Fall Semester 2021 & CASE STUDIES
Fall Semester 2021
Course: Seminar course 3a: Architectural Technology, Resolution part 1/2 weeks: 1
Between 2018 and 2022 was implemented at Umeå School of Architecture a methodological approach to integrate the pedagogical development through bachelor and master level of the area of architectural technology from the perspective of environmental impact
Coordination and examination
Jaime Montes
Pedagogical development and course content years 2-4-5
Ana Betancour
Markus Aerni
Jaime Montes
Tobias Westerlund
Course teachers
Markus Aerni (UMA), Ana Betancour (UMA), Jaime Montes (UMA), Tobias Westerlund (UMA), Andreas Falk (architect, phD timber structures), Almudena Fúster (bioclimatic design, University Alcalá de Henares)
External lecturers 2018-2022
Karl Gunnar-Olsson (structures); Fiona Bradley (structures and construction); Raphaël LeGall (structural design); Andreas Falk (structures and timber architecture); Maria Block (sustainble and healthy construction); Almudena Fúster (climate design); Varis Bockalders (sustainable construction); Mauritz Glaumann (environmental impact); Laura Vidje (circularity); John Helmfridson (sustainability); Thomas Olofsson (energy); Itai Danielski (LCA, building physics); Charlotta Berggren (ventilation energy systems); Kjartan Gudmudsson (building physics); Luciano Landaeta (buildng construction); Ricardo Atienza (sound); Rodrigo Muro (light).
The point of departure for the Technology and Environmental Impact courses is the approach to the subject area as an intrinsic part of the architectural and spatial design. The courses underpin the progression through both the Bachelor and Masters Programme structured around core notions, concepts, and strategies, focusing on Sustainable Architecture. The aim is to provide an understanding and knowledge of technology as a design tool, and how to apply the theoretical knowledge into practical knowledge, exploring ways to generate a strategy driven design towards a holistic understanding of the environmental impact in Architecture.
In the second year Technology courses year study bio-climatic architecture, the envelope, and the structure from its material qualities and spatial possibilities. In the fourth-year, principles and strategies are further organized around five core notions. These notions are explored as generators for design, structural strategies and their communication through technical drawing. In the fifth year students carry investigations and prototypes towards the master thesis, widening the perspective on sustainability.
A key aspect and important part of the successful integration and progression of the Technology courses is the collaboration with external professionals, experts in specific fields of structures, comfort, energy, ventilation, materials, light, sound, impact assessment, building services, circular building. A process established since many years through invited lectures, seminars, and in direct interaction with the students.
The methodology, based in collaboration and on-going discussion, connects the input from lectures, tutorials and course bibliography into exercises divided in in case studies to learn and understand the concepts and in the application of the learning in the Architectural project under a critical understanding of sustainable construction.
The drawings in this booklet are done by students at Umeå School of Architecture. The drawings are a reconstructions of the original buildings, product of research and study on how they have been built and how builidings work and behave, part of the learning process has been to do qualified guesses when extact information is not found.
GLOBAL WARMING
PLANETARY BOUNDARIES
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
WATER ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
ANTHROPOCENE
RESILIENCE
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
BIODIVERSITY
BIOREMEDIATION
CARBON ZERO / CARBON SINK / CARBON SEQUESTRATION
CRADLE TO CRADLE
CIRCULAR ECONOMY
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
RECYCLING
REUSE
Global warming refers to the rapid and gradual increase of the planet’s surface temperature over the past century due to greenhouse emissions. Though natural cycles and fluctuations have caused the earth’s climate to change several times over the last 800,000 years, our current era of global warming is directly attributable to human activity—specifically to our burning of fossil fuels.
Global warming refers to the rapid and gradual increase of the planet’s surface temperature over the past century due to greenhouse emissions. Though natural cycles and fluctuations have caused the earth’s climate to change several times over the last 800,000 years, our current era of global warming is directly attributable to human activity—specifically to our burning of fossil fuels.
Global warming occurs when CO2 and other air pollutants in the atmosphere absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the earth’s surface. Normally the solar radiation would escape into space, but these pollutants, which can last for years to centuries in the atmosphere, trap the heat and thereby cause the planets temperatures to rise. These heat-trapping pollutants—are more commonly known as greenhouse gases, and their impact is called the greenhouse effect.
Global warming occurs when CO2 and other air pollutants in the atmosphere absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the earth’s surface. Normally the solar radiation would escape into space, but these pollutants, which can last for years to centuries in the atmosphere, trap the heat and thereby cause the planets temperatures to rise. These heat-trapping pollutants—are more commonly known as greenhouse gases, and their impact is called the greenhouse effect.
Since the start of the 20th century human activities are estimated to have increased Earth’s global average surface temperature by 1 degree Celsius, a number that is currently increasing by 0.2 degrees per decade. It is undeniable that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean, and land, temperatures are certain to go up further.
Since the start of the 20th century human activities are estimated to have increased Earth’s global average surface temperature by 1 degree Celsius, a number that is currently increasing by 0.2 degrees per decade. It is undeniable that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean, and land, temperatures are certain to go up further.
Repercussions of global warming includes: weather changes, rising sea levels, change and destruction of ecosystems as well as massive impact on human life. Ultimately, global warming will impact life on Earth in many ways, but the extent of the solution is up to humans. Human activity are causing global warming, meaning that we have the power to mitigate global warming. Since greenhouse gases are longlived, the change won’t be direct as the planet will continue to heat and climate changes will continue to happen far into the future. But the extent to how much global warming will impact our planet depends on our decisions made right now.
References:
Repercussions of global warming includes: weather changes, rising sea levels, change and destruction of ecosystems as well as massive impact on human life. Ultimately, global warming will impact life on Earth in many ways, but the extent of the solution is up to humans. Human activity are causing global warming, meaning that we have the power to mitigate global warming. Since greenhouse gases are longlived, the change won’t be direct as the planet will continue to heat and climate changes will continue to happen far into the future. But the extent to how much global warming will impact our planet depends on our decisions made right now.
References: Earth Observatory, NASA, Global Warming, 2010, https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/GlobalWarming (Retrieved 9 November 2021)
The energy budget of the Earth is depicted in this graphic, which covers the incoming and outgoing radiation to which the planet is subjected. The energy balance on Earth determines the climate.
NASA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/ceres-poster-011-v2.jpg
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
Ekman Anita Karlsson Martina
Klingesten Sofia
Matton Arvid
Velando Cesar
UMA4 Technology Fall 2021
teachers: Ana Betancour
Authors: Ekman, Anita Karlsson, Martina Klingesten, Sofia Matton, Arvid Velando, Céssar
Jaime Montes
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Markus Aerni
Teachers: External lecturers: Ana Betancour Mauritz Glaummann
Jaime Montes Laura Vidje
Markus Aerni Itai Danielski
John Helmfridson
Architectural glossary for sustainable construction technology.
The concept builds on the idea that there are nine main issues that can be seen as the framework, or playing field, of a habitable earth. When humanity exceeds a boundary, it has negative effects on the global climate.
1. Climate change - CO2 in the atmosphere.
2. Biosphere integrity - Biodiversity loss.
3. Biogeochemical flows - Atmospheric nitrogen & phosphorus in the ocean.
4. Ocean acidification - Saturation of calcium carbonate in surface sea water.
5. Land-system change - Land surface exploited for agriculture.
6. Freshwater use - Human consumption of water.
7. Ozone depletion - Stratospheric ozone concentration.
8. Atmospheric aerosols - Particle concentration in the atmosphere.
9. Chemical pollution - Concentration of toxic substances.
The concept was developed by scientist Johan Rockström and his team at the Stockholm Resilience Centre and is now commonly used in the global conversation about our environment. As they themselves state:
“Evidence is growing that human pressures are starting to overwhelm the Earth’s buffering capacity. Humans are now the most significant driver of global change, propelling the planet into a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene. We can no longer exclude the possibility that our collective actions will trigger tipping points, risking abrupt and irreversible consequences for human communities and ecological systems.”
Critics say that the Planetary Boundary concept simplifies the issues too much and that it is harmful to talk about boundaries in this way because it can be interpreted as it for example would be okay to pollute as long as we keep the polluting under this suggested line. Others argue that we need these tools in order to make the situation less abstract and understand how to work towards positive change.
References:
Stockholm Resilience Centre, https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries.html’ (Retrieved 8 November 2021)
Claire Asher, The nine boundaries humanity must respect to keep the planet habitable, 30 March 2021 https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/ the-nine-boundaries-humanity-must-respect-to-keep-the-planet-habitable/ (Retrieved 8 November 2021)
Authors: Ekman, Anita Karlsson, Martina Klingesten, Sofia Matton, Arvid Velando, Céssar
Illustration over the planetary boundaries that have been suggested. As long as we are in the green area, we are “safe”.
