Tellura Youth Journal: Issue 1, December 2020

tellura youth journal

a guide to frontiers in science

Tellura—YouthJournal—Issue1December2020

CoverdesignedbyRosalieWang.Thearticleswithinthispublicationaretheintellectualpropertyoftheir respectiveauthors,andmustbecitedappropriately.Theymaynotbereproducedinanywaywithout priorpermissionfromtheauthors.TheremainingcontentwithinthispublicationisunderanMITLicense, andsupportstheOpenSourceInitiative.Moreinformationcanbefoundon https://tellura-sci.web.app/about

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Authors,listedalphabetically

GraceGoodale

JessicaSmuk

JessicaSong

MaliahWilson

RidhiGopalakrishnan

XindiWang

TelluraMembersInvolved

MahsaGholiof,HeadofYouthJournal AlyssaMurdoch,Editor

ChelseaShi,Editor

HamdaAltaf,Editor

ManvirChima,Editor SarahDiMatteo,Editor RosalieWang,HeadDesigner

TelluraisastudentorganizationofMcMasterUniversitystudents.Itsmissionistoprovideasetof accessibleguides,materials,andopportunitiesthathelphighschoolandmiddleschoolstudentslearn aboutscientificresearch.

Contents

1Introduction iii

2H2 SHasComplexEffectsonMultipleDifferentAspectsofHumanPhysiologyiv

3PlayingYourMeds:VideoGamesasNeuroplasticity-BasedMentalIllnessTreatmentvi

4EffectsofGlyphosate’sChemicalPropertiesonLengthofEnvironmentalPresenceand SoilToxicity xi

5RelationshipBetweenMitochondrialHealthAndOverallWell-Beingxii

6SittingDisease:WhySittingTooMuchisDetrimentaltoMetabolicProcessesxiv

7TheControversialCarnivoreDietxvii

1Introduction

DearReader,

WelcometoIssue1ofthethisYouthJournal!IthasbeenorganizedbyTellura,whichisanewundergraduatestudentclubatMcMasterUniversity.Telluraprovidesopportunitiesandresourcesforstudentsin grades7to12.Thefollowingjournalarticlesarewrittenbysecondaryschoolstudentswhoarepairedup withundergraduateeditorsandreceiveguidanceandfeedbackfromthem.Ouryouthjournalaimsatgiving secondaryschoolstudentsachancetopracticesciencewritingandimprovetheirskillsthroughreceivingand applyingfeedback.

Thisissuepresentsadiverserangeoftopics,includingH2S’scomplexeffectsonmultipledifferentaspectsofhumanphysiology,videogamesasneuroplasticity-basedmentalillnesstreatment,theeffectsof glyphosate’schemicalpropertiesonlengthofenvironmentalpresenceandsoiltoxicity,therelationshipbetweenmitochondrialhealthandoverallwell-being,sittingdiseaseandwhysittingtoomuchisdetrimental tometabolicprocesses,thecontroversialcarnivorediet,andtheimportanceofvitaminB2inourbodies.

Thankyoutotheentireyouthjournaldepartmentandalltheauthorsfortheirhardworkinassembling thisissue.Wehopethatyouwillenjoythefirstissueofouryouthjournalandthatwillfindthearticles valuableandinsightful.

Allthebest,

MahsaGholiof HeadofYouthJournal

2H2SHasComplexEffectsonMultipleDifferentAspectsofHumanPhysiology

XindiWang,editedbyManvirChima

Asavaluablenutrientfororganisms,sulphurisakeycomponentofaproportionofaminoacidsand otherbiomolecules [1].Hydrogensulfideisanimportantsignalingmoleculeproducedbysulphur-containing molecules,suchascysteineandhomocysteine [2].H2S,thoughitisasimplemolecule,haseffectsonmultiple differentaspectsofhumanphysiology.

Hydrogensulfide-releasingdrugscanbeusedtohealinflammationandintestinalulcers,whicharecharacteristicsofinflammatoryboweldiseasecausedbyintestinalbacteria [3].Dr.Buretexplainsaboutthisina journalpublishedin2017,”theintestinalbacteria’svirulenceisdependentontheavailabilityofirontothe bacteria.Thehydrogensulfide-releasingdrugswereabletocleanupironcontainedintheintestines,limiting bacteria’scontacttoiron,thusreducingbacterialvirulence”.Theapplicationofhydrogensulfidestimulates specificchemicalreactionsinthehumanbody,reducingtheintestinalbacteria’svirulence,bringingbeneficial effectsthatassistwithhealing,hencemakingsignificantimpactsinthehumanbody [3] .

Hydrogensulfidehasantidepressant-likeandanxiolytic-likeeffects [4].Ithelpsthefunctionsofthe hippocampus,apartofthebrainthatregulatesmotivation,emotion,learning,andmemory.Reduced anxiety-likebehaviorsinsubjectsareobservedinmultipleexperimentstestingforthespecificantidepressantlikeeffectofH2S,includingtheforcedswimmingtestofmiceandrats,thetailsuspensiontestofmice,and theelevatedplus-mazetestofmiceandrats.TheresultsshowaresistantactionofH2Sindepressive-like andanxiety-likebehaviorsandsuggestthatraisingH2Ssignalinginthebraincouldpossiblyleadtonew discoveriesforthetreatmentofdepressionandanxiety,therebyindicatinghydrogensulfide’scomplexeffects onhumanphysiology [4]

H2Scanbefurtherinvestigatedintestingforschizophrenia.Forty-onepatientswithschizophreniaand fortyhealthycontrolsubjectsparticipatedinmultipleexperimentsatNanchang,whereplasmahydrogen sulphidelevelsweremeasured [5].H2Slevelswerenotablylowinpatientscomparedwithhealthysubjects (F=3.821,p=0.007).Apositiverelationshipwasobservedbetweenhydrogensulfidelevelsandworking memory(r=0.416,p=0.007),visualmemory(r=0.363,p=0.020),andexecutivefunction(r=0.344,p =0.028)inpatients.ThegapbetweentheH2Slevelinschizophreniapatientsandthehealthysubjectsin theexperimentsweresignificant.ThissuggeststhatdecreasedH2Scouldbeanindicatorofschizophrenia, whichimpliesthecloserelationshipbetweenhydrogensulphideandpsychopathologyandcognitivedeficits ofschizophrenia [5],therebyrevealingthatH2Sinthehumanbodyhascrucialeffectsonhumanphysiology.

