Chapter
2 quiz
1. A literature review:
a. Is not always necessary in a research paper; it is sometimes optional
b. Is like a references list; it is a sequential ordering of each study a researcher read
*c. Is a short written synthesis of previous research on a topic
d. Identifies what the purpose of your paper is
2. Which of the following is considered a Tier 1 source?
*a. Peer Reviewed Research Articles
b. News Magazines
c. Working Papers
d. Academic Reports
3. Which of the following does NOT belong in an annotated bibliography?
a. The study’s research question
b. A summary of the theory that is presented in the study
*c. The relevance to your own research question
d. The methods and data the author uses to answer the research question
4. Which of the following pieces of information has to be cited?
a. Fact
b. Historical detail
*c. An opinion/idea
d. Common knowledge
5. When reading scholarly work, what should you look at first?
*a. Title
b. Abstract
c. Introduction
d. Conclusion
6. What should the first line of a good literature review contain?
a. A summary of the literature review
b. Connections among the literature
c. Your research question
*d. An introductory statement that broadly summarizes as much of the literature as possible
7. Why would a researcher analyze a newspaper article as opposed to a peer reviewed article?
a. The quality is higher in newspapers
b. To understand generalizable theory
*c. To understand the particular details of a case
d. Newspaper articles go through a more extensive editing process
8. What is the purpose of creating an annotated bibliography?
a. To serve as a framework for your research
*b. To summarize and organize each piece of scholarship that you read
c. To find connections among the literature review
d. To establish the author’s credibility
9. What does a literature review establish?
*a. The credibility of the researcher and it presents how other scholars have approached similar topics
b. It predicts your future results
c. It shows the researcher how to proceed with his or her research design
d. The purpose of your research paper
10. What is the best was to start your literature search?
a. Do a Google search
b. Ask your professor
*c. Think of the different ways a topic could have been studied by others
d. Conduct a very specific search
11. What is a references list?
*a. An alphabetical listing of all sources referenced or cited
b. A summary of the work you reviewed
c. An annotated bibliography
d. An excerpt of a conclusion
12. Why is reviewing academic books about your research question essential?
a. Academic books are tier one sources while peer reviewed research articles are not
b. Academic books are more reliable than other tier one sources
c. Academic books are not formally published and can contain more information
*d. Academic books usually provide a broader treatment of a general topic and are more comprehensive than research articles
13. Do the following statements need to be cited?
The United States utilizes a plurality electoral system for the election of Congress.
a. Citation needed
*b. No citation needed
14. Per capita income is higher in advanced industrial democracies than in developing countries.
a. Citation needed
*b. No citation needed
15. Lower voter turnout in the U S does not mean that Americans do not participate in politics because different ways of participating have been evolving over time.
*a. Citation needed
b. No citation needed
16. High per capita income is generally linked with post-materialist values, which include a concern for the protection of individual expression and enhancement of the quality of life.
*a. Citation needed
b. No citation needed
17. Despite their differences, the French, Russian, and Chinese Revolutions bear striking similarities that can be studied in a single research design
*a. Citation needed
b. No citation needed
18. What is the order of tasks for creating a literature review?
I. Find the studies that are most relevant for understanding what other scholars have concluded about your research topic.
II. Find themes among the studies and write a literature review
III. Read the studies
IV. Create annotated bibliographies for each study you have read
a. II, I, IV, III
b. III, II, I, IV
*c. I, III, IV, II
d. II, IV, III, I
19. Kennedy F. Johnson, Wells B. Fargo, and King Martin all wrote a research paper in 1967. What is the proper format for a parenthetical citation for a source with three authors?
