

b)

To provide a commentary upon a drama

c)

To interject comic episodes into a tragic play

d)

To help forward the action of the plot

11. Who was the first important Athenian tragic dramatist (author of the Oresteia trilogy)? a)

Sophocles

b)

Euripides

c)

Aeschylus

d)

Sappho

12. Who was the author of Antigone and Oedipus the King? a)

Scopas

b)

Aeschylus

c)

Sophocles

d)

Thucydides

13. Which Greek dramatist showed the most sympathy for the problems of women? a)

Sophocles

b)

Euripides

c)

Socrates

d)

Polynices

14. Who was the greatest Greek author of comedy plays? a) Sophocles b)

Phidias

c) Aristophanes d) Euripides

15. What events do Plato’s works the Apology, the Crito, and Phaedo record? a)

Socrates’ final days

b)

The Peloponnesian War

c)

The Alexandrian Wars

d)

The teachings of Ptolemy

16. What school did Aristotle found in 335 B.C.E.? a)

The Parthenon

b)

The Acropolis

c)

The Lyceum

d)

The Academy

17. According to Aristotle, what caused the downfall of tragic heroes? a)

The petty bickering of the gods

b)

A character flaw or miscalculation

c)

The deceit of family members

d)

Ignorance or lack of information

18. What was the subject of the Canon by Polyclitus? a)

a mathematical formula for human proportions

b)

a design for a previously unknown weapon

c)

the proportions of celestial bodies

d)

the makeup of the ideal state

19. How did the Peloponnesian War influence the plays of Euripides? a)

He wrote comedies to lighten the post-war mood

b) He wrote mythological plays that offered an escape from reality c) He wrote propagandistic plays that promoted Greek leaders d) He wrote realistic plays that dealt with the consequences of war

20. What was the relationship between religion and theater in Classical Greece? a)

It provided a model for right moral conduct.

b)

Theater was considered to be a religious ritual.

c)

Religious leaders opposed the decadence of the theater.

d)

Dramatists relied on the ecclesia for material.

21. To whom was the Parthenon dedicated? a)

Apollo

b)

Zeus

c)

Athena

d)

Minerva

22. Why was the nude statue of Aphrodite of Cnidus by Praxiteles important in the history of western art? a)

It was the largest statue ever created by the Greeks.

b)

It marked the beginning of the female nude as a subject of art.

c)

It was the smallest statue ever created by the Greeks.

d)

It was the last statue in Classical Greece to examine the human figure.

23. Where were the centers of Greek art and learning in the Hellenistic Period? a)

Athens and Sparta

b)

Alexandria, Pergamum, and Antioch

c)

Troy and Attica

d)

Miletus and Delos

24. What story was told by the Laocoön sculpture? a)

A boy steering a chariot into the sun

b)

A nymph fleeing the god Apollo

c)

A wicked god attempting to kill and eat his own children

d)

A priest and his sons being strangled by sea serpents

25. Into which empire were the Hellenistic cities absorbed? a)

The Byzantine Empire

b)

The Roman Empire

c)

The Persian Empire

d)

The Adriatic Empire

II.

Short Answer Questions (3 points each)

1.

According to Aristotle, why did Oedipus deserve to suffer for his actions?

2.

Why are Greek tragedies still read and performed?

3.

What were the similarities between Plato’s and Aristotle’s views about music?

4.

How did Hellenistic art differ from Classical art?

5.

How did the actions of Athens create strife within the Delian League?

Key Terms (1 point each)

III.

1. _______________________ Directing council of the Athenian Assembly 2. _______________________ Female statues used as columns to support a roof 3. _______________________ According to Aristotle, the “cleansing of the soul” 4. _______________________ Daughter of Agamemnon; rescued by Artemis 5. _______________________ A term used by the Greeks for musical scales 6. _______________________ Character flaw or intellectual miscalculation in otherwise noble people that causes their tragic fate.

7. _______________________ The main character in Euripides’ The Suppliant Women.

8. _______________________ The lighthearted play that followed the trilogy of tragedies in the festival of Dionysus.

9. _______________________ Traveling professional “philosophers” and teachers.

10. _______________________ A primitive system of justice which requires “blood for blood.”

Chapter 3 – TEST Answer Key I. 1.

2.

3.

4.

Multiple Choice c b a d

5. b 6. b 7. a 8. d 9. c 10. b 11. c 12. c 13. b 14. c 15. a 16. c 17. b 18. a 19. d 20. b 21. c 22. b 23. b 24. d 25. b

II.

Short Answer Questions

1.

Oedipus, despite his efforts to avoid his tragic fate, unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. According to Aristotle, Oedipus deserved to suffer for his actions because he was guilty of hamartia. His excessive pride and stubbornness led to his destruction.

2.

Greek tragedies are read and performed today because they deal with human experiences which still have emotional and intellectual power and relevance.

3.

Both Plato and Aristotle believed in the doctrine of ethos: that music affected people’s moral development. They believed that different kinds of music could mold human character either for worse or for better.

4.

Whereas the artists of the Classical Period emphasized order and balance in their work, the artists of the Hellenistic Period emphasized emotion and expression. The daring and heroism of Alexander’s life infused artists with a spirit of adventure which, in addition to the many portrayals of the Emperor and the tales surrounding his exploits, led to a general freedom of expression throughout the visual arts. These works are characterized by strong contrasts of light and shade, an interest in depicting motion, and a complex composition of elements.

5.

The Athenians used money from the treasury of the Delian League to build the Parthenon; however, these funds were supposed to be held and used for the welfare of all the Greek states. This was seen by the member states as an indication of

Pericles’s imperialistic designs and thus contributed to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War.

III.

Key Terms

1. Boule 2. Caryatids 3. Catharsis 4. Iphigenia 5. Harmony 6. Hamartia 7. Theseus 8. Satry play 9. Sophists 10. Vendetta

Chapter 4 – TEST ROME I.

Multiple Choice (1 point each)

1. What are the two main periods of Roman history called? a)

The Caesarean and Augustan Periods

b)

Republican and Imperial Rome

c)

The Epicurean and Stoic Periods

d)

Punic and Octavian Rome

2. What people occupied Rome from 616 to 510 B.C.E.? a) Carthaginians b)

Persians

c)

Egyptians

d)

Etruscans

3. What event marks the end of the Roman Republic? a) The fall of the Persian dynasty b)

The expulsion of the Etruscans from Rome.

c)

The fall of Athens

d)

The Battle of Actium

4. What Roman class was represented in the Senate? a) plebeians b) patricians c) tribunes d) stoics 5. What was the name of the large open space in the center of Rome used for meetings of the Senate and the assemblies of the people? a) Pantheon b) Tribune

c) Forum d) Great Hall

6. Who was the first great Roman lyric poet? a) Sappho b) Catullus c) Lesbia d) Virgil 7. What principal school of philosophy in Rome believed that the proper goal of life was pleasure? a) Stoicism b) Imperialism c) Plebianism d) Epicureanism 8. What Greco-Roman philosophy is associated with Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius? a) Stoicism b) Epicurianism c) Animism d) Tarquinianism 9. What was the subject of the Jus Civile of Julius Caesar? a) Civil Liberty b) Roman Law c) Romantic Love d)

Military Strategy

10. Who is the Roman equivalent to the Greek god Artemis? a) Jupiter b) Neptune c) Diana d) Aphrodite

11. What political events characterized the last century of the Roman Republic (133 B.C.E. to 31 B.C.E.)? a) Power struggles between Marius, Sulla, Pompey and Caesar b) Repeated peasant uprisings c) Battles against northern barbarians d) The development of the “one-man, one-vote” system of electing government officials 12. What was the significance of the Battle of Actium (31 B.C.E.) in the history of the Roman Republic? a) Seneca became the leader of the Roman army. b)

Cleopatra was given Roman citizenship.

c)

Carthage temporarily annexed parts of the Roman Republic.

d)

Octavian became supreme ruler of Rome.

13. Who was the first emperor of the Roman Empire? a) Julius b) Augustus c) Nero d) Mark Antony 14. Who is the most famous of all Roman poets? a) Horace b) Diocletian c) Vergil d) Cicero 15. According to the Ara Pacis, how did Augustus want to be remembered by future generations? a) As a war hero b) As a champion of the poor c) As a bringer of peace and stability d) As a great poet

16. Where is The House of the Tragic Poet? a) Carthage b) Pompeii c) Tarquinia d)

Lesbos

17. Which writer and orator defended the Roman Republic by putting down a plot against the government? a) Terence b) Virgil c) Cicero d) Lucretius 18. Which Roman literary work is a key source of information about Greek and Roman mythology? a) Meditations b) The Aeneid c) Sulpicia d) Metamorphoses 19. What is architecturally significant about the shape of the Pantheon’s roof? a) the oculus b) the archway c) the groin vault d) the barrel vault 20. What was the function of the Pont du Gard? a) It was a pedestrian bridge. b) It was an aqueduct. c) It was an equestrian bridge. d) It was a military outpost.

21. Who is the most famous Roman satirist? a) Cicero

b) Juvenal c) Seneca d) Virgil 22. What event in C.E. 476 marks the formal end of the Roman Empire in Western Europe? a) The Battle of Actium b) The Battle of Pharsalus c) The death of Lucretius d) The deposition of Romulus Augustulus 23. Who followed Diocletian as ruler of the Late Roman Empire in the West from C.E. 306– 337? a) Emperor Constantine b) Emperor Pliny c) Octavius Caesar d) Pompey the Great 24. Which monument portrays Rome’s campaign in the Dacian Wars? a) Arch of Titus b) Trajan’s Column c) Arch of Constantine d) Temple of Portunus 25. What elements of the Temple of Portunus did the Romans borrow from the Etruscans? a) Ionic order for frieze and columns b) Peripheral temple form and freestanding columns c) Elevated podium and columned porch d) Engaged columns and multiple staircases

II.

Short Answer Questions

1.

What was significant about the Jus Civile?

(3 points each)

2.

According to Epicurus, why should humans be able to live free from superstitious fear of the unknown and not have to fear the threat of divine retribution?

3.

What characteristics of earlier styles did Roman sculptors build upon? What new elements are seen in Roman sculpture?

4.

What reforms did Augustus implement?

5.

In what sense did the Roman Empire survive until C.E. 1453?

III.

Key Terms (1 point each) 1. _______________________

Ancient city in northern Africa

2. _______________________

Egyptian Queen defeated by Octavian

3. _______________________

Mythological queen of Carthage

4. _______________________

Emperor who passed an edict setting stringent

economic controls 5. _______________________

A region in north-central Italy where Etruscan

civilization flourished.

6. _______________________

Roman lyric poet during the 1st century BCE

7. _______________________

Epic poem about the founding of Rome

8. _______________________

Roman naturalist and writer who died because of

fumes from the eruption of Vesuvius 9. _______________________

Wars between the Romans and the Carthaginians.

10. _______________________

Elected representative of the plebeians

Chapter 4 – TEST Answer Key IV. 1. b 2. d 3. d 4. b 5. c 6. b 7. d 8. a 9. b 10. c 11. a 12. d

Multiple Choice (1 point each)

13. b 14. c 15. c 16. b 17. c 18. d 19. a 20. b 21. b 22. d 23. a 24. b 25. c

II.

Short Answer Questions

(3 points each)

1. The Jus Civile was the first single, unified codification of Roman Law, created by Julius Caesar. It eliminated contradictions and confusing material from previous legislation and served as a model for later times.

2. According to Epicurus, the gods play no part in human affairs or earthly events and thus humans should live free from superstitious fear of events they cannot control or the threat of divine retribution.

3. Roman sculptors built upon both Greek and Etruscan aesthetic elements. Their interest in proportion and balance is taken from Greek sensibilities, whereas their emphasis on conveying emotional quality of the subject harkens to the Etruscans. Roman sculptors excelled at portraiture, revealing the personality through subtle details in the features of their subjects.

4. Emperor Augustus (Octavian) was the first Roman Emperor. His reforms included establishing a vast central administration with numerous civil-service positions as well as redefining the role of military soldiers as defenders of Rome’s borders, engineers, police, surveyors, and agricultural laborers.

5. If the city of Constantinople is seen as a continuation of the Roman Empire, then it could be argued that the Roman Empire fell when the city was overtaken by the Ottoman Turks in C.E. 1453.

III.

Key Terms (1 point each)

1. Carthage 2. Cleopatra

3. Dido 4. Diocletian 5. Tuscany 6. Catullus 7. Aeneid 8. Pliny the Elder 9. Punic Wars 10. Tribune

Chapter 5 – TEST The Rise of the Biblical Tradition I.

Multiple Choice (1 point each)

1. Who were the two sons of Abraham that went on to found the Hebrew and Arab nations? a) Jacob and Joseph b) Judah and Mohammed c) Isaac and Ishmael d) David and Solomon 2. According to the Bible, who was the father (patriarch) of the Hebrews? a)

David

b)

Abraham

c)

Noah

d)

Isaac

3. Who were the three most important kings of the United Monarchy of Canaan? a) Saul, David, and Solomon b) Abraham, Isaac, and Saul c) Methuselah, Noah, and David d) Jobe, Jacob, and Solomon 4. What was the "Babylonian Captivity"? a) The period immediately before the coming of Christ b) The enslavement of the Babylonian people c) The imprisonment of the Babylonian people d) A period of Hebrew exile 5. The English word "Bible" comes from the Greek name of what ancient city? a)

Babel

b)

Byblos

c)

Athens

d)

Byzantium

6. What is the meaning of the Greek word from which the term “prophet” is derived? a) One who sees the future b) One who literally converses with God c) A shepherd d) One who speaks for another 7. How is the Hebrew Bible divided? a) The Law, the Prophets, and the Writings b) The Psalms, the Tenets, and the Epistles c) The Gospel, The Babylonian Letters, and the Writings d) The Creation Story, The Pauline Letters, and the Book of Revelation 8. Which grouping of Hebrew texts contains the Torah? a) The Psalms b) The Gospel c) The New Testament d) The Law 9. What is the Septuagint? a) A Latin version of the Greek Old Testament b) A translation into Sanskrit of the Greek Old Testament c) A Greek version of the Hebrew Old Testament d) A translation into Latin of the Greek New Testament 10. What is the Biblical meaning of "covenant”? a) A shelter or refuge b) A commitment between God and humans c) A prophecy that determines human destiny d) A sacred text 11. What are the four most important sources of information about the life of Jesus? a) Revelation, Leviticus, and the Psalms

b) The Dead Sea Scrolls, Lamentations, and Proverbs c)

Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John

d)

Acts of the Apostles, Song of Solomon, and the Pauline Letters

12. What are the Beatitudes? a) The early Christian saints b) The blessings delivered during Mass c) The core teachings of Jesus d) The musical pieces performed during Mass 13. What central doctrine of early Christianity became the basis on which believers proclaimed Jesus as Christ? a) The belief in the Virgin Birth b) The belief in the Resurrection c) The belief in the forgiveness of sins d) The doctrine of monotheism 14. What person became the most important figure in the spread of the Christian church after the death of Jesus? a) Peter b) John c) Matthew d) Paul 15. Why were early Christians persecuted by the government of Rome? a) They refused to worship the state gods. b) They rebelled openly against the government. c) They broke the law by engaging in sacrificial rites. d) They encouraged vandalism against Roman properties.