References

1.Freedman,B.(2014). Sulfurcycle. InK.L.Lerner&B.W.Lerner(Eds.), TheGaleEncyclopediaof Science (5thed.).Gale. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CV2644032169/SCIC?u=ko k12pr d29 &sid=SCIC&xid=99cf1154

2.Kabiletal.(2014). Sulfurasasignalingnutrientthroughhydrogensulfide. https://www.ncbi.nlm .nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4684266/

3.Guoetal.(2016).EmergingRolesofHydrogenSulfideinInflammatoryandNeoplasticColonic Diseases. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A540191099/SCIC?u=ko k12pr d29&sid=SCIC&xid=5 c68314

4.Chenetal.(2013). MentalHealthWeeklyDigest,37. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A353707 809/SCIC?u=ko k12pr d29&sid=SCIC&xid=552e0363

5.Xiongetal.(2018). DecreasedPlasmaLevelsofGasotransmitterHydrogenSulfideinPatientswith Schizophrenia. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29777287/

3PlayingYourMeds:VideoGamesasNeuroplasticity-Based MentalIllnessTreatment

JessicaSong,editedbyHamdaAltaf

Imagineaworldwhere,insteadofneedingtotakeyourmedicationaspills,youplaythirtyminutesof prescribedvideogames.Wait.Stopimagining,becausethisworldalreadyexists.

Certainly,avideogamewouldnotcometoyourmindwhenyouthinkofmedicine,butforoneUCSFprofessor,Dr.Gazzaley,itdid.AdamGazzaleyMD,PhDisaneuroscientistandphysicianleadingNeuroscape Lab,oneoftheWestCoast’slargestneuroscienceresearchcentres.

Throughcombiningthepowerofgamesystemswithourbrain’sincrediblemalleability,Dr.Gazzaleyhas createdtheworld’sfirstFDA-approvedprescriptionmedicationforADHD [5].This”playablemedicine”[7] is justtheverybeginningofwhatmaytransformourcurrentconventionalapproachtomentalhealthdisorders.

DefiningtheNeuroplasticBrain

Whenablindmanregainssight,whenawomanbornwithhalfabrainlearnstofunctionnormally,when childrenwithcerebralpalsybeginskippinggracefully,whatdoweattributethese”miraculousrecoveries” to?Neuroplasticity [1]

Oncethoughttohavebeenutterlyunchangeablesincebirth,thebrainisactuallyahighlymalleable networkofinterconnectedneuronsthatcanbestrengthened,wired,orrewiredinalmosteveryimaginable way.Thesechangesinneuralconnectionareexplainedbyneuroplasticity.AfascinatingexampleofneuroplasticityatworkintherealworldinvolvestaxicabdriversinLondon.Tobecomeataxidriver,onemust take”TheKnowledge,”aformidableexamthatinvolvesmemorizingLondon’s25,000+streets,landmarks andbusinesslocations [8]

AMcGillUniversitystudy [6] in2000demonstratedthatposteriorhippocampioftaxidrivers,abrain structureinvolvedinvisual-spatialprocessingandmemory,were”significantlylarger[insize]relativetothose whodidnotdrivetaxis.”Thesefindings,whichweresincereplicatednumeroustimes,providedsignificant evidencesupportingneuroplasticity.

Figure1:Dr.Gazzaley,founderofNeuroscapeLabandprofessorofNeurology,PhysiologyandPsychiatry atUCSF.(Source:RosenmanInstitute)

Figure2:AnenlargedsubsectiontakenfromthecompleteKnowledgemapofLondon.(Source:TheNew YorkTimes)

However,thisconceptremainedprimarilyconfinedwithinthescientificcommunityuntilthepublication ofNormanDoidge’spopularbook, TheBrainthatChangesItself [1].Thebook,whichsignificantlyhelped popularizetheconceptofneuroplasticity,detailsfascinatingcasestudiesof”miraculousrecoveries”made possiblethroughthepoweroftheneuroplasticbrain.Someincludeamanwhosingle-handedlycuredhis blindnessthroughmeditation,orapatientwhomanagedtoreverseallhissymptomsofParkinson’susing neuroplasticitytechniques [1] .

Scientistslargelyviewedsuchrecoveriesasimpossibleinthepast,butneuroplasticitydefinitivelyestablishesthatthebrainisnotanunchangeable,immovableblockyou’recursedtolivewithsincebirth.Rather, changinghabitsandexperienceshavethepotentialtochangeyourbrain.Remember:

”Neuronsthatfiretogether,wiretogether”—Dr.DonaldHebb,in TheOrganizationofBehavior [3]

ApplicationinADHDMedicine

ADHDmedicationshavesideeffects.Antidepressantshavesideeffects.Allmedicationshavesideeffects, buthaveyoueverwonderedwhy?Drug-basedmedicinetargetschemicalsinthebrain,knownasneurotransmitters.Thesechemicalsworktogetherinincrediblycomplexwaystokeepourbodyfunctioningand areinvolvedinpracticallyeverybodyfunction.Whetheritsmemory,arousal,musclemovement,ormood, neurotransmittersplayapartinitall.Andthisiswheretheproblemarises.

Certainneurotransmittersareverycomplexbecausethey’renotinvolvedinjustoneprocess,butmany. Forexample,serotonindeficiencyisassociatedwithdepression.However,serotonindoesn’tonlyregulate moodbutalsoaffectsappetite,sleep,memory,learning,andsexualarousal.Therefore,whenyoutake antidepressantsdesignedtoraiseserotoninlevelsinthebrain,theseotherfunctionsareimpactedaswell, leadingtoweightgain,problemssleeping,confusion,andlowsexdrive [2].Currentdrug-basedmedication isnot“selective”enoughtopickandchoosewhichfunctionstoaffectandleavealone.

Whenyoupickuponeendofthestick,youpickuptheother.

Figure3:AquickvisualImadetoillustratetheinevitablesideeffectsthatcomewithtakingantidepressants (oranymedicationthataffectsneurotransmission,forthatmatter).

Well,that’sfrustrating.Medicationformentalillnessisessential,sodowehavetolivewiththeside effectsforever?

Notquite.Thisiswhereneuroplasticitycanofferasolution.Ratherthanmessingwithneurotransmitter levelssothattheprosoutweighthecons,neuroplasticity-basedmedicinewillnudgeneuronstoformnew synapticconnectionsthatcantakeoverfunctionsunabletobeperformedduetoanimbalanceinneurotransmitterlevels [9].Putsimply,itencouragesthebrainto“fixitself” [7] .

Andweknowneuroplasticitywillcomethroughforus,becauseit’salreadybeendone.

