Solutions for Seeleys Anatomy And Physiology 11th Us Edition by Vanputte by 6alsm

EleventhEdition

EricWise

SantaBarbaraCityCollege

INTRODUCTION

Thisinstructor'sresourcemanualwaswrittentoassistyouinthepreparationofthelabportionofthecourse.It servestocoordinatethelabswiththeorderingofmaterial,aidtheinstructororlabtechnicianinpreparingmaterial forthelab,provideadetailedlistofpreparationsandsourcesfororderingandinstructionalaidsintherunningofthe lab.Thismanualalsoprovidesanswerstothereviewquestionsatthebackofeachexercise.

Thelabmanualcontains43exercisesthatcoverthebreadthofhumananatomyandphysiology.Eachexercisecan beusedinitsentiretyorshorteneddependingonthetimeavailableoraccordingtoyourinterest.Labsvaryinterms ofequipment.Someexercisesmayneedtobemodifiedordeletedentirelyduetothephysicalconstraintsofthe institution.Thetextiswrittenforstudentswhoareintroductorystudentstothematerialandmayhavelittleorno chemistrybackground.

Ordersmustbemadeaheadoftimeforitemssuchassterilizedblood,livefrogs,enzymes,andothermaterialsfor thepreparationofsolutions.Manysupplycompanieswilltakeordersearlyandshipmaterialtoarriveatthe scheduledtime.Aslabsarebeingprepared,specificquantitiesofmaterialsneedtobeprepared.Ageneralruleof thumbistocalculatethetotalamountofmaterialthatwillbeusedinlabanddoublethatamount.

Materialslistedinthislabmanualaregenerallyindicatedasperstudent,pertable(assumingatableof4),orperlab section(25students).Testallreagentsandexperimentspriortotryingtheminlab.Noteanymodificationstothe experimentsforfutureuse.Iwouldbeveryhappytohearfromyourregardingcommentsorsuggestionsconcerning thelab.YoucancontactmethroughMcGraw-HilloratSantaBarbaraCityCollege.

Instructor'sresourcessuchasPowerPointreviewsattheendoflab,videos,computerpresentations,additionaltexts orillustrationsaddtostudents’comprehensionofthematerial.Somestudentswanttogobeyondthematerialat handandavailablereferencesarewonderfultohaveinthelab.

SAFETYINTHELAB

Safetyinthelabisoneoftheprimaryconcernsofanyinstructorteachinganatomyandphysiology.Safety guidelinesareprintedinthelabmanualandshouldbethoroughlycoveredbytheinstructorpriortobeginningthe lab.Severalpotentialhazardsoccurinthelabincluding:

1.Sharpobjectssuchasbrokenglassware,razorblades,scalpelbladesandotherpotentiallydangerouscutting orpuncturingobjects.Properdisposalofsharpobjectsisessentialasisthehandlingoftheseobjects.

2.Infectiousdiseases-studentsshouldwearbarrierglovesandprotectiveeyewearwhenhandlingbodily fluids.Studentsshouldhandleonlytheirownfluidsunlesscloselysupervisedbytheinstructororother qualifiedpersonnel.Studentsneedtobepreparedtoworkwithinfectiousagents.Thosestudentsentering thehealthprofessionwillpotentiallyencounterlethaldiseasesintheirprofessionandanearlyprotocolthat influencessafetyshouldconstantlybestressed.Evenifyouknowmaterialisnon-pathogenic,students shouldtreatitasifitis.Materialthathascomeintocontactwithbodilyfluidsmustbeplacedina10% bleachsolutionordepositedinasharpscontainer.

3.Disposalofanimalwastes–Properdisposalofanimalwasteiscritical.Ifyourinstitutiondoesnothavean incineratoryoushouldcheckwithuniversitiesnearbyoranimalcontrolfacilities.Materialpreservedwith formaldehydeshouldnotbedisposedofinlocallandfills.

4.Flamesorhotsurfaces-Mostoftheexperimentsrequiringheatingintheseexercisescanbedoneusinghot plates.Itisimportanttouseheat-proofglasswareonthehotplates.Glassfingerbowlsandhouseholdjars arenotheatproofandshouldnotbeheatedonhotplates.

5.Toxicmaterials-Someofthematerialinlabistoxic.Studentsshouldnoteatfoodinlabandmakesure theywashtheirhandsafterhandlingmaterialinlab.Spillsmustbecleaned-upimmediately.Allreagents usedinlabthatarepotentiallydangerousshouldhaveamanufacturer’ssafetydatasheet(MSDS)thatcan beconsultedifspillsoccur.

CORRELATIONS

ThislabmanualwaswritteninconjunctionwithSeeley’sAnatomyandPhysiology,11thedition.Ihaveprovided correlationsbetweentheLecturetextandtheLabManual,yetthelabmanualcanbeusedwithanystandardcollege anatomyandphysiologytext.

ChaptersinSeeley’sAnatomyandPhysiology,11th edition,byVanPutte,etal.

1TheHumanOrganism

2TheChemicalBasisofLife

3StructureandFunctionoftheCell

4Histology:TheStudyofTissues

CorrespondingExercisesinAnatomyandPhysiology LaboratoryManual,byEricWise

1IntroductiontoLabScience,Chemistry,Organs, Systems,andOrganizationoftheBody

2Microscopy

3CellStructureandFunction

4Tissues

5IntegumentarySystem 5IntegumentarySystem

6SkeletalSystem:BonesandBoneTissue 6IntroductiontotheSkeletalSystem

7SkeletalSystem:GrossAnatomy

7AppendicularSkeleton 8AxialSkeleton:Vertebrae,Ribs,Sternum, Hyoid 9AxialSkeleton-Skull

8ArticulationsandMovement 10Articulations

9MuscularSystem:HistologyandPhysiology 11MusclePhysiology

10MuscularSystem:GrossAnatomy

11FunctionalOrganizationofNervousTissue

12SpinalCordandSpinalNerves

13BrainandCranialNerves

14IntegrationofNervousSystemFunctions

15TheSpecialSenses

16AutonomicNervousSystem

12OverviewofMusclesand MusclesoftheShoulderandUpperExtremity 13MusclesoftheHip,Thigh,LegandFoot 14MusclesoftheHeadandNeck 15MusclesoftheTorso

16IntroductiontotheNervousSystem 19NervousSystemPhysiology-Stimuliand Reflexes

18SpinalCordandSomaticNerves

17BrainandCranialNerves

19NervousSystemPhysiology-Stimuliand Reflexes

20IntroductiontoSensoryReceptors

21TasteandSmell

22EyeandVision

23Ear,Hearing,andBalance

17FunctionalOrganizationoftheEndocrine System

18EndocrineGlands

19CardiovascularSystem:Blood

20CardiovascularSystem:TheHeart

30IntroductiontoBloodVesselsandArteriesof theUpperBody

21CardiovascularSystem:PeripheralCirculation andRegulation

22LymphaticSystemandImmunity

EXERCISE1 IntroductiontoLabScience,Chemistry,Organs,Systems, andOrganizationoftheBody

INTRODUCTION

Thislabintroducesthestudenttothefieldsofanatomyandphysiology,discussesscienceasageneralfieldofstudy, andprovidesaverybasicintroductiontochemistry.The"scientificmethod"isadescriptionofabroadnumberof proceduresandexperimentaltechniques.Thegoalsofvalidsciencehavecriteriaofexperimentalrepeatabilityand priorpublicationrightsthatarefollowedbymembersofthescientificcommunity.

