WHAT IS TRAUMA? The American Psychological Association defines trauma as an emotional response to a terrible event like experiencing an accident, being the victim of a crime, or enduring a natural disaster. The variety of individual responses to trauma can make it challenging to define. In the face of these difficulties, it is essential to understand the meaning and effects of such distress.
Trauma: Sudden And Unpredictable Trauma can stem from a multitude of experiences in which a person finds them emotionally or physically threatening and beyond their control. The more fearful and helpless an individual feels, the more traumatic the situation becomes. These situations may lead to distressing emotions, painful memories and anxiety. Widely perceived causes of trauma are generally associated with horrific crimes or war. However, more commonly overlooked causes include bullying, abandonment, harassment, psychological abuse, childbirth and losing a loved one. In fact, these types of traumas may cause an exponentially negative impact on other situations such not achieving a goal, birthing, parenting or maintaining healthy relationships. Trauma impacts a person’s control over their life, leading to emotional dysregulation. Regardless of the type of event, trauma distorts the way a person thinks, acts, feels and interferes with daily functioning.
Types Of Trauma
Acute Trauma
Acute trauma results from a single incident or dangerous events, such as a car accident, death of a loved one, mass shooting, or natural disaster (hurricane, flood, earthquake) Chronic Trauma Chronic trauma is repeated and prolonged, such as domestic abuse or child abuse. Complex Trauma Complex trauma is exposure to multiple traumatic events, usually affecting a person’s overall health, relationships, and daily functioning. For example, ongoing sexual, physical, or emotional abuse combined with medical abuse or abandonment. Vicarious Trauma Vicarious trauma, also known as secondary trauma, occurs when a person has close contact with someone who has experienced a traumatic event. For example, people who work in victim services such as law enforcement, medical services or fire services.
The Emotional And Physical Distress Of Trauma A tragic event is heart-wrenching. The challenge continues even as an individual who tries to cope with the emotional reactions. Experiencing trauma can increase anger, fear, shame, denial, confusion, guilt and irritability. This is not only because of the traumatic event itself but because victims often brush off the emotional experience of the event. Unlike most memories, trauma makes the memories recurring. The trauma brings the sensations and emotions back into the present. Trauma can also have physical effects such as digestive issues, fatigue, headaches, racing heart, shaking, and becoming easily startled.
A counselor who is trained in trauma is mindful of these consequences when discussing trauma. What affects one person may not affect another to the same degree. Physical effects correlate with the human fight, flight or freeze responses. When in the triggered condition, a person will fight back, run away or standstill. These responses are common to all people.
Trauma Might Lead To PTSD The combination of those emotional responses and physical effects can lead to what is known as PostTraumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD. It is defined as a disorder that may occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event who have been threatened with death, sexual violence or severe injury.