16. Which emperor in C.E. 312 issued in Milan a decree of toleration for Christianity (and other religions)? a)

Emperor Justinian

b)

Emperor Diocletian

c)

Emperor Constantine

d)

Emperor Romulus

17. Who were the apologists? a) Those who acknowledged their sins and expressed the desire to repent b) Those who wrote in defense of Christianity c) Those critical of Christian worship practices d) Those who lamented the expulsion of mankind from the Garden of Eden 18. What was a common symbol of early Christianity? a)

An anchor

b)

A crucifix

c)

A lion and a lamb

d)

A fountain in a garden

19. What did the Chi-Rho monogram refer to? a) Commonly-cited Biblical proverbs b) Psalms used during Christian worship services c) Early Christian beliefs about the afterlife d) The first two letters of the Greek word for “Christ” 20. What famous church was built in Rome during the reign of the Emperor Constantine? a) Saint Mark’s Cathedral b) Saint Peter’s Basilica c) The Coliseum d) Saint John’s Cathedral 21. What famous church was built in Jerusalem during the reign of the Emperor Constantine? a) The Church of Notre Dame b) Hagia Sophia c) The Church of the Holy Sepulcher d) Saint Peter’s Basilica

22. What musical tradition had the greatest influence on early Christian churches? a)

Early troubadour songs

b)

Jewish chanting of sacred texts

c)

The musical practices of the Roman Empire

d)

The musical practices of Classical Greece

23. What is the name of the gateway through which Christians entered a basilica? a) the transept b) the atrium c) the clerestory d) the nave 24. What is responsorial singing? a) Singing in which the choir responds to the congregation’s lines b) Singing in which two sections of the congregation alternate in chanting lines from psalms c) Singing in which the congregation chants beneath cantor’s line d) Singing in which the congregation responds to cantor’s lines

25. What is antiphonal singing? a) Dissonant singing b) Singing in which two sections of the congregation alternate in chanting lines from psalms c) Singing in which the congregation and cantor sing simultaneously with one another, but to different texts d) Singing featuring the cantor alone

II.

Short Answer Questions (3 points each)

1. What is the difference between a “prophet” and a “seer”? What was the main function of prophets in the Judeo-Christian traditions?

2. How have events in the Book of Exodus been used to symbolize the plight and aims of later generations?

3. What factors contributed to the success of the spread of Christianity?

4. What did excavators of Dura-Europus find? What does this tell us about religious life in the third century?

5. What prompted the Christian church to create the position of cantor?

III.

Key Terms (1 point each)

1._______________________ An underground cemetery 2. _______________________ Books accepted by Orthodox Christians as canonical 3. _______________________ Wall painting on moist plaster 4. _______________________ The “good news” of Christianity 5._______________________ One of many gods is chosen to be worshipped 6._______________________ Common form of Greek spoken throughout Roman empire 7. _______________________ Hebrew word for “the anointed one” 8._______________________ Central aisle of a basilica 9._______________________ Belief in many gods 10. _______________________ Hallway that crosses the nave

Chapter 5 – TEST Answer Key I.

Multiple Choice

1. c 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. b 6. d 7. a 8. d 9. c 10. b 11. c 12. c 13. b 14. d 15. a 16. c 17. b 18. a 19. d 20. b 21. c 22. b 23. b 24. d 25. b

II.

Short Answer Questions

1. A prophet is one who speaks with the authority of God whereas a seer has the power to foretell events in the future. The main purpose of a prophet in the Judeo-Christian tradition was to bring people back onto the path of righteousness and observance to their faith in order to prepare them for the coming of the Messiah. Prophets also defended the poor and urged social justice.

2. The events in the Book of Exodus have been used to symbolize the plight and aims of persecuted people in modern times, including the pilgrims fleeing religious persecution, the American colonialists seeking independence from Britain, and African-American slaves fighting for freedom.

3. The major factors that contributed to the successful spread of Christianity were the ease of travel and communication throughout the Roman Empire, the presence of a common language called koine, and the inclusiveness of the Christian faith, as well as the compassion and salvation inherent in its teachings.

4. Excavators of Dura-Europos revealed that religious life in the third century was quite complex, with peaceful coexistence of members of a spectrum of religions, including Christianity, Roman and Semitic paganism, Judaism, and the cult of Mithra.

5. The Christian church created the position of cantor in reaction against the professionalization of sacred music (bringing paid instrumentalists or vocalists into the church to perform).

III.

Key Terms

1. Catacomb 2. Deuterocanonical 3. Fresco 4. Gospel 5. Henotheism 6. Koine 7. Messiah 8. nave 9. polytheism 10. transept

Chapter 6 – TEST Early Christianity: Ravenna and Byzantium I.

Multiple Choice (1 point each) 1. From 402 to 476, what city served as the western capital of the Roman Empire? a) Rome b) Ravenna c) Byzantium d) San Vitale 2. What was Augustine’s concept of human nature? a) It is fundamentally good and not subject to corruption. b) It is fundamentally good but subject to corruption. c) It is and always will remain a complete mystery. d) It is fundamentally flawed because of original sin.

3. What did Augustine believe would be the culmination of human history? a) The City of Man would attain perfection and unity with God. b) The City of Ma would be destroyed and the City of God would be saved. c) The City of Man would gradually improve, but never reach perfection. d) Human history would continue to repeat itself in endless cycles.

4. What work of Augustine’s is considered the beginning of self-reflective writing in the West? a)

Beatitudes

b)

Confessions

c)

Revelation

d)

City of God

5. Which 6th-century author helped to bridge the gap between classical paganism and Christianity? a)

Aquinas

b)

Ficino

c)

Boethius

d)

Petrarch

6. What city was the center of imperial life in the Roman Empire in the fifth and early sixth centuries? a)

Venice

b)

Constantinople

c)

Rome

d)

Ravenna

7. Who was Emperor Justinian? a) The ruler of the western Roman Empire in the sixth century b) The foremost champion of Aristotelian thinking in his day c) The ruler of the Visigoths in the sixth century d) The ruler of the eastern Roman Empire in the sixth century 8. What did Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora believe was their mission? a) To reestablish the grandeur of the Roman empire under the Christian faith b) To eradicate the influence of the Christian faith on the Roman empire c) To improve the standard of living for all Roman citizens d) To expand classical education throughout the eastern Roman empire 9. Why did Justinian close the last surviving Platonic academy? a) He believed it had become corrupted, but intended to reopen it in the future. b) He considered it to be a pagan-based institution. c) He had a personal vendetta against one of its teachers. d) He considered the academy a useless given the illiterate populous.

10. What was Justinian’s major architectural achievement ? a)

The construction of the Galla Placidia Church

b)

The rebuilding of San Vitale

c)

The rebuilding of Hagia Sophia

d)

The construction of the Arian Baptistery

11. How were pendentives used to combine a dome with a basilica?

a)

They distributed the dome’s weight.

b)

They formed a stable tunnel.

c)

They sat atop the drum.

d)

They sat atop the cupola.

12. What name is given to the sequence of the various parts of a worship service? a)

Order

b)

Mass

c)

Liturgy

d)

Agnus Dei

13. In what year did Constantinople fall to the Turks? a)

1397

b)

1453

c)

1490

d)

1505

14. To what use was Hagia Sophia converted after the Turks assumed control? a)

It became a museum.

b)

It became a synagogue.

c)

It became a mosque.

d)

It became a venue for musical performance.

15. For what type of art is the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia famous? a)

paintings

b)

sculptures

c)

mosaics

d)

woodcarvings

16. What major religious division is evident in the two baptisteries of Ravenna? a)

Between Muslims and Christians

b)

Between Orthodox and Arian Christians

c)

Between Catholic and Protestant Christians

d)

Between Jews and Christians

17. What famous church was commissioned by Theodoric’s reign? a) The Church of San Vitale b) The Church of St. Peter c) The Church of Sant’Apollinare Nuovo d) The Church of St. Paul 18. How does the shape of the Church of San Vitale in Ravenna differ from traditional basilica design? a)

It is rectangular.

b)

It is hexagonal.

c)

It is has a tripartite dome.

d)

It is octagonal.

19. Which church leader presides in a cathedral? a) Bishop b) Priest c) Monk d) Cardinal 20. Where is the apse located in the church? a) Near the entrance b) Surrounding the alter c) Along the transept d) Between the pews 21. What was the importance of the Codex Sinaiticus discovered in Saint Catherine’s monastery at Mount Sinai? a)

It was the earliest Greek translation of the Old Testament.

b)

It was the earliest Greek translation of the New Testament.

c)

It was the most accurate Latin translation of the Old Testament.

d)

It was the most accurate Latin translation of the New Testament.

22. What is the meaning of the Greek word “icon” (eikon)?

a)

symbol

b)

message

c)

vision

d)

image

23. What is the encaustic method of painting? a) Painting using hot colored wax b) Painting using oil-based paints on wood c) Painting using water-based paints on canvas d) Painting using pigments mixed with egg whites 24. What inspired Prince Vladimir to import Byzantine religious traditions into Russia? a)

A dream in which God instructed him to do so

b)

The religious services held at Hagia Sophia

c)

His discovery of Augustine’s Confessions

d)

The teachings of Thomas Aquinas

25. What 15th-century event brought an influx of Greek scholars to the West? a) The construction of a new Platonic academy b) The construction of a new Aristotelian academy c) An Imperial decree of amnesty d) The fall of Constantinople to the Turks

II.

Short Answer Questions (3 points each) 1. In The City of God, what was Augustine’s explanation for the Visigoth sacking of Rome in 410? What group did many Romans blame for the event?

2. What basic problem is the subject of Consolation of Philosophy? What is the solution, according to Lady Philosophy?

3. What was Emperor Justinian’s most important legal achievement? Why was it so significant?

4. What is the significance of the icon in the Orthodox Church?

5. Why has there been a movement in modern Greece to purge Western influences in icon painting?

III.

Key Terms (1 point each)

1._______________________ A group of early Christians that saw Jesus as distinct from God the Father.

2. _______________________ An elaborate octagonal church located in Ravenna 3. _______________________ A word that literally “image breaking” and refers to the destruction of religious pictures and statues 4. _______________________ Sixth-century C.E. church designed by Anthemius and Isidorus.

5._______________________ The official public worship sequence of the Christian church 6._______________________ Triangular section of vaulting that supports a dome 7. _______________________ Sixth-century C.E. empress of Byzantium 8._______________________ Italian schools where Greek refugee scholars taught and wrote 9._______________________The small colored cubes that make up a mosaic 10. _______________________ A small church dedicated to a specific person or purpose

Chapter 6 – TEST Answer Key I. 1. b 2. d 3. b 4. b 5. c 6. b 7. d 8. a 9. b 10. c 11. a 12. c 13. b 14. c

Multiple Choice

15. c 16. b 17. c 18. d 19. a 20. b 21. b 22. d 23. a 24. b 25. d

II.

Short Answer Questions

1. While some blamed the Visigoths’ sacking of Rome in 410 on the rise of Christianity, Augustine argued in The City of God that it was part of God’s greater plan.

2. Boethius attempts in his Consolation to reconcile the concept of free will with an omnipotent-omniscient God. According to Lady Philosophy, God exists within eternity and while humans act with free will, God sees the present moment, the future, and consequences of our actions simultaneously.

3. Justinian revised and codified Roman law, which entailed categorizing all previous judgments, codes, statements, and decrees, and summarizing them into to a coherent, functional legal system to which the courts could refer.

4. In the Orthodox Church, the icon is a painting of a religious figure or a scene that serves as a “window into the world of the sacred.”

5. The Greek movement to purge western influences (styles derived from Renaissance and Baroque painting) was an effort to restore the Byzantine traditions of icon painting in the Greek Orthodox Church.

III.

Key Terms

1. Arians 2. San Vitale 3. Iconoclasm 4. Hagia Sophia 5. Liturgy 6. Pendentive 7. Theodora

8. studia 9. tesserae 10. votive chapel

57

Chapter 7 - TEST ISLAM I.

Multiple Choice (1 point each)

1. Who is considered the founder of Islam? a) Abdul b) Elijah c) Muhammad d) Allah 2. Where was the founder of Islam born? a) Damascus b) Mecca c) Baghdad d) Hadith 3. What event in 622 marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar? a) The hejira b) The mihrab c) The hajj d) Ramadan 4. What is the significance of the Ka’bah? a) Muhammad lived there as a young man. b) It was the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. c) It is the site of the largest mosque in Islam. d) Muhammad established it as the spiritual center of Islam 5. What is the meaning of the word “Islam”? a) obedience to Muhammad b) submission to God c) acceptance of the Sharia legal code

58 d)

commitment to charitable acts

6. How is the Qur’an organized? a) It is divided into seven large-scale subsections. b) It is divided into 114 sûras. c) It is divided into four separate volumes. d) It consists of a single very long, undivided chapter.

7. What is the original language of the Qur’an? a) Arabic b) Hebrew c) Persian d) Latin 8. What is the name of the body of literature which consists of authoritative commentaries on the Qur’an and explanations of oral traditions? a) The Shari’a b) The Taj Mahal c) The Alhambra d) The Hadith 9. What is the name of the Islamic Legal code? a) The Law of Muhammad b) Al- Khwarizmi c) Sharia d) Sûra 10. What is the purpose of minarets adjacent to a mosque? a) To ward off temptation b) To call the faithful to prayer c) To guide the faithful to Mecca d) To provide a private space for meditation 11. What building in Jerusalem is one of the earliest and most spectacular achievements of Islamic architecture?

59

a) The Great Mosque b) The Shrine of Muhammad c) The Dome of the Rock d) The Ka’bah 12. How many sides are there to the Dome of the Rock? a) three b) six c) eight d) ten 13. What is interesting about the site of The Great Mosque of Damascus? a) The site was once a pagan burial ground. b) The site was once a Christian basilica. c) The site once housed a Platonic academy. d) The site is in the capital of the Abbasid Dynasty.

14. What city became the Muslim capital in Spain? a) Madrid b) Seville c) Valencia d) Córdoba 15. What was the goal of the Reconquista? a) To drive the Muslims out of Spain b) To conquer the remnants of the Roman Empire c) To eliminate Christianity in Spain d) To promote Islam in all reaches of the known world 16. What was the name of the palace complex in Granada that escaped destruction during the Reconquista? a) Al-Uqlidisi b) Hadith c) Alhambra

60 d) Mecca 17. Which of the Islamic traditions discussed in the text has the largest following? a) Shiite b) Sunni c) Sufi d) Hindu 18. What explanation is given for the rapid spread of Islam? a) The simplicity of its original teachings b) The freedom granted to its adherents c) The beauty of Islamic writings d) The glorious afterlife promised in the Qur’an 19. What language did the Sufi mystic Rumi use in writing his religious verse? a) Persian b) Arabic c) Hindu d) Urdu 20. What was distinctive about the way Rumi recited his poetry? a) He recited in a whisper. b) He danced while reciting. c) He chanted in harmony with other Sufis. d) He recited only while lying down.