Termssuchashypothesis,controlgroup,experimentalgroup,theory,andlawcanhelpstudentsdistinguishthe specificparametersofscientificstudyfromwhatiscommonlyperceivedassciencebythelayperson.Another importantareafordiscussionisthetopicofhonestyinscience.Courtcasesinvolvinginterpretationofdataby"paid consultants"hasblurredtheobjectivityofthescientificexperienceyetgooddiscussionscanbehadbyopening-up thetopicofhonestyinthecommercialdevelopmentofnewdrugsandtheneedforhonestappraisalofone'swork whentheeffortsofscienceareusedforpurposesthatconcernthehealthorwell-beingofpeople.

Anotherpartofthelabistointroducethestudenttotheideaofdatacollection,workingwithdata,graphingresults andinterpretingthedatainaverysimpleformat.Somestudentswillhavenodifficultywiththenumericalportion oftheexercisewhileothersmayfeelfrustrated.Itisagoodtimetomakeanearlyevaluationofstudents' relationshipstomathandthepotentialneedforanaugmentationoftheireffortsinmath.Someanatomyand physiologycourseshavechemistryasaprerequisiteandsomedonot.Thislabexerciseinvolvessomebasicand fundamentalconceptsofchemistrybutisnotmeanttocovereventheessentialsofchemistryneededforthecourse. Agoodreferencetothestudyofchemistryisimportantforthosestudentswhohavehadnochemistrybackground.

WhendiscussingtheatomicleveloforganizationhavingavailableMRIgraphicsfromlocalhospitalsorphysicians allowsstudentstoexaminetheimportanceofanatomicstudyfromvariousperspectivesandtechnologies.Itisalso importanttocomparedirectionaltermsforquadrupedswiththoseforhumansassuperiorandinferiorarespecific termsforhumans.Thetermsanterior/ventralandposterior/dorsalaresynonymousinhumanswhiletheanterior endofaquadrupedistowardthenosewhilethedorsalsideisalongthevertebralcolumn.

Planesofsectioningarealsoimportantconceptsinthestudyofanatomy.Illustrationsoforgansthathavebeen sectionedorthinsectionsoforgansembeddedinplasticmakegoodtoolsfordiscussingsectioningplanes.Likewise theuseoftorsomodelsforthediscussionofbodycavitiesprovidesagoodvisualmediumfordemonstration.

Moststudentshaveanintuitivesenseandsomefamiliaritywiththeregionsofthebody.Particularnoticeshouldbe giventospecificanatomictermssuchas"arm"(fromtheshouldertotheelbow)and"leg"(fromthekneetothe ankle).Descriptionsoftheabdominalregionareusuallyeasilyunderstood.Theterm"hypochondriac"comesfrom theGreekwordsmeaning"underthecartilage".Inearliertimesthehypochondriacareawasthoughttobethe centerofmelancholy.

TIME1.5-2hours

Acid/Base

Safetygogglesandgloves

Five10mLtesttubes

Testtuberack

10mLgraduatedcylinder

Permanentmarker

Distilledwaterindropperbottle

0.1MHClindropperbottle

0.1MNaOHindropperbottle

Bakingsoda(sodiumbicarbonate)

Sodiumchloride(tablesalt)

Wide-rangingpHpaper(pH1-14)

Parafilm®

Smallmetalspatula

Balanceandweighpaper

IonicandCovalentMolecules

18gaugewire

Alligatorclips

9voltbattery

6voltflashlightbulb

Miniaturescrewlampreceptacle(Carolina#756481orSargentWelch#CP33008-00)

Two50mLbeakers

15%sucrosesolutionindropperbottle

15%sodiumchloridesolutionindropperbottle

HydrogenBonds

Graduatedcylinder

Two50mLbeakers

Smallbottleofdistilledwater

Smallbottleofethanol(70%orgreater)

Hotplate(donotuseopenflame)

HeartRateandExercise

Clockorwatchwithaccuracyinseconds

Calculator

OrganSystemsSection

ModelsofHumanTorso

ChartsofHumanTorso

ANSWERSTOIN-TEXTQUESTIONS

Page2

1centigram 1kilosecond 1decameter 1nanoliter

4.3X106

3.4X10-5

2.2X103 1.9X10-3

Figure1.8 1.Respiratory 2.Urinary 3.Nervous 4.Muscular 5.Reproductive(female) 6.Skeletal

7.Lymphatic

8.Integumentary 9.Digestive 10.Endocrine 11.Cardiovascular

Page14

Findthefollowinglocationsonyourbodyandprovidetheappropriateanatomicaldescriptionfortheseregions. Shin Crural Elbow Cubital Neck Cervical Toes Digital Shoulder Acromial Thigh Femoral Kneecap Patellar

REVIEWANSWERS

1.Intermsofbaseunits

a.Themeteristhebaseunitoflengthinthemetricsystem.

b.Theliteristhebaseunitofvolumeinthemetricsystem?

2.Cubiccentimetersandmillilitersareinterchangeable,thereforethereare200cubic centimetersin200mL

3.Thereare1000mginonegramsotherewouldbe0.35gramsofmedicationin350mg.

4.3.45X10-4litersis0.000345literinscientificnotation.

5.Thereare4,500,000milligramsin4.5kilograms.

6.0.25meters

7.Ifgivenalengthof1/10,000ofameter

a.0.0001

b.1X10-4

8.Useawordtodescribe

a.Amillisecondisone-thousandthofasecond:

b.Akiloliterisone-thousandliters:

c.Acentimeterisone-hundredthofameter:

9.Determinedbyexperimentation.Heartrategenerallyincreaseswithexerciseuptoacertainpoint.Thereisa maximumheartratesothetrendwouldnotcontinue.

10.Inthiscase,exerciseistheindependentvariableandheartrateisthedependentvariable.

11.Determinedbyexperimentation

12.AchemicalthatdampensthechangeinpHwhenacidorbaseisaddedtosolution

13.7istheneutralpH

14.ApHof8ismorebasicthanapHof6

15.Thehydrogenionconcentrationincreases

16.Solutionswithmoreelectrolytesconductelectricitymoreeasilythansolutionsofpurewater.

17.Covalentbonds

18.Hydrogenbondsareweakbonds

19.physiology

20.organsystems

21.anatomicalposition

22.abdominalcavity

23.thoraciccavity

24.pelviccavity

25.a.shoulderandelbow

26.b.kneeandankle

27.c.organelle

28.epigastricandrighthypochondriac

29.superior

30.distal

31.deep

32.anterior/ventral

33.respiratory

34.digestive

35.muscular

36.d.dorsal

37.Theabdomenistheregionofthebellyandtheabdominalcavityisaspaceintheabdominalregion.

38. a.cervical b.acromial c.pectoral d.axillary e.brachial f.abdominal

g.antebrachial h.carpal

i.genital j.femoral k.crural

l.pedal

m.cephalic n.frontal

o.sternal p.coxal

39. a.midsagittal(median)

b.transverse

c.frontal

EXERCISE2 Microscopy

INTRODUCTION

Microscopyandbeginningstudentsareaninterestingcombination.Inanyintroductoryscienceclassthereare usuallystudentswhohavehadnoexperiencewithmicroscopes,thosewhohavehadsomeexperience(butithas beenlimited,orwithothertypesofmicroscopesthanthosefoundinthisparticularlab),andstudentswithquiteabit ofmicroscopeexperience.Anotherinterestingfactoristhegreatreluctanceonthepartofmanystudentstoadmit thattheydonotknowhowtouseamicroscope(ordonotknowhowtouseitcorrectly).