a. (Johnson, Fargo, Martin)
b. (Johnson 1967)
*c. (Johnson, Fargo, and Martin 1967)
d. (Johnson, Fargo, and Martin 67)
20. Place the following components of the peer review process in order.
I. Internal Review
II. Blind External Review
III. Recommendations
a. II, III, I
*b. I, II, III
c. III, II, I
d. II, I, III
Teachingmaterials
Lessonplan
Chapter2–ReviewingtheLiterature
Slide1:Chapter2–ReviewingtheLiterature
Slide2:Reviewingtheliterature:Explainwhyagoodliteraturereviewinaresearch studyisimportant.Presentresearchasanongoingconversationamongresearchers whoworkonsimilarresearchtopics.Mostresearchersspendconsiderabletime reviewingtheworkofothersasameanstodeterminewhattheywillstudythrough theirownwork.Areviewoftheliteraturecanhelparesearcher1)determinewhat goodresearchquestiontoaskand2)writeaneventualtheoryforwhyvariables associatedwiththeresearchtopicshouldbecorrelatedwitheachother.
Slide3:Sourcesofinformationforliteraturereviews:Notallsourcesareofthesame quality.Therearegenerallythreetiersofquality:
Tier1:Peerreviewedresearcharticlesandacademicbooks.Explaintheprocessof peerreview.Mostofwhatisincludedinaliteraturereviewinvolvesresearchwork thathasundergonethepeerreviewprocess.Perhapsevenbringaletterfroman editoraboutsomethingyouhavepublished(eitherapositiveornegativeletter!)to showhowpeerreviewworks.
Tier2:Academicreportsandworkingpapers
Tier3:Newsmagazinesandnewspapers
Slide4:Howtoconductaliteraturesearch:Explainthatstudentsneedtodevelopa listofkeywordsrelatedtotheirresearchtopics.Doademonstrationonhowtouse theonlineresourcesatyouracademicinstitutiontofindliteratureusingthe keywords.(Insertadditionalslideswithlinkstoyourinstitution’sresources.)Show howtoincludevariousmanipulationsofkeywordstocaptureasmuchliteratureas possible.Also,itmaybepossibleforaresearchlibrarianatyourinstitutiontohold aninformationsessionintheclassroomoreveninthelibraryitself.Itmayalsobe helpfultotakeatriptothelibrarytoshowstudentshowtousethelibrary’s resourcesandhowtousecallnumbersforbooksontheshelves.Itispossiblethat somestudentswillnotknowhowtousethelibraryeffectively.Fortheliterature searchitself,explainhowtouseBooleanconnectors(ANDandOR)andhowtouse differentsynonymsforkeywords(forexamplepolitical“participation”or “involvement”or“engagement”).Becarefulnottouse“AND”inthiscase.
Slide5:Afewtricks:Goover“afewtricks”whenlookingforliterature:
1. Use*attheendofawordorpartialwordtoreturnresultsthatcontainthe wordorpartialword(i.e.,democra*returnsresultswith“democracy,” “democracies,”“democratizing,”and“democratization”).
2. Usethekeywordslistedinarelevantstudytoprovideideasforkeywords (bringinanexamplefromastudy)
3. UseBooleanconnectorswithcaution use“and”and“ or ”carefully.
4. Reviewarecentstudytoidentifyotherrelevantstudies(bringinanexample fromastudy)
5. Ifmostofthestudiesreviewedmakereferencetoaseminalwork,doa literaturesearchtoseeifotherstudiesreferencedthatparticularwork,too.
Slide6:Whattodooncerelevantliteratureisidentified:Encouragestudentstostay organizedbykeepingtheirnotesinorder.Maybebringinsomethingyouhave written(likeyourdissertationorsomethingyouhavepublished)toshowhowmany sourcesarecitedinthereferenceslist.Clearly,itpaystobeorganizedwhendoing researchinthepreparationofaliteraturereviewbecauseofthenumberofsources thatarereviewedandthemanydifferentideaspresentedinthestudies.Doa demonstrationofZoteroorEndnote(orsomeotherprogram)toshowhownotes andbibliographicinformationcanbeorganized.Checkwithyourinstitution’s librarytoseeifstudentshaveweb-basedaccesstoanyparticularbibliographic programthroughthelibrary.