21. What city was the political and cultural capital of the Abbasid Dynasty? a) Damascus b) Jerusalem c) Baghdad d) Cairo 22. What was the focus of Averröes’ scholarly work? a) To find a cure for small pox

61 b) To reconcile Greek philosophy with Islam c) To discredit Greek philosophy d) To study the nature of poison 23. How did scholars working in Baghdad's “House of Wisdom” contribute to the dissemination of Aristotle’s writings in the West? a) They published Latin translations of Aristotle’s works. b) They translated Aristotle’s works into Arabic. c) They founded the first Aristotelian Academy in Islam. d) They discovered previously unknown writings by Aristotle.

24. Which Spanish physician stressed personal hygiene as disease-prevention? a) Al-Uqlidisi b) Rumi c) Averröes d) Moses Maimonides 25. Which Muslim scholar invented algebra and created a modern numerical system? a) Moses Maimonides b) Al-Khwarizmi c) Al-Hazen d) Rhazes

62

II.

Short Answer Questions (3 points each) 1. What are the five pillars of Islam?

2. Who is Rabia? What did she do? What did she believe?

3. Why are mosques decorated with abstract art and calligraphy rather than pictorial representations?

4. What religious legends surround the location of the Dome of the Rock?

5. Why are translations of the Qur’an not considered to be authentic but rather glosses of the original?

63

III.

Key Terms (1 point each)

1. _______________________

Decoration using complex interlaced lines

2. _______________________

Spiritual and civil leader of the Islamic state

3. _______________________

A pilgrimage to Mecca

4. _______________________

Denomination that believes that successors of

Muhammad must be descendants of Ali. 5. _______________________

A sophisticated form of Arabic script

6. _______________________

Niche inside mosque which faces Mecca

7. _______________________

The pulpit in an Islamic mosque

8. _______________________

Crier who calls Muslim worshipers to daily

prayers 9. _______________________

Persian scholar and poet famous for his

rubaiyat 10. _______________________

The fasting month in the Muslim calendar

Chapter 7 – TEST Answer Key I. 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. b 6. b 7. a 8. d 9. c 10. b 11. c 12. c 13. b 14. d

Multiple Choice

64 15. a 16. c 17. b 18. a 19. a 20. b 21. c 22. b 23. b 24. d 25. b

II.

Short Answer Questions

1. The five pillars of Islam are as follows:     

to believe and recite that there is one God to pray five times each day facing Mecca to donate to charity to fast during the holy month of Ramadan to make a pilgrimage to Mecca

2. Rabia was a Sufi woman who lived in the eighth century. When she was freed from slavery, she believed that she was one of God’s chosen ones. She held that deep love of God was the path toward having a spiritual union with him. She wrote poetry, aphorisms, and meditations focused on nurturing and understanding this love.

3. According to the Islamic faith, it is impudent to portray God’s image or the image of his most cherished creation, man; therefore, Islamic decoration is in the form of abstract art and calligraphy rather than pictorial representations.

4. Some believe it to be the site where the Prophet Muhammad stopped on this journey to heaven. Others hold that it was where Abraham sacrificed his son Ishmael, and some maintain the mosque rests on the location where Adam died and is buried.

5. The Qur’an is written in Arabic and, because this was the language through which God spoke to Muhammad, any translations are not considered authentic, but rather interpretations.

III.

Key Terms 1. Arabesque 2. Caliph 3. Hajj

65 4. Shia 5. Kufic 6. Mihrab 7. Minbar 8. Muezzin 9. Omar Khayyam 10. Ramadan

Chapter 8 – TEST THE RISE OF MEDIEVAL CULTURE I.

Multiple Choice (1 point each) 1. Upon what earlier model did Charlemagne base his administration and decrees? a) Greece b) Rome c) Islam d) Persia 2. Who was an important Anglo-Saxon scholar at Charlemagne’s court in Aachen? a) Harun al-Rashid b) Benedict c) The Honorable Bede d) Alcuin of York 3. Who was the author of the most famous “Rule” in western monasticism? a) Roswitha b) Saint Benedict of Nursia c) Saint Francis of Assisi d) Hildegard of Bingen 4. What was the Divine Office? a) The order of the Mass b) The schedule of monastic worship c) The position of the Bishop d) The position of Priest 5. Who was Hildegard of Bingen? a) A pagan heretic b) A mythical heroine

c) A Benedictine nun d) The mother of Charlemagne 6. What type of chant grew out of the Roman musical tradition? a) Benedictine Chant b) Gregorian Chant c) Mozarabic Chant d) Ambrosian Chant 7. What is a melisma? a) an evening prayer b) an elaborate morning worship service c) a single, sustained musical pitch d) an intricate series of musical notes 8. Why can early medieval drama be described as “liturgical drama”? a) It was based on religious themes. b) It was performed in the cathedral. c) It was performed at the monastery. d) It was performed during Mass.

9. Who supported the fourteenth-century cycle of plays popular on feast day festivals during the Middle Ages? a) Local governments b) craft and merchant guilds c) the Catholic Church d) Charlemagne 10. Who wrote The Conversion of the Harlot Thais? a) Charlemagne b) Hildegard von Bingen c) Roswitha d) Harun al-Rashid 11. What is the importance of Theophilus in the history of literary themes?

a) It introduces the Faustian theme to German literature. b) It marks a return to the literary themes of Classical Greece. c) It marks of return to the literary themes of the Roman Republic. d) It explores themes of human sexuality in a progressive manner.

12. What was the primary purpose of a reliquary? a) It served as a place to bury the dead. b) It served as a center for worship. c) It served as a repository for sacred objects. d) It housed literary and scholarly manuscripts.

13. What is the oldest and most famous of the chansons de geste? a) Everyman b) The Song of Roland c) Quem Queritis d) The Romance of the Rose 14. Who were the jongleurs? a) jurists b) court musicians c) traveling minstrels d) judges 15. What was the principal material used for manuscripts in the Middle Ages? a) tapestry b) papyrus c) parchment d) wax tablets 16. What is an “illuminated” book? a)

A compilation of religious teachings

b)

A lavishly decorated book

c)

A book written by a scholar of Greek philosophy

d) A book thought to have been directly inspired by the word of God 17. What illuminated book is considered the literary masterpiece of the Carolingian Renaissance? a) The Dagulf Psalter b) The Quadrivium c) The Book of Hours d) The Utrecht Psalter 18. What was Carolingian minuscule? a) A scale-model design for a house of worship b) A small, portable manuscript c) A common type of illuminated book d) A precise and rounded form of calligraphy 19. In what town did Charlemagne build his palace and royal chapel? a) Aachen b) Poitiers c) Roncesvalles d) Rome 20. What was the most important relic in Charlemagne’s chapel? a) The staff of Saint Peter b) The cape of Saint Martin c) The crown of Charlemagne d) The headstone of Saint Augustine 21. What was the name of the most important style of architecture between 1000 and 1150? a) Neo-Classical b) Romanesque c) Gothic d) Classical 22. What were two characteristics of the architecture between 1000 and 1150?

a) domed ceilings and lack of external decoration b) marble passageways and Corinthian columns c) spiral staircases and flying buttresses d) heavy stone arches and elaborate external sculpture 23. What is the name for the semicircular space above the doors on a Romanesque church? a) trumeau b) tympanum c) ambulatory d) mandorla 24. What is the subject of the Bayeux Tapestry? a) Beowulf’s battle with Grendel b) The Norman Invasion of England in 1066 c) The Battle of Roncesvalles in 778 d) The Rule of Saint Benedict 25. What material was often used for the covers for medieval books? a) mosaics b) tapestry c) ivory d) gold II.

Short Answer Questions (3 points each) 1. What were the important economic developments of Charlemagne’s reign?

2. Why was Charlemagne’s “palace school” at Aachen important?

3. What were the important requirements of the monastic life as set forth by Saint Benedict?

4. How did the Quem Queritis trope affect the development of western drama?

5. What are the themes of the morality play Everyman?

III.

Key Terms (1 point each) 1. _______________________Singing without instrumental accompaniment 2. _______________________Latin for “plainsong” or “plainchant” 3. _______________________Grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic 4. _______________________A social structure of landowners and serfs 5. _______________________Location of Charlemagne’s palace school 6. _______________________Chanson de geste about Charlemagne’s Spanish campaign 7. _______________________Symbols used for notation in Gregorian chant 8. _______________________The room used by monks for the copying of manuscripts

9. _______________________The covered interior gardens and walkways in a monastery 10. _______________________A book of psalms

Chapter 8 – TEST Answer Key I.

Multiple Choice

1. b 2. d 3. b 4. b 5. c 6. b 7. d 8. a 9. b 10. c 11. a 12. c 13. b 14. c 15. c 16. b 17. c 18. d 19. a 20. b 21. b 22. d 23. b 24. b 25. c

II.

Short Answer Questions 1. Charlemagne’s reign saw the establishment of the denier as the standard coin, vigorous trade and commerce, annual trade fairs and expanded trade with Jewish merchants.

2. The establishment of Charlemagne’s “palace school” at Aachen brought together some of the brightest scholars of the period, increased literacy throughout the kingdom, and led to the establishment of a standard curriculum (The Seven Liberal Arts) and systemized pedagogy.

3. Saint Benedict of Nursia was the author of the “Rule” in western monasticism. The requirements of a monastic life were to live a communal life under a chosen abbot, to live in poverty, chastity, and stability, and to live a life of prayer, work, and study.

4. The Quem Quaeritis trope is the point where the dialogue elements developed with the exchange between the angels and the Marys. From this starting point, over time additional words (not exclusively in the Bible) and characters were inserted. This evolved into short liturgical dramas which eventually developed into western drama.

5. The main themes of the play are that life is a pilgrimage, that death is inevitable, and that man’s willingness to learn, act, and convert make the difference between salvation and damnation.

III.

Key Terms

1. A cappella 2. Cantus planus 3. Trivium 4. Feudalism 5. Aachen 6. The Song of Roland 7. Neum 8. Scriptorium 9. Cloister 10. Psalter

Chapter 9 - TEST THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES I.

Multiple Choice (1 point each)

1. From c. 1150 to 1300, what city was the intellectual and cultural center of Western civilization? a) Venice b) London c) Paris d) Florence 2. For what contribution is Abbot Suger most famous? a) He wrote one of the most important epic poems of the Middle Ages. b) He introduced the major features which defined Gothic architecture. c) He organized and implemented a highly effective system of distributing food to the poor. d) He reconciled Aristotelian logic with the Hebrew scriptures.

3. What were the two major characteristics of Gothic architecture? a) Increased height and stained-glass windows b) Decreased height and the ribbed vault c) Symmetrical design and windowless rooms d) Outdoor gardens and elaborate gazebos 4. What made possible the increased height of Gothic cathedrals? a) the domed ceiling b) the ribbed vault c) the flying buttress d) the pointed arch 5. Which medieval cathedral is famous for its 173 stained glass windows? a)

Notre Dame

b)

Chartres

c)

La Sainte Chapelle

d)

Saint Dominique of Lucia

6. What was the specific reason that La Sainte Chapelle was built? a) To provide a meditative retreat for Saint Francis of Assisi b) To house relics of Christ’s Passion c) To house relics of Saint Chapelle d) To provide a vacation home for Robert de Sorbon.

7. What was the functional purpose of the Gothic gargoyles? a) as rain-gutters b)

as fountains

c)

as supports

d)

as lanterns

8. What was the purpose of the “signature frames” found at the bottom of many stainedglass windows? a) to specify the Priest presiding over the church in which the window was housed b) to specify the Bishop presiding over the cathedral in which the window was housed. c) to indicate the date and craftsman who created the window d) to designate the group or person who donated the window 9. Who was Villard de Honnecourt? a)

He was a musical troubadour.

b)

He was a Benedictine scholar.

c)

He was an architect and engineer.

d)

He was a doctor and chemist.

10. Who invented the system of musical notation that we use today? a) Guillaume Dufay b) Guido d’Arezzo c) Perotin d) Boethius

11. What was innovative about organum? a) It combined Italian and Latin verse. b) It used French in liturgical chant. c) It introduced polyphony. d) It combined the lute and the human voice.

12. Which are the oldest universities in Europe? a) Notre Dame de Belle Verriere and the University of London b) The Venetian Academy and the University of Arezzo c) University of Bologna, The University of Paris, Oxford and Cambridge d) The Academy at Florence, the Universitas at Rome, and the University of Paris 13. Who was the most famous teacher at the University of Paris in the early 1100s? a) Thomas Aquinas b) Peter Abelard c) Dante Alighieri d) Peter Lombard 14. What was the original meaning of the term universitas? a) academy b) meeting-place c) knowledge d) corporation 15. Why did medieval universities require their student to participate in note-taking and copying? a) Because books were so expensive b) To emphasize patience and discipline c) Because students fell asleep in class d) To improve short-range vision 16. Who was the patron saint of wandering scholars? a) Saint Denis

b) Villard de Honnecourt c) Saint Golias d) Guido of Arezzo 17. What were the subjects of Goliardic verse? a) God, worship, and heaven b) Love, sex, life, and drink c) Sin and penitence d) Battle and valor 18. In what parts of Europe did women study at universities? a) Italy and Germany b) England and Belgium c) France and the Netherlands d) Spain and Portugal 19. Who was the most famous teacher of “Golden Age of the University of Paris”? a) Hildegard of Bingen b) Geoffrey Chaucer c) Peter Lombard d) Thomas Aquinas 20. What was the subject of the Summa Theologica? a) The struggle of Christianity against Islam b) Reconciling classical philosophy and Christian faith c) The conflict between love and duty d) Renouncing war 21. What was the subject of Maimonides’ Guide for the Perplexed? a) Christian history b) Aristotle’s philosophical ideas c) The meaning of the Hebrew bible d) A primer on the natural sciences 22. What did Francis of Assisi believe was necessary for a life of perfect freedom?

a) Anarchy b) Total poverty c) Sufficient wealth d) Land ownership 23. What modern location is the medieval cathedral similar to? a) The shopping mall b) The courthouse square c) The public school d) The university 24. What medieval text influenced Chaucer’s prologue to the Wife of Bath’s Tale? a) Carmina Burana b) Summa Theologica c) The Song of Roland d) The Romance of the Rose 25. How can Aquinas’s worldview be described? a) Egalitarian b) Democratic c) Hierarchical d) Transcendent

II.

Short Answer Questions (3 points each) 1. What was the subject of the stained glass window “Notre Dame de Belle Verrière”? How is the depiction of Mary in glass a religious metaphor?