Itisworththeefforttodoademonstrationofthemicroscopebeforelettingstudentsusetheinstruments.Frequently whentheyhaveamicroscopeattheirdesksandyouaredemonstrating,theypaynoattentiontoyoubutfiddlewith themechanismsinfrontofthem.Oncetheyhavebeenshownthemicroscopeandlearnthepartsthentheyseemto haveaneasiertimewiththeexercise.

DiscussionsaboutcareofthemicroscopevaryfrominstructortoinstructorbutIthinkthatyoucannotassumethat yourstudentswillknowanythingaboutmicroscopecareunlessyouprovidethemwithspecificguidelines.Someof thesearelistedinthisexercise.Likewisetheknowledgeofthepartsofthemicroscopeisimportant.Studentswho knowthestructureofthemicroscopewillhaveagoodunderstandingofthefunctionsoftheparts.Microscope modelsvarybymanufacturersoyoumaywishtoprovidestudentswithalabeledillustrationofthemicroscopesin yourparticularlab.

TounderstandthefieldofviewIliketohavestudentsmeasureitdirectlyunderlowpower.Clearplasticmetric rulersworkwell.Youcanalsotakestandardmetricrulersandplaceseveralofthemonaphotocopymachineand runapieceofoverheadtransparencyacetatethroughthemachine.Cuttheacetatesheetsintosmall(10-15cm) sections.Studentscanplacethethinstripsofacetateontheirmicroscopestages,examinethemunderlowpower anddirectlymeasurethefieldofview.

Oncetheyhaveobtainedthisvaluetheycanswitchtothenexthigherobjectivelensandmaketheircountto determinethediameterofthefieldofview.Thediameterdecreasesininverseproportiontothemagnificationofthe lens.Thusifthediameteris4mmat40Xthenthediameterwillbe0.4ofthat(or1.6mm)at100X.The magnificationof100Xis2.5timesgreaterthan40Xsothefieldofviewis2.5timessmaller.

Whenworkingwithstudentsinlabitisgoodtohavethemgetstartedontheirmicroscopeworkthenwalkaround theroomtoseeifthestudentshaveputthemicroscopeslidesonthestagecorrectly.Determineiftheyknowhowto adjustthelight,movetheslidearound,focuscorrectly,etc.Sometimesstudentswillnotaskforhelpbutitis apparentfromalittleobservationthattheyneedit.OnequickmethodthatIhaveusedinlabistowalkaroundthe labasstudentsjuststarttoexaminetheirfirstslide.Ifthetipofthehighpowerobjectivelensis3-4cmabovethe mechanicalstageitiseasytodeterminethatstudentsneedalittlehelpfocusingthemicroscope.

Studentsusuallyhavenoproblemwiththepreparationofwetmountsotherthansometimestrappingairbubbles underthecoverslipornotputtingonacoverslipatall.Preparedslidesareeasytobeginwith,thoughmore expensivetoreplacethanthewetmountspreparedinlab.

TIME1.5hours

MATERIALS

Compoundlightmicroscopes

Preparedslidewiththelettere(ornewsprintandrazorblades)

Transparentmetricrulersorsectionsofoverheadacetatesofrulers

Glassmicroscopeslides

Coverslips

Lenspaper

Kimwipesorothercleaningpaper

Lenscleaner

Smalldropperbottleofwater(1pertable)

1%methylenebluesolution(1partmethylenebluecrystalsin100partsabsolutealcohol) Toothpicks

Histologicalslidesofkidney,stomach,orliver

Silkthreadspreparedslide

REVIEWANSWERS

1. a.70X b.150X c.200X

2.Coverslip

3.a.compoundmicroscope

4.Fieldofview

5.Tocontroltheamountoflightenteringthemicroscopeandadjustthedepthoffield

6.2.8mm

7. a.ocularlens b.bodytube c.arm

d.coarse-focusknob e.base f.objectivelens g.stage h.lightsource

8.Thereislessworkingdistance.

9.Thefieldofviewdecreaseswithincreasingmagnification.

10.Youshouldusethelow-powerobjectivelenswhenyoufirstexaminethemicroscopeslide.

11.Youshouldcleanthelensesofthemicroscopewithspeciallenspaperbyusingthepaperonce,thenthrowingit away.

12.Itisimportanttocarrythemicroscopeuprightandwithtwohands.

13.Itisapproximately1.5mm

Chapter1 TheHumanOrganism

StudentLearningOutcomes

Afterreadingthischapter,studentsshouldbeableto:

1.1ADefineanatomyanddescribethelevelsatwhichanatomycanbestudied.

1.1BDefinephysiologyanddescribethelevelsatwhichphysiologycanbestudied.

1.1CExplaintheimportanceoftherelationshipbetweenstructureandfunction.

1.2ANamethesixlevelsoforganizationofthebody,anddescribethemajorcharacteristics ofeachlevel.

1.2BListthe11organsystems,identifytheircomponents,anddescribethemajorfunctions ofeachsystem.

1.3AListanddefinethesixcharacteristicsoflife

1.4AExplainwhyitisimportanttostudyotherorganismsalongwithhumans.

1.5ADefinehomeostasisandexplainwhyitisimportantforproperbodyfunction.

1.5BDescribeanegative-feedbackmechanismandgiveanexample.

1.5CDescribeapositive-feedbackmechanismandgiveanexample.

1.6ADescribeapersonintheanatomicalposition.

1.6BDefinethedirectionaltermsforthehumanbody,andusethemtolocatespecificbody structures.

1.6CKnowthetermsforthepartsandregionsofthebody.

1.6DNameanddescribethethreemajorplanesofthebody.

1.6ENameanddescribethethreemajorwaystocutanorgan.

1.6FDescribethemajortrunkcavitiesandtheirdivisions.

1.6GLocateorgansintheirspecificcavity,abdominalquadrant,orregion.

1.6HDescribetheserousmembranes,theirlocations,andfunctions.

ChapterOutline

1.1AnatomyandPhysiology

1.Anatomyisthestudyofthebody’sstructures.

 Developmentalanatomyconsidersanatomicalchangesfromconceptiontoadulthood. Embryologyfocusesonthefirst8weeksofdevelopment.

 Cytologyexaminescells,andhistologyexaminestissues.

 Grossanatomystudiesorgansfromeitherasystemicoraregionalperspective.

2.Surfaceanatomyusessuperficialstructurestolocatedeeperstructures,andanatomical imagingisanoninvasivetechniqueforidentifyingdeepstructures.

3.Physiologyisthestudyofthebody’sfunctions.Itcanbeapproachedfromacellularora systemspointofview.

4.Pathologydealswithallaspectsofdisease.Exercisephysiologyexamineschanges causedbyexercise.

1.2StructuralandFunctionalOrganizationoftheHumanBody

1.Basicchemicalcharacteristicsareresponsibleforthestructureandfunctionsoflife.

2.Cellsarethebasicstructuralandfunctionalunitsoforganisms,suchasplantsand animals.Organellesaresmallstructureswithincellsthatperformspecificfunctions.