Stockholm Resilience Centre, https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries.html
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
Ekman Anita Karlsson Martina Klingesten Sofia Matton Arvid Velando Cesar
UMA4 Technology Fall 2021
Authors: Ekman, Anita Karlsson, Martina Klingesten, Sofia Matton, Arvid Velando, Céssar
teachers: Ana Betancour
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Jaime Montes Markus Aerni
Teachers: External lecturers: Ana Betancour Mauritz Glaummann
Jaime Montes Laura Vidje
Markus Aerni Itai Danielski John Helmfridson
Ecological footprint (EF) is a term used to describe the total land area required to sustain an activity, building or lifestyle. For example, if we all lived like people in the US, it is estimated that we would need 5 earths to sustain such a lifestyle globally. According to Earthovershootday.org, globally we need 1.7 earths. This framing of the ecological footprint can be confusing to understand but put simply it means that we are using more than can regenerate. When it comes to construction and architecture, it is vital for projects to consider this analysis of their impact, in order to better direct their efforts in being sustainable.
Whilst the accessible tools for calculating EF on an individual human basis are highly sophisticated and user friendly, there’s a distinct lack of similar tools, or methods, to properly calculate the EFs of buildings. The methodology of EF is applicable to buildings, but there’s a high number of different factors that has to be taken in account that isn’t properly documented at this time. When calculating the EF of a building you can’t stop at the material consumption of the building itself, you also need to take in account everything that goes into construction a building, for example the food the construction workers consume, travel to and from a construction site for both the workers and the construction materials. There is potential for properly applicating the EF methodology to the field of architecture, but it’s a highly complex task that we haven’t properly tried to tackle yet.
If everyone lived like a Swede?1
Average score of our groupmembers [3,2 planets]2
What would we need to change in order to reach “one planet”? (as Nepal, Yemen, Gambia, Kenya etc.)3
TRANSPORTATION more public transport and renewable fuels
SHOP less and smarter
FOOD less meat
1https://www.wwf.se/klimat/ekologiska-fotavtryck/
STOCKMARKET reduce emissions from your savings
LIVING smaller space & more energy-efficient everyday
2http://www.footprintcalculator.org/home/en?fbclid=IwAR0IOJksV8pt43m-XeiS15TInLOhAAY-dl2qvHRw2UMNxqQfZ53HZ_NFw_0
3 https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/ecological-footprint-by-country & https://www.wwf.se/klimat/det-har-kan-dugora/
Ahmad Alghadban
Kasimir Suter Winter
Linnea Johansson
Samuel Höljman
Vide Edenor
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
teachers: Ana Betancour Jaime Montes Markus Aerni
Authors: Alghadban, Ahmad Edenor, Vide Höljman, Samuel Johansson, Linnea Suter Winter, Kasimir
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: External lecturers: Ana Betancour Mauritz Glaummann
Jaime Montes Laura Vidje
Markus Aerni Itai Danielski John Helmfridson
Architectural glossary for sustainable construction technology.
Water ecological footprint is a consumption-based indicator of water use. The term is similar to ecological footprint as it measures the resources that are consumed in the entire supply-chain of a product. The water footprint is calculated based on the volume of water that is consumed, evaporated, or polluted. The term gives an understanding of how economic decisions affect the availability of adequate water resources. Efforts for sustainable water-use include the implementation of higher water pricing in order to manage demand, assessment of clean water sources and the impacts on it, as well as long term strategies for the re-use and reclamation of water.
In terms of the building process, every stage of a building’s life consume water – from construction to demolition. For example, large quantities of water are used when producing or extracting materials. Steam-curing concrete, producing chemical products like plastic and resin, in wood panel manufacturing, ceramics, glass, coatings, steel, and plasterboards are all processes requiring water. Water is also consumed when the building is in use and the average swede uses 140 liters of water every day. 60 liters is used for personal hygiene and the rest is for flushing the toilet, laundry, cooking, drinking, and washing dishes. Water is also used in the demolition process. It is sprayed on buildings to minimize the spread of harmful dust particles. High pressure water and abrasive materials, so called hydrodemolition, can be used to break hard materials like concrete and asphalt.
Water ecological footprint effected by the building industry.
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
Ahmad Alghadban
Kasimir Suter Winter
Linnea Johansson
Samuel Höljman
Vide Edenor
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
Authors: Alghadban, Ahmad Edenor, Vide Höljman, Samuel Johansson, Linnea Suter Winter, Kasimir
teachers: Ana Betancour
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Jaime Montes
Teachers: External lecturers:
Markus Aerni
Ana Betancour Mauritz Glaummann
Jaime Montes Laura Vidje
Markus Aerni Itai Danielski John Helmfridson
Anthropocene means the “recent age of man”1 and is the most recent period in the earth’s history, when human activities have a very important effect on the earth’s environment and climate.2 The anthropocene is considered “the time interval in which human activities now rival global geophysical processes”. 3
Anthropocene is both a term describing human impact but also a timeframe of modern human development, taking place in stark contrast with earth’s own resources and ecologies. The time frame of the anthropocene is not clearly defined but is commonly referred to from the early 19th century and the industrial revolution and especially the period from the 1950s where the technological development and human development has brought prosperity to man while the natural resources has been utilized to a large extent, affecting the environment in a negative way.4
To understand and measure human impact on earth, nine planetary boundaries have been established that (if not exceeded) can help us to keep within the boundaries. Out of these, three have already been exceeded (climate change, biodiversity loss, and the nitrogen cycle). If exceeded, the stability of planet-scale systems can not be relied on any longer resulting in disruptive system changes beyond our control.5
The term anthropocene was first presented in the year of 2000 by biologist Eugene Stormer and chemist Paul Crutzen. The anthropocene hasn’t yet been officially declared as an epoch by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). The IUGS must before that confirm that the effects of human activity are so great that it can be detected in the rock strata of the earth.6
1 P. Rafferty, Anthropocene epoch, Brittanica, https://www.britannica.com/science/Anthropocene-Epoch, retrieved 20211109.
2 Cambridge dictionary (2021), https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/anthropocene, retrieved 20211109
3 Steffen, W., Persson, Å., Deutsch, L., Zalasiewicz, J., Williams, M., Richardson, K., ... & Svedin, U. (2011). The Anthropocene: From global change to planetary stewardship. Ambio, 40(7), 739-761.)
4 Hoffman, A. J., & Jennings, P. D. (2015). Institutional theory and the natural environment: Research in (and on) the Anthropocene. Organization & Environment, 28(1), 8-31.
5 Hoffman, A. J., & Jennings, P. D. (2015). Institutional theory and the natural environment: Research in (and on) the Anthropocene. Organization & Environment, 28(1), 8-31.
6 Anthropocene, National Geographic, https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/anthropocene/, retrieved 20211109
Authors: Andersson, Emmy Aktanius, Emelie Bäckström, Nathalie Lind, Karl Otto, Victor
Freeze-frame from video, showing the forestry in northern Sweden since the 1950 until today and how it has affected the environment through clear-cutting.
Source: https://youtu.be/05d2mXCas-I, retrieved 20211109
Cape Coral Florida.
Source: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/30/anthropocene-epochhave-we-entered-a-new-phase-of-planetary-history, retrieved 20211109
Andersson Emmy Aktanius Emelie Bäckström Nathalie Lind Karl Otto Victor
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
teachers: Ana Betancour Jaime Montes Markus Aerni
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
Authors: Andersson, Emmy Aktanius, Emelie Bäckström, Nathalie Lind, Karl Otto, Victor
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: External lecturers: Ana Betancour Mauritz Glaummann
Jaime Montes Laura Vidje
Markus Aerni Itai Danielski John Helmfridson
Architectural glossary for sustainable construction technology.
Resilience is to what extent a system can meet change, disorder or external forces and still remain. Included in this process is therefore also the system’s ability to learn and its capacity to adapt to these changed circumstances.
Resilience is dividing itself in two categories, when talking about it on a planetary scale. Resilience of the holocene, and resilience of the anthropocene, or a resilient planet, and resilient people. Resilience thinking is mainly the understanding of the collaboration between the two and how the solution is imagining them as one.
Resilience is often used in the understanding of Environmental, Social and Economic sustainability and is finding its way in understanding the social-ecological systems.
Social-ecological systems are and need multidisciplinary complex adaptive systems, their components are both independent and interacting, where the components often are a result of local interaction. Innovations and variations are adapting the system, and makes it change over time.
Designing for resilience is about structures that are adaptable and can learn from their environment. Even in the face of disaster, they should remain unchanged. It is about creating adaptable and elastic systems that can adjust to our changing conditions without creating new problems.
Centralized system: If single failure occur the entire system crumbles
Decentralized system: Incase of one failure the failure will be local while the rest of the system can continue
Distributed system: Entire system works together so that if one failure occurs the system can continue unless everything fails simultaneously.
Structural model of library
Source: http://arch1101-2011sw.blogspot.com/2011/03/need-for-strong-beautifulbuilding.html, retrived 20211109
The library Sendai Mediatheque located in Sendai-shi Japan, has a structure designed to resemble trees and to be able to handle earthquakes, which are common in Japan.