2. What factors explain the rise of formal educational institutions in twelfth-century Europe?

3. How did the cathedral play an integral part in the lives of the townspeople?

4. How does Gothic sculpture differ from Romanesque sculpture?

5. What characterizes the music of the school of Notre-Dame?

Key Terms (1 point each)

III.

1. _______________________ Multiple melodies moving in contrast to one another.

2. _______________________ A moral example used in preaching and theology.

3. _______________________ External masonry supports for Gothic cathedrals.

4. _______________________ Fraternal associations of craftsmen or merchants.

5. _______________________ Method for reconciling conflicting theological opinions.

6. _______________________ Friars who rejected ownership of property and lived by begging.

7. _______________________ Musical compositions with three voices, often singing in different languages.

8. _______________________ Intellectual techniques using reason to draw logical conclusions.

9. _______________________ A church designated as a destination for traveling worshippers.

10. _______________________ Marks on the body resembling the wounds of Christ.

Chapter 9 – TEST Answer Key I. 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. b 6. b 7. a 8. d 9. c 10. b 11. c 12. c 13. b

Multiple Choice

14. d 15. a 16. c 17. b 18. a 19. a 20. b 21. c 22. b 23. b 24. d 25. b

II.

Short Answer Questions

1. The Virgin Mary is the subject of the stained glass window “Notre Dame de Belle Verriere.” This window serves as a metaphor for the figure of Virgin Mary in that she is the mother of Christ (the light) and it was through her body (the glass) that he came into this world.

2. The increase in urbanization and the need for educated administrators and bureaucrats, the reemergence of Aristotle’s texts, collaboration between Christian and Arabic scholars in the sciences and mathematics, and the rise of theology all contributed to the surge of formal educational institutions in twelfth-century Europe.

3. In addition to its primary role as religious guide for the public, the cathedral also was an important center of social structure and power: It was the site where births, marriages and deaths were recorded. It was the primary focus of education and culture. It provided a major source of economic vitality in the community through the pilgrims (tourism) and trade fares as well as being a place of employment for craftspeople.

4. Instead of the Romanesque emphasis on damnation and judgment, Gothic sculpture focused on scenes of redemption, including moments from the life of Jesus or visions of the Apocalypse. Gothic sculpture also put the Virgin Mary in a role of primary importance.

5. The music of the school of Notre-Dame used organum, especially in motets, but still focused on clear pronunciation of the text. Music became increasingly complex and innovative, making use of multiple melodic lines and complex counterpoint.

III.

Key Terms

1. Counterpoint 2. Exemplum 3. Flying buttresses 4. Guild

5. Scholasticism 6. Mendicant 7. Motet 8. Dialectics 9. Pilgrimage church 10. Stigmata

Chapter 10 – TEST THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY: A TIME OF TRANSITION I.

Multiple Choice (1 point each) 1. What is the meaning of the term “trecento”? a) enlightenment b) three hundred c) fourteen d) age of reason 2. What dramatic event in 1348 greatly reduced the population of Europe? a) the influenza epidemic b) the Thirty Years’ War c) the Florentine Wars d) the bubonic plague 3. What Italian author used the events of 1348 as a backdrop for his work the Decameron? a)

Bernini

b)

Boccaccio

c)

Petrarch

d)

Vasari

4. How was the plague spread to Europe? a) Via infected European travelers. b) Via rats aboard trade ships c) Via public waterways d) Via food supplies 5. Where was the residence of the Papacy from 1309 to 1367? a) Aachen b) Ravenna c) Avignon d) Reims

6. After the return of the papacy to Rome, what name was given to the split (1378–1417) in the Roman Catholic Church? a) The Reformation b) The Great Schism c) The Inquisition d) The Papal Divide 7. Which two European countries were the main combatants in the Hundred Years’ War? a)

France and Italy

b)

England and Italy

c)

France and Spain

d)

France and England

8. Who was crowned poet laureate of Rome in 1348? a)

Petrarch

b)

Boccaccio

c)

Dante

d)

Boethius

9. Who was the primary subject of the 300 sonnets and 49 canzoni (songs) in Petrarch's Canzoniere (Songbook)? a) Augustina b) Laura c) Maria d) Christina 10. Which writer was exiled from Florence for political reasons in 1300? a)

Thomas Aquinas

b)

Dante

c)

Petrarch

d)

Vergil

11. Who was the greatest English writer of the 1300s? a) Geoffrey Chaucer

b) William Shakespeare c) Peter Abelard d) John Wycliff 12. What is the narrative framework of Canterbury Tales? a) a group of Renaissance artists b) a group fleeing to the countryside c) a group on a pilgrimage d) a group of traveling musicians 13. Which character in the Canterbury Tales argues against misogyny and also sees sexual relations as a good given by God? a) The Merchant b) The Wife of Bath c) The Student d) The Nun 14. Who was one of the first women in medieval Europe to make a living as a professional writer? a) Francesca Caccini b) Nicola Pisano c) Christine de Pisan d) Laura Brunelleschi 15. What was the subject matter of The Book of the City of Ladies (1404)? a) It was an account of a group of plague survivors. b) It was intended to serve as a guide for the proper comportment of women. c) It presented an argument against antifeminine writers. d) It was a fictional account of the lives of three urban women.

16. What book, published in 1550, documents the relationship between Giotto and Dante? a) The Good City b) The Lives of the Artists c) The Decameron d) The Great Awakening

17. Who did author Giorgio Vasari consider to be the first Renaissance artist? a) Filippo Brunelleschi b) Duccio di Buoninsegna c) Giotto di Bondone d) Cimabue 18. Which Italian sculptors (father and son) demonstrate the Roman and northern Gothic influences in their work? a) Ambrogio and Pietro Lorenzetti b) Bernardo and Alessandro Bononcini c) Francesco and Luigi Brunelleschi d) Nicola and Giovanni Pisano 19. What was the subject of the painting the Lamentation? a) The body of Christ surrounded by the disciples b) An unnamed father’s loss of his child to the plague c) St. Peter’s remorse at having betrayed Christ d) Dido’s grief at being abandoned by Aeneas 20. What style is exemplified by Simone Martin’s Annunciation? a)

The Byzantine Style

b)

The International Style

c)

The Florentine Style

d)

The Venetian Style

21. What building is the city hall of Venice? a) Palazzo Pubblico b) Doge’s Palace c) Palazzo della Signoria d) The Duomo 22. What architect was responsible for the magnificent dome of Florence Cathedral? a) Giovanni Pisano b) Michelangelo

c) Bernini d) Brunelleschi 23. What name is given to the style of late Gothic architecture in England? a) Perpendicular b) International c) Neo-Classical d) Romanesque 24. What musical qualities distinguished ars nova from the music of the previous era? a) rhythmic and melodic simplicity b) rhythmic and melodic complexity c) consistently homophonic texture d) consistently monophonic texture 25. Who composed the Messe de Notre Dame? a) Francesco Landini b) Guillaume Dufay c) Guillaume de Machaut d) Ambrogio Lorenzetti

II.

Short Answer Questions

(3 points each)

1. What were the various responses that people had to the catastrophe of the plague?

2. How did the plague impact economic stability in fourteenth-century Europe?

3. In what respects did the art of Cimabue and Duccio di Buoninsegna move beyond the Italo-Byzantine tradition?

4. What shift occurred in the role of the musician and composer in the fourteenth century?

5. What are the five parts of the Mass Ordinary?

III.

Key Terms (1 point each)

1. _______________________ Songs for two or three voices with no accompanying instruments 2. _______________________ Artistic technique of creating illusion of threedimensionality through light and shadow 3. _______________________ Medieval verse tales with comic, ribald themes 4. _______________________ In a polyphonic work, a voice given a single, repeating line 5. _______________________ Poetic form using sets of three lines with rhyme scheme aba, bcb, cdc, etc.

6. ______________________ Embellishment or improvising upon noted music with sounds not written on the page 7. _______________________ Italian for “Public Palace” begun in 1288 8. _______________________ Short poem of fourteen lines 9. _______________________ Refers to the 1300s in Italy 10. _______________________Author of Lives of the Artists

Chapter 10 – TEST Answer Key I. 1. b 2. d 3. b 4. b 5. c 6. b 7. d 8. a 9. b 10. b 11. a 12. c

Multiple Choice

13. b 14. c 15. c 16. b 17. c 18. d 19. a 20. b 21. b 22. d 23. a 24. b 25. c

II.

Short Answer Questions

1. In response to the plague, some people turned to debauchery, some to religious mania, some fled to the countryside, some took their vengeance out upon others (Jews, “witches”), and the poor revolted.

2. The plague led to a huge deficit in agricultural labor and manpower in general. This in turn brought about famine and a series of uprisings of the lower classes.

3. The paintings of Cimabue and Duccio di Buoninsegna exhibit more realism and attention to the emotional expressions of their subjects than was typical of the Italo-Byzantine tradition.

4. Fourteenth-century musicians and composers performed and composed music for secular audiences as well as for religious services.

5. The five parts of the Ordinary are the Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei.

III.

Key Terms

1. madrigal 2. chiaroscuro 3. fabliaux 4. isorhythm 5. Madrigals 6. musca ficta 7. Palazzo Vecchio 8. sonnet 9. trecento

10. Vasari

Chapter 11 - TEST The Fifteenth Century I.

Multiple Choice (1 point each)

1. Which city was the most important center of the early Italian Renaissance? a)

Venice

b)

Naples

c)

Florence

d)

Rome

2. What was most revolutionary about Masaccio’s painting? a)

Its two-dimensionality

b)

Its expressive force and realism

c)

Its juxtaposition of “warm” and “cool” colors

d)

Its mastery of the oil-on-wood medium

3. Who were the two most famous competitors in the 1401 competition for the decoration of the doors of the Florence Baptistery? a)

Brunelleschi and Ghiberti

b)

Michelangelo and Leonardo

c)

Donatello and Masaccio

d)

Botticelli and Mirandola

4. What name did Michelangelo give to East Doors of the Florence Baptistery? a) The Archway of Angels b) The Portal of Bliss c) The Blessed Doorway d) The Gates of Paradise 5. What was Brunelleschi’s contribution to Florence Cathedral? a) He painted the interior frescoes. b) He designed the dome. c) He designed the transept.

d)

He created the artwork for the nave.

6. What was the primary source of the Medici family’s wealth? a)

shipping

b)

banking

c)

wool trade

d)

agriculture

7. Who was the greatest Florentine sculptor of the first half of the 1400s? a)

Donatello

b)

Michelangelo

c)

Masaccio

d)

Botticelli

8. What was the subject of Donatello’s most famous near-life size sculpture? a)

Adam

b)

Moses

c)

Abraham

d)

David

9. What was innovative about Donatello’s portrayal of David? a)

He portrayed the character as an old king.

b)

He used a completely new artistic medium.

c)

He combined a classical form with a Christian subject.

d)

He showed the figure with an element of tension in his expression.

10. What Florentine banker founded an academy for the study of Plato? a)

Cosimo de Medici

b)

Lorenzo de’ Medici

c)

Piero de’Medici

d)

Savonarola

11. What is the message of The Song of Bacchus? a)

Always proceed with an eye toward the future.

b)

Don’t underestimate the power of music.

c)

Enjoy the present moment.

d)

Respect your elders.

12. What famous painting of Sandro Botticelli celebrates the spring? a)

The Birth of Venus

b)

Madonna of the Rocks

c)

La Primavera

d)

Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride

13. Which of the following was NOT designed by Brunelleschi? a)

The dome of Florence Cathedral

b)

Palazzo Rucellai

c)

The loggia of Ospedale degli Innocenti

d)

Pazzi Chapel

14. Which composer was one of Dufay’s most prominent pupils? a) Fra Savonarola b) Lorenzo de’ Medici c) Guillaume de Machaut d) Johannes Ockeghem 15. Which artist wrote the first theoretical treatise about creating perspective in art? a)

Piero della Francesca

b)

Paolo Uccello

c)

Fra Angelico

d)

Masaccio

16. Which Dominican monk preached against Florentine art and culture? a)

Pico della Mirandola

b)

Piero de’ Medici

c)

Fra Savonarola

d)

Giorgio Vasari

17. What two earlier “renaissances” were there in the 800s and 1100s? a)

Ninth-century Venice and the Byzantine Renaissance

b)

Twelfth-century Paris and the Carolingian Renaissance

c)

The eleventh-century Spanish and Netherlandish Renaissances

d)

The Roman and Sicilian Renaissances of the eleventh century

18. What were seen as the advantages of humanist education and learning? a)

It would perfect and ennoble man.

b)

It would provide entertainment.

c)

It would satisfy humanity’s basest desires.

d)

It would leave to a life of solitary religious devotion.

19. What did Pico della Mirandola write? a)

Oration of the Dignity of Man

b)

The Praise of Folly

c)

Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy

d)

The Prince

20. Who invented printing with movable type? a)

Girolamo Savonarola

b)

Johannes Gutenburg

c)

Aldus Manutius

d)

Leonardo da Vinci

21. In the 1500s, who was the most important Christian humanist in Europe? a)

Aldus Manutius

b)

Niccolò Machiavelli

c)

Desiderius Erasmus

d)

Giorgio Vasari

22. What is the subject of The Praise of Folly? a)

A celebration of the comedic arts

b)

A satirical criticism of society

c)

A call to live for the moment

d)

An account of a traveling actors’ troupe

23. Who was the most famous composer of the fifteenth century? a)

Guillaume de Machaut

b)

Guillaume Dufay

c)

Cosimo de’ Medici

d)

Marsilio Ficino

24. What two innovations were made to European music during this period? a) The perfection of organ-playing and the elaboration of Gregorian Chant b) The development of musical notation and the invention of the harpsichord c) The invention of the trombone and trumpet d) The secularization of the motet and the use of folk tunes 25. What is the frottola? a) A Venetian secular ode to court life b) A Florentine amusing or romantic song c) A Roman religious hymn d) A Sienese devotional poem

II.

Short Answer Questions (3 points each)

1.

According to Jacob Burckhardt’s The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860), how did the values and beliefs of the Renaissance differ from those of the Middle Ages?

2.

Do you think Donatello’s David emphasizes physical beauty or religious truth?

Explain.

3.

How was Botticelli’s Birth of Venus influenced by Platonic idealism as well as the Christian view of the Virgin Mary?

4.

Which book of Machiavelli is often considered the first purely secular study of political theory? According to Machiavelli, what was the role of morality in the exercise of power? What justification did he offer for the use of cruelty or hypocrisy?

5.

From what class did most women who received a humanistic education come?

What pressures did women scholars confront? Who in the text exemplifies the pressures women faced?

Key Terms (1 point each)

III.