3.Tissuesarecomposedofgroupsofcellsofsimilarstructureandfunctionandthe materialssurroundingthem.Thefourprimarytissuetypesareepithelial,connective, muscle,andnervoustissues.

4.Organsarestructurescomposedoftwoormoretissuesthatperformspecificfunctions.

5.Organsarearrangedintothe11organsystemsofthehumanbody.

6.Organsystemsinteracttoformawhole,functioningorganism.

1.3CharacteristicsofLife

Humanssharemanycharacteristicswithotherorganisms,suchasorganization, metabolism,responsiveness,growth,development,andreproduction.

1.4BiomedicalResearch

Muchofourknowledgeabouthumansisderivedfromresearchonotherorganisms.

1.5Homeostasis

Homeostasisistheconditioninwhichbodyfunctions,bodyfluids,andotherfactorsofthe internalenvironmentaremaintainedatlevelssuitabletosupportlife.

NegativeFeedback

1.Negative-feedbackmechanismsmaintainhomeostasis.

2.Manynegative-feedbackmechanismsconsistofareceptor,acontrolcenter,and aneffector.

PositiveFeedback

1.Positive-feedbackmechanismsusuallyincreasedeviationsfromnormal.

2.Althoughafewpositive-feedbackmechanismsnormallyexistinthebody,most positive-feedbackmechanismsareharmful.

3.Normalpositive-feedbackmechanismsincludebloodclottingandchildbirth labor.Harmfulpositive-feedbackexamplesincludedecreasedbloodflowtothe heart.

1.6TerminologyandtheBodyPlan

BodyPositions

1.Ahumanstandingerectwiththefacedirectedforward,thearmshangingtothesides, andthepalmsfacingforwardisintheanatomicalposition.

2.Apersonlyingfaceupwardissupine;apersonlyingfacedownwardisprone.

DirectionalTerms

Directionaltermsalwaysrefertotheanatomicalposition,nomatterwhattheactual positionofthebody.

BodyPartsandRegions

1.Thebodycanbedividedintoacentralregion,consistingofthehead,neck,andtrunk, andtheupperlimbsandlowerlimbs.

2.Superficially,theabdomencanbedividedintoquadrantsorintonineregions.These divisionsareusefulforlocatinginternalorgansordescribingthelocationofapainor atumor.

Planes

1.PlanesoftheBody

 Asagittalplanedividesthebodyintorightandleftparts.Amedianplanedivides thebodyintoequalrightandlefthalves.

 Atransverse(horizontal)planedividesthebodyintosuperiorandinferior portions.

 Afrontal(coronal)planedividesthebodyintoanteriorandposteriorparts.

2.SectionsofanOrgan

 Alongitudinalsectionofanorgandividesitalongthelongaxis.

 Atransverse(cross)sectioncutsatarightangletothelongaxisofanorgan.

 Anobliquesectioncutsacrossthelongaxisofanorganatanangleotherthana rightangle.

BodyCavities

1.Themediastinumsubdividesthethoraciccavity.

2.Thediaphragmseparatesthethoracicandabdominalcavities.

3.Pelvicbonessurroundthepelviccavity.

SerousMembranes

1.Serousmembraneslinethetrunkcavities.Theparietalportionofaserousmembrane linesthewallofthecavity,andthevisceralportionisincontactwiththeinternal organs.

 Theserousmembranessecretefluid,whichfillsthespacebetweenthevisceral andparietalmembranes.Theserousmembranesprotectorgansfromfriction.

 Thepericardialcavitysurroundstheheart,thepleuralcavitiessurroundthelungs, andtheperitonealcavitysurroundscertainabdominalandpelvicorgans.

2.Mesenteriesarepartsoftheperitoneumthatholdtheabdominalorgansinplaceand provideapassagewayforbloodvesselsandnervestotheorgans.

3.Retroperitonealorgansarelocated“behind”theparietalperitoneum.

TopicsRelatedtotheStudyofAnatomyandPhysiology

Theuseofanimalsinresearchisrelevant,andthestudentsmayhavestrongopinionsaboutthe ethicalissuesinvolved.Discussprosandcons(includingfinancialconsiderations)for alternativestoanimalexperimentation,suchastissuecultureandcomputersimulation.

Anatomicalanomaliescanbeusedfordiscussionconcerningtheconceptofnormal.Anatomy andphysiologyarerepletewithreferencestonormalandabnormalstructuresandvalues. Studentswillbenefitfromtheclarificationofthemeaningoftheword“normal"asitwillbe usedwithinthecontextofthecourse.

Newspaper,magazine,orinternetsourcesrelatedtothenewimagingtechnologiescanhelp studentsappreciatetheamountofknowledgeofanatomyandphysiologyadiagnosticianmust possessinordertointerpretthosepotentiallymeaninglessimages.UsetheClinicalImpact: AnatomicalImaging,asthestartingpointforahomeworkassignmenttofindoutmore information.

Theexcellentphotographsfoundonthefirstpageofeverychapterillustratetechnological advancesinimagingtechniques.Theadventsoftheelectronmicroscope,patch-clamping, micro-electrodes,andradio-immunoassayhaveincreasedourabilitytoinvestigatecellstructures

andcellmembranetransport.Thenewestscanningtunnelingelectronmicroscopeshavetaken resolutiondowntothelevelofindividualmolecules.Classdiscussioncouldfocusonthe intriguingareaofcellularresearch.TheClinicalImpact:MicroscopicImaging,providesmore information.

ThemesinChapter1

StructureandFunction

MedicalTerminology

“WheninRome…”isaconceptthatcouldbeappliedtoknowingandusinganatomicaland medicalterminology.Studentsmustusetheirlanguageinordertocommunicatewithother scientistsandhealthcareprofessionals.Studentsneedtolearnthatthereisvalueinthe precisionofanatomicalterminology.Thenotionthatthebodyisacollectionofinterlocking partsisaconceptforeigntomanystudents,whoviewthebodyasasingularandsolidentity. Studentsmaynotrealizethereisaconnectionbetweenthewordsthatareusedinclassand theirownbodies.Pointoutthevaluablelistofprefixes,suffixes,andcombiningformsonthe backcoverofthebookandtheGlossary(pagesG-1toG-32)thatwillhelpthemgaina masteryofthis“new”language.AlsousefulisTable1.2,DirectionalTermsforHumans.

Homeostasis

Feedback

Spendtimeontheconceptsofpositiveandnegativefeedbacktoensurestudentunderstanding. Provideexamplesinadditiontothoseprovidedinthetext.Askstudentstothinkaboutand thendiscussexamplesofeventsthatpushthebodyoutofhomeostasisandhowthebody returnstohomeostasis.Discusswaysthebodycanbehelpedtoreturntohomeostasisin emergencies.BesurestudentsunderstandhowtointerprettheProcessFigure1.5and HomeostasisFigure1.6,becausethisformatisusedthroughoutthebookandcanbean invaluabletoolinunderstandingcomplexbodyprocesses.

CellTheoryandBiochemistry

Studentsmustassimilatethisfoundationalknowledgebeforetheycangraspmorecomplex physiologicalprocesseslikecellmembranetransportandcell-to-cellcommunication.Stress thepivotalpositionofcellsandbiochemistryinunderstandinghigherlevelsoforganization.

ChangesthroughTime

Studentsmustgraspthedifferencebetweenstructures/partsandfunctions/processes. Introducetheelementoftimeandthepossibilityofchangethroughtime(momenttomoment, overthelifespan,andevolutionarily)inbothstructuresandfunctions.