Andersson Emmy Aktanius Emelie Bäckström Nathalie Lind Karl Otto Victor
LIbrary after earthquake
Source: https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/japans-libraries-in-pictures, retrived 20211108
The library has six steel ribbed slabs supported from sixteen pillars which are flexible so the building can move during an earthquake so that the house will not crumble.
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
teachers: Ana Betancour Jaime Montes Markus Aerni
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
Authors: Andersson, Emmy Aktanius, Emelie Bäckström, Nathalie Lind, Karl Otto, Victor
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: External lecturers: Ana Betancour Mauritz Glaummann Jaime Montes Laura Vidje Markus Aerni Itai Danielski John Helmfridson
Architectural glossary for sustainable construction technology.
Ecosystem services is a term that commonly refers to the benefits people gain and gather from the ecosystems. With the continued increase in population, income, and consumption, we as humans continually put more emphasis on the natural environment to provide our demands. This increase in demand is causing degradation in health and growth of the ecosystems.
Ecosystem services can be further understood under four categories – provisioning services (timber, water, food), regulating services (forest purifying air), cultural services (cultural heritage, recreation and tourism) and supporting services (water cycling).
According to The Encyclopaedia Britannica, in the 21st century building shelters in all its forms consumed more than half the world’s resources. Within architecture and urban studies, the need is for the built environment to operate in symbiosis with the ecosystem to create healthier and sustainable cities for both inhabitants and nature.
Architecture has a significant role in preserving and harmonizing with the natural elements within the urban and built environment. Within the ecosystem services architecture aims for a sustainable extraction and use of energy resources, the use of reusable material, and for the consideration of the influence of our buildings on the environment.
With rapid urbanization and declines in human connection with nature globally, vital decisions must be made regarding how to preserve nature while benefiting from its services. The capacity of the ecosystem to supply services for human demands depends on the ecosystem condition, which requires a holistic system where the outcome and process always affects one another.
We as architects need to be aware of the crucial role we play in generating a system that responds to the ecosystem evolution, every design we draw has an impact on the footprint it resides in.
Authors: Ingemarsson, Emelie Rudholm, Linnea Osman, Hana Singh, Simratpreet Ullbring, Jesper
gain population, the causing provisioning cultural (water shelters architecture symbiosis inhabitants natural services the buildings globally, benefiting human system a an
Reference image 1
Reference image 2
Caption: Diagram Ecosystem services
Reference image 2
Source: https://www.cocity.se/om-oss/urban-ecosystem-services/
UMA5
Caption: Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, Singapore
Source: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Bishan-Ang_Mo_Kio_Park
https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardens-parks-and-nature/parks-and-nature-reserves/bishan---angmo-kio-park
Caption: Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, Singapore
Source: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Bishan-Ang_Mo_Kio_Park
https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardens-parks-and-nature/parks-and-nature-reserves/bishan---angmo-kio-park
Ingemarsson, Emelie Rudholm, Linnea Osman, Hana Singh, Simratpreet Ullbring, Jesper
Ingemarsson, Emelie Rudholm, Linnea Osman, Hana Singh, Simratpreet Ullbring, Jesper
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
UMA4 Technology Fall 2021
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
teachers: Ana Betancour Jaime Montes Markus Aerni
teachers: Ana Betancour Jaime Montes Markus Aerni
Authors: Ingemarsson, Emelie Rudholm, Linnea Osman, Hana Singh, Simratpreet Ullbring, Jesper
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: External lecturers: Ana Betancour Mauritz Glaummann Jaime Montes Laura Vidje Markus Aerni Itai Danielski John Helmfridson
Ingemarsson, Emelie[From Ancient Greek bios, “life”, and Latin diversus, “diversity; variety”, from divertere, “to go separate ways”.]
Biodiversity has been defined as the variation of life at all levels of biological organization. This means genetic diversity within populations of species, diversity of species within ecosystems and diversity of ecosystems within an area. Biodiversity is important as species rely on each other for benefits and ultimately survival, there amongst humans. The arrival of humans has threatened biodiversity, mainly by habitat destruction. This has been coined the Holocene extinction.
International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, has systematized the threats towards biodiversity into twelve categories, such as climate change, pollution and agriculture. The first category, Residential & commercial development, might be the most relevant for architects. Cities or other human settlements exist within all of earth’s natural environments and can, depending on the environment, have a massive impact on natural ecosystems. In order to maintain biodiversity, a great variety of species must be made possible to coexist with the human settlement. If possible, the surrounding natural ecosystem should be able to infiltrate the urban fabric. When this is not applicable or desirable (e.g letting predators into human communities), cities can focus to stimulate and enforce the diversity of existing urban ecosystems, ecosystems that have spawned within urban settings.
The ecological footprint of cities, however, is bigger than the area that the city occupies itself. The metabolism of cities demands resources from vast land areas all over the world. In order to protect global biodiversity, cities must therefore manage its consumption and waste behaviors to a much greater extent than today.
Bibliography
Convention on Biological Diversity, Department of Public Information, United Nations, New York, 1992
Gaston, Kevin J. & Spicer, John I., Biodiversity: an introduction, Blackwell, Oxford, 2004
IUCN 2021. CMP Unified Classification of Direct Threats. Version 3.2. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 9 october 2021.
Suwa, Aki et al.. Cities, Biodiversity and Governance: Perspectives and Challenges of the Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity at the City Level, United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies. Yokohama: United Nations University, 2010.
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
teachers: Ana Betancour Jaime Montes Markus Aerni
Authors: Niklasson, Elias Lindeberg Emin, Ida Korpi, Linnea Parkman, Mikael Lindkvist, Rebecca
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: External lecturers: Ana Betancour Mauritz Glaummann
Jaime Montes Laura Vidje
Markus Aerni Itai Danielski
John Helmfridson
Illustration of different layers of biodiversity and how residential and commercial development becomes a threat towards biodiversity.
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
teachers: Ana Betancour
Jaime Montes Markus Aerni
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: External lecturers: Ana Betancour Mauritz Glaummann
Jaime Montes Laura Vidje
Markus Aerni Itai Danielski John Helmfridson
[From Ancient Greek bios, “life”, and Latin remediare, “to heal; to cure”.]
Increasing extents of contaminated areas in the world due to anthropogenic activities have significantly impacted biodiversity and ecosystems both on land and in our oceans, as well as human health. The remediation of the environment is an incredibly challenging task since many contaminants are difficult or nearly impossible to remove or degrade. A commonly used method to deal with contaminated soil is to excavate and move it to designated landfills, which only transfers the contamination elsewhere. Another technique used is to cap and contain it on site, which is merely a temporary solution requiring future monitoring and maintenance, bringing costs and liabilities. Bioremediation is a more costeffective and low-technological alternative to more traditional methods.
Bioremediation is the process of using living organisms such as fungi, bacteria, or plants to treat contaminated areas, e.g., water or soil, neutralizing and breaking down contaminants into less toxic forms. Generally, there are one of two ways to conduct bioremediation - ex situ or in situ. The contaminated media can be treated on-site or be excavated and treated elsewhere. The latter method can be time-effective, its outcome better controlled, and can treat a wider variety of soils, while it can only treat smaller volumes and is more costly. By treating the soil on-site larger areas can be decontaminated, and fewer pollutants released. Yet, it takes longer and is ineffective on certain soil types, such as multilayered hard-packed clay.
As architects, it is essential to consider the life cycle of the materials that we use, to minimize the use of materials derived from possible contaminating manufacturing processes, and consider where materials go when they have served their purpose.
On a larger scale and as cities grow, it is important to plan for the remediation of the contaminated areas we have inherited from harmful anthropogenic activities. These areas could become a part of the fabric of the city in the form of parks and green zones that simultaneously clean the environment and provide the city with vital ecosystem services that could potentially increase biodiversity and resilience to further contamination.
Bibliography
Convention on Biological Diversity. Department of Public Information, United Nations, New York, 1992. Gaston, Kevin J. & Spicer, John I., Biodiversity: an introduction, Blackwell, Oxford, 2004
IUCN 2021. CMP Unified Classification of Direct Threats. Version 3.2. https://www.iucnredlist.org (Downloaded on 9 october 2021)
Suwa, Aki et al.. Cities, Biodiversity and Governance: Perspectives and Challenges of the Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity at the City Level, United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies. Yokohama: United Nations University, 2010.
Vidali M. Bioremediation. An overview. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 73, 2001: 1163-1172. 10.1351/pac200173071163
Abboud, N.A. Ecomena. 2019. The Promise of Bioremediation. https://www.ecomena.org/bioremediation (November 8, 2021)
In Situ & Ex Situ Bioremediation Treatments. Bioremediation. http://learnbioremediation.weebly.com/in-situ--ex-situ-bioremediation-treatments. html (November 8, 2021)
Selvaraju, R. Kalyanasundaram, M. Ex-situ and In-situ bioremediation strategies with special reference to marine and coastal environments. Ramand: Microbila Polution in Aquatic Environment Conference, 2014. 10.13140/2.1.1021.5684
Authors: Niklasson, Elias Lindeberg Emin, Ida Korpi, Linnea Parkman, Mikael Lindkvist, Rebecca
Ex-situ bioremediation - the excavation and treating of contaminated soil off site.