Slide7:AnnotatedBibliographies:Manyscholarsdonotkeepthetextofevery articleorbookintheiroffice;rathertheykeeptheirnotes.Maybeevenbringina copyofanannotatedbibliographythatyouhavewrittentoprovideanexample. Includeatleastthefollowingpointsinanannotatedbibliography:
1.Thestudy’sresearchquestion
2.Therelevanceoftheresearchtopic
3.Asummaryofthetheorypresented
4.Themethodsanddataused
5.Themainresultsandconclusion
6.Thepotentialgeneralizabilityoftheconclusions
Slide8:TheLiteratureReview:Encouragestudentstostudytheirannotated bibliographiescarefullytodeterminewherethereareareasofagreementor disagreementorwheretherearesimilaritiesordifferencesamongthestudies. Thesepatternswilldeterminehowtheliteraturereviewwillbeorganizedand presentedinthefinalreport
Slide9:Thefirstsentenceofeachparagraphintheliteraturereviewisvery important:Gooverthehypotheticalexamplesofintroductorysentencesforthe overallliteraturereviewfromthetext.Emphasizethattheexample(s)thateach studentcouldfollowwillbedeterminedbythepatternsthatareidentifiedamong thespecificstudiesthatwilleventuallybeincludedintheliteraturereview. Encouragestudentstouseparentheticcitationswhenevertheyincludeworkthatis nottheirown.
Slide10:Anotherexampleofanintroductorysentence:Again,theintroductory sentencesforeachstudent’sliteraturereviewwilldifferbasedonwhatiscontained intheannotatedbibliographies.
Slide11:Studytheliteraturereviewsofthestudiesyoureview:Onegoodwayto learnhowtowriteaneffectiveliteraturereviewistostudytheliteraturereviews writtenbyotherscholars.Thiswillbeanexerciseattheendofthechapter.
Slides12:Example1–MorganandBuice(2013):Gooverthethreeexamplesinthe textthatweretakenfromliteraturereviewsfromactualresearchstudies.Ineach examplethereisatleastonesentencethatprovidesagoodsynthesisofthe literaturethatwasreviewedforthatstudy.Havestudentsgothroughtheexamples anddiscusshowthesummarysentencespresentedintheliteraturereviewswere organizedinthethreeexamples.Highlightthosesentencesasmodelsforthe studentstofollowastheybegintowritetheirownliteraturereviews.Note,too,how theseexamplesprovidesomeclueastowhatis“missing”fromtheliteratureasa meanstopromotetherelevancefortheresearchitself.
MorganandBuice:Thisarticledevelopsatheoryofattitudesregardingwomenin politics,integratingexplanationsatboththecontextualandindividuallevels.A growingliteraturehasdemonstratedthesignificanceofcontextforexplaining gendergapsinpoliticalengagementandefficacy(Atkeson2003;Desposatoand Norrander2009;Hansen1997;Schwindt-BayerandMishler2005),andprevious researchhintsattheideathatthepolitical,economic,andculturalenvironmenthas importanteffectsongenderattitudesbyestablishingthatcross-nationaldifferences intheseattitudescannotbeexplainedbyindividual-levelfactorsalone(Banaszak andPlutzer1993a).Butapartfromafewnotableexceptions(e.g.Banaszakand Plutzer1993b;InglehartandNorris2003;MooreandVanneman2003),little researchhasexploredhowcontextshapesgendervalues,andvirtuallynostudies havetheorizedaboutcontextualeffectsonfeministattitudesindeveloping democracies.Herewetakeontheimportanttaskoftheorizingandtestinghow contextinfluencessupportforwomeninpolitics
Slide13:Example2–Bartels,Cozzi,andMantovan(2013):Theliteratureprovides importantinsightsaboutthedeterminantsofvoluntaryworkforthetotal populationorspecificsegments.Studiesfocusingonthetotalpopulationshowed thatpeoplecandecidetovolunteerorgivemoneytocharitybecauseofpure altruismorwarm-glowaltruism(Andreoni1990),adesiretopersonally“makea difference”(Duncan2004),impatiencetoreceiveacertaingood(Bilodeauand Slivinski1996),socialpressure(DellaVigna,List,andMalmendier2011),obliging socialnorms(OlkenandSinghal2009),orbecausegivingcanenhancetheirwellbeing(MeierandStutzer2008).Thedecisiontovolunteercanalsobeinfluencedby thesocioeconomicorethniccompositionoftheneighborhoodcommunity(Alesina andLaFerrara2000;AtkinsonandKintrea2001;GoodladandMeegan2005).Allof thesevariablestogethercreateacomplexpictureofindividualswithmultiple motivationsforvolunteering(Clary,Snyder,andStukas1996).