1. _______________________ Humorous or amorous poem set to music 2. _______________________ The period named after Lorenzo de’ Medici’s accomplishments 3. _______________________ Four-lobed frame used in the Baptistery competition 4. _______________________Artistic style of Fabriano’s paintings 5. _______________________ Renaissance system of learning and reform 6. _______________________ Lines that converge on a single point in a painting 7. _______________________ Collection of ancient Jewish learning 8. _______________________ Books that included psalms and passages to be recited at certain times during the day 9. _______________________ Famous book by Machiavelli 10. _______________________ Flemish painter of Giovanni and His Wife

Chapter 11 – TEST Answer Key I. 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. b 6. b 7. a 8. d 9. c 10. b 11. c 12. c 13. b

Multiple Choice

14. d 15. a 16. c 17. b 18. a 19. a 20. b 21. c 22. b 23. b 24. d 25. b

II.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to Jacob Burckhardt, the Renaissance heralded a period of political evolution, in which people strove for achievement and fame. This contrasted acutely with the values of asceticism and humility which characterized the Middle Ages.

2. Donatello’s David is more pagan than Christian and emphasizes physical beauty over religious truth.

3. Botticelli’s Birth of Venus depicts an image of idealized beauty modeled after the Platonic ideal of the Venus pudica or “Modest” Venus. The positioning of her hands, head and overall stance evoke the Christian view of the Virgin Mary.

4. Machiavelli’s The Prince is often considered the first purely secular study of political theory. In it, Machiavelli gives no role to morality in the exercise of power and is completely pragmatic about the circumstances in which a ruler should or should not be cruel or hypocritical, indicating that whichever serves to maintain power is the preferred course of action.

5. Most women who received a humanistic education were from the upper classes or from families who particularly prized education. These women faced censure from both men and women who were threatened by their freedom and intellectual prowess. The writing of Laura Cereta who defended women’s learning exemplifies the pressures women of the period faced.

III.

Key Terms

1. frottola 2. Laurentian Era 3. quatrefoil 4. International Style 5. humanism 6. orthogonals

7. Talmud 8. Books of hours 9. The Prince 10. Jan Van Eyck

Chapter 12 – TEST THE HIGH RENAISSANCE AND MANNERISM IN ITALY I.

Multiple Choice (1 point each) 1. Which city is most associated with the High Renaissance in Italy? a)

Venice

b)

Rome

c)

Padua

d)

Florence

2. What was the nickname of Pope Julius II? a) Il Re Magnifico b) Il Sovrano Straordinario c) Il Pastore Forte d) Il Papa Terribile 3. How did Raphael arrange the figures in Madonna of the Meadow? a) In a column b) In a pyramidal arrangement c) In circular fashion d) In a quadrangle 4. In Raphael’s School of Athens who are the two philosophers in the center? a) Epicurus and Thales b) Socrates and Plato c) Socrates and Aristotle d) Plato and Aristotle 5. Which Renaissance sculptor is associated with the belief that his role was to carve away the excess in a block of marble to liberate the figure within? a) Donatello b) Raphael c) Michelangelo

d)

Bramante

6. In the Sistine Chapel, what are the subjects of the famous ceiling frescoes? a) Scenes and figures from Dante’s poetry b) Scenes and figures from the Bible c) Scenes and figures from Greek mythology d) Scenes and figures from Roman history 7. In The Creation of Adam, why is the finger of God reaching out to man? a) To give him a warning b) To punish him c) To reveal truth to him d) To bring him to life 8. Which Pope commissioned Bramante in 1506 to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica? a) Pope Julius II b) Pope Leo X c) Pope Clement VII d) Pope Adrian VI 9. What did Michelangelo add to Bramante’s original design of St. Peter’s Basilica? a) a covered walkway b) a large, ribbed dome c) a series of stained-glass windows d) a burial site 10. Which Italian city was famous for its easel paintings? a) Florence b) Mantua c) Venice d) Palermo 11. Who was the leading architect of northern Italy during the High Renaissance? a) Andrea Palladio

b) Michelangelo Buonarroti c) Donato Bramante d) Benvenuto Cellini 12. How did Venetian painters differ from painters in southern Italy during the Renaissance? a) Venetians painted religious subjects, while southern painters focused on secular subjects. b) Venetians painted frescoes, while southern painters focused on oil painting. c) Venetians emphasized color, while southern painters focused on line. d) Venetians painted nudes, while southern painters focused on clothed figures.

13. Which Venetian painter was active as an artist for 70 years? a) Raphael b) Pontormo c) Titian d) Tintoretto 14. Who painted Venus of Urbino? a) Giorgione b) Sanzio c) Titian d) Strozzi 15. Which sculptor’s Abduction of the Sabine Women uses a complex spiral composition? a) Michelangelo Buonarroti b) Benvenuto Cellini c) Giovanni da Bologna d) Leonardo da Vinci 16. What did Lavinia Fonatana’s painting Noli Me Tangere depict? a) The Virgin Mary b) Mary Magdalene c) An autumnal landscape d) A wealthy patron

17. Who sang in the Sistine Choir? a) Unaccompanied female voices b) Accompanied female voices c) Unaccompanied male voices d) A mixture of male and female voices 18. Which composer is considered the “bridge” between the music of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance? a) Palestrina b) Strozzi c) Giorgione d) Josquin 19. What musical techniques did Josquin des Prez develop? a) Overlapping voices and expressive use of lyrics b) Elaborate keyboard and lute accompaniments c) Virtuosic use of traditional Gregorian chant melodies d) Composition for multiple choirs 20. Which term best describes Palestrina’s music? a) dissonant b) conservative c) disturbing d) virtuosic 21. In music, what is the name for a virtuoso composition for a keyboard instrument such as the organ? a) sonata b) cantata c) motet d) toccata

22. What book is based on Castiglione’s experiences at the court of Urbino from 1504 to 1516? a) The Book of the Courtier b) The Prince c) The Last Judgment d) The Last Supper 23. Which artist created the famous portrait of Baldassare Castiglione now hanging in the Louvre Museum in Paris? a) Michelangelo b) Raphael c) Titian d) Strozzi 24. What was the most famous book by Benvenuto Cellini? a) A Game of Chess b) The Pastoral Life c) The Autobiography d) The Book of the Courtier 25. Which Venetian poet wrote verses in terza rima, including seductive poetic dialogues? a) Vittoria Colonna b) Veronica Franco c) Benvenuto Cellini d) Baldessare Castiglione

II.

Short Answer Questions (3 points each) 1. Who was Sofonisba Anguissola? What is she known for and what did she depict in her work?

2. How does the content of Mannerist art compare with the content of other art of the Renaissance? Why are Pontormo’s Deposition (c. 1528) and Bronzino’s Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time (c. 1546) good examples of Mannerist art?

3. What musical innovations came from Venetian composers in the sixteenth century?

4. What were the characteristics of the Castiglione’s ideal courtier?

5. How did Cellini’s life compare with the ideal set forth by Castiglione?

III.

Key Terms (1 point each) 1. _______________________ A painting technique using strong contrasts of light and darkness 2. _______________________ An educated Venetian companion and entertainer 3. _______________________ Supporting structure for a dome 4. _______________________ A style of art which emphasized bright colors and unusual proportions 5. _______________________ Financial support given for artistic projects 6. _______________________ Music with two or more independent melodies sounded together 7. _______________________ A technique used in painting to organize figures through triangular forms 8. _______________________ Awe-inspiring power, emotional intensity, and intractable will 9. _______________________ A musical composition which shows the technical skills of the pianist or organist 10. _______________________ Castiglione’s ideal of effortless mastery

Chapter 12 – TEST Answer Key I. 1. b 2. d 3. b 4. b 5. c 6. b 7. d 8. a 9. b 10. c 11. a 12. c 13. b 14. c 15. c 16. b

Multiple Choice

17. c 18. d 19. a 20. b 21. d 22. a 23. b 24. c 25. b

II.

Short Answer Questions

1. Sofonisba Anguissola was a painter. Her painting A Game of Chess depicts the artist’s sisters at a game of chess. Anguissola’s work shows the influence of the Renaissance masters and the chiaroscuro technique.

2. Mannerist art shows figures in abnormal proportion, coloring, compositional arrangement or uncontrolled emotions. Pontormo’s Deposition demonstrates characteristics of mannerism through its unrealistic and vivid coloring and the strong emotions of the subjects. Bronzino’s Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time exemplifies mannerism because of the exaggerated proportions of the figures and the ambiguous symbolism.

3. The Venetian composers (Willaert and Gabrieli) of the sixteenth century used multiple choirs as well as adding instrumental music in their compositions. They also began the use of the organ for liturgical music.

4. According to Castiglione, the “true courtier” must be a well-rounded person. He must exhibit sprezzatura or “effortless mastery” in any number of the arts and fields of learning while always maintaining appropriate demeanor given the social situation.

5. In contrast to the balanced public life of Castiglione’s courtier, Cellini lived a life of creativity, debauchery, violence, and instability.

III.

Key Terms 1. chiaroscuro 2. courtesan 3. drum 4. Mannerism 5. patronage 6. polyphony

7. pyramidal structure 8. terribilità 9. toccata 10. sprezzatura

1

Chapter 13 - TEST THE HIGH RENAISSANCE IN THE NORTH I.

Multiple Choice (1 point each)

1. Which family ruled England during the 16th century? a) York b) Stuart c) Tudor d) Henry 2. Who was the leader of the Reformation in Geneva? a) Martin Luther b) John Calvin c) Max Weber d) Michel Montaigne 3. Which areas of Europe remained faithful to Roman Catholicism? a) Spain, France, and Italy b) Germany, Spain, and The British Isles c) Italy, Northern Germany, and France d) Belgium, England, and the Netherlands 4. Which were converted to Protestantism? a) The British Isles, Italy, and Southern Germany b) Germany, Portugal, and England c) Spain, Italy, and France d) England, Scandinavia, and Switzerland 5. What growing political force contributed to the success of the Protestant Reformation? a) Communism b) Nationalism c) Liberalism d) Conservatism

2

6. Who was responsible for the important translation of the Bible into German in 1521? a) Johannes Gutenberg b) Martin Luther c) Albrecht Dürer d) Nicholas Hilliard 7. How did the doctrine of “universal priesthood” influence education? a) It promoted widespread literacy. b) It discouraged the education of women. c) It forbade the reading of any non-religious text. d) It decreased literacy among the lower classes.

8. What was the Index of the Roman Catholic Church? a) a list of all of the church’s land holdings b) a list of Christian saints throughout history c) a listing of common prayers d) a list of forbidden books 9. What was the most famous hymn written by Luther? a) Christ Lay in Death’s Bonds b) Knight, Death, and the Devil c) A Mighty Fortress is Our God d) Crucifixion 10. What word did Michel Montaigne use to describe his short written meditations? a) reflections b) essays c) thoughts d) theses 11. Who explained how blood circulates by postulating the existence of capillaries? a) Max Weber b) John Napier

3 c) Sir William Harvey d) William Gilbert 12. What scientist wrote a complete anatomical treatise that illustrated the human form? a)

Aureolus Paracelsus

b)

Sir William Harvey

c)

Andreas Vesalius

d)

Leonardo de Vinci

13. Who suggested that the Earth and planets orbit the sun? a)

Vesalius

b)

Copernicus

c)

da Vinci

d)

Paracelsus

14. Which painting technique did Dürer learn in Italy? a) chiaroscuro b) sfumato c) depth representation d) linear perspective 15. Who painted The Garden of Earthly Delights? a)

Bosch

b)

Botticelli

c)

Grünewald

d)

Bruegel

16. Who painted Hunters in the Snow? a)

Dürer

b)

Grünewald

c)

Bruegel

d)

Altdorfer

4 17. What luxurious chateau was built during the reign of Francis I? a)

Château de Reimes

b)

Château de Chambord

c)

Versailles

d)

Château de Paris

18. Who was the most famous French composer of chansons in the 1500s? a)

Clement Janequin

b)

Thomas Tallis

c) Clement Marot d)

Henrich Isaac

19. What features of the “La Guerre” exemplify a “narrative program?” a) shouting, fanfare, and gunfire b) virtuosic violin passagework c) clashing of actual swords d) running water and thunder 20. What European musical form were English anthems based upon? a)

Gregorian chants

b)

motets

c)

Protestant hymns

d)

Catholic masses

21. What popular musical compositions did Thomas Morley write? a)

ballads

b)

motets

c)

madrigals

d)

frottolas

22. Which Elizabethan composer wrote ayres for lute and voice? a) Thomas Morley b) John Dowland c) William Byrd

5 d) John Dunstable 23. What Roman playwrights served as models for English drama? a)

Sophocles, Vergil, and Homer

b)

Seneca, Plautus, and Terence

c)

Aeschylus and Euripides

d)

Titus, Lucretius, and Epictetus

24. What is considered to be Christopher Marlowe’s greatest masterpiece? a) Romeo and Juliet b)

The Spanish Tragedy

c)

Utopia

d)

Dr. Faustus

25. Which English dramatist did Ben Jonson’s say “was not of an age, but for all time”?

II.

a)

Thomas Morley

b)

William Shakespeare

c)

Christopher Marlowe

d)

Thomas Kyd

Short Answer Questions (3 points each)

6

1. What were Luther’s criticisms of Roman Catholicism? What reforms or changes did he believe the church should institute?

2. What religious views did Renaissance humanists and Protestant reformers often share?

3. Why did Elizabethan music flourish more than the visual arts? What innovations did Elizabethan composers contribute?

4. What does the image of Christ in the Isenheim Altarpiece suggest about Grünewald’s interest in the Renaissance conception of ideal beauty and the humanist interest in classical antiquity? How does Grünewald depict the Crucifixion?

5. In what way are the paintings of Bruegel the Elder similar to those of Bosch? What qualities differ between their words?

7

II.

Key Terms (1 point each)

1. _______________________ Court painter and portraitist for Henry VIII 2. _______________________ Technique in which an artist incises lines on a copper plate 3. _______________________ Elizabethan audience members who stood near the stage 4. _______________________ Netherlandish painter of Hunters in the Snow 5. _______________________ Paintings that focus on depicting nature scenes 6. _______________________ Open area around an Elizabethan stage 7. _______________________ Speech made by a character in a play, unheard by others 8. _______________________ A painting consisting of three separate panels 9. _______________________ Keyboard instrument which was played on a lap or table 10. _______________________ Literary form made popular in Italy by Ariosto

Chapter 13 – TEST Answer Key I. 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. b 6. b 7. a 8. d 9. c 10. b 11. c

Multiple Choice

8 12. c 13. b 14. d 15. a 16. c 17. b 18. a 19. a 20. b 21. c 22. b 23. b 24. d 25. b

II.

Short Answer Questions

1. Luther criticized the practice of indulgences whereby parishioners paid the church in order to receive forgiveness of sins. Luther believed that there should be no “icons” or images in the church, the clergy had a right to marry, and that the bible should be read and interpreted by all people, not only the clergy.

2. Humanists and reformers alike were fiercely critical of monasticism, strongly supported intellectual preparation of the clergy, and believed in the need for careful study of the Bible using the original Hebrew and Greek texts.

3. Elizabethan music flourished because England had always had greater interest in music than in the visual arts, but also because England’s self-imposed ban on importing foreign artworks and styles did not apply to music. Elizabethan composers replaced English texts for Latin ones in Anglican music, they alternated blocks of chords with counterpoint, and they created new forms like anthems and ayres.