In-situ bioremediation - the treating of contaminated media on site.
Elias Niklasson Ida Lindeberg Emin Linnea Korpi Mikael Parkman Rebecca Lindkvist
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
teachers: Ana Betancour Jaime Montes Markus Aerni
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
Authors: Niklasson, Elias Lindeberg Emin, Ida Korpi, Linnea Parkman, Mikael Lindkvist, Rebecca
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: External lecturers: Ana Betancour Mauritz Glaummann
Jaime Montes Laura Vidje Markus Aerni Itai Danielski John Helmfridson
Zero Carbon or Carbon neutrality means having a balance between emitting carbon and absorbing carbon from the atmosphere in carbon sinks. Removing carbon oxide from the atmosphere and then storing it is known as carbon sequestration. In order to achieve net zero emissions, all worldwide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will have to be counterbalanced by carbon sequestration.1
Throughout their entire life cycle, all buildings have a carbon footprint – from the manufacturing of the products and materials used until the building is repurposed or demolished.
In a carbon neutral building, greenhouse gas emissions are minimised at all stages, including the manufacturing processes, during construction and during use. The emissions that occur are balanced by climate-positive initiatives so that the net carbon footprint over time is zero. This can be done for example, by investing in solar cells on the roof or facades to compensate for the building’s emissions. ”Wood acts as a carbon store. Built-in materials derived from wood contain an amount of carbon that relates to the uptake of carbon dioxide from growing new trees. During a building’s lifespan new forests that absorb and bind carbon dioxide can be grown to replace the timber used for construction.” 2
[1] European Parliment. What is carbon neutrality and how can it be achieved by 2050?. 2021
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20190926STO62270/what-is-carbon-neutrality-and-how-can-it-be-achieved-by-2050 (Accessed 211109) [2] White Arkitekter. CarbonNeutralBuildings–CreatingValueThroughArchitecture. https://whitearkitekter.com/carbon-neutral-buildings-creating-value-through-architecture/ (Accessed 211109)
Fransman, Hanna Gaaibet, Fardowsa Grönqvist, Ida Ghafouri, Navid Johansson, Tony
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
teachers: Ana Betancour Jaime Montes Markus Aerni
Authors: Fransman, Hanna Gaaibet, Fardowsa Grönqvist, Ida Ghafouri, Navid Johansson, Tony
Infographic: Climate neutral building
[2] White Arkitekter. CarbonNeutralBuildings–CreatingValueThroughArchitecture. https://whitearkitekter.com/carbon-neutral-buildings-creating-value-through-architecture/ (Accessed 211109)
Fransman, Hanna Gaaibet, Fardowsa Grönqvist, Ida Ghafouri, Navid Johansson, Tony
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
teachers: Ana Betancour
Jaime Montes
Markus Aerni
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
Authors: Fransman, Hanna Gaaibet, Fardowsa Grönqvist, Ida Ghafouri, Navid Johansson, Tony
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: External lecturers: Ana Betancour Mauritz Glaummann
Jaime Montes Laura Vidje
Markus Aerni Itai Danielski John Helmfridson
Architectural glossary for sustainable construction technology.
Carbon can be stored above and below the ground in the greenery and the root system of plants but also in rocks and fossil fuels. The amount of carbon has never change but the carbon is constantly changing the location in the carbon cycle through different processes.
Carbon sources: A process or area that releases more carbon dioxide than it absorbs. Fossil fuels is an example of this. Burning coal releases a lot of carbon into the atmosphere.
Carbon Sinks: A process or area that absorbs more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than it releases.1 This could be both natural processes but also artificial methods as storing carbon dioxide deep under the ground.2 Example of natural carbon sinks:
Forest
-Absorbs 2,6 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide every year.
Soil
-Absorbs about a quarter of all human emissions each year. A large part of this is stored in the permafrost or the peatland.
Ocean
-Since the industrial revolution it has absorb about a quarter of the carbon dioxide that we had releases into the atmosphere.3
[1] National Geographic Society. Carbon sources and sinks. 2020 https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/carbon-sources-and-sinks/
(Accessed 211109)
[2] NIWA. What is a carbon sink?.https://niwa.co.nz/atmosphere/faq/what-is-a-carbon-sink
(Accessed 211109)
[3] Client Earth Communication. What is a carbon sink?. 2020 https://www.clientearth.org/latest/latest-updates/stories/what-is-a-carbon-sink/
(Accessed 211109)
Fransman, Hanna Gaaibet, Fardowsa Grönqvist, Ida Ghafouri, Navid Johansson, Tony
Authors: Fransman, Hanna Gaaibet, Fardowsa Grönqvist, Ida Ghafouri, Navid Johansson, Tony
Infographic: The carbon cycle Murphy, Thomas. https://niwa.co.nz/atmosphere/faq/what-is-a-carbon-sink
(Accessed: 211109)
Fransman, Hanna Gaaibet, Fardowsa Grönqvist, Ida Ghafouri, Navid Johansson, Tony
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021 teachers: Ana Betancour Jaime Montes Markus Aerni
Authors: Fransman, Hanna Gaaibet, Fardowsa Grönqvist, Ida Ghafouri, Navid Johansson, Tony
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: External lecturers: Ana Betancour Mauritz Glaummann Jaime Montes Laura Vidje Markus Aerni Itai Danielski John Helmfridson
Architectural glossary for sustainable construction technology.
Carbon sequestration is the process of capturing, securing and storing carbon from the atmosphere and thereby prevents the atmosphere from further warming. Due to this, carbon sequestration as a process is promising for the opportunities of regulating human carbon emissions and minimizing human impact on the climate. There are two types of carbon sequestration: biological and geological.1
Biological carbon sequestration is natural absorption of carbon that occurs in vegetation such as trees, grasslands, soil, along with oceans. Historically, the biological carbon sequesters, trees, grasslands and soils have absorbed 25% of carbon emissions, and the upper layers of the ocean has absorbed 30% of carbon emissions.
Buildings can also serve as carbon sequesters depending on material. This mainly applies to timber buildings. However, small amounts of carbon can also be sequestered in concrete although the process is slow and inefficient in comparison to the emissions generated during extraction and construction. When referring to timber buildings as carbon sequesters it is important to note that although timber buildings are the most efficient type of building sequesters, it does not mean that they have an overarching positive climate impact and that it is good to cut down trees. The climate benefit of leaving a tree to grow an additional 25 years rather than using the lumber as building material is 10 times greater as the tree is left to naturally sequester carbon in nature.
[1] UC.Davis. What is Carbon Sequestration and How Does it Work?. 2019. https://clear.ucdavis.edu/explainers/what-carbon-sequestration (Accessed: 211108)
[2] UC.Davis. What is Carbon Sequestration and How Does it Work?. 2019. (Accessed: 211108)
[3] Fairs, Marcus. Cement and concrete “are not carbon sinks” says Cambridge materials scientist. Dezeen. 2021-08-31. https://www.dezeen.com/2021/08/31/cement-concrete-not-carbon-sinks-cambridge-materials-scientist/ (Accessed: 211108)
[4] Montes, Jaime. Seminar 2: Sustainability Concepts. 2021. Umeå Universitet.
[5] Glaumann, Mauritz. Seminar 6: Low Impact Building. 2021. Umeå Universitet.
Hanna
Trees are biological CO2 sequesters as they absorb CO2 from their surroundings
Important that materials are recycled or reused - if burned the CO2 stored in the material is released into the atmosphere and offsets the benefits of the sequestered carbon
End of building life
Wood turned into products and building materials
Raw material harvested from forests
Left over materials such as sawdust, branches, and tretops can be processed into pulp, heat and bioenergy
Infographic: Biological carbon sequestration in nature and as building material.
Diagram inspired by: MetsäWood (https://www.metsawood.com/global/news-media/articles/Pages/carbon-storage.aspx)
Authors: Fransman, Hanna Gaaibet, Fardowsa Grönqvist, Ida Ghafouri, Navid Johansson, Tony
Timber buildings continue to function as carbon sequesters as they still absorb CO2
Pulp
Bioenergy
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: External lecturers: Ana Betancour Mauritz Glaummann Jaime Montes Laura Vidje Markus Aerni Itai Danielski John Helmfridson
Architectural
During combustion of fossil fuels carbon dioxide (CO2) is released into the atmosphere as Greenhouse Gas emissions. These emissions are the primary cause of climate change caused by human activities and should therefore be avoided or at least compensated for somehow.