LearningOutcomesCorrelationwithPredictQuestionTypes

Chapter2

TheChemicalBasisofLife

StudentLearningOutcomes

Afterreadingthischapter,studentsshouldbeableto:

2.1ADefinematter,mass,andweight.

2.1BDistinguishbetweenelementsandatoms,andstatethefourmostabundantelementsin thebody.

2.1CNamethesubatomicparticlesofanatom,andindicatetheirmass,charge,andlocation inanatom.

2.1DDefineatomicnumber,massnumber,isotope,atomicmass,andmole.

2.1ECompareandcontrastionicandcovalentbonds.

2.1FDifferentiatebetweenamoleculeandacompound.

2.1GExplainwhatcreatesahydrogenbondandrelateitsimportance.

2.1HDescribesolubilityandtheprocessofdissociation,andpredictifacompoundor moleculeisanelectrolyteornonelectrolyte.

2.2ASummarizethecharacteristicsofsynthesis,decomposition,reversible,andoxidationreductionreactions.

2.2BIllustratewhatoccursindehydrationandhydrolysisreactions.

2.2CExplainhowreversiblereactionsproducechemicalequilibrium.

2.2DContrastpotentialandkineticenergy.

2.2EDistinguishbetweenchemicalreactionsthatreleaseenergyandthosethattakein energy.

2.2FDescribethefactorsthatcanaffecttherateofchemicalreactions.

2.3ADistinguishbetweeninorganicandorganiccompounds.

2.3BDescribehowthepropertiesofwatercontributetoitsphysiologicalfunctions.

2.3CDescribethepHscaleanditsrelationshiptoacidic,basic,andneutralsolutions.

2.3DExplaintheimportanceofbuffersinorganisms.

2.3EComparetherolesofoxygenandcarbondioxideinthebody.

2.4ADescribethestructuralorganizationandmajorfunctionsofcarbohydrates,lipids, proteins,andnucleicacids.

2.4BExplainhowenzymeswork.

2.4CDescribetherolesofnucleicacidsinthestructuresandfunctionsofDNA,RNA,and ATP.

ChapterOutline

2.1BasicChemistry Matter,Mass,andWeight

1.Matterisanythingthatoccupiesspaceandhasmass.

2.Massistheamountofmatterinanobject.

3.Weightresultsfromtheforceexertedbyearth’sgravityonmatter. ElementsandAtoms

1.Anelementisthesimplesttypeofmatterhavinguniquechemicalandphysical properties.

2.Anatomisthesmallestparticleofanelementthathasthechemicalcharacteristicsof thatelement.Anelementiscomposedofonlyonekindofatom.

3.Atomsconsistofprotons,neutrons,andelectrons.

 Protonsarepositivelycharged,electronsarenegativelycharged,andneutrons havenocharge.

 Protonsandneutronsareinthenucleus;electronsarelocatedaroundthenucleus, andcanberepresentedbyanelectroncloud.

4.Theatomicnumberistheuniquenumberofprotonsinanatom.Themassnumberis thesumoftheprotonsandtheneutrons.

5.Isotopesareatomsthathavethesameatomicnumberbutdifferentmassnumbers.

6.Theatomicmassofanelementistheaveragemassofitsnaturallyoccurringisotopes weightedaccordingtotheirabundance.

7.AmoleofasubstancecontainsAvogadro’snumber(6.022x1023)ofatoms,ions,or molecules.Themolarmassofasubstanceisthemassof1moleofthesubstance expressedingrams.

ElectronsandChemicalBonding

1.Thechemicalbehaviorofatomsisdeterminedmainlybytheiroutermostelectrons.A chemicalbondoccurswhenatomsshareortransferelectrons.

2.Ionsareatomsthathavegainedorlostelectrons.

 Anatomthatloses1ormoreelectronsbecomespositivelychargedandiscalleda cation.Ananionisanatomthatbecomesnegativelychargedafteraccepting1or moreelectrons.

 Anionicbondresultsfromtheattractionoftheoppositelychargedcationand aniontoeachother.

3.Acovalentbondformswhenelectronpairsaresharedbetweenatoms.Apolar covalentbondresultswhenthesharingofelectronsisunequalandcanproducea polarmoleculethatiselectricallyasymmetric.

MoleculesandCompounds

1.Amoleculeistwoormoreatomschemicallycombinedtoformastructurethat behavesasanindependentunit.Acompoundistwoormoredifferenttypesofatoms chemicallycombined.

2.Thekindsandnumbersofatoms(orions)inamoleculeorcompoundcanbe representedbyaformulaconsistingofthesymbolsoftheatoms(orions)plus subscriptsdenotingthenumberofeachtypeofatom(orion).

3.Themolecularmassofamoleculeorcompoundcanbedeterminedbyaddingupthe atomicmassesofitsatoms(orions).

IntermolecularForces

1.Ahydrogenbondistheweakattractionbetweentheoppositelychargedregionsof polarmolecules.Hydrogenbondsareimportantindeterminingthethree-dimensional structureoflargemolecules.

2.Solubilityistheabilityofonesubstancetodissolveinanother.Ionicsubstancesthat dissolveinwaterbydissociationareelectrolytes.Moleculesthatdonotdissociateare nonelectrolytes.

2.2ChemicalReactionsandEnergy SynthesisReactions

1.Asynthesisreactionisthechemicalcombinationoftwoormoresubstancestoforma neworlargersubstance.

2.Adehydrationreactionisasynthesisreactioninwhichwaterisproduced.

3.Thesumofallthesynthesisreactionsinthebodyiscalledanabolism. DecompositionReactions

1.Adecompositionreactionisthechemicalbreakdownofalargersubstancetotwoor moredifferentandsmallersubstances.

2.Ahydrolysisreactionisadecompositionreactioninwhichwaterisdepleted.

3.Thesumofallthedecompositionreactionsinthebodyiscalledcatabolism. ReversibleReactions

Reversiblereactionsproduceanequilibriumconditioninwhichtheamountofreactants relativetotheamountofproductsremainsconstant.

Oxidation-ReductionReactions

Oxidation-reductionreactionsinvolvethecompleteorpartialtransferofelectrons betweenatoms.

Energy

1.Energyistheabilitytodowork.Potentialenergyisstoredenergy,andkineticenergy isenergyresultingfromthemovementofanobject.

2.Chemicalenergy

 Chemicalbondsareaformofpotentialenergy.

 Chemicalreactionsinwhichtheproductscontainmorepotentialenergythanthe reactantsrequiretheinputofenergy.

 Chemicalreactionsinwhichtheproductshavelesspotentialenergythanthe reactantsreleaseenergy.

3.Heatenergy

 Heatenergyisenergythatflowsbetweenobjectsthatareatdifferent temperatures.

 Heatenergyisreleasedinchemicalreactionsandisresponsibleforbody temperature.

SpeedofChemicalReactions

1.Activationenergyistheminimumenergythatthereactantsmusthavetostarta chemicalreaction.

2.Enzymesarespecializedproteincatalyststhatlowertheactivationenergyfor chemicalreactions.Enzymesspeedupchemicalreactionsbutarenotconsumed oralteredintheprocess.

3.Increasedtemperatureandconcentrationofreactantscanincreasetherateof chemicalreactions.