4. Grünewald’s Crucifixion suggests that he has little concern for ideal beauty and the humanist interest in classical antiquity, but rather seeks to portray a vivid, powerful, and religiously edifying word.

5. The paintings of Bruegel the Elder are similar to those of Bosch in their emphasis on human folly and vice, as well as the intense activity and population of figures in both of their pieces. However, Bruegel differs from Bosch in that many of his works are humorous, and reveal the simplicity, zeal, and humanity of his subjects with interest and empathy.

III.

Key Terms 1. Holbein 2. engraving 3. groundlings

9 4. Bruegel 5. landscapes 6. pit 7. soliloquy 8. triptych 9. virginal 10. romance

Chapter 14 - TEST THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY: THE BAROQUE ERA 1.

Multiple Choice (1 point each)

1. What was the name of the military religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola? a) The Army of Christ b) The Spanish Inquisition c) The Society of Jesus d) Soldiers of the Cross 2. What was the name of the predominant European art style of the 1600s? a) Renaissance b) Baroque c) Rococo d) Arcadian 3. What two musical genres emerged in the seventeenth century? a) Opera and concerto grosso b) Madrigal and ayre c) Symphony and string quartet d) Motet and rondo

4. What technique did Caravaggio use to increase the dramatic impact of his The Calling of Saint Matthew? a) sfumato b) linear perspective c) vanishing point d) chiaroscuro 5. This female contemporary of Caravaggio was famous for her dramatic paintings of Biblical scenes. a) Annibale Carracci b) Artemesia Gentileschi

c) René Lorrain d) Jan Sweelinck 6. Who was the most important Italian sculptor of the Baroque Age? a) Borromini b) Bernini c) Brunelleschi d) Gentileschi 7. What was Borromini’s most important contribution to the architecture of Rome? a) San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane b) The Sistine Chapel c) St. Mark’s Cathedral d) Il Duomo Nuevo 8. Which French painter saw his work as a protest against the excesses of the Baroque? a) Moliėre b) La Tour c) Vermeer d) Poussin 9. Which French king was called the “Sun King”? a) Charles V b) Charles X c) Louis XIV d) Louis XVI 10. Which artistic style is reflected in the external decoration of the Palace of Versailles, especially its classically balanced threes and emphasis on the horizontal? a) Byzantine b) Classical Greek c) Gothic d) Renaissance 11. Which work is considered the greatest novel in the Spanish language?

a) Il Gesù b) Tartuffe c) Don Quixote d) La Primavera 12. Who was the leading painter in the court of Spanish king Philip IV? a) Monteverdi b) Goya c) Velázquez d) de Loma 13. What two qualities characteristic of Rubens’ painting are seen in The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus? a) Drab color and focus on natural landscape b) Energy and female sensuality c) Chiaroscuro and an idyllic setting d) Motionlessness and sprezzatura 14. Who was Rubens’ assistant before beginning his own career as an artist? a) Heinrich Schütz b) Annibale Carracci c) Diego Velázquez d) Anthony van Dyck 15. What kinds of subjects were commonly commissioned from Dutch painters? a) Group portraits b) Solo portraits c) Battle scenes d) Agricultural scenes 16. Which Dutch artist is best known for his quiet scenes of ordinary domestic life? a) van Dyck b) Rubens c) Vermeer

d) Sweelinck 17. Who was the first great genius in the history of opera? a) Bach b) Monteverdi c) Rameau d) Vivaldi 18. What was added to performances of operas by Lully and Rameau at the court of Louis XIV? a) ballet b) concerto grosso c) organ accompaniment d) waltz 19. Which German composer worked for 27 years as the music director at a church school? a) Johann Sebastian Bach b) Georg Frederic Handel c) Heinrich Schütz d) Jean Philippe Rameau 20. How did Galileo study motion and learn how objects move in time and space? a) by logical reasoning b) by experimentation c) by reading Greek texts d) by asking for expert opinions 21. Which French philosopher is often called the “Father of Modern Philosophy”? a) Sartre b) Racine c) Descartes d) Moliere 22. According to Hobbes, what are laws created to protect people from?

a) The government b) Human greed and aggression c) The church d) The university system 23. Who was the creator of French Baroque comedy? a) Racine b) Molière c) Corneille d) Rameau 24. What is the greatest novel in the Spanish language? a) Don Juan b) El caballero loco c) El día ordinario d) Don Quixote 25. What is generally considered to be the greatest epic poem in English of the 1600s? a) The Canonization b) Paradise Lost c) On the Wounds of Our Crucified Lord d) Leviathan

2.

Short Answer Questions (3 points each)

1. What was the response of the Roman Catholic Church to Protestant criticism of its belief in purgatory, transubstantiation, and celibacy for the clergy? What is meant by the doctrine of “transubstantiation”?

2. What was the Ptolemaic view of the universe and why was this view supported by the Catholic Church?

3. Why did Dutch painters have to depend on the tastes and demands of the open market rather than the patronage of the Church?

4. What was the name of the military religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola? Why was it so successful?

5. What was John Locke’s most influential work (1690) on ideas and learning? According to Locke, are ideas innate? If not, from where do they come?

3.

Key Terms (1 point each)

1. _______________________ Italian word for “slow,” used to indicate musical tempo 2. _______________________ Musical composition contrasting a full orchestra with a small group of soloists 3. _______________________ Musical form in which the same themes are repeated and combined in counterpoint 4. _______________________ Keyboard instrument, the forerunner of the modern piano 5. _______________________ System of reasoning that starts from the observation of specific instances 6. _______________________ Court created by the Catholic Church to try those accused of heresy, including Galileo 7. _______________________ Poetic form Milton used for Paradise Lost 8. _______________________ Sacred musical drama performed without action, scenery, or costume 9. _______________________ Roman Catholic movement formed in reaction to rise of Protestantism 10. _______________________ Novel telling a story involving a rogue or adventurer

Chapter 14 – TEST Answer Key I. 1. c 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. b 6. b 7. a 8. d 9. c 10. b

Multiple Choice

11. c 12. c 13. b 14. d 15. a 16. c 17. b 18. a 19. a 20. b 21. c 22. b 23. b 24. d 25. b

II.

Short Answer Questions

1. To defend against the surge of Reformists, the Roman Catholic Church under Pope Paul III called together the Council of Trent to affirm the dogmas of the church on issues including the sanctity of the priesthood, the priestly vow of celibacy, and the miracle of transubstantiation (the belief that in communion, the bread and wine transforms into the blood and body of Christ). They also founded an order of Jesuits, improved the education of the clergy, and expelled those who were committing abuses.

2. The Ptolemaic view of the Universe held that the earth lay at its center. The Copernican model of the Universe was heliocentric (sun centered). The church favored the former view because it underscored the primacy of humanity as God’s creation and was in accord with the Biblical descriptions of the movements of the sun.

3. Because of the Reformation and the censure of religious imagery from Calvinist churches, Dutch painters did not have the funding that their southern colleagues enjoyed. Furthermore, there was not a powerful hereditary monarchy to support Dutch painters. Therefore, most of these artists relied on the middle-class for commissions of portraits and had to depend on their tastes and demands of the open market.

4. The Society of Jesus was a military religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola. It was successful due to vigorous missionary work throughout Europe, the Far East, and the Americas, where its members eloquently argued for strict adherence to the tenets of the church.

5. John Locke’s most influential work was An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, in which he argues that our ideas are derived from our perceptions, rather than being innate, thus beginning the well-known nature-versus-nurture debate about process of human development.

III.

Key Terms 1. Adagio 2. Concerto grosso 3. Fugue 4. Harpsichord 5. Induction 6. Inquisition 7. Epic 8. Oratorio 9. Counter-Reformation 10. Picaresque

Chapter 15 – TEST THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY I.

Multiple Choice (1 point each)

1. What names have been applied to the eighteenth century? a)

The Proto-Baroque & The Age of Enlightenment

b)

The Rococo Period & The Age of Reformation

c)

The Enlightenment & The Age of Reason

d)

The Twilight Period & The Awakening

2. Who was the first great French rococo painter (d. 1721)? a)

Boucher

b)

Watteau

c)

Fragonard

d)

Hogarth

3. What two moods or emotions can be found in the painting Pilgrimage to Cythera? a)

Romantic love and nostalgia

b)

Religious fervor and devotion

c)

Patriotism and dedication

d)

Intimacy and calm

4. What appears to have been the purpose of Fragonard’s paintings? a)

To bolster the French monarchy

b)

To foster French Nationalism

c)

To critique the Bourgeoisie

d)

To entertain the eye

5. Who were “Enlightened Despots”? a) Poor citizens sent to public schools b) Liberal-minded monarchs c) Learned vagabonds d) Philosophers who espoused hedonism

6. Whose play The Marriage of Figaro was interpreted as an attack on the lifestyle of the ruling classes? a)

Beaumarchais

b)

Fragonard

c)

Hogarth

d)

Swift

7. Which English painter of the Rococo period was best known for his portraits and landscapes? a)

Gainsborough

b)

Watteau

c)

Hogarth

d)

David

8. What church near Bamberg, Germany exemplifies the Rococo style in architecture? a)

Saint Bartholomew’s Church

b)

Brunswick Cathedral

c)

Weissmann Chapel

d)

Vierzehnheiligen Pilgrim Church

9. Which style of art gradually replaced Rococo in the late 1700s? a)

Style Galant

b)

Realism

c)

Neo-Classicism

d)

Romanesque

10. What Italian painter of the Rococo period depicted religious subjects on a grand scale? a)

Carriera

b)

Tiepolo

c)

Borghese

d)

Canova

11. What archeological excavations influenced the artistic and intellectual culture of the late 1800s?

a) The excavations at Carthage b) The excavations at Knossos c)

The excavations at Pompeii

d)

The excavations at Alexandria

12. Which painter’s works best represent the official art style of the French Revolution? a)

Watteau

b)

Gainsborough

c)

David

d)

Hals

13. Who was the most important Neo-Classical sculptor from Italy? a) Balthazar Neumann b) Antonio Canova c) Giovanni Tiepolo d) Jacques-Louis David 14. Who is considered to be the “Father of Archeology”? a) Jacques-Louis David b) Heinrich Schütz c) Balthazar Neumann d) Johannes Winckelmann 15. Which English writer championed women’s rights and challenged traditional ideas about education? a) Wollstonecraft b) Swift c) Pope d) Dryden 16. Which musical figure is most associated with the transition from Classical to Romantic music? a)

Bach

b)

Handel

c)

Beethoven

d)

Brahms

17. What is sonata form? a)

A musical piece featuring a piano or violin

b)

An organizational structure for a movement of a symphony

c)

An orchestral device developed by Beethoven

d)

A short minuet for a string ensemble

18. Which Austrian musician is often considered the “Father of the Symphony”? a) Haydn b) Mozart c) Beethoven d) Bach 19. Who composed the opera The Marriage of Figaro? a) Mozart b) Monteverdi c) Couperin d) Haydn 20. What was the view of human nature held by Jonathan Swift? a) That humans were both irrational and intelligent b) That humans were essentially selfish and base c) That humans were rational and innovative d) That humans were fundamentally weak 21. Which English poet faced numerous challenges, such as his poor health and his Catholic faith in a Protestant country? a) William Blake b) Theodore Dryden c) Alexander Pope d) John Keats 22. What was the purpose of Swift’s A Modest Proposal?

a)

To propose a realistic solution to poverty

b) To expose man’s inhumanity to man c) To criticize the English welfare system d) To reveal the hypocrisy of the church 23. What was the purpose of the Encyclopédie? a) To facilitate schoolchildren’s research b) To classify contemporary knowledge c) To codify religious and moral doctrine d) To promote the monarchy of Louis XV 24. According to Rousseau, what had corrupted the natural goodness of humans? a) greed b) religion c) government d) civilization 25. Who was probably the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776)?

II.

a)

Alexander Pope

b)

Thomas Jefferson

c)

Benjamin Franklin

d)

John Stuart Mill

Short Answer Questions (3 points each) 1. What are the characteristics of the Rococo style of art?

2. What were the central characteristics of the classical symphony?

3. Why did Montesquieu favor establishing a system of “checks and balances” in government?

4. What was Jonathan’s Swift’s best-known novel? What two aspects of human nature are represented by Swift’s Houyhnhnms and Yahoos?

5. What are the central claims of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen?

Key Terms (1 point each)

III.

1. _______________________ King who said “Après moi le déluge” (After me, the flood) 2. _______________________ Controversial author of Candide 3. _______________________ Turbulent period in France from 1792-1795 4. _______________________ Italian word for “fast,” used to indicate a lively musical tempo 5. _______________________ Economic principle of letting the market determine prices 6. _______________________ Eighteenth-century English literary group who revered Rome 7. _______________________ Military leader who crowned himself Emperor of France 8. _______________________ Artist of Marriage à la Mode series of paintings 9. _______________________ Musical form in three sections: Exposition, Development, and Recapitulation 10. _______________________ Dry sticks of colored chalk

Chapter 15 – TEST Answer Key I. 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Multiple Choice c b a d b a a d c

10. b 11. c 12. c 13. b 14. d 15. a 16. c 17. b 18. a 19. a 20. b 21. c 22. b 23. b 24. d 25. b

II.

Short Answer Questions

1. The characteristics of the rococo style of art include elaborate decoration, depictions of polite society in leisure pastimes, and a general sense of lightness and gaiety.

2. The characteristics of the classical symphony were the use of a standardized orchestra, the sonata form for the first movement, the repetition of short recognizable themes, and the embodiment of Classical principles of balance, order, and control.

3. Montesquieu favored establishing a system of “checks and balances” in government to ensure that there was a distribution of power between governmental bodies. This, he believed, would reduce the likelihood of the emergence of dictatorial governments.

4. Gulliver’s Travels is Swift’s best-known book. In it, Swift makes human behavior the target of his satire. The Houyhnhnms are a race of noble horses who use reason to guide their actions, while the Yahoos are their human slaves who are represented as bestial and morally and intellectually flawed.

5. According to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen: – The only justification for social distinctions is general usefulness.

– The four natural and inalienable rights of man are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.

– Liberty is the power to do whatever is not injurious to others.

– The law has the right to forbid only actions which are injurious to society.

– Law is the expression of the general will.

III.

Key Terms

1. King Louis XV 2. Voltaire

3. Reign of Terror 4. Allegro 5. Laissez-faire 6. The Augustans 7. Napoleon Bonaparte 8. Hogarth 9. Sonata Form 10. Pastels

Chapter 16 – TEST ROMANTICISM, REALISM, AND PHOTOGRAPHY I.