VideoGamesasADHDTreatment

EndeavorRxisafun,challengingandFDA-approvedprescriptiontreatment.Justthreemonthsago,on June15,Dr.GazzaleyandhiscompanyAkiliInteractive [4] announcedthattheirvideogamehadbecome theworld’sfirsteverFDA-approveddigitaltreatment.

(Source:AkiliInteractive)

Thegamehasgonethrougharigoroustestingprocessinvolvingfiveclinicalstudiesofover600children withADHD.AkiliInteractive’sresultsdemonstratedthat,fourweeksofEndeavorRxtreatmentlater,athird ofchildrennolongerhadameasurableattentiondeficitonatleastonemeasureofobjectiveattention.As forthechildrens’day-to-daylife,halfofparentssawaclinicallymeaningfulchangeonemonthoftreatment withEndeavorRx;bythesecondmonth,thisnumberhadincreasedto68%.AfteramonthofEndeavorRx treatment,ImprovementsinADHDimpairmentsweremaintainedforuptoamonth” [4] .

Figure4:EndeavorRxsendskidszoomingdownicyhills,lavarivers,andavarietyofdifferentlandscapes.

Currently,therehavebeennoseveresideeffectsreportedwiththeuseofEndeavorRx.Non-seriousside effectsincludedfrustrationanddizziness [4],whichwereexperiencedby9.3%ofstudyparticipants.Although thevideogamehasbeenproventoyieldsubstantialimprovementsinchildrendiagnosedwithADHD,itis importanttoemphasizethatatitscurrentstate,EndeavorRxisnotmeanttoreplacedrug-basedmedications butrathersupplementthem.

Thoughthisvideogametreatmentisthefirstofitskind,thebeautyofEndeavorRxisthatitisnoninvasiveyetbackedbyclearevidenceandproventobeeffective.NotonlydoesitcombatADHDsymptoms, butEndeavorRxalsopavesavitalroadtothedevelopmentofmoredigitaltherapiesthatcanhelpallpeople livingwithcognitiveconditions.

”TheclearanceofEndeavorRxmarkstheculminationofnearlyadecadeofresearchanddevelopmentand wasfueledbythecommitmentofourteamandcollaboratorstochallengethestatusquoofmedicine.”— ScottKellogg,SeniorVPofMedicalDevicesatAkiliInteractive. [4]

TheFutureofMentalIllnessTreatment

ADHDisn’ttheonlymentalconditionthatdigitaltherapycantarget.Asmentionedearlier,drug-based treatmentformajordepressivedisordercomeswithahostofsideeffects,demonstratingareal,pressing needfornewneuroplasticity-basedtreatment.Thisappliestonotjustdepression,butschizophrenia,bipolar disorder,OCD,anxiety,andsomuchmore [7] .

Asresearchersenthusiasticallyconductstudiestodiscovermoreandmoreaboutourneuroplasticbrains, itbecomesexceedinglyclearthatourstatusquoofsufferingthroughsideeffectsdoesn’thavetoremainthis way.Inthefuture,itismorethanlikelythatemergingtechnologyandmedicinewillconvergetotransform healthcareasweknowit.Newfrontiersinmedicineandneurosciencewillresultinunconventionalyet compellingtreatments,allowingthoseaffectedbymentalillnesstoleadsecure,healthylives.

Afterall,it’salreadyhappening.

References

1.Doidge,N.(2007).Thebrainthatchangesitself:Storiesofpersonaltriumphfromthefrontiersof brainscience.NewYork:Viking.

2.Ferguson,J.M.(2001,February). SSRIAntidepressantMedications:AdverseEffectsandTolerability PrimarycarecompaniontotheJournalofclinicalpsychiatry. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc /articles/PMC181155/

3.Hebb,D.O.(1967). Theorganizationofbehavior;aneuropsychologicaltheory,(by)D.O.Hebb.Science Editions.NewYork,NewYork:JohnWileyandSons.

4.Ingredients,A.(2020,June15). AkiliAnnouncesFDAClearanceofEndeavorRx forChildrenwith ADHD,theFirstPrescriptionTreatmentDeliveredThroughaVideoGame https://www.akiliint eractive.com/news-collection/akili-announces-endeavortm-attention-treatment-is-now -available-for-children-with-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-al3pw

5.Kollins,S.H.(2020,February24).Anoveldigitalinterventionforactivelyreducing...Retrieved December27,2020,from https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landig/article/PIIS2589-750 0(20)30017-0/fulltext

6.Maguire,E.A.,Gadian,D.G.,Johnsrude,I.S.,Good,C.D.,Ashburner,J.,Frackowiak,R.S.J.,& Frith,C.D.(2000,April11). Navigation-relatedstructuralchangeinthehippocampioftaxidrivers PNAS. https://www.pnas.org/content/97/8/4398

7.Reid,Rob(Producer).(2017,August10). AdamGazzaley—ConsciousnessandNeuroscience[audio podcast].Retrievedfrom https://after-on.com/episodes/002

8.Rosen,J.(2014,November10). TheKnowledge,London’sLegendaryTaxi-DriverTest,PutsUpa FightintheAgeofGPS.RetrievedDecember27,2020,from https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/ 10/t-magazine/london-taxi-test-knowledge.html

9.Shaffer,J.(2016,July26). NeuroplasticityandClinicalPractice:BuildingBrainPowerforHealth. Frontiersinpsychology https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4960264/

4EffectsofGlyphosate’sChemicalPropertiesonLengthofEnvironmentalPresenceandSoilToxicity