2.3InorganicChemistry

Inorganicchemistryismostlyconcernedwithnon-carbon-containingsubstancesbutdoes includesomecarbon-containingsubstances,suchascarbondioxideandcarbonmonoxide thatlackcarbon-hydrogenbonds.Someinorganicchemicalsplayimportantrolesinthe body.

Water

1.Waterisapolarmoleculecomposedofoneatomofoxygenandtwoatomsof hydrogen.

2.Becausewatermoleculesformhydrogenbondswitheachother,waterisgoodat stabilizingbodytemperature,protectingagainstfrictionandtrauma,makingchemical reactionspossible,directlyparticipatinginchemicalreactions(e.g.,dehydrationand hydrolysisreactions),andservingasamixingmedium(e.g.,solutions,suspensions, andcolloids).

3.Amixtureisacombinationoftwoormoresubstancesphysicallyblendedtogether, butnotchemicallycombined.

4.Asolutionisanyliquid,gas,orsolidinwhichthesubstancesareuniformly distributedwithnoclearboundarybetweenthesubstances.

5.Asolutedissolvesinthesolvent.

6.Asuspensionisamixturecontainingmaterialsthatseparatefromeachotherunless theyarecontinually,physicallyblendedtogether.

7.Acolloidisamixtureinwhichadispersed(solutelike)substanceisdistributed throughoutadispersing(solventlike)substance.Particlesdonotsettleoutofa colloid.

SolutionConcentrations

1.Onemeasurementofsolutionconcentrationistheosmole,whichcontains Avogadro’snumber(6.022x1023)ofparticles(i.e.,atoms,ions,ormolecules)in1 kilogramofwater.

2.Amilliosmoleis1/1000ofanosmole.

AcidsandBases

1.Acidsareproton(H+)donors,andbases(OH-)areprotonacceptors.

2.Astrongacidorbasealmostcompletelydissociatesinwater.Aweakacidorbase partiallydissociates.

3.ThepHscaleshowstheH+concentrationsofvarioussolutions.

 AneutralsolutionhasanequalnumberofH+andOH-andisassignedapHof7.

 Acidicsolutions,inwhichthenumberofH+isgreaterthanthenumberofOH, havepHvalueslessthan7.

 Basic,oralkaline,solutionshavemoreOH-thanH+andapHgreaterthan7.

4.AsaltisamoleculeconsistingofacationotherthanH+andananionotherthanOHSaltsformwhenacidsreactwithbases.

5.Abufferisasolutionofaconjugateacid-basepairthatresistschangesinpHwhen acidsorbasesareaddedtothesolution.

OxygenandCarbonDioxide

Oxygenisnecessaryforthereactionsthatextractenergyfromfoodmoleculesinliving organisms.Whentheorganicmoleculesarebrokendownduringmetabolism,carbon dioxideandenergyarereleased.

2.4OrganicChemistry

Organicmoleculescontaincarbonandhydrogenatomsboundtogetherbycovalentbonds.

Carbohydrates

1.Monosaccharidesarethebasicbuildingblocksofothercarbohydrates.Examplesare ribose,deoxyribose,glucose,fructose,andgalactose.Glucoseisanespecially importantsourceofenergy.

2.Disaccharidemoleculesareformedbydehydrationreactionsbetweentwo monosaccharides.Theyarebrokenapartintomonosaccharidesbyhydrolysis reactions.Examplesofdisaccharidesaresucrose,lactose,andmaltose.

3.Apolysaccharideiscomposedofmanymonosaccharidesboundtogethertoforma longchain.Examplesincludecellulose,starch,andglycogen.

Lipids

1.Triglyceridesarecomposedofglycerolandfattyacids.One,two,orthreefattyacids canattachtotheglycerolmolecule.

 Fattyacidsarestraightchainsofcarbonmoleculeswithacarboxylgroup.Fatty acidscanbesaturated(havingonlysinglecovalentbondsbetweencarbonatoms) orunsaturated(havingoneormoredoublecovalentbondsbetweencarbon atoms).

 Energyisstoredinfats.

2.Phospholipidsarelipidsinwhichafattyacidisreplacedbyaphosphate-containing molecule.Phospholipidsareamajorstructuralcomponentofplasmamembranes.

3.Steroidsarelipidscomposedoffourinterconnectedringmolecules.Examplesare cholesterol,bilesalts,andsexhormones.

4.Otherlipidsincludefat-solublevitamins,prostaglandins,thromboxanes,and leukotrienes.

Proteins

1.Thebuildingblocksofaproteinareaminoacids,whicharejoinedbypeptidebonds.

2.Thenumber,kind,andarrangementofaminoacidsdeterminetheprimarystructureof aprotein.Hydrogenbondsbetweenaminoacidsdeterminesecondarystructure,and hydrogenbondsbetweenaminoacidsandwaterdeterminetertiarystructure. Interactionsbetweendifferentproteinsubunitsdeterminequaternarystructure.

3.Enzymesareproteincatalyststhatspeedupchemicalreactionsbyloweringtheir activationenergy.

4.Theactivesitesofenzymesbindonlytospecificreactants.

5.Cofactorsareionsororganicmolecules,suchasvitamins,thatarerequiredforsome enzymestofunction.

NucleicAcids:DNAandRNA

1.Thebasicunitofnucleicacidsisthenucleotide,whichisamonosaccharidewithan attachedphosphateandanorganicbase.

2.DNAnucleotidescontainthemonosaccharidedeoxyriboseandtheorganicbase adenine,thymine,guanine,orcytosine.DNAoccursasadoublestrandofjoined nucleotides.Eachstrandiscomplementaryandantiparalleltotheotherstrand.

3.AgeneisasequenceofDNAnucleotidesthatdeterminesthestructureofaproteinor RNA.

4.RNAnucleotidesarecomposedofthemonosaccharideribose.Theorganicbasesare thesameasforDNA,exceptthatthymineisreplacedwithuracil.

AdenosineTriphosphate

Adenosinetriphosphate(ATP)storesenergyderivedfromcatabolism.Theenergy releasedfromATPisusedinanabolismandothercellprocesses.

TopicsRelatedtoLevelsofOrganizationandtheChemicalBasisofLife

Manypeopleentertheirfirstcourseinanatomyandphysiologyenvisioningthebodyasasolid andsingularentitythathasteleologicalcontrolofitsinternalfunctions.Toincreasestudent understandingdevelopashortwrittenassignmentthatasksthemtointegratethevariouslevelsof organizationthatareintroducedhereandinChapter1.Here’sanexample:Chooseanybody partororgan,suchasthehandorheart.Nameallstructurallevelsofthechoiceincluding molecules,organelles,cells,tissues,organs,etc.

Introducetheproductionandusesofradioactiveisotopesduringthediscussionofatomic structure.UsetheClinicalImpact:ApplicationsofAtomicParticlesasareadingassignment andaskstudentstothinkaboutthepossibledamagetoothermacromolecules,suchasthecellular DNA,andtoweighthatriskagainstthepotentialtherapeuticbenefitsofradiationtherapy.

Manyclinicaltestshaveachemicalbasis.Forhomeworkhavestudentsresearchdiagnostictests andproceduresanddeterminethechemicalfoundationofeach.

Engineeringandbiologicalproblemsareassociatedwiththebioengineeringofsynthetic substancesthatreplacebodychemicalsortissues.Havetheclassdiscussthechemicaland biologicalconsiderationsofsuchnewtechnologiessuchas:Teflonhipreplacements,synthetic hormones,artificialheartvalves,andsyntheticblood.