Slide14:Example3–Reynolds(2013):Overthelast20years,the inclusionofwomenandethnicminoritiesinnationalparliamentshas increasinglybeenseenasanindicatorofthestrengthofdemocracyin
establisheddemocraciesandasasinequanonofdemocratizationin thedevelopingworld.Muchhasbeenwrittenaboutthegrowing numbersandinfluenceofwomenmembersofparliament(MPs)inthe legislaturesoftheworld(forexample,seeBaldez2003;Krook2009; Wolbrecht,Baldez,andBeckwith2008).In2012,theInter ParliamentaryUnionidentified7,443femalemembersofnational lowerhouses(20%ofthetotal).Asimilarliteratureisemergingon theexistenceandinfluenceofethnicminorityMPsinnational legislatures.OneofthelargestsurveystodateofminorityMP presencecovers50nationsandidentifiesmorethanathousandMPs withanethnicminoritybackground(seeReynolds2006).Such descriptive(sometimescalled“passive”or“symbolic”)representation doesnotnecessarilyimplythatthegroupmembersvotetogetheror thatindividualrepresentativesseethemselvesasprimarily“women MPs”or“minorityMPs.”Butwithoutsomevisibleinclusionofthe facesandvoicesofthehistoricallymarginalized,itisunlikelythatthe interestsofsuchgroupswillbeattheforefrontofdecisionmakers’ minds.
Theliteratureonopenlylesbian,gay,bisexual,andtransgender (LGBT)MPsinnationalparliamentsisundeveloped.Althoughthere havebeenimportantstudiesoftheirpresenceinindividualnational parliaments(seeRayside1998onBritain,theUnitedStatesand Canada)aswellasanalysesofgaylegislatorsinU.S.statelegislatures (seeHaider-Markel2007;2010;Haider-Markel,Joslyn,andKniss 2000)thereisverylittlecross-nationalresearchontheexistenceand influenceofopenlyLGBTMPsinnationalparliaments.
Slide16:Tociteornottocite:Havearigorousdiscussionaboutthe differencebetweenafactorhistoricaldetailontheonehandandan opinionorideaontheother.Factsandhistoricaldetailsdonot requireacitation,butanyopinionorideathatistakenfrom somethingintheliteraturemustbecitedproperly.Anyquotation mustalsoincludeapagenumber.
Slide17:Factoropinion?TheUnitedStatesutilizesaplurality electoralsystemfortheelectionofCongress.Sincethisisafact,it doesnotneedtobecited.But...Theuseofthepluralityelectoral systemgenerallyleadstoatwo-partysystem.Thismustbecitedsince itisahypothesisthatDownsdevelopedinhisbook An Economic Theory of Democracy.
Slide18:Factoropinion?Votingisonemanifestationofpolitical participation.Sincethisisafact,itdoesnotneedtobecited.But... LowervoterturnoutintheU.S.doesnotmeanthatAmericansdonot participateinpoliticsbecausedifferentwaysofparticipatinghave beenevolvingovertime.Thismustbecitedsinceitisanideaexplored
byNorrisinherbook Democratic Phoenix: Reinventing Political Activism.