RidhiGopalakrishnan,editedbyChelseaShi

Glyphosateisawidely-usedherbicidetargetedatbroadleafplantsandgrasses.Farmersuseglyphosate, whichisakeyingredientinBayer’s(formerlyMonsanto)herbicideRoundup,tokillweedsthatcompetewith cropsforwater,sunlight,andnutrients.Althoughglyphosatehasbeeninusesince1974,ithasrecentlybeen discoveredthatitcausesdamagetoenvironmentalhealthviasoiltoxicityandhealtheffectsonsoilorganisms. Previousstudieshaveidentifiedglyphosate’sunusualchemicalpropertiesoftightbondingwithsoil,high watersolubility,andahighmeltingpoint.However,theroleofthesepropertiesinglyphosate’slengthof environmentalpresenceandcontributiontosoiltoxicityremainsunknown.Themethodsinthisstudywere systematicliteraturereviewsofresearchonglyphosate’seffectsonplants,soil,andarthropods,sourcedfrom Chemosphere,theJournalofAppliedToxicologyandotherjournals.Inclusioncriteriarequiredstudiesto havecontrolledtrialsandconsistentlyexposetestsubjectstoglyphosateforatleasttwoweeks.Exclusion criteriaomittedstudiesthatexposedtestsubjectstoadditionalherbicidesorconsideredtestsubjectswith extraneoushealthorenvironmentalconditions.Glyphosatedisruptstheshikimicacidpathwayinplants andmayimpedenutrientuptakeinplants.Glyphosateformstightbondswithsoilandhasahalf-lifeof upto174days.Additionally,italsoaffectsmulticellularlife,suchasarthropods.Astudyconductedon theAlpaidaveniliaefoundthatpost-glyphosateexposure,80%ofspiderswoveabnormalwebsandfemales werefoundtobelessfertile.Thesoilecosystemisfurtherharmedbyglyphosate’sprolongedenvironmental presenceduetoitschemicalproperties.Glyphosate’smeltingpointof200 ensuresthatitwillnever dissipateundernaturalconditions.Itswatersolubilityallowsglyphosatetobedilutedanddispersedwithout anyreductioninhalf-life.Therefore,thisstudyemphasizestheneedforfurtherglyphosateresearchand theconsiderationofalternatives,suchasnon-syntheticherbicidesandregenerativeagriculturalpractices. Ultimately,glyphosate’sinnatelylonghalf-lifeassustainedbyitsotherchemicalpropertiescontributesto soiltoxicity.

References

1.Annett,R.etal.(2014).Impactofglyphosateandglyphosate-basedherbicidesonthefreshwater environment. JournalofAppliedToxicology,34 (5),458-479. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.2997

2.Bai,S.H.etal.(2016).Glyphosate:environmentalcontamination,toxicityandpotentialrisksto humanhealthviafoodcontamination. EnvironmentalScienceandPollutionResearch,23 (19),18988 -19001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7425-3

3.Benam´u,M.A.etal.(2009).EffectsoftheherbicideglyphosateonbiologicalattributesofAlpaida veniliae(Araneae,Araneidae),inlaboratory. Chemosphere,78 (7),871-876. https://doi.org/10.1 016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.027

4.Benbrook,M.(2016).TrendsinglyphosateherbicideuseintheUnitedStatesandglobally. EnvironmentalSciencesEurope,28 (3). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-016-0070-0

5.Cox,C.(1998).Glyphosate(roundup). JournalofPesticideReform,18 (3),3-17.Retrievedfrom https://www.pesticide.org/journal of pesticide reform

6.Eker,S.etal.(2006).Foliar-AppliedGlyphosateSubstantiallyReducedUptakeandTransportof IronandManganeseinSunflower(HelianthusannuusL.) Plants.JournalofAgriculturalandFood Chemistry,54 (26),10019–10025. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0625196.

7.Rampazzo,G.(2009).BehaviorOfOrganicPollutantsInTheSoilEnvironment.SpecialFocus OnGlyphosateAndAmpa. InternationalJournalofEnvironmentalQuality,2 (2),59-72. https: //doi.org/10.6092/issn.2281-4485/3821

5RelationshipBetweenMitochondrialHealthAndOverallWellBeing

JessicaSmuk,editedbyManvirChima

Itiscommonknowledgethatthemitochondriaisthe”powerhouse”ofthecell,butwhathappenstothe bodywhenthepowerhouseisnolongerpowerful?Justhowcloselyisoverallphysicalwell-beingtiedtothat ofthemitochondria?

ThemainfunctionofthemitochondriaistoproduceenergyintheformofATPthroughtheprocess ofcellularrespiration[1].Mediatingcellgrowthanddeath,andsomeDNAsynthesisarealsoexamplesof mitochondrialfunctions.MitochondrialDNA,oftenshortenedtoMtDNA,ismoresusceptibletomutation sinceitdoesnotpossesstherepairmethodsavailabletonuclearDNA.Theconcentrationofmitochondria inanorganismdependsonthespecifickindofcell.Muscleandlivercellsarehighinmitochondriaasthey requiremoreenergyforproperfunction [1]

Around1in5000peopleareaffectedbysomeformofmitochondrialdisorder [2].Therearemany waysthatthevariouspartsofthemitochondriacanbedamaged.Forexample,frequentsubstanceabuse cancausedetoxifyingenzymestobecomeoversaturated,allowingfreeelectronstoleakintothematrixor cytoplasmandformhighlyreactivefreeradicals [1].Freeradicalscanalsoformwhenthereisdamageto theelectrontransportchainortheATPsynthasebecauseelectronsarenotbeingproperlyutilized [2].The freeradicalscanthenreactwithothermoleculestoformproductsthatcanbetoxicorotherwisedamaging [2].Mitochondrialdisorderscanbedifficulttodiagnosebecausetheycanaffectanytissueatanypointin anindividual’slifetime [3].Thisalsomeansthatthereisanincrediblywiderangeofsymptomsassociated withmitochondrialdisorders;forexamplemitochondrialdisorderscanbeacontributingfactortodiseases likeAtaxiaandWilson’s.Symptomsandsideeffectsofmitochondrialdysfunctionaremainlydependenton theseverityofmutation,theamountofaffectedtissue,andthespecificenergyneedsoftheaffectedtissue. Tissuesthatrequirehighenergytofunctionproperly,likemuscletissue,areoftenmoreobviouslyaffected duetoaninsufficientproductionofATP [3].Treatmentofsymptomsisdependentontheindividual’sspecific disorder,butcanincludetheuseofdeviceslikepacemakers,cochlearimplantsandopticalaids [2].Exercise andphysicaltherapycanalsohelptoreducecertainsymptoms.Mitochondrialdisorderscanbetheresult ofinheritedMtDNAonthematernalside,geneticmutations,orenvironmentalfactorslikeradiation [2]