ThemesinChapter2

StructureandFunction

EnzymeSpecificityandProteinFunctions

Althoughtherearemanyexamplesofstructuralandfunctionalrelationshipswithachemical

basis,perhapstheexamplethatstudentscanmostreadilygraspisthelockandkeymodelof enzyme/substrateinteractions.Thismetaphoreasilyexpandstothenextlevelsof organization,whichareotherfunctionsofproteininthecellmembrane,cell,tissues,andthe body.Proteinshaveacomplexstructureandavarietyoffunctionsthatdependonspecific structuralparameters.Askstudents,“Howdoesthestructureofaproteinaffectitsfunction?” (Examples:collagen,insulin,hemoglobin)Changingthestructureofaproteinwillalterits functionalcapabilities.Thisthemerecursinthestudyofanatomyandphysiology.

FunctionsofOrganicMolecules

Thefollowingtablesareexcellentresourcesaboutthefunctionofthedifferentorganic moleculesinthebody:Table2.6,RoleofCarbohydratesintheBody,Table2.7,Roleof LipidsintheBody,andTable2.8,RoleofProteinsintheBody.

Homeostasis

ChemicalEquilibrium

Theconceptofchemicalequilibriumis,inessence,asimplerformofthedynamicequilibrium establishedandmaintainedbythebody.Helpstudentsexplorethesimilaritiesanddifferences betweenchemicalequilibriumandbiologicalhomeostasis.

LearningOutcomesCorrelationwithPredictQuestionTypes

Chapter3

StructureandFunctionoftheCell

StudentLearningOutcomes

Afterreadingthischapter,studentsshouldbeableto:

3.1AListthegeneralpartsofacell.

3.1BRelateandexplainthefourmainfunctionsofcells.

3.2ARelatethekindsofmicroscopesusedtostudycells.

3.3ADescribethefunctionsandgeneralstructureoftheplasmamembrane.

3.3BRelatewhyamembranepotentialisformed.

3.4AListanddescribethefunctionsofmembranelipids.

3.4BExplainthenatureofthefluid-mosaicmodelofmembranestructure.

3.5AListandexplainthefunctionsofmembraneproteins.

3.5BDescribethecharacteristicsofspecificity,competition,andsaturationoftransport proteins.

3.6ADescribethenatureoftheplasmamembraneinreferencetopassageofmaterials throughit.

3.6BListandexplainthethreewaysthatmoleculesandionscanpassthroughtheplasma membrane.

3.6CDiscusstheprocessofdiffusionandrelateittoaconcentrationgradient.

3.6DExplaintheroleofosmosisandosmoticpressureincontrollingthemovementofwater acrosstheplasmamembrane.Illustratethedifferencesamonghypotonic,isotonic,and hypertonicsolutionsintermsofwatermovement.

3.6EDescribemediatedtransport.

3.6FCompareandcontrastfacilitateddiffusion,activetransport,andsecondaryactive transport.

3.6GDescribetheprocessesofendocytosisandexocytosis.

3.7ADescribethecompositionandfunctionsofthecytoplasm.

3.7BDescribethecompositionandfunctionofthecytoskeleton.

3.8ADefineorganelle.

3.8BDescribethestructureandfunctionofthenucleusandnucleoli.

3.8CExplainthestructureandfunctionofribosomes.

3.8DComparethestructureandfunctionsofroughandsmoothendoplasmicreticula.

3.8EDiscussthestructureandfunctionoftheGolgiapparatus.

3.8FDescribetheroleofsecretoryvesiclesinthecell.

3.8GComparethestructureandrolesoflysosomesandperoxisomesindigestingmaterial withinthecell.

3.8HRelatethestructureandfunctionofproteosomes.

3.8IDescribethestructureandfunctionofmitochondria.

3.8JExplainthestructureandfunctionofthecentrosome.

3.8KComparethestructureandfunctionofcilia,flagella,andmicrovilli.

3.9ADescribethetwo-stepprocessthatresultsingeneexpression.

3.9BExplaintherolesofDNA,mRNA,tRNA,andrRNAintheproductionofaprotein.

3.9CExplainwhatthegeneticcodeisandwhatitiscodingfor.

3.9DDescribewhatoccursduringposttranscriptionalprocessingandposttranslational processing.

3.9EDescribetheregulationofgeneexpression.

3.10ADescribethestagesofthecelllifecycle.

3.10BGivethedetailsofDNAreplication.

3.10CExplainwhatoccursduringmitosisandcytokinesis.

3.10DDefineapoptosis.

3.11AListthemajorhypothesesofaging.

ChapterOutline

3.1FunctionsoftheCell

1.Theplasmamembraneformstheouterboundaryofthecell.

2.Thenucleusdirectsthecell’sactivities.

3.Thecytoplasm,betweenthenucleusandtheplasmamembrane,iswheremostcell activitiestakeplace.

4.Cellsperformthefollowingfunctions:

 Cellsmetabolizeandreleaseenergy.

 Cellssynthesizemolecules.

 Cellsprovideameansofcommunication.

 Cellsreproduceandprovideforinheritance.

3.2HowWeSeeCells

1.Lightmicroscopesallowustovisualizethegeneralfeaturesofcells.

2.Electronmicroscopesallowustovisualizethefinestructureofcells.

3.3PlasmaMembrane

1.Theplasmamembranepassivelyoractivelyregulateswhatentersorleavesthecell.

2.Theplasmamembraneiscomposedofaphospholipidbilayer,inwhichproteinsare suspended(commonlydepictedbythefluid-mosaicmodel).

3.4MembraneLipids

Lipidsgivetheplasmamembranemostofitsstructureandsomeofitsfunction.

3.5MembraneProteins

1.Membraneproteinsfunctionasmarkermolecules,attachmentproteins,transportproteins, receptorproteins,andenzymes.

2.Transportproteinsincludechannelproteins,carrierproteins,andATP-poweredpumps.

3.Somereceptorproteinsarelinkedtoandcontrolchannelproteins.

4.SomereceptormoleculesarelinkedtoGproteincomplexes,whichcontrolnumerous cellularactivities.

3.6MovementThroughthePlasmaMembrane

1.Lipid-solublemoleculespassthroughtheplasmamembranereadilybydissolvinginthe lipidbilayer.Smallmoleculesdiffusebetweenthephospholipidmoleculesoftheplasma membrane.

2.Largenon-lipid-solublemoleculesandions(e.g.,glucoseandaminoacids)are transportedthroughthemembranebytransportproteins.

3.Large,non-lipid-solublemolecules,aswellasverylargemoleculesandevenwholecells, canbetransportedacrossthemembraneinvesicles.

PassiveMembraneTransport

1.Diffusionisthemovementofasubstancefromanareaofhighersoluteconcentration tooneoflowersoluteconcentration(downaconcentrationgradient).

2.Theconcentrationgradientisthedifferenceinsoluteconcentrationbetweentwo pointsdividedbythedistanceseparatingthepoints.

3.Therateofdiffusionincreaseswithanincreaseintheconcentrationgradient,an increaseintemperature,adecreaseinmolecularsize,andadecreaseinviscosity.

4.Theendresultofdiffusionisuniformdistributionofmolecules.

5.Diffusionrequiresnoexpenditureofenergy.