Geologic carbon sequestration refers to the process of capturing and storing released CO2 in underground geologic formations. The CO2 is typically pressurized until it becomes a liquid, and then injected into porous rock formations in geologic basins. This method of carbon storage is also sometimes a part of enhanced oil recovery, otherwise known as tertiary recovery. In enhanced oil recovery, the liquid CO2 is injected into the oil-bearing formation in order to reduce the viscosity of the oil and allow it to flow more easily to the oil well.1
In regard to building construction, there are ways to capture emissions during the industrial stage, for example when producing steel or cement. However, Geologic carbon sequestration depends on very sophisticated machinery and is therefore rather difficult to incorporate during the building stage of a project. Consequently, for architecture carbon sequestration is typically seen as a way to compensate for emissions (post-construction) once a building has been erected and estimates can be made of the impact the building has had on the environment. It is also worth noting that research is being done to further develop and integrate the procedure during the whole building process.2
[2]
Authors:
Infographic: The concept of geological carbon sequestration
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
Fransman, Hanna Gaaibet, Fardowsa Grönqvist, Ida Ghafouri, Navid Johansson, Tony
Authors: Fransman, Hanna Gaaibet, Fardowsa Grönqvist, Ida Ghafouri, Navid Johansson, Tony
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
teachers: Ana Betancour Jaime Montes Markus Aerni
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: External lecturers: Ana Betancour Mauritz Glaummann Jaime Montes Laura Vidje Markus Aerni Itai Danielski John Helmfridson
Figure composed by Douglas W. Duncan and Illustrated by Eric A. Morrissey, USGSArchitectural glossary for sustainable construction technology.
Cradle-to-cradle is a term that describes a philosophy for a sustainable way of living at a global scale, without sacrificing social development, economic growth or material comfort. In contrast to a Cradle-to-grave system, that is described as being a linear use of resources, cradle-to-cradle proposes a circular system of resource-consumption, inspired by the natural eco-system. By implementing the circular way of resource-consumption, an ideal cradleto-cradle system for the building sector is to design for regenerative purposes and to improve the health and lives of humans and the eco-system.
There are four defining Cradle to Cradle principles:
1. Think in systems
Are we doing things right? Are we doing the right things?
2. Work towards energy from renewable sources
Use current solar income to increase the implementation of sustainable energy sources.
3. Build resilience through diversity
Diverse systems are more resilient to withstand stress and challenges.
4. Waste = food
Everything is a resource for something else. Change mindset and design processes in order to close the loop of resources and nutrients and eliminate the concept of waste.
Designing buildings with cradle-to-cradle principles implies understanding of the existing landscapes and systems of the site. Studies of hydrology, vegetation, climate, sun conditions, natural systems and landforms is important for the built environment and human beings to be able to co-exist with nature.
The aim of cradle-to-cradle design is to create buildings, communities and systems that maximizes the positive impacts on human and environmental health, rather than minimizing the negative ones.
Gyll, Malin Wadstein, Victoria Ashari, Azad Bäckström, Jonas Gataullina, Karina
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
teachers: Ana Betancour Jaime Montes Markus Aerni
Authors: Gyll, Malin Wadstein, Victoria Ashari, Azad Bäckström, Jonas Gataulina, Karina
The circular economy up-cycling concept:
Image source: https://www.urban-hub.com/sustainability/less-bad-more-good-pioneering-a-circular-economy-with-cradle-to-cradle/
The goal is for each product or material to be part of a circular system. Either the biological or the technical. Each material is seen as a nutrient in the system. Technical nutrients are compounds that are unable to degrade in the natural environment but are required by industry. They’re maintained apart from biological nutrients that may be safely returned to the ground in a closed cycle.
Gyll, Malin Wadstein, Victoria Ashari, Azad Bäckström, Jonas Gataullina, Karina
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
teachers: Ana Betancour Jaime Montes Markus Aerni
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
Authors: Gyll, Malin Wadstein, Victoria Ashari, Azad Bäckström, Jonas Gataulina, Karina
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: External lecturers: Ana Betancour Mauritz Glaummann Jaime Montes Laura Vidje Markus Aerni Itai Danielski John Helmfridson
Architectural glossary for sustainable construction technology.
Circular economy is a restorative and regenerative model that aims to improve how we produce and consume.1
It is adopting a mindset of cradle-to-cradle, rather than cradle-tograve where resources are renewed, remade and reused in a circular loop. Buildings can be viewed as trees and cities as forests, where the built environment is part of producing a healthy interior and exterior environment, working in symbiosis with natural processes and participating productively.2
Through 4 principles it strives for limiting waste production. The 4 principles address that we should think in systems, to work towards using renewable energy sources, to build resilience through diversity and that everything is a resource for something else and to work towards producing zero waste.3
Circular economy focuses on sharing, leasing, repairing, refurbishing, reusing and recycling which allows for a more efficient use of resources rather than producing new.4 By designing for modularity and disassembly, using screws and joints instead of nails, dissolvable binders instead of adhesives and using universal standards over proprietary ones, waste can be avoided. Disassembled components can be found in material banks, identified via individual passports. These store information of construction parts to allow for maximizing both the technical and biological cycles of the material.5
Adapting to a circular mindset in the early stages of design is a helpful tool to be able to reduce the use of material in a building. 75 % of the emissions that a building produces originates from the building process, forcing the building industry to be considerate in its use or resources, materials and project designs.6 Being considerate of the use of materials from the beginning is a way to avoid waste throughout the whole life cycle of a building.
1 Europal. Circular economy: definition, importance and benefits. Europal. 2021.https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/economy/20151201STO05603/circular-economy-definition-importance-and-benefits.(Accessed 211109)
2 Vidje, Laura; ELVA Hållbara. Lecture 2021-11-09.
3 Ibid, Lecture 2021-11-09.
4 Europal. Circular economy: definition, importance and benefits. Europal. 2021.https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/economy/20151201STO05603/circular-economy-definition-importance-and-benefits.(Accessed 211109)
5 Jensen, K. G., Sommer, J. et. al., Building a Circular Future, Denmark: KLS PurePrint, 2016.
6 Helmfridsson, John; Boman Arkitektur. Lecture 2021-11-04.
Authors: Bengtsson, Lisa Blix, Carl Dahlbäck, Hanna Farhan, Hanin Furche, Jan
and
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/infographics/ circulareconomy/public/index.html
use 2021.https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/economy/20151201STO05603/circu-
2021.https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/economy/20151201STO05603/circu-
Linear economy model in comparison to circular economy.
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/infographics/ circulareconomy/public/index.html
ARCHITECTURE TECHNOLOGY GLOSSARY
ARCHITECTURE TECHNOLOGY GLOSSARY
Furche Jan
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
UMA4 Technology Fall 2021 teachers: Ana Betancour Jaime Montes
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021 teachers: Ana Betancour Jaime Montes
Markus Aerni
Markus Aerni
Authors: Bengtsson, Lisa Blix, Carl Dahlbäck, Hanna Farhan, Hanin Furche, Jan
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: External lecturers: Ana Betancour Mauritz Glaummann
Jaime Montes Laura Vidje
Markus Aerni Itai Danielski John Helmfridson
Bengtsson Lisa Blix Carl Dahlbäck Hanna Farhan HaninArchitectural glossary for sustainable construction technology.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a methodology for assessing the environmental impact of a product from the original extraction of resources to the disposal. Within the context of LCA, this lapse constitutes the life cycle of a product, the origin referred to as the ‘cradle’ and the disposal as the ‘grave’. The LCA model is a quantitative study of natural resource use and pollutant emissions generated within the life-span of a product. The model is also multi-disciplinary as it combines the quantitative data with a qualitative assessment, defining a Functional Unit (FU) in order to examine the specific impact of said emissions and resource usage. This means that LCA is a great tool for optimizing the correlating systems of a product however it does not cover economical, social or site-specific aspects of the project
The life cycle assessment is divided into four steps. Step one is goal & scope definition, to guarantee that your LCA is completed in a consistent manner. All models are a simplified version of a complicated reality however, and like all simplifications, it distorts reality in some way. Step two is an inventory analysis of extractions and emissions where you examine all of the environmental inputs and outputs related to the product or service. Step three is the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) where you draw conclusions from the assessment that help you make smarter business decisions.Step four is interpretation, where you double-check your conclusions for accuracy.
These stages can be further divided into subcategories that link back to the different phases of the cycle. The first is the construction phase. This includes extraction of raw materials and transport. Second is the construction production phase which targets manufacturing, further transport as well as the building- and installation process. Third is the stage of use, which also includes maintenance, reparation, exchange / change of materials, reconstruction, operating energy- and waterusage. The final stage addresses the dismantling and demolishing of the building, transport of the material, waste product management and disposal.
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
Part of the LCA illustrating wood and its capacity to store CO2 The calculations are made by Mauritz Glaumann.
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
Sandberg, Carl
Lindkvist, Linda
Lundmark, Linnea
Lindgren, Sonja
Racho, Ario
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
Authors: Lindgren, Sonja Lindkvist, Linda Lundmark, Linnea Racho, Ario Sandberg, Carl
teachers: Ana Betancour
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Jaime Montes
Teachers: External lecturers:
Markus Aerni
Ana Betancour Mauritz Glaummann
Jaime Montes Laura Vidje
Markus Aerni Itai Danielski John Helmfridson
Architectural glossary for sustainable construction technology.