Themitochondriaisthoughttoplayaroleinaginganddegenerativediseases [4].TheOxidativeDamage Theorystatesthatwhenmoleculesloseelectrons,thesefreeelectronsbecomehighlyunstableandhighly reactive,oftenformingradicals.Thisresultsinanincreaseinoxidativedamageasanorganismages.Asa responsetoincreasedoxidativestress,thebodyproducesmoreantioxidantproteinswhichareresponsible forneutralizingfreeradicals.AnotherrelatedtheoryisTheMitochondrialTheoryofAging.Thistheory statesthatthemutationofMtDNAimpairsthefunctionofproteinswithinthemitochondriaandcauses anincreasedproductionoffreeradicals.BoththeoriesresultinaninsufficientproductionofATP,causing tissuedysfunctionanddeteriorationovertime [4].ThisisacontributingfactortodiseaseslikeParkinson’s andAlzheimer’s.InthecaseofParkinson’s,increasedradicalproductioncausesdamagetobraincells, specificallyinthearearesponsibleformovement [5].Degenerationofthesecellseventuallyresultsinloss ofmotorfunction [5].InthecaseofAlzheimer’s,amutationinMtDNAresultsintheoverproduction ofcertainproteins,whichmaycauseanincreaseinneurofibrillarytanglesovertime [6].Thesetangles preventsignalsfrombeingproperlytransmittedthroughoutthebrain,resultinginproblemswithmemory recallandformation [6].Themitochondriaisalsoresponsibleforpre-programmedcelldeathasawayto eliminateunsatisfactorycells [1].Dysfunctioninthemitochondriacaninhibitthisability,allowingunhealthy abnormalitieslikecancerstoevolveandgrow [1] .

Properlyfunctioningmitochondriaareessentialtotheoverallhealthofthebody.Amitochondrial disordercanresultinpooroverallhealth,contributetoseriousdisease,andcauseprematureaging.The powerofthemitochondrionstretchesfarbeyonditscell.

References

1.Rogers,K.(2019,December23).Mitochondrion.Retrievedfrom https://school-eb-com.ezpd.hds b.ca/levels/high/article/mitochondrion/443654

2.Rogers,K.(2016,July29).MitochondrialDiseases.Retrievedfrom https://school-eb-com.ezpd .hdsb.ca/levels/high/article/mitochondrial-disease/623380

3.Enns,G.(2018,August7).MetabolicDisease.Retrievedfrom https://school-eb-com.ezpd.hdsb. ca/levels/high/article/metabolic-disease/109832#250624.toc

4.Guarente,L.,Simic,P.,&Rogers,K.(2020,January30).Aging.Retrievedfrom https://school-e b-com.ezpd.hdsb.ca/levels/high/article/aging/110653

5.EncyclopediaBritannica(Ed.).(2020,August20).ParkinsonDisease.Retrievedfrom https://scho ol-eb-com.ezpd.hdsb.ca/levels/high/article/Parkinson-disease/471308

6.Robbins,S.,Robbins,J.,&Scarpelli,D.(2019,April22).HumanDisease.Retrievedfrom https: //school-eb-com.ezpd.hdsb.ca/levels/high/article/human-disease/110619#63268.toc

6SittingDisease:WhySittingTooMuchisDetrimentaltoMetabolic Processes

GraceGoodale,editedbySarahDiMatteo

Fads.Hereonemoment,takingtheworldbystorm,andgonethenext,easilyforgotten.Inrecent years,thenegativeeffectsofsittingonmetabolismhavebeenahottopicofconversation,butithasquickly lostitsspark.Headlinesclaimthat“scientistshavediscoveredaremarkablemethodformakingyourbody immunetothemetabolicbenefitsofexercise:it’scalledworkinganofficejob.” [1] Whilethesestatements areover-dramatized,theheartofthemessageisstilltrue,anditisaconcerningone.Sittingdiseasemay nolongerbeafront-pagestory,butrestassured,thesefactsarenotafad.Thus,variousexperimentsand experttestimonieswillbeexploredbelowtobetterunderstandthistopicandthenecessaryactionsthepublic shouldtaketoimprovetheircardiovascularandmetabolichealth.

WithCOVID-19confiningmostofthepopulationtotheirhomes,itismoreimportantnowthaneverfor thepublictobeawareoftheconsequencesofthe“sittingdisease.”Problemsseemtoarisewhensittingfor over6-8hoursaday,yet,onaverage,peoplesitfor7.7hours,withsomesittingasmuchas15hoursaday [2] . Thosewhoonlysitfor3hoursadayorlesshavebeenseentolive2yearslongerthanmost,anunsettling statistic [2].Additionally,accordingtoNIHresearch,“foreveryhourofsedentarybehaviour,theriskof disabilitydoublesinadultsage60orolder” [3].Dr.I-MinLee,aHarvardMedicalSchoolprofessorwhose careerhasfocusedontheeffectsofexercise,comparesphysicalinactivitytosmokingintermsofhowharmful itistohealth [4].Themosttroublingpartofthesittingdiseaseisthatexerciseseemstohaveanegligible effectoncounteractingthenegativeeffectsofuninterruptedsitting,sotheincreasedriskofcardiovascular andmetabolichealthproblemsalsoconcernsthosewhoareotherwisefit [5].Thatmeansthatevenifyou exerciseeverydayandeatabalanceddiet,prolongedsittingcanminimizethepositiveeffectsofyourefforts. Infact,evenwell-informeddoctorslikeErinMichose,whorunsforanhoureverysingleday,facedtherude awakeningthatsheis”avictimofsittingdisease” [2]

Itisclearthatsittingdiseaseisplaguingalargeportionofthepopulation,soanimmediatesolutionis desperatelyneeded.First,themechanicsbehindprolongedsittingmustbeunderstoodinordertoexplain theeffectsofsittingdisease.Whilesitting,musclesdon’tcontract;theygounused,sotheyadapttouse lessenergy.Specifically,theglutealandabdominalmusclesbecomeweakerandtherefore,thebodyismore pronetoinjuries [6].Sittingalsoresultsinpoorbloodsugarcontrolandanincreaseininsulinresistanceand triglyceridelevels.Sincemetabolismisthesumofallchemicalreactionsthatoccurinthecell,ifonecondition changes,itnegativelyaffectstherestofthepathway.Thisisbecausetheproductsofonereactionarethe reactantsinthenext;thelife-sustainingprocessesarehighlyconnected.Insulin,forexample,helpstransport glucoseintothecell,butwithincreasedinsulinresistancethereareexcesssugarsleftinthebloodstream. Insulinandbloodsugarlevelsincreaseasthebodystrugglestoregulatetheamountofglucose.Thismay leadtotype2diabetesandagreaterriskforheartdiseasebecauseofthedisruptiontothebalanceofthe humanbody [7] .