Multiple Choice (1 point each) 1. How did Arthur Schopenhauer view humanity? a)

As the manifestation of God on Earth

b)

As naturally creative and altruistic

c)

As inherently selfish and irrational

d)

As a bridge between the material world and the world of ideas

2. Who is usually regarded as the pioneer of musical romanticism? a)

Brahms

b)

Beethoven

c)

Haydn

d)

Chopin

3. Who are two early developers of photography? a) Niépce and Daguerre b) Constable and Copley c) Friedrich and Heade d) Hawthorn and Melville 4. Who composed the Symphonie fantastique? a)

Wagner

b)

Chopin

c)

Beethoven

d)

Berlioz

5. Who were the great musical virtuosos of the nineteenth century? a)

Chopin, Berlioz, and Scarlatti

b)

Liszt, Chopin, and Paganini

c)

Beethoven, Haydn, Liszt

d)

Mussorgsky, Smetana, and Paganini

6. What did Chopin, Mussorgsky, and Smetana have in common? a)

They were Polish.

b)

They incorporated traditional folk tunes into their compositions.

c)

They were Russian expatriates living in Paris.

d)

They composed exclusively for violin and orchestra.

7. Which opera composer of the nineteenth century was most closely associated with the nationalist movement in Italy? a)

Verdi

b)

Monteverdi

c)

Puccini

d)

Palestrina

8. What 1853 work broke new ground in the history of opera by dealing with contemporary life rather than a historical or mythological subject? a)

Nabucco

b)

Luisa Miller

c)

Rigoletto

d)

La Traviata

9. What did Richard Wagner mean by Gesamtkunstwerk? a)

The Higher Realm

b)

Super Consciousness

c)

Complete Art Work

d)

Total Immersion

10. What is the title of Richard Wagner’s most monumental operatic work? a)

Aida

b)

The Ring of the Nibelung

c)

Norma

d)

The Sorrows of Young Werther

11. Which Romantic artist used his paintings to criticize the Spanish court and to explore the darker side of life, including his own suffering? a)

Ingres

b)

Velázquez

c)

Goya

d)

Chateaubriand

12. Which French painter was the creator of Raft of the Medusa (1818)? a)

Gustave Courbet

b)

Girodet-Trioson

c)

Géricault

d)

Delacroix

13. Which French Romantic painter is remembered for The Massacre at Chios? a)

Girodet-Trioson

b)

Delacroix

c)

Honoré Daumier

d)

Gustave Courbet

14. Which art style came after Romanticism? a)

Transcendentalism

b)

Luminism

c)

Nationalism

d)

Realism

15. Which of these nineteenth-century artists were known especially for their scenes depicting nature? a)

Constable and Turner

b)

Daumier and Goya

c)

Delacroix and Caspar Friedrich

e)

David and Géricault

16. What of the following were parts of the basis for the German literary movement known as Sturm und Drang? a) The rejection of the ideals of the French Romantic literary movement

b) The inspiration of German society with a sense of unity and nationalism c) The rejection of the neoclassical ideas of reason, order, and balance d) The compilation of German folklore and mythology 17. Who, with Coleridge, was the co-founder of the Romantic movement in English poetry? a) Charles Dickens b) William Wordsworth c) Percy Shelly d) Emily Dickinson 18. What important French Realist novelist described the banal life of bourgeois (middle-class) Emma Bovary? a) Flaubert b) Balzac c) Hugo d) Tolstoy 19. Which French Realist novelist wrote over 90 novels and stories, in which he uses many of the same characters? a) Balzac b) Flaubert c) Hugo d) Tolstoy 20. What were common themes of the novels of George Sand? a) The opportunities and recognition enjoyed by women in French society b) The inequities and injustices faced by women in French society c) The inequities and injustices faced by women in English society d) The opportunities and recognition enjoyed by women in English society 21. Which 19th-century Russian author produced two huge novels that combined fictional characters with real people and events from history? a) Jean Ingres b) Modest Mussorgsky

c) Leo Tolstoy d) Herman Melville 22. Which of Charles Dickens’ novels criticized the treatment of the poor in workhouses? a) Pride and Prejudice b) Oliver Twist c) Of Mice and Men d) A Tale of Two Cities 23. Who were the Transcendentalists? a) A group of French poets whose work dealt with spiritual themes b) A group of American writers inspired by the natural world c) A group of English painters whose works portrayed nature d) A group of French composers who sought to convey images through music 24. What was the subject of Henry David Thoreau’s Walden? a) The redefinition of men and women’s roles in the nineteenth century b) The intersection of the spiritual and the material world c) Political justice and equality d) The nature of human existence and of nature 25. What is Walt Whitman’s most important work? a) The Scarlet Letter b) Leaves of Grass c) Moby Dick d) Ode to a Nightingale

II.

Short Answer Questions (3 points each) 1. What are the principal characteristics of Romanticism?

2. What was Karl Marx’s view of the inevitability of history? In what 1848 work was this thought powerfully expressed? According to Marx, what forces inevitably shaped history? What type of art did Marx prefer, realism or romanticism? Why?

3. What is a bel canto opera? Which great opera singer brought this form back into the modern operatic repertoire?

4. What is the story of Faust?

5. What contributed to the rise of the novel in the nineteenth century?

III.

Key Terms (1 point each)

1. _______________________ Nineteenth-century virtuoso violinist who cultivated a diabolical image 2. _______________________ German term for a musical theme assigned to a specific character, idea or object 3. _______________________ Short art songs with piano accompaniment, such as the 600 composed by Schubert 4. _______________________ Traditional Polish dances used by Chopin in his piano compositions.

5. _______________________ Theory of Charles Darwin about the origin of species 6. _______________________ Short melancholic piano piece in a form used extensively by Chopin 7. _______________________ Quiet movement in a movement in a symphony; means “interlude” 8. _______________________ Lighthearted musical genre used by Beethoven in the third movement of his “Eroica” symphony 9. _______________________ Source of inspiration for the stories in Richard Wagner’s operas

10. _______________________ German literary movement that rebelled against Neoclassicism’s structure and order

Chapter 16 – TEST Answer Key I.

Multiple Choice

1. c 2. b 3. a 4. d 5. b 6. b 7. a 8. d 9. c 10. b 11. c 12. c 13. b 14. d 15. a 16. c 17. b 18. a 19. a 20. b 21. c 22. b 23. b 24. d 25. b

II.

Short Answer Questions

1. The expression of feelings, self-analysis, fascination with the fantastic and exotic, nationalism, love of nature, erotic love, and the eternal feminine were principal characteristics of Romanticism.

2. Karl Marx viewed the course of history as leading inevitability to a proletarian revolution as expressed in his 1848 Communist Manifesto. According to Marx, the driving forces

underlying historical events are social and economic conditions. Marx believed that art could contribute to social and political changes. He preferred the art of Realism because he believed it portrayed the true circumstances of the people instead of masking social and economic disparities with illusions.

3. A bel canto opera subordinates the narrative and dramatic coherence of the story in service to the performance of spectacular arias. Maria Callas brought the bel canto opera back into prominence through her performance of Bellini’s Norma.

4. Faust is the story of a man who sells his soul to the devil in exchange for power, experience, and the possession of Gretchen, a pure and innocent young woman.

5. The rising popularity of the novel in the nineteenth century was due to the increase in the level of literacy and general education of the public, which in turn created an audience who wanted to be edified and entertained.

III.

Key Terms

1. Paganini 2. Leitmotiv 3. Lieder 4. Mazurkas and polonaises 5. natural selection 6. nocturne 7. intermezzo 8. scherzo 9. German Mythology 10. Sturm und Drang

Chapter 17 – TEST TOWARD THE MODERN ERA: 1870 – 1914 I.

Multiple Choice (1 point each)

1. What was the main focus of the women’s movement during the late 19th century? a) Equal pay for equal work b) Freedom from domestic responsibilities c) The right to vote d) Equal representation in government 2. What term for this period reflects the new mood of cheerfulness in the great cities of Europe? a)

The Edwardian period

b)

The Belle Époque

c)

The Victorian period

d)

The Modern Era

3. Who was the author of Thus Spake Zarathustra (1883–1892)? a)

Nietzsche

b)

Goethe

c)

Descartes

d)

Plato

4. What was Friedrich Nietzsche’s view of the condition of western civilization in the 1880s and 1890s? a) Humans were not able to live happily in a secular society. b) The chaos of the times was due to industrialization. c) Stability could be gained by a return to Classical models and ideals. d) People were enslaved by religion and democracy.

5. Which European city was the center of artistic activity in the later nineteenth century? a)

London

b)

Paris

c)

New York

d)

Rome

6. Whose painted Déjeuner sur l’Herbe (Luncheon on the Grass), which shocked Parisians for its content and style? a) Monet b) Manet c) Cézanne d) Gauguin 7. How did Déjeuner sur l’Herbe break with the stylistic traditions of the past? a)

The figures were placed in broad, flat color fields.

b)

The painting included both male and female nudes.

c)

The painting used a pyramidal arrangement for the figures.

d)

The painting’s subjects were expressionless.

8. What event launched the Impressionist movement? a) The opening of the Museum of Paris b) The beginning of WWI c) The death of Eugène Delacroix d) The exhibition at the Café Guerbois 9. Which of Monet’s paintings exemplifies his emphasis on conveying light and color? a)

A Bar at the Folies-Bergère

b) Two Girls at the Piano c) Water Lilies d) Mont Sainte-Victoire 10. What elements are often seen in Auguste Renoir’s paintings? a) Dancers in the various stages of rehearsal and performance b) Beautiful young men and women enjoying themselves c) Intimate scenes of domesticity d) Sensual nudes in landscapes 11. What does Edgar Degas’ The Rehearsal suggest about the world of the ballet?

a) The loneliness of a life in theater b) The glamour of the world of ballet c) The pain and tedium experienced by ballet dancers d) The eminence of dance in Parisian culture 12. What were the usual subjects of the paintings of Mary Cassatt? a) Flowers b) Parisian cityscapes c) Women and children d) Men and women dancing 13. How do Mary Cassatt’s paintings show the influence of Japanese art? a) They portray scenes of Japanese landscapes b) They use flat planes and broad areas of color c) They use pen and ink to create simple images d) They focus on moments of meditation 14. Which French sculptor of the late 19th/early 20th century focused on representing human figures? a)

Fumeo

b)

Levy

c)

Bellver

d)

Rodin

15. Which post-impressionist left France and its civilization for the attractions of Tahiti (and “barbarism”)? a) Gauguin b) van Gogh c) Cézanne d) Matisse 16. Which Dutch post-impressionist painter typifies the stereotype of artist as tortured genius? a) Matisse

b) Munch c) Van Gogh d) Nolde 17. Which Norwegian artist’s works show a preoccupation with fear and death? a)

Nolde

b)

Munch

c)

Heckel

d)

van Gogh

18. What is the purpose of the symphonic poem (such as Richard Strauss’ Don Juan [1886])? a) To tell a story through sound b) To combine verse with music c) To portray the feelings of the characters d) To recreate the effect of the Greek chorus 19. What nineteenth-century composer wrote the Pathétique Symphony? a) Tchaikovsky b) Stravinsky c) Debussy d) Mahler 20. Which two French composers are associated with impressionism in music? a) Chopin and Liszt b) Ravel and Debussy c) Lully and Meyerbeer d) Satie and Manet 21. What was the reaction of the Paris audience in 1913 to the first performance of Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring? a) Delight b) Sadness c) Outrage d) Indifference

22. What innovation did Schönberg introduce to vocal music? a)

Atonality

b)

Sprechstimme

c)

Serialism

d)

Inversion

23. According to Sigmund Freud, what factors other than reason and logic influence human behavior? a) the environment b) the subconscious c) the superego d) genetics 24. What Russian novelist (1831–1881) was able to combine both realism and psychological understanding in his Crime and Punishment? a) Honoré de Balzac b) Leo Tolstoy c) Dmitri Shostakovich d) Fyodor Dostoyevsky 25. What French author (1871–1922) is associated with “stream-of-consciousness” writing? a) Degas b) Proust c) Matisse d) Hugo

II.

Short Answer Questions (3 points each) 1. According to the text, why was Cézanne such an important post-impressionist painter?

What is it about Cézanne’s Mont Saint-Victoire that makes it not realistic? What geometric shapes are apparent? How can Cézanne be seen as a predecessor to Cubist and Abstract Art?

2. What are the central characteristics of Fauvism? What was it about the use of color and form in Matisse’s Red Room (Harmony in Red) that would cause critics to call him a “wild beast”?

3. What innovations did Gustav Mahler bring to his symphonies?

4. What is innovative about Proust’s Remembrance of Things Past? What did he mean by “memory is our most important weapon against death”?

5.

Why was Ibsen such an important Norwegian dramatist? What themes do his plays

explore?

Key Terms (1 point each)

III.

1. _______________________ French name given to the period 1870–1914 2. _______________________ Strauss’ term for “symphonic poem” 3. _______________________ Schönberg first used this technique in his compositions 4. _______________________ Technique using tiny dots of color to create an image 5. _______________________ German for “Blue Rider,” describes artists who focused on abstract forms and pure colors 6. _______________________ Impressionist composer of Claire du Lune 7. _______________________ Writer who argued that the “will to power” was the only important human motivation 8. _______________________ Formal name for the right to vote 9. _______________________ Music that tells a story 10. _______________________ 20th-century style of painting that emphasizes the twodimensionality of the canvas by presenting multiple views of an object

Chapter 17 – TEST Answer Key I. 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Multiple Choice c b a d b b a d c

10. b 11. c 12. c 13. b 14. d 15. a 16. c 17. b 18. a 19. a 20. b 21. c 22. b 23. b 24. d 25. b

II.

Short Answer Questions

1. Paul Cézanne was an important Post-Impressionist painter because he revolutionized the treatment of space, form, and proportion, emphasizing the work as a unified whole over Representational Realism. The wide bands and blocks of color (not necessarily representative of the actual scene), and the use of broad brush strokes and geometrical shapes represented a major break from previous styles and would later inspire painters of Cubist art.

2. Fauvism is a painting style that uses color, line, and form in completely revolutionary ways. They are used as a means of expressing a spirit of joy rather than portraying any connection to reality. It is characterized by contrasts in color, an emphasis on the effect on the psyche, the inclusion of decorative elements, and lacks any sense of threedimensional depth or shadowing. It is “art for art’s sake.” All of these factors earned Matisse and his followers the title of “wild beasts” or fauves in French.

3. In his symphonies, Gustav Mahler introduced the use of simple, familiar melodies, and employed extreme changes in dynamics and tempo to create sudden mood shifts.

4. Marcel Proust, known best for Remembrance of Things Past, is associated with streamof-consciousness writing. The excerpt from the text “memory is our most important weapon against death” indicates Proust’s belief that by recording his life, he would gain a certain immortality. This belief is underscored by the posthumous publication of this major work and its impact on subsequent readers and writers.

5. Henrik Ibsen was a major Norwegian born dramatist whose works, such as A Doll’s House (1879), treat themes of Social Realism, particularly the plight of women, as well as taboo topics of incest, venereal disease, and insanity.

III.