In recycling a material goes through one or more transformation processes before it can be used again. Energy is therefore necessary within the process of changing a material for it to take on new forms and purposes.
‘’Recycling as a part of environmental considerations has become a common feature in architecture and building constructions. Recycling of building waste can make a considerable contribution to reducing the total environmental impact of the building sector. To increase the scope for recycling in the future, aspects of recycling have to be included in the design phase. Design for disassembly is a key task to increase the future scope for recycling.’’
https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/4809710/1693314.pdf
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/recycle
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
teachers: Ana Betancour Jaime Montes Markus Aerni
Authors: Dellwink, Marianne Eriksson, Kenneth Huuskonen, Jyriki Marcuz, Tanja Lindström, Viktor Wettanien, Sofia
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers:
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/recycle
https://www.builddirect.com/blog/denim-insulation-the-good-and-the-bad/
Dellwink, Marianne Eriksson, Kenneth Huuskonen, Jyrki Marcuz, Tanja Lindström, Viktor Wettainen, Sofia
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021 teachers: Ana Betancour Jaime Montes Markus Aerni
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
Authors: Dellwink, Marianne Eriksson, Kenneth Huuskonen, Jyriki Marcuz, Tanja Lindström, Viktor Wettanien, Sofia
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: External lecturers: Ana Betancour Mauritz Glaummann Jaime Montes Laura Vidje Markus Aerni Itai Danielski John Helmfridson
Caption: Insulation panels made from recycled denim is one example of recycled material used in the building industry Panels of insulation made from recycled denimArchitectural glossary for sustainable construction technology.
Reuse is a concept based on using parts, items or features of a building more than once, for its original purpose or to fulfill another function, without being processed requiring energy.
A process that changes a disused or ineffective item into a new item that can be used for a different purpose. Different features and items of a building can be extracted to be used in a different setting.
Reuse can be used to promote environmental sustainability. It reduces the need for newly produced construction items. That lowers the need for energy and material. Reuse can also reduce the amount of waste a demolition of a building creates since some of the items can be extracted instead.
Reuse can also promote other values. For example it can save features from old buildings with historical and cultural significance for new construction projects.
The difference between reuse and recycle is about the difference between material and constructed objects. Recycling is more about extracting the material matter itself to be used again. Reuse is about the composite object itself. A window for example could either be reused in its current form. The window would be removed from a building and be put into a new one in its original form. If the window was recycled instead the glass could for example be extracted and melted down and used as material and not as form.
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/reuse_1 https://www.awe.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/adaptive-reuse.pdf
Dellwink,
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
teachers: Ana Betancour Jaime Montes Markus Aerni
Authors: Dellwink, Marianne Eriksson, Kenneth Huuskonen, Jyriki Marcuz, Tanja Lindström, Viktor Wettanien, Sofia
Oktavilla - Elding Oscarsson
http://www.eldingoscarson.com/projects/oktavilla/content/oktavilla/
Dellwink, Marianne Eriksson, Kenneth Huuskonen, Jyrki Marcuz, Tanja Lindström, Viktor Wettainen, Sofia
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
UMA5 Technology Fall 2021
teachers: Ana Betancour Jaime Montes Markus Aerni
Authors: Dellwink, Marianne Eriksson, Kenneth Huuskonen, Jyriki Marcuz, Tanja Lindström, Viktor Wettanien, Sofia
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: External lecturers: Ana Betancour Mauritz Glaummann Jaime Montes Laura Vidje Markus Aerni Itai Danielski John Helmfridson
Caption: Wall made of stacked bundles of magazines.GLOBAL WARMING
PLANETARY BOUNDARIES
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
WATER ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
ANTHROPOCENE
RESILIENCE
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
BIODIVERSITY
BIOREMEDIATION
CARBON ZERO / CARBON SINK / CARBON SEQUESTRATION
CRADLE TO CRADLE
CIRCULAR ECONOMY
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
RECYCLING
REUSE
Fall Semester 2019-20-21
Course: Seminar course 3a: Architectural Technology, Resolution part 2/2 weeks: 2
Between 2018 and 2022 was implemented at Umeå School of Architecture a methodological approach to integrate the pedagogical development through bachelor and master level of the area of architectural technology from the perspective of environmental impact
Coordination and examination
Jaime Montes
Pedagogical development and course content years 2-4-5
Ana Betancour
Markus Aerni
Jaime Montes
Tobias Westerlund
Course teachers
Markus Aerni (UMA), Ana Betancour (UMA), Jaime Montes (UMA), Tobias Westerlund (UMA), Andreas Falk (architect, phD timber structures), Almudena Fúster (bioclimatic design, University Alcalá de Henares)
External lecturers 2018-2022
Karl Gunnar-Olsson (structures); Fiona Bradley (structures and construction); Raphaël LeGall (structural design); Andreas Falk (structures and timber architecture); Maria Block (sustainble and healthy construction); Almudena Fúster (climate design); Varis Bockalders (sustainable construction); Mauritz Glaumann (environmental impact); Laura Vidje (circularity); John Helmfridson (sustainability); Thomas Olofsson (energy); Itai Danielski (LCA, building physics); Charlotta Berggren (ventilation energy systems); Kjartan Gudmudsson (building physics); Luciano Landaeta (buildng construction); Ricardo Atienza (sound); Rodrigo Muro (light).
The point of departure for the Technology and Environmental Impact courses is the approach to the subject area as an intrinsic part of the architectural and spatial design. The courses underpin the progression through both the Bachelor and Masters Programme structured around core notions, concepts, and strategies, focusing on Sustainable Architecture. The aim is to provide an understanding and knowledge of technology as a design tool, and how to apply the theoretical knowledge into practical knowledge, exploring ways to generate a strategy driven design towards a holistic understanding of the environmental impact in Architecture.
In the second year Technology courses year study bio-climatic architecture, the envelope, and the structure from its material qualities and spatial possibilities. In the fourth-year, principles and strategies are further organized around five core notions. These notions are explored as generators for design, structural strategies and their communication through technical drawing. In the fifth year students carry investigations and prototypes towards the master thesis, widening the perspective on sustainability.
A key aspect and important part of the successful integration and progression of the Technology courses is the collaboration with external professionals, experts in specific fields of structures, comfort, energy, ventilation, materials, light, sound, impact assessment, building services, circular building. A process established since many years through invited lectures, seminars, and in direct interaction with the students.
The methodology, based in collaboration and on-going discussion, connects the input from lectures, tutorials and course bibliography into exercises divided in in case studies to learn and understand the concepts and in the application of the learning in the Architectural project under a critical understanding of sustainable construction.
The drawings in this booklet are done by students at Umeå School of Architecture. The drawings are a reconstructions of the original buildings, product of research and study on how they have been built and how builidings work and behave, part of the learning process has been to do qualified guesses when extact information is not found.
Student: NAVID GHAFOURI
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
ROOF
The original roof structure was used but with some structural alterations.
ADDED HEIGHT
The new walls were built using traditional studded framing. Windows have been added in between the framing studs along with double layers of insulation in between the studs. The exterior is cladded using horizontal timber.
TRUSSES
The interior walls were designed as floor height trusses that help transfer the load to the exterior walls, making it possible to span the new storey without support by columns.
ADDED STOREY
Timber beams spanning the floor of the added storey.
SPANNING BEAMS
Loadbearing framework added between the 15th and 16th timber row.
ORIGINAL STRUCTURE
Original timber structure with dovetail joinery. New interior walls and insulation were added.
WINDOWS
Windows were added into the original structure. The placement was based on the structural logic of the building frame.
GROUND FLOOR
Original ground floor supported by timber beams.
FOUNDATION
New concrete foundation lifting the structure off the ground.
In order to be able to move the building it was disassembled prior to transportation. Well on its new site the building was reassembled and placed on top of concrete plinths serving as the new foundation that lift the building off the ground. Allowing for two full height storeys a new load bearing wooden framework was incorporated between the existing 15th and 16th timber row, increasing the height of the building and its structural properties. With exception of the added height, all timber structure remained the same as the original building including the roof structure.