Figure5:Highbloodsugarlevelstriggertheproductionofglycogenintheliverandinsulininthepancreas. Diabetesoccurswhenthebodycannotproduceorproperlyuseinsulintoregulateglucoselevels.Created withBioRender.com

Similarly,sedentarylifestylesandheartdiseasearesostronglycorrelatedthatsomeexperts,likecardiologistJamesBeckerman,confidentlysuggestthat“sittingisanindependentriskfactorfordevelopingthese conditions” [7].Researchhasfoundthatalackofexercisecoupledwithlongperiodsofsittingcausedwomen tohavea94%higherriskofprematuredeathandmentohavea48%higherriskthanthosewhoexercise andstandoften.Anotherconcernlinkedtosittingisdiskdamageandotherspinalissues.Furthermore,frequentuseofmusclestransportssufficientamountsofoxygentowardthebrain,whichareneededtoimprove productivity.Infact,onestudyshowsthatpeoplewhousesit-standworkstationsare46%moreproductive thantheirfullyseatedcounterparts.Itisimportanttonotethatstandingalldayisnotanadequatesolution, becausethistoowillcauseproblems.Rather,abalanceneedstobefound [2].Animportantfactorinthe validityoftheseexperimentsisusingobjectivedatathroughtheuseofanaccelerometer,forexample.This instrumentmeasuressitting,exerciseandmovement.Itisoftenwornaroundthehiponabeltinexperiments onadults,butwristaccelerometersarealsocommon(i.e.aFitbit).Acceleratorstrackstepstaken,distance traveled,floorsclimbed,etc.bymeasuringforcestocalculateacceleration,ormoresimply,movement [8] . Theyareincrediblyusefultools,however,evenaccelerometersoftenstruggletodistinguishbetweensitting andstanding.Therefore,allclaimsshouldbeconservativeuntilmorereliableinstrumentsandmethodshave beenestablished [5].Regardless,itiswellknownthat“prettymuchanythingburnsmorecaloriesthanjust sittingdown.Standingup,evenwithoutmovingaround,burnsabouttwiceasmany” [9].Additionally,links betweenearlydeathandhighamountsofsittinghavebeenintroduced.Cardiovasculardiseaseanddiabetes areleadingcausesofdeathinfirst-worldcountriesandtheircorrelationtoprolongedsittingshouldbea warningtoalltotakethisseriously [10]

Tocombattheeffectsofthesittingdisease,expertshavetriedtocreateshortandmanageablehabitsto reducetheamountoftimespentsitting.Noequipment,extraspace,orpre-planningisneeded(i.e.packing andchangingintoworkoutclothes,gettingupearlyorfindingmotivationafterwork,drivingtothegym, etc.).Thiswasdoneintentionallytomakeiteasierforbusypeopletofitinterruptedsittingintotheirschedule andmaintainthesehabitsinthelong-term [6].Thesesmalladjustmentsincludetakingthestairsinsteadof theelevator,pacingwhiletalkingonthephoneandparkingatthebackofparkinglotstoincreasemovement duringdowntime, [11] aswellasreturningcartstothefrontofthestoreratherthanstandsintheparking lottomaximizewalkingtime [3].Thesefrequentsmallactionsdonottakemuchextratimeoreffort,yet addupquicklyandcanhavetremendousbenefits.Forexample,doingsquats,planks,orotherbody-weight exercisesduringcommercialbreaksandwhilebrushingyourteethequatestoa20-minuteworkoutforevery 1-hourshowandanadditional5-minutesperdayduringyourmorningandbedtimeroutine,bothofwhich areotherwisewastedtime [11].Additionally,manydesignersareintentionallydesigningworkspacestohave

officesfarawayfromtheprinterandconferenceroomstopromoteinterruptedsitting.Anothersuggestion istowalkoverandtalktocolleagues/peersratherthanemailingortextingthem [3].Furthermore,sit-stand andtreadmilldesksaregainingpopularitytoreducesittingtime [10].Thebiggesttakeawayfromresearch onsittingandmetabolismisthe20-8-2rule.Itsuggeststhatina30-minuteblock,peopleshouldonlysitfor 20,thenstandfor8-minutesandmoveforatleast2.Itiswisetosettimersthroughoutthedaytoincrease accountability.Inconclusion,alloffice-workers,studentsandelderlypeopleshouldbeawareofhowlong theyspendsittingandincorporatethehabitslistedabovetomaintaintheirmetabolichealthandincrease longevity.

References

1.Hutchinson,A.(2019,March22).Howyourofficejobisaffectingyourmetabolism. TheGlobeand Mail https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/article-how-your-offic e-job-is-affecting-your-metabolism/

2.Deppe,M.(2017,May-June).Don’tjustsitthere:areyousufferingfromsittingdisease? VibrantLife, 33 (3),22+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A491258211/HWRC?u=ko k12pr d29&sid=HWRC&xid =b2848c2a

3.McGill,N.(2014,May).Getoffyourseat!Toomuchsittingcanharmyourhealth. TheNation’s Health,44 (4),24. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A371000407/HWRC?u=ko k12pr d29&sid=HWR C&xid=2f1a2faa

4.Whysittingmaybehazardoustoyourhealth.(2016,October17). HarvardWomen’sHealthWatch https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A481285078/HWRC?u=ko k12pr d29&sid=HWRC&xid=e463a3f3

5.Reynolds,G.(2017,September19).Don’tJustSitThere. NewYorkTimes,D4(L). https://link.g ale.com/apps/doc/A505257859/HWRC?u=ko k12pr d29&sid=HWRC&xid=fc494de7

6.Hutchinson,A.(2020,July7).’Exercisesnacks’cangoalongwayincounteringbadeffectsofsitting, studyfinds;OPINION. Globe&Mail [Toronto,Canada],A12. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A 628755590/HWRC?u=ko k12pr d29&sid=HWRC&xid=b5069f62

7.Reynolds,G.(2019,April16).InactivityMayStifleExercise’sGood. NewYorkTimes,D6(L). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A582476488/HWRC?u=ko k12pr d29&sid=HWRC&xid=fd648574

8.Accelerometer.(2020).InEncyclopædiaBritannica.Retrievedfrom https://school-eb-com.ezpd .hdsb.ca/levels/high/article/accelerometer/3472

9.Don’tjustsitthere...(2010,September14). Independent [London,England],44. https://link.gal e.com/apps/doc/A237013250/HWRC?u=ko k12pr d29&sid=HWRC&xid=446d54c6

10.Kowalsky,R.J.,Jakicic,J.M.,Hergenroeder,A.,Rogers,R.J.,&Gibbs,B.B.(2019).Acute cardiometaboliceffectsofinterruptingsittingwithresistanceexercisebreaks. AppliedPhysiology, Nutrition,andMetabolism,44 (10),1025+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A603404283/HWRC?u =ko k12pr d29&sid=HWRC&xid=050a6aad