6.Osmosisisthediffusionofwater(solvent)acrossaselectivelypermeablemembrane.

7.Osmoticpressureistheforcerequiredtopreventthemovementofwateracrossa selectivelypermeablemembrane.

8.Isosmoticsolutionshavethesameconcentrationofsoluteparticles,hyperosmotic solutionshaveagreaterconcentrationofsoluteparticles,andhyposmoticsolutions havealesserconcentrationofsoluteparticles.

9.Cellsplacedinanisotonicsolutionneitherswellnorshrink.Inahypertonicsolution, theyshrink(crenate);inahypotonicsolution,theyswellandmayburst(lyse).

10.Mediatedtransportisthemovementofasubstanceacrossamembranebymeansofa transportprotein.Thesubstancestransportedtendtobelarge,water-soluble molecules.

11.Facilitateddiffusionmovessubstancesdowntheirconcentrationgradientanddoes notrequireenergy(ATP).

ActiveMembraneTransport

1.Activetransportcanmovesubstancesagainsttheirconcentrationgradientand requiresATP.Anexchangepumpisanactivetransportmechanismthat simultaneouslymovestwosubstancesinoppositedirectionsacrosstheplasma membrane.

2.Insecondaryactivetransport,anionismovedacrosstheplasmamembranebyactive transport,andtheenergyproducedbytheiondiffusingbackdownitsconcentration gradientcantransportanothermolecule,suchasglucose,againstitsconcentration gradient.

3.Vesiculartransportisthemovementoflargevolumesorreleaseofsubstancesacross theplasmamembranethroughtheformationorreleaseofavesicle.

4.Endocytosisisthebulkmovementofmaterialsintocells.

 Phagocytosisisthebulkmovementofsolidmaterialintocellsbytheformationof avesicle.

 Pinocytosisissimilartophagocytosis,exceptthattheingestedmaterialismuch smallerandisinsolution.

5.Receptor-mediatedendocytosisallowsforendocytosisofspecificmolecules.

6.Exocytosisisthesecretionofmaterialsfromcellsbyvesicleformation.

7.Endocytosisandexocytosisbothrequireenergy.

3.7Cytoplasm

Thecytoplasmisthematerialoutsidethenucleusandinsidetheplasmamembrane. Cytosol

1.Cytosolconsistsofafluidpart(thesiteofchemicalreactions),thecytoskeleton,and cytoplasmicinclusions.

2.Thecytoskeletonsupportsthecellandisresponsibleforcellmovements.Itconsists ofproteinfibers.

 Microtubulesarehollowtubescomposedoftheproteintubulin.Theyform spindlefibersandarecomponentsofcentrioles,cilia,andflagella.

 Actinfilamentsaresmallproteinfibrilsthatprovidestructuretothecytoplasmor causecellmovements.

 Intermediatefilamentsareproteinfibersthatprovidestructuralstrengthtocells.

3.Membranesdonotsurroundcytoplasmicinclusions,suchaslipochromes.

3.8TheNucleusandCytoplasmicOrganelles

Organellesaresubcellularstructuresspecializedforspecificfunctions.

TheNucleus

1.Thenuclearenvelopeconsistsofadoublemembranewithnuclearpores.

2.DNAandassociatedproteinsarefoundinsidethenucleusaschromatin.

3.DNAisthehereditarymaterialofthecell.Itcontrolscellactivitiesbyproducing proteinsthroughRNA.

4.AgeneisaportionofaDNAmolecule.Genesdeterminetheproteinsinacell.

5.NucleoliconsistofRNAandproteinsandarethesitesofribosomalsubunitassembly.

Ribosomes

1.Ribosomesconsistofsmallandlargesubunitsmanufacturedinthenucleolusand assembledinthecytoplasm.

2.Ribosomesarethesitesofproteinsynthesis.

3.Ribosomescanbefreeorassociatedwiththeendoplasmicreticulum.

EndoplasmicReticulum

1.Theendoplasmicreticulumisanextensionoftheoutermembraneofthenuclear envelope;itformstubulesorsacs(cisternae)throughoutthecell.

2.Theroughendoplasmicreticulumhasribosomesandisasiteofproteinsynthesisand modification.

3.Thesmoothendoplasmicreticulumlacksribosomesandisinvolvedinlipid production,detoxification,andcalciumstorage.

GolgiApparatus

TheGolgiapparatusisaseriesofcloselypacked,modifiedcisternaethatmodify, package,anddistributelipidsandproteinsproducedbytheendoplasmicreticulum.

SecretoryVesicles

Secretoryvesiclesaremembrane-boundsacsthatcarrysubstancesfromtheGolgi apparatustotheplasmamembrane,wherethecontentsofthevesiclesarereleasedby exocytosis.

Lysosomes

1.Lysosomesaremembrane-boundsacscontaininghydrolyticenzymes.Withinthe cell,theenzymesbreakdownphagocytizedmaterialandnonfunctionalorganelles (autophagy).

2.Enzymesreleasedfromthecellbylysisorenzymessecretedfromthecellcandigest extracellularmaterial.

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomesaremembrane-boundsacscontainingenzymesthatdigestfattyacidsand aminoacids,aswellasenzymesthatcatalyzethebreakdownofhydrogenperoxide.

Proteasomes

Proteasomesarelarge,multienzymecomplexes,notboundbymembranesthatdigest selectedproteinswithinthecell.

Mitochondria

1.MitochondriaarethemajorsitesfortheproductionofATP,whichcellsuseasan energysource.

2.Themitochondriahaveasmoothoutermembraneandaninnermembranethatis infoldedtoformcristae.

3.MitochondriacontaintheirownDNA,canproducesomeoftheirownproteins,and canreplicateindependentlyofthecell.

CentriolesandSpindleFibers

1.Centriolesarecylindricalorganelleslocatedinthecentrosome,aspecializedzoneof thecytoplasmthatservesasthesiteofmicrotubuleformation.

Solutions for Seeleys Anatomy And Physiology 11th Us Edition by Vanputte

EleventhEdition

TABLEOFCONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

SAFETYINTHELAB

CORRELATIONS

EXERCISE1 IntroductiontoLabScience,Chemistry,Organs,Systems, andOrganizationoftheBody

INTRODUCTION

REVIEWANSWERS

EXERCISE2 Microscopy

INTRODUCTION

REVIEWANSWERS

Chapter1 TheHumanOrganism

StudentLearningOutcomes

ChapterOutline

TopicsRelatedtotheStudyofAnatomyandPhysiology

ThemesinChapter1

StructureandFunction

MedicalTerminology

Homeostasis

CellTheoryandBiochemistry

ChangesthroughTime

LearningOutcomesCorrelationwithPredictQuestionTypes

Chapter2

TheChemicalBasisofLife

StudentLearningOutcomes

ElectronsandChemicalBonding

MoleculesandCompounds

SpeedofChemicalReactions

2.3InorganicChemistry

Water

SolutionConcentrations

AcidsandBases

OxygenandCarbonDioxide

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

NucleicAcids:DNAandRNA

TopicsRelatedtoLevelsofOrganizationandtheChemicalBasisofLife

ThemesinChapter2

StructureandFunction

LearningOutcomesCorrelationwithPredictQuestionTypes

Chapter3

StructureandFunctionoftheCell

StudentLearningOutcomes

ActiveMembraneTransport

EndoplasmicReticulum

CentriolesandSpindleFibers