Scale 1:200
Giving the timber building time to settle it was left to sit for a year before picking up construction again. During this step the walls were insulated and additional interior walls added. These walls were designed as floor-height trusses that help transfer the load to the exterior walls and making it possible to span the first floor entirely without any support by columns, leaving the ground floor completely open. Windows were added based on the logic of the timber frame with larger openings on the ground floor cut out from the original timber structure, and smaller vertical openings on the first floor between the framing of the new timber con
1 Roof construction:
• 2-ply bitumen sealant layer, UV proof
• foam glass insulation, 2% to falls
• foam glass thermal insulation
• bitumen emergency sealant
• solid timber panel, glue-free
2 Ceiling construction:
• recycled yarn carpet
• 2-ply particel board
• counter-battens, infilled cellulose
• pavers
• hemp needle felt flooring
• chip board
• stacked timber ceiling
3 Floor construction
• terazzo
• PE foil
• foam glass thermal insulation
• bitumen sealent
• reinforced recycled concrete
• lean concrete leveling layer
• PE foil
• foam glass fill
• geotextile
4 Wall construction
• fibre cement panel
• joint tape
• battens
• counter-battens
• black wind barrier
• clemping felt thermal insulation
• PE foil
• solid timber wall panel, glue-free
DEMOUNTABLE
AND REUSABLE STRUCTURES
Recycling - The process of converting and removing valuable elements from an item in order to generate a new material. The ability to recycle an object is determined by how much of its original state can be restored.
Down-cycling - In this process the material is recycled in a way that the end product is of inferior quality and function than it was originally intended for. This method of recycling occurs when restoring a material to its original state is either impossible or unprofitable.
Up-cycling - The materials during this method are recycled and re-purposed to create new, higher quality items. Re-purposing, reusing, renewing, redesigning, and reviving are all examples of this procedure that give value to something that would otherwise be a waste product.
Recycling - The process of converting and removing valuable elements from an item in order to generate a new material. The ability to recycle an object is determined by how much of its original state can be restored.
Down-cycling - In this process the material is recycled in a way that the end product is of inferior quality and function than it was originally intended for. This method of recycling occurs when restoring a material to its original state is either impossible or unprofitable.
Up-cycling - The materials during this method are recycled and re-purposed to create new, higher quality items. Re-purposing, reusing, renewing, redesigning, and reviving are all examples of this procedure that give value to something that would otherwise be a waste product.
CASE STUDIES
thatch
ROOF
plank subroof
plank subroof
lattice
lattice
purlins
purlins
rafters
shõji panel
mud plaster
The roof structure is typically made with timber, while the material which covers the roof varies, from cheap material such as wood shingles and shakes, rice straw and more expensive metal and ceramic tiles. A thatched roof is made with rice straw that is tied to the roof in bundles with a thickness of around 60 cm which insulates the house. By keeping a fire burning inside the house insects are kept away and the straw is kept dry. A thatched roof last around 20 years.
framework
WALLS
The walls are made with a mix of soil, sand, clay and straw into a plaster that is applied in layers onto a lath, typically made of strips of bamboo in a grid. The first layer is thick and is mixed with long strains of grass and sand. The following layers are increasingly thinner and smoother to give the wall an even finish.
tatami mat
tatami mat
wood subfloor
wood subfloor joist
joist
STRUCTURE
Timber is commonly used for the structure as it is resistant during earthquakes. The structure is characterized by the sophisticated use of wood joinery.
When using a timber as a column it is used in a similar position as it was growing, with the root side down, on the northern side if it was growing on the northern side of a mountain and so on. The carpenter can understand this from looking at the structure of the timber.
FLOOR
FOUNDATION
By lifting the floor the house is ventilated and kept warm in winter and cool in summer. The tatami mat has been used to cover the floor of small rooms since the 15th century and is still used widely today. The tatami mat is made with a core of rice straw for rigidity and a cover of tightly woven rush for a soft and even surface.
timber frame
timber pole
granite
tamped soil
thatch 9
Stone, preferably granite, is the most durable of the materials and is used under a column or walls as foundation. The timber is carved to fit the rounded shape of the stone. The ground is prepared by tamping the soil.
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: Ana Betancour Jaime Montes Markus
Seminar
- Axonometric construction logic, 1:200Original construction from 1867
Takspån
Bärläkt
Rafter
Takåsar
CASE STUDIES
Timmerstomme
Spåntade golvbrädor
Golvreglar
Trossbotten
Intimrade golvåsar
Syll
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: Ana Betancour
Further layers are added to the clt- walls and floor later on in the construction process to meet requirements in regards to noice levels, energy efficiency and fire safety.
HSBStudio1
Program:residetial
Studio1islocatedinÖrgryteTorpoutsideofGothenburgandwon theprestigiousKasperSalinprize.Whilethejurysmotivationdoes notdirectlyaddressnoise,acousticsorvibrations,itpraisesits sustainablequalitiesanditsuseofmaterials.Theacousticshas largelybeenhandledbyÅFakustiker.Otherpartiesinvolvesare HSB,JohannesNorlanderarkitekturandPEAB.Thebuildingholdsa highsoundstandardcreatedtofititscentralpositionandexposureto trafficnoise.
LEGEND
1.)brickwalling: 228/108/40 mmcoal-fired waterstruckbricksinrandombond 45mmventilatedcavity 80mmglass-wool thermalinsulation
9mmwood fibreboardaswindbreak
145/45 mmsteelchannel framingwith
145mmrock-wool thermalinsulation vapourbarrier
45/45 mmaluminium channelframing with 45mmrock-wool thermalinsulation
2≈13mmgypsumplasterboard
2.)15mmashparquet 5mmimpact-sound insulation underfloorheatingon30mmexpanded polystyrenesystemsheeting
200mmreinforcedconcretefloor 50mmprec.conc. slabsas permanentformwork
3.) slidingdoorwith anodized-aluminiumframe andtripleglazing: 6mm+4 mm+8mm safetyglass +16mm +18mm cavities
Thesurfaceareaoftransmission. Almostallwallsincorporatemultiplematerialsand mostouterwallsincorporatesglasstosome extent.Inacompositewallthetransmissionloss tendstobeclosertotheleastsoundisolating part.Theweekpointthereforehasthegreatest potentialforimprovingthetransmissionloss,often byalargemargin.Glass,whileaverysolid material,areusedinthinlayersandwindows oftenbecomestheweekspotofthewall.Justa tinywindoworatinysoundleakcanhavehuge impactoftheoveralltransmissionloss.The example“Studio1”haslargewindowsandglass doorsinthefaçade,yetithashighsound standards.These3layeredwindowsare consideredgoodbywindowstandards,butitis stilltheweekpointofthefaçade.Reducingthe surfaceareaoftheglasscouldimprovethe transmissionloss.However,reducingthesurface areabyhalfhasthesameimpactontransmission lossregardlessofthesizeofthesurfacearea. Therefore,introducingawindowatallmakesthe largestdifferenceandevenafullglasswallare notthatmuchworseincomparison.Whenit comestosurfaceareatheruleofdiminishing returnsactuallyworkinfavorforlargersurfaces.
Themassoftheconcretefloorslab makesitgoodatinsulatingaerial noisebutduetoitsrigidnessitwill conductimpactnoisesverywell.In thiscaseitismainlyfixedwith impactinsulationthatcanbe relativelythinasitdampensthe impactratherthanthesoundwaves. Thesoundwavescanhoweveralso befocusedwithalayerofnormal insulationoracavitymadewitha suspendedceiling.
Massandthickness
Studio1hasgreatmasswithitsthickwallsmadeoutofbricksand floorslabsoutofconcrete.Thegreaterthemassoftheconstruction, theharderitisforaerialsoundtomakethematerialvibrateand transmitthesoundon.Thisishoweverageneralrule,andallsounds arenottreatedequally.Lowerfrequencysoundwavescontainmore energyandthereforearenotaseasilystoppedashigherfrequency ones.Further,allmaterialsorevenwholestructureshavethe possibilitytoresonatewithcertainfrequenciesdependingonthe materialpropertiesanditsnatural/favoritefrequencies.
Transmissionloss accordingtomass
Transmissionlosswithdip duetofavoritefrequencies
Plateauwidthcontroled byinternaldamping
frequency(Hz)
Athickerbarrierequatestolargermass.Thereishowever diminishingreturnonthetransmissionloss,andforeverydubbingof thematerialthicknessthegainedtransmissionlosswillbeaboutthe same.
Addingmassisgoodingeneralbutdoesnothavethesameeffecton allfrequenciesmainlyduetothecoincidencedipplateau.The transmissionlossforsomefrequenciesmightevenstaythesame.
'Nielsen'HousinginBorås Program:residential Place:Borås,Sweden Year:1994 Architect:TegnestuenVandkunsten,JensThomasArnfred Engineer:STIBA,Sven-OlofAugustsson
TheNielsenHousingEstateislocatedinHestar,anortherncitypart ofBorås.Itisawinnerinacompetitionissuedbythecity'surban planningdirectorforanordicbuildingexhibition.Thisprojectdoesnot necessarilytackleacousticsspecificallymorethananyother particularbuilding.Itishoweveragoodexamplespecificallyforthat reasonandbecauseithasalightstructurelargelyoutofwood.