11.Getonyourfeet:8creativewaystoavoidtoomuchsitting.(2014,September1). HarvardWomen’s HealthWatch https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A381440995/HWRC?u=ko k12pr d29&sid=HWRC&x id=c5da1a95

7TheControversialCarnivoreDiet

MaliahWilson,editedbyAlyssaMurdoch

Thereisimmensecontroversysurroundingthecarnivoredietanditssubsequenteffectsonhumans. Carnivoredietshavebeenthoughttoaidinweightloss,moodissues,sugarregulation,decreasingdigestive issuesandimprovinghearthealth [1].However,therearemanyriskfactorsassociatedwithacarnivore dietthatcanleadtoserioushealthproblemsincludinggutbacteria,kidneydisease,andinsomnia [1].A patterncanbeobservedinthosepartakinginacarnivoredietbetweensuccessfulandunsuccessfulresults. Theparticipantswhosustainedthegreatestresultsgenerallyhadunderlyingmedicalconditions,suchas depression,diabetes,orjointpain [2].Thepopularityofthecarnivoredietstemsfromthecontroversial beliefthathighcarbohydratedietsmaybecausingthesechronicdiseases.

MikhailaPetersonwasdiagnosedwithseverejuvenilerheumatoidarthritisattheageoftwo,andher conditioncontinuedtoworsenthroughoutherlife.Someofhersymptomsincludedinflamedjoints,severe depression,hypomanicepisodes,fairlysevereOCDtendencies,chronicfatigue,bodyrashes,brainfog,and weightgain [3].Afteryearsofwaitingforanswersfromthemedicalcommunityaswellasdozensofprescribed medications,Petersondecidedtoexperimentwithfindingherownsolutiontoherailments.Sheattempted variousdietsincludingthepaleodietandadairyfreeketostylediet;howeverthesedietswereunsuccessful inpreventinghersymptomsfromworseningorreappearing [3].In2017,Petersondecidedtotryacarnivore dietdependentononlyruminantmeat,asitappearedthatherbodywasreactingtocompoundsinplants andnon-ruminantanimalmeat [3].ThefirstofmanysymptomsthatPetersonbegantorecoverfromwasthe severedepressionshehadexperiencedthroughoutmostofherlife,andmanyofherothersymptomswere soonalleviated [3].Petersoniswellknownforhersupportsurroundingthecarnivoredietandhasdedicated hercareertohelpindividualsexperiencethehealthbenefitsofthesetypesofdietsbysharingherstory.She continuestoprovideinformationthatsupportsacarnivorediet.

Afrequentstatementmadebypeoplewhoarepartakinginacarnivorebaseddietistheirreductionin medications,manyofwhicharesuppliedforchronicdiseases [4].AstudyfromJuly2014ontheeffectsa carnivoredietmayhaveonpatientswithtype2diabetesdemonstratedtheimprovementsacarnivore-based dietprovidestosomeindividuals [4].Thestudywasconductedon24patients,11ofwhichconsumeda carnivoredietand13thatconsumedamoderatecarbohydratediet [4].Attheendofthestudy,theparticipantswhoconsumedacarnivorediethadreduced5medicationsanddiscontinued2medications,compared toparticipantswhoconsumedamoderatecarbohydratedietwhereonly1medicationwasdiscontinued [2] . Therewasareductionofinflammationinadietwithoutfoodscontainingemptycaloriesthatspikeglucose levelssuchascookiesandpastries [4].Thisincreasedtheeffectivenessinglycemiccontrol,whichreferstothe typicallevelsofbloodsugarinapersonwithdiabetes [4].Inflammationcanalsoleadtoinsulinresistance andadecreaseininsulinsecretion,whichisavitalprocessfordiabeticsandthegeneralpublicasitregulates bloodsugarinthebody [4]

DaveAspreyisanauthorwhodedicatedhistimeworkingwithdoctors,scientists,andnutritioniststrying tofindtheperfectdietthatmaximizesmentalandphysicalhealth [5].Duringhisresearchheattempted acarnivorebaseddiet.Afteramonthonthediet,Aspreyexperiencedinsomnia,brainfog,anddeveloped threenewfoodallergies [5].Whilethisdiethasproventobeeffectiveformanyothers,Asprey’sgutdid nothaveenoughcarbohydratestomaintainahealthygutlining,leadingthestarvedbacteriatofeedonthe mucusthatlinesthegut [5].Thisledtoaleakyandinflamedgut.Asprey’sexperienceshedsanewlight onthecontroversysurroundingacarnivorebaseddietandthefluctuationofpositiveandnegativeresults. Eachindividual’sbiologycandiffer,andsomemaynotbeabletomaintainthecertainlevelsofnutrients neededbythebody;forexample,avitamindeficiencycanpresentaredflagwhenconsideringacarnivore diet [5]

.AssaidbyLizWeinandy,adietitianatTheOhioStateUniversityWexnerMedicalCenter:“We havemultiplefoodgroupsforareason:Theyeachprovideuswitharangeofnutrients” [6].Consuminga carnivoredietresultsinlackingasufficientamountofnutrientsthatneedtobeconsumed,whichcanresult inkidneyfailure,gutdamage,andotherproblematicsymptoms [5]

Therearemanyfactorstoconsiderwhenlookingtoconsumeacarnivorousdiet,manyofwhichdepend ontheindividual’sbiologyandreasonforpartakinginthediet.Thepeoplewhoacquiredthemostsuccessful resultshadanunderlyingmedicalconditionorastrongmotivatingfactor,likeweightloss.Therearemany benefitsacarnivoredietcanprovidetoindividuals,althoughthereisavastamountofscientificresearch showingacarnivoredietisfarfromidealandmanyotherdietsprovidehealthieroptionswhichcansupply properamountsofessentialvitaminsandnutrients [7].Acarnivoredietshouldonlybeconsumedwhenthere areseriousdigestiveissuespresentandareneededtofollowaneliminationdiet.