Key Terms

1. Belle Époque 2. Tone Poem 3. Serialism or Twelve-Tone Technique 4. Pointillism 5. Blaue Reiter 6. Debussy 7. Nietzsche 8. Suffrage 9. Program music 10. Cubism

Chapter 18– TEST THE WORLD AT WAR I.

Multiple Choice (1 point each)

1. Who is the author of “The Second Coming”? a) Wordsworth b) Yeats c) Keats d) Blake 2. Which Czech author wrote The Trial and The Castle? a) Tolstoy b) Proust c) Dostoyevsky d) Kafka 3. According to Virginia Woolf, why have there not been more great women writers? a) The expectations of family members b) The lack of social and economic support c) The lack of women in political positions d) The insufficient number of women’s universities 4. What African-American movement emerged in New York City in the 1920s? a) The rise of the speakeasy b) The Harlem Renaissance c) The Black Power Movement d) The Civil Rights Movement 5. What subject did Grant Wood focus on in his paintings? a) Abstract shapes and lines b) Biblical stories c) Rural American scenes d) Himself

6. In what novel did Sinclair Lewis criticize American materialism? a) Brave New World b) Babbit c) Remembrance of Things Past d) Ulysses 7. Which artist’s paintings combine images from his Jewish heritage with Cubist techniques? a) Theo Van Doesburg b) Marc Chagall c) Charles Demuth d) Constantin Brancusi 8. What subjects did Georgia O’Keefe include in her paintings? a) Flowers and animal skulls b) Trains and airplanes c) Grid-like lines and blocks of color d) Scenes from American history 9. In which novel did Aldous Huxley paint a bleak picture of the distant future of Western society? a) The Trial b) Brave New World c) Babbitt d) A Room of One’s Own 10. What span of time does James Joyce’s Ulysses cover? a) 1904-1905 b) 1914-1918 c) One day d) One hour 11. Which of the following poets were part of the Lost Generation? a) Brooke and Rosenberg

b) Eliot and Yeats c) Joyce and Woolf d) Kafka and Huxley 12. Which of Picasso’s paintings protested the bombing of a Spanish town? a)

Three Musicians

b)

Les Demoiselles d’Avignon

c)

Guernica

d)

L.H.O.O.Q.

13. In Picasso’s Guernica, what image is used as a symbol for the country of Spain? a) an angel b) a bull c) the Pietà d) a horse 14. Which artistic characteristic is emphasized in Brancusi’s sculptures? a) Brilliant color b) Rugged texture c) Extreme simplification d) Complex oramentation 15. What movement used art to destroy art? a) Realism b) Expressionism c) Dadaism d) Cubism 16. Which of the following did Duchamp present as one of his artistic creations? a) A telephone b) A urinal c) A Greek statue d) A melted clock

17. Which Depression-era photographer recorded the livestyles of the rural poor? a) Margaret Bourke-White b) Leni Riefenstahl c) Dorothea Lange d) Alfred Eisenstaedt 18. Which Spanish surrealist created The Persistence of Memory? a) Duchamp b) Goya c) Chagall d) Dalí 19. What is the subject of many of Frida Kahlo’s paintings? a) herself b) animals c) flowers d) children 20. What form of music was a distinctively American contribution to Western culture? a) polka b) jazz c) tango d) twelve-tone 21. Where did the blues originate? a) Paris b) America’s deep south c) New York d) The American midwest 22. What leading American composer and bandleader gained his fame at the Cotton Club in the 1920’s? a) Chet Baker b) Tommy Dorsey

c) Lionel Hampton d) Duke Ellington 23. Which American opera, set in Catfish Row, blends jazz and classical music? a)

Porgy and Bess

b)

Rhapsody in Blue

c)

The Threepenny Opera

d)

Desire Under the Elms

24. Who was the driving force behind ballet in Paris in the 1920s? a) Sergei Eisenstein b) Serge Diaghilev c) Vaslav Nijinsky d) Anna Pavlova 25. What are two important examples of film as propaganda? a) Olympia and Peter Grimes b) Peter Grimes and Ivan The Terrible c) Potemkin and Triumph of the Will d) Ivan the Terrible and War Requiem

II.

Short Answer Questions (3 points each) 1. What impact did the “Great War” of 1914–1918 have on European society?

2. What are some of the characteristics of the modernist temper in literature?

3. What was the goal of the fictionalized society portrayed by Huxley in Brave New World?

What warning does Huxley convey to his readers?

4. What were the subjects of Sergei Eisenstein’s films? What innovations did Eisenstein introduce through his filmmaking?

5. What were the objectives behind the founding of the Bauhaus? What were its fundamental principles and to what spectrum of objects were they applied?

III.

Key Terms (1 point each)

1. _______________________ School of design founded by Walter Gropius 2. _______________________ Shift to a new key in music 3. _______________________ Film director of Potemkin and Alexander Nevsky 4. _______________________ Style of painting that draws its content from unconscious, irrational sources 5. _______________________ Viennese physician and pioneer of modern psychology 6. _______________________ Picasso’s allegorical painting of the bombing of a Basque town 7. _______________________ Overthrow of the Tsars and the emergence of Marxist government in Russia 8. _______________________ Improvisational technique in jazz using vocalizations of nonsense syllables.

9. _______________________ Musical form used in “King” Oliver’s “West End Blues” 10. _______________________ Technique of sharp juxtaposition of film shots

Chapter 18 – TEST Answer Key I.

Multiple Choice

1. b 2. d 3. b 4. b 5. c 6. b 7. b 8. a 9. b 10. c 11. a 12. c 13. b 14. c 15. c 16. b 17. c 18. d 19. a 20. b 21. b 22. d 23. a 24. b 25. c

II.

Short Answer Questions

1. World War I had numerous reverberations throughout European society. Among many, there was deep disillusionment and bitterness toward the military. On the other hand, the postwar turmoil gave fascism a foothold in Italy and led to Mussolini’s rise to power. In addition, the humiliation and destitution of Germany after the war provided fertile ground for the nationalistic message of Nazism and Hitler’s rise to power. In light of the horrifying purposes to which technological advances had been employed, the First World War stunned those who had optimistic faith in the “progress” of the nineteenth century.

Finally, World War I created an overarching climate of disillusionment.

2. Characteristics of modernism in literature include the fragmentation of line and images, the abandonment of traditional literary structures, and a sense of alienation.

3. In Huxley’s Brave New World, the goal of the fictionalized society was one in which the preeminent power was industry, and happiness and stability for all of the population was achieved though the elimination of elements which could cause discomfort and strife (such as family bonds or any serious art, literature, or philosophy). Any uncomfortable feeling was treated with the drug soma. The novel served as a warning regarding the dangers of a totalitarian government based upon industrialization, unchecked materialism, genetic engineering, censorship, and the sacrifice of the individual for the sake of society as a whole.

4. Eisenstein, a staunch supporter of the Russian Revolution, focused his films on the needs of the working class and the inevitable triumph of communism. His films used montage and a blending of music and images to expand the range of cinematic technique.

5. The fundamental principles of the Bauhaus school were simplicity, rationality, and functionality. It was a school of architecture and design and its students and faculty designed furniture, buildings, factories, typefaces, and household items.

III.

Key Terms

1. Avant-garde 2. modulation 3. Eisenstein 4. Expressionism 5. Freud 6. Guernica 7. October Revolution 8. scatting 9. twelve-bar blues 10. montage

Chapter 19– TEST THE CONTEMPORARY CONTOUR I.

Multiple Choice (1 point each) 1. Which French writer and thinker (1905–1980) is most directly associated with this existentialism? a) Camus b) Descartes c) Sartre d) Braque 2. According to Sartre, what was the purpose of existentialism? a) To preserve past traditions. b) To help people live in an absurd world. c) To create a standard system of ethics. d) To strengthen people’s religious faith.

3. In the 1940s and 1950s, what city replaced Paris as the center of modern art? a) New York b) London c) Milan d) Prague 4. What artistic form is Robert Rauschenberg most known for? a) Self-portraiture b) Found art c) Kinetic sculpture d) Combine painting 5. What Swedish artist is known for his oversized sculptures of everyday objects ? a) Le Corbusier b) Oldenburg c) Warhol

d) Kierkegaard 6. Which American abstract expressionist is famous for his action paintings? a) Frankenthaler b) Pollock c) Rothko d) Rauschenburg 7. Which of the following was among the most prominent subjects of Andy Warhol’s art? a) celebrities b) women c) cities d) landscapes 8. What is distinctive about Mark Rothko’s paintings? a) They borrow heavily from Greek art. b) They arrange figures in pyramidal form. c) They focus on natural settings. d) They use large fields of solid color.

9. What type of art is exemplified by Robert Smithson’s Spiral Jetty? a) found art b) ready-made c) land art d) combine 10. What is the name given to the kind of art exemplified by Alexander Calder’s The Star? a) ready-made b) mobile c) combine d) collage 11. In Bill Viola’s The Crossing, what happens to the human figure? a) It is transformed into light.

b) It is covered in red paint. c) It is attacked by fire and water d) It is pixelated into tiny spots of color.

12. What major public outdoor memorial was designed by Maya Ying Lin? a)

Holocaust Memorial

b)

The Oklahoma City National Memorial

c)

Vietnam Veteran’s Memorial

d)

Vietnam Women’s Memorial

13. How do the Bulgarian artists Christo and Jean-Claude create art? a) They paint murals on public buildings. b) They cover large areas with cloth. c) They build sculpture from garbage. d) They use their bodies in a staged setting.

14. What is the main characteristic of Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim Museum Bilbao? a) Creative use of reinforced concrete b) Vertical lines with no ornamentation c) Classical columns and pediments d) Free-flowing geometric shapes 15. Which disciple of Louis Sullivan was one of the most influential American architects of the twentieth century? a) Frank Lloyd Wright b) Philip Johnson c) Robert Venturi d) Denise Scott Brown 16. Who designed the first skyscraper in the United States? a) Frank Gehry b) Renzo Piano c) Louis Sullivan d) Richard Rogers

17. What contemporary building can be described as “exoskeletal”? a) The American Center in Paris b) The Georges Pompidou National Center for Art and Culture c) The Seagram Building d) The Guggenheim Museum in New York 18. What questions are explored by the Swedish filmmaker Ingmar Bergman in his films? a) Loss of religious faith and modern despair b) Sexuality and gender roles c) Classical antiquity and modern aesthetics d) Catholicism and sexuality 19. What is the best-known play by Samuel Beckett? a) Waiting for Godot b) A Doll’s House c) Louisa Miller d) Death of a Salesman 20. What are the subjects of Richard Wright’s Native Son and Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man? a) The Native-American experience b) The African-American male c) The history of African slaves d) The marginalization of American men 21. What two American poets wrote from a feminist perspective? a) Kerouac and Ginsberg b) Wiesel and Beckett c) Sexton and Plath d) Updike and Albee 22. What is aleatoric music? a) Music that uses real sounds from nature b) Music created by chance

c) Highly structured compositions d) Music used specifically for psychological treatment 23. What term is applied to the music of Steve Reich, which builds lengthy pieces out of multiple repetitions of simple chords and rhythms? a) serialism b) minimalism c) structuralism d) aleatorialism 24. What type of non-western music has influenced the work of the minimalist composer Philip Glass? a) American Indian chant b) Polynesian percussion and song c) Ukrainian music written for the Ud d) Indian tabla and sitar music 25. What two major contemporary composers have continued to work with traditional elements of melody, harmony, and rhythm? a) Reich and Stockhausen b) Brittan and Shostakovich c) Boulez and Glass d) Weill and Gershwin

II.

Short Answer Questions (3 points each) 1. What are the origins of Deconstructivist Architecture? How are its principles evident in Frank Gehry’s design of the Ray and Maria Stata Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ?

2. How did the existentialist movement influence the ideas of modern society?

3. What were the central characteristics and themes of Pop Art? How are these apparent in Andy Warhol’s work?

4. How does Rachel Whiteread's Memorial to the Victims of the Holocaust at Judenplatz in Vienna (2000) depict the destruction of the Austrian Jewish community? What is the significance of this depiction?

5. How does Pierre Boulez’ Second Piano Sonata exemplify the ideal of structuralism?

What is the effect of this compositional framework?

Key Terms (1 point each)

III.

1. _______________________ term adopted by existentialists to describe the meaninglessness of human existence 2. _______________________ painting style that uses large blocks of color 3. _______________________ works of art that add actual objects to the canvas 4. _______________________ 20th-century philosophy investigating human freedom and responsibility 5. _______________________ Algerian-born French existentialist writer 6. _______________________ art that uses images from mass media and contemporary culture 7. _______________________ term describing the current artistic style in the 21st century 8. ______________________ Danish existential philosopher (1813–1955) 9. _______________________ Russian composer who used traditional musical elements in innovative ways 10. _______________________ Jewish writer of Night, which was based upon his experiences in a Nazi concentration camp

Chapter 19 – TEST Answer Key I. 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Multiple Choice c b a d b b a

8. d 9. c 10. b 11. c 12. c 13. b 14. d 15. a 16. c 17. b 18. a 19. a 20. b 21. c 22. b 23. b 24. d 25. b

II.

Short Answer Questions

1. Deconstructivist architecture grew out of the ideas of French philosopher Jacques Derrida about the multiple meanings that a single text can communicate. Architects applied this idea to their buildings by creating buildings that are a collection of different parts, rather than a unified whole. Gehry’s MIT center exemplifies this style by using fragmentation and sculptural shapes that create a collision of forms.

2. The existentialist movement influenced the ideas of modern society because it provided a framework to analyze our personal sense of alienation and general societal anxieties.

It merged thought with a summons to action and was fertile ground for exploration of subjective human experience across the entire spectrum of the arts.

3. Pop art uses familiar objects to challenge commonplace conceptions about the meaning of art. Warhol’s images of celebrities, Coca-Cola bottles, Brillo boxes and other familiar objects provide a commentary on the blandness of contemporary art.

4. Rachel Whiteread’s memorial mourns the lost Judaic books that were destroyed by the Germans in the Judenplatz in Vienna. It portrays a library with the books on the outside, but with the doors bolted closed and the titles of the books not visible. Depicting the library inside out is an act of revealing what has been hidden, and the rotation of the books so the titles are not visible is symbolic of the anonymity of all the victims of the holocaust as well as the attempt of the Germans to obliterate all Jewish literature, scripture, traditions, and rituals.

5. Pierre Boulez’s Second Piano Sonata exemplifies the ideal of structuralism in music because the composer strictly adheres to the number twelve as a framework throughout the piece. The rows of notes are built upon twelve tones, there are twelve levels of volume represented in the piece, and there are twelve ways of striking the piano keys.

The manner in which all of these elements can be performed is strictly ordered. The

effect is to eliminate harmony, melody, counterpoint, and any emotional response from the audience.

III.

Key Terms

1. absurdity 2. color field 3. combine paintings 4. Existentialism 5. Camus 6. Pop Art 7. Postmodernism 8. Kierkegaard 9. Shostakovich 10. Wiesel