Slide19:Factoropinion?Percapitaincomeishigherinadvanced industrialdemocraciesthanindevelopingcountries.Sincethisisa fact,itdoesnotneedtobecited.But...Higherpercapitaincomeis linkedwithmaterialistvalues,whichincludeaconcernforthe protectionofindividualexpressionandenhancementofthequalityof life.ThismustbecitedsinceitisaconclusionofInglehart’sbook Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies
Slide20:Citeifyouarenotsure!Emphasizethatstudentsshould alwaysciteasourceiftheyareunsurewhethertociteornot.Itis bettertocitethanbeaccusedofplagiarism.
Slide21:Parentheticcitationstyle:Concerningparentheticcitations,instruct studentstofollowthestylepresentedthroughoutthetext.Eachexamplepresented alsousesastandardbibliographicstyle.However,ifyouhaveaparticularreference stylethatyouwouldlikestudentstouse,gooverthatstylecarefullyatthispointso studentswillknowwhattodo.TheAmericanPoliticalScienceAssociationhasa guidethatstudentscanuseaswell: http://www.apsanet.org/files/APSAStyleManual2006.pdf
Slide22:Writingyourownliteraturereview:Thisinformationisalsocontainedin the“PaperProgress”section(below).Step1,findthestudies;Step2,readthe studies;Step3,createannotatedbibliographies;Step4,findthemesandwritea literaturereview.
Slide23:Comingup:Askingananalyticalresearchquestion
Exercises (from text)
Usearesearchdatabasetofindarticlesfromoneofthemainstreamjournalsin politicalscience.Somegoodexamplesarethe American Political Science Review and the Journal of Politics.Scrollthroughseveralarticlesandstudyhowtheauthors constructedtheirliteraturereviews.Articlesmayormaynothavesubheadingsto identifythearticle’sliteraturereview,butyoushouldbeabletofindthearticle’s literaturereviewfromthearticle’scontent.Makenotesofhowintroductory summarystatementswerewritten.Wasthereagreementintheliterature?Have severalauthorsstudiedsimilartopicsandreacheddifferentconclusions?This exercisewillbehelpfulasstudentsbegintopreparethewritingoftheirown literaturereview.
Paper progress (from text)
Step1:Findthestudiesthataremostrelevantforunderstandingwhatother scholarshaveconcludedabouttheresearchtopic(thetopicshouldbetheone studentschoseinChapter1)
Encouragestudentstostartbyusingoneofthemainstreamsearchenginesmost likelyavailablethroughyourinstitution’slibrary.Sincestudentsaregoingtousethe WorldValuesSurveyforthequantitativeportionoftheiranalysis,theterm“World ValuesSurvey”couldbeincludedalongwiththeresearchtopicinthesearchengine todetermineifotherscholarshaveusedthedatapertainingtothespecifictopicin theWorldValuesSurveyintheirresearch.
Step2:Readthestudies
Identifytheminimumnumberofstudiesyouwouldlikestudentstoreviewfortheir literaturereview.Thisnumbercouldbebetweenfiveandten,dependingonyour goalsandthetimingofthecourse.
Step3:Createannotatedbibliographies
Encouragestudentstoincludethesixpointspresentedearlier,inadditiontoany relevantquotationsthatmighteventuallybeincludedinthefinalpaper.Requirea minimumnumberofannotatedbibliographiesthatwillbeturnedinforevaluation.
Step4:Findthemesamongthestudiesandwritealiteraturereview
Determinethelengthforstudents’literaturereviews.Thiswilldependonthe numberofstudiesyouhaveaskedstudentstoreview.Ifthenumberofstudiesis betweenfiveandseven,twotothreedouble-spacedpagesarelikelyenough.Ifthe numberofstudiesisgreater,addpagestotheminimumlength.
Considercreatingastand-aloneassignmentfortheannotatedbibliographiesand literaturereviewthatstudentsturninforevaluation.Thiswillensurethatevery studenthasatopicanddoesnotfallbehindinproducingwork.
Coming up
Askingananalyticalresearchquestioninpoliticalscience