References

1.Streit,J.,&LD.(2019,August26). AllYouNeedtoKnowAboutTheCarnivoreDiet.Healthline. RetrievedDecember8,2020,from https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/carnivore-diet

2.Feinman,R.D.,Pogozelski,W.K.,Astrup,A.,Bernstein,R.K.,Fine,E.J.,Westman,E.C.,... Worm,N.(2014,July16). Dietarycarbohydraterestrictionasthefirstapproachindiabetesmanagement:Criticalreviewandevidencebase.Nutrition https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar ticle/pii/S0899900714003323?via=ihub

3.Peterson,M.(2020,November21). ABOUTME.MikhailaPeterson. https://mikhailapeterson.c om/about/

4.ReversingDiabetesMD.(2019,December12). Type2DiabetesandTheCarnivoreDiet.Type2 DiabetesandTheCarnivoreDiet. https://reversingdiabetesmd.com/type-2-diabetes-and-th e-carnivore-diet/

5.reddit.(2018,December5).r/zerocarb- DavidAsprey’sCarnivoreDietResults:WhyItWorksFor SomePeopleButDidn’tForMe.DavidAsprey’sCarnivoreDietResults https://www.reddit.com /r/zerocarb/comments/a3efap/david aspreys carnivore diet results why it works/

6.Migala,J.,Rapaport,L.,Millard,E.,Salomon,S.H.,Bedosky,L.,&Migala,J.(2018,September10). WhatIstheCarnivoreDiet?Benefits,Risks,FoodList,More:EverydayHealth.EverydayHealth.com. https://www.everydayhealth.com/diet-nutrition/diet/carnivore-diet-benefits-risks-foo d-list-more/

7.Matthews,M.(2020,October20). ShouldYouTrytheCarnivoreDiet?What74StudiesSay.Legion Athletics. https://legionathletics.com/carnivore-diet/

8WherewouldwebewithoutB2?

MaliahWilson,editedbyAlyssaMurdoch

VitaminB2,alsoreferredtoasriboflavin,isawatersolubleandorganiccompoundthatisoneoftheeight Bvitamins [1].Riboflavincontributesgreatlytotheupholdingofmetabolicsystems,whichincludeprocesses thatconvertfoodintoenergyandtheoxidationofcarbohydratesandaminoacids [2].Riboflavinhasmany importantrolesinthehumanbodythatareessentialforproperfunctioning,includingtheproductionof energyandaidingingrowth,developmentandcellularfunctions [3].Forexample,riboflavinconvertsand allowsoxygentobeusedbythebodythroughredbloodcells [4].Riboflavinisgreatlyimpactfulonmany vitamins,functions,andprocesses.

Redbloodcellsareconstantlymovingthroughthebody,deliveringtheoxygenneededtosurvive.Riboflavinallowsoxygentobeusedbythebodythroughitsimportantrolesintheproductionandtransportationofredbloodcells.Morethan90%ofriboflavintakestheformoftwocoenzymes,flavinadenine dinucleotide(FAD)orflavinmononucleotide(FMN) [5].Thesecoenzymescanattachtoproteinenzymes andarereferredtoasflavoprotein,whichallowsoxygenbasedenergyproductiontooccur [6].Theheart dependsonthisprocess,inwhichonesubstrateisoxidizedandtheotherisreduced [6]

Riboflavinalsomaintainshealthyamountsofcertainvitamins,chemicals,andmineralsinthebloodstream.Forexample,gettingagoodamountofriboflavinwillhelpmaintainthecorrectbalanceofcollagen inyourskin [4].ThefunctioningofmanyBvitaminscandecreaseorbeinhibitedcompletelywhenthere isariboflavindeficiency.VitaminsB6andB9dependonriboflavintoturnthemintoformsthebodycan use [4].Theconversionofaminoacidstotryptophan,whichisinturnconvertedtoniacinorvitaminB3, requiresFAD7.NotonlydoeslackofriboflavinaffecttheotherBvitamins,itaffectsothervitaminsaswell. Riboflavindeficiencyhasanimpactonironabsorption,inwhichironentersthestomachtobeconverted intoaformthatcanabsorbstomachacid.Afternoticingthatcorrectingtheriboflavindeficiencyinprone patientsimprovedtheirhematologicresponsetoironsupplements,ananimalstudyconfirmedthatmoderate riboflavindeficiencyresultsinanimpairedironabsorption [8].Thisstudyalsodeterminedthatriboflavin deficiencyinthestudiedanimalsshowedasignificantincreaseinthegastrointestinalironloss [8].These changeswerecausedbyadjustmentinthedietofthestudiedanimals,whichwererats [8].Aftertherats werefedariboflavin-deficientdiet,earlymorphologicchangesandcellkineticchangesinthegastrointestinal tractwereshowninthestudy [8].Overall,thisstudyshowedustheconnectionbetweenriboflavindeficiency andimpairedhandlingofiron.

Bysupplementingwithriboflavin,redbloodcellcountwillbeincreasedwhileriboflavindeficiencycauses adecreaseintheabilitytotransportfreshoxygenthroughoutthebody [9].Riboflavinhasmanypositive effectsonothervitamins,suchasconvertingvitaminsintoformsthebodycanuse,includingB6 [7].Without thesupplementofriboflavin,theabilityandeffectivenessofothervitaminsisdecreased [4].Supplementing withriboflavincaninducemanybeneficialandhealthychangestothebody.

References

1.BritannicaSchoolHigh.(2020). Riboflavin.RemoteAccessAuthentication. https://school-eb-co m.ezpd.hdsb.ca/levels/high/article/riboflavin/75551

2.Thompson,D.F.,&Saluja,H.S.(2017).Prophylaxisofmigraineheadacheswithriboflavin:A systematicreview. Journalofclinicalpharmacyandtherapeutics,42 (4),394–403. https://doi.or g/10.1111/jcpt.12548

3.U.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.(2019,July11). OfficeofDietarySupplementsRiboflavin.NIHOfficeofDietarySupplements. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Riboflavin -Consumer/

4.Bradford,A.(2015,August25). VitaminB2(Riboflavin):Sources,BenefitsandDosage.LiveScience. https://www.livescience.com/51966-vitamin-b2-riboflavin.html

5. VitaminB2.RestorativeMedicine. https://restorativemedicine.org/library/monographs/vit amin-b2/

6.Massey,V.,&Ghisla,S.(1983,January1). TheMechanismofActionofFlavoprotein-Catalyzed Reactions.SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-69467-7 6

7.U.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.(2020,June3). OfficeofDietarySupplementsRiboflavin.NIHOfficeofDietarySupplements. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Riboflavin -HealthProfessional/

8.Powers,H.J.(2003,June1). Riboflavin(vitaminB-2)andhealth.OUPAcademic. https://academ ic.oup.com/ajcn/article/77/6/1352/4689829

9.Fitday(Ed.). TheBenefitsofVitaminB2/Nutrition/VitaminsandMinerals.Nutrition:Vitamins andMinerals. https://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/vitamins-minerals/thebenefits-of-vitamin-b2.html

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