LEGEND
1.)corrugatedfibercementsheet impregnatedlathing38/70mm
windseal
thermalinsulation120+45mmbetween
timberrails45/120mm+45/45mm
vaporbarrier 13mmplasterboard
2.)beechparquet 1layerroofingpaper500g/m² 22mmparticleboard 130mmgap+70mminsulationbetween timberbeams45/195mm foil
lathing22/70mm 13mmplasterboard
3.) tripleglazing
4.)eavesplate,laminatedwood,140/270mm
Singlematerialwalls
Theevesplatehasagoodmassand mightevenprovidebettersound isolationthantherestofthewall. However,itispoorlyinsulatedwith thermalinsulationcomparedtothe restofthewallsmakingitworseat coveringthewholefrequency spectrum,asallmaterialshave coincidencedips(arangeof frequenciesthatresonateswiththe material,reducingthetransmission lossforthosefrequencies)and benefitsfromothermaterials coveringthatpartofthespectrum.
Rigidity
Thefacadecladdingislargely separatedfromthewallwiththe exceptionofafewanchorpoints. Thisandtheseparationofthejoists contributestoareductionofthe rigidityoftheexternalwall.This helpsreducetheexcitedfrequencies thatmayoccurduetothesound energyvibratingthematerials (resonance).
Impactnoise
Thefloorsaremademainlyoutof softmaterialssuchaswood,plaster andinsulation.Itmightnothavethe samemasstostopaerialnoiseasa concreteslabhas,butthesoft materialswillreduceimpactnoisesa lot.
Soundbridgesandcaveties
Thetraversewallsareloadbearingallowingtheexternalwallstobe morefree,asinfillsinbetweentheloadbearingstuds.Thisminimizes thenumberofdenseelementsthatgofromonesideofthewalltothe othercarryingvibrations(sound)withit.However,itseemsunintuitive followingthegeneralrulethatgreatermassequalsgreater transmissionloss.First,consideringthatthesiteisquitecalmit makesmoresensetoputthatmassinbetweentheapartments. Althoughinthiscase,thestructurehasaminormasscomparedtoa solidconcretewallorbrickwall.Secondly,theexternalwallswillby defaulthavegreatersoundisolationpropertiesduetotheneedof thermalinsulation.Thirdly,adiscontinuationorgapwithinthewall canbebeneficialandcanoftenbeneglectedasstructuralelements takepriority.Thegapmightnotbeasimportantasmassbutitcan helpnegatesomeofthefrequenciesthatthemassisinsufficientat stopping.
Itispreferredthatthegaphassoftliningstohindersoundbuildup withinthewall.Inmostexteriorwallsthethermalinsulationcanbe usedforthispurpose.
Itmightbetemptingtohavemultiplecavities,seeingthatagapcan contributetothetransmissionlossandthatthesizeofitisrelatively irrelevant.However,theliningshouldalsopreferablyseparatethe denserstructuralmaterialsoastonotcreatebridgeslettingcertain frequenciesbypassthelining.Thisiswhyitisbettertohaveone cavityandtostacktheplasterboardsinoneplaceratherthan creatingmultiplecavities.
CASE STUDIES
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: Ana Betancour
Transported
Existing structure
Extension
Diagram by author
Case study 02 - Housing extension Poissy
Section
A: New housing module
B: Transitional part: foundation for vertical extension
C: Existing housing
Railing
Metal cap
Concrete pillar
Wood decking
Wood support beam
Wood beam
Concrete wall
Wood post
LVL support beam
Metal roof truss
Metal sheet
Roofing felt
Steel frame
Climate shell
Protective
wood cladding
1.
2.
- Vertical wood cladding
- Horizontal battens
- Wind barrier
- Vertical battens + insulation
- LVL vertical beams + insulation
- Vapour barrier
- OSB board
- Plaster board
- Paint
- Parquet flooring
- Carpet lining
- Fiber board
- Vapour barrier
- LVL floor beams + insulation
- Plywood
3.
- Chequered sheet roofing
- Sarking felt
- Tongue spline
- Wood roof truss
- Insulation
- LVL beams
- Vapour barrier
- Insulation
- Plaster board
Student: EMELIE INGEMARSSON
Drawing by author
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: Ana Betancour Jaime Montes
Load bearing structure + inhabited volume
Here is the volume inserted into the structural system of the previous slide. The main way it connects to the struc tural system is through small columns at the bottom and large heels connected to the large steel beams.
beams are connected + how the support for the volume is connected to the load bearing structure.
Student: VIKTOR LINDSTRÖM FOUNDATIONS
CASE STUDIES
Tightly woven reed mats
Woven reed mats with gaps for light and air
Smaller reeds bundled for beams Larger reeds bundled for columns
Reed bundles
Woven reed mats with gaps for light and air
Mud
Reed mat
Water level
Layered reeds
Reed fence
Student: KARINA GATAULLINA BIOBASED ARCHITECTURE: REEDSThe hemp farmhouse in Gotland, Sweden used 500 mm thick walls. Since hemp and straw has similar insulation performance 700 mm thickness is better suited for the north of Sweden. A wall thickness like that gives an excellent opportunity to make deep window niches for cozy seating places.
To further build onto the warm and inviting setting one can use a natural gold tone lime render inside, like in the renovations performed by Martens Van Caimere Architecten.
1. Roof Overhang
Scale 1:10
Plywood are mounted inside the timber frames. The frame rests on plates fastened to the wall with straps.
Overhang mounted inside the timber frames. rests on plates fastened to the wall with straps.
grid with plywood. The grid is slightly lowered sand, and small mounds of concrete stabilizes
2. Floor
Wooden grid with plywood. The grid is slightly lowered into the sand, and small mounds of concrete stabilizes the construction.
3. Joinery, roof
Metal plates holds the frames together. The logic is simple and planks are nailed onto the frames to stabilize and connect them together. The roof is made of plates of plywood.
0 40 cm 20 10
Storhässjan Gammlia bolt detail Scale 1:10
0 40 cm 20 10
Storhässjan Gammlia bolt detail Scale 1:10
Storhässjan Gammlia bolt detail Scale 1:10
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesislogic is simple and planks are nailed onto the frames to stabilize and connect them together. The roof is made of plates of plywood. and walls
TECHNICAL DETAIL THROUGH HABITAT WALL IN SCALE 1:10
Facade: red cedar panel
TECHNICAL DETAIL THROUGH
EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC DRAWING OF WALL SCALE 1:200
1// Western red cedar shingles
2// 38 x 38 mm treated sw battens and counter-battens
3// European oak fascia and soffit
4// vapour-permeable underlay on structural timber cassette
8// Metal split battens
9// Compartment frame of 225 x 50mm treated sw shelves
10// Applied liquied waterproofing
11// Junction between 2 compartments
12// 22 mm OSB board
https://www.swarch.co.uk/wp-content/up-
sand are filled into bags stacked. The bags are tightened with straps. covers a big concrete slab underneath. All this material is from the site.
5// 180 x 315 mm glulam frame
6// LVL I-beams with 315 straw bale insulation
7// Wall sheating and breather membrane
Main structure: 180 x 315mm Larch glulam portal frame
13// Infill with salvaged material, bird houses & bee hotels
Secondary structure: 280 mm timber cassette (structural + insulation)
Structure for facade+airgap: 38 x 38 mm sw battens and counter-battens
Facade: western red cedar panel
INHABITED
CASE STUDIES
Student: VIDE EDENOR
Drawing by Vide Edenor
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: Ana Betancour
Jaime Montes
Markus Aerni
1// Western red cedar shingles
2// 38 x 38 mm treated sw battens
3// European oak fascia and soffit
4// vapour-permeable underlay
5// 180 x 315 mm glulam frame
6// LVL I-beams with 315 straw bale 7// Wall sheating and breather
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in
conducted during last year but as the knowledge is necessary project it carries over as a foundation for the prototype making the tools as well as the requirements on the wood limitations of the component. The limitation is what will be the key in order to limit the production cost as well as maximize the
The testing was conducted during last year but as the knowledge is necessary in the synthesis project it carries over as a ground foundation for the prototype development. Both making the tools as well as the requirements on the wood and the initial limitations of the component. The limitation is what will be the key concept to develop in order to limit the production cost as well as maximize the adaptability.
step with the steaming wood works with the same principle as for boatbuilders. Steam is into a chamber that is heated up. The wood inserted to allow for the wood lignin that holds the wood fibers together and become moldable. This is possible when the wood temperareaches 80 degrees Celsius if it’s possible to go higher that extends the time and makes it more bendable. Rule of thumb is a thick piece of wood needs one hour in a steamer.
The initial step with the steaming wood works with the same principle as for the old boatbuilders. Steam is led into a chamber that is heated up. The wood is then inserted to allow for the wood lignin that holds the wood fibers together to soften up and become moldable. This is possible when the wood temperature reaches 80 degrees Celsius if it’s possible to go higher that extends the working time and makes it more bendable. Rule of thumb is a 2,5 cm thick piece of wood needs one hour in a steamer.
After the wood reaches the desirable temperature the wood needs to be quickly fixed within the mold under pressure before the wood cools down enough for the lignin to become solid again. When then allowed to cool down and the wood will be fixed in the desired component with the exception of some flex, however when glued it will keep its desired shape.
After the wood reaches the desirable temperature the wood needs to be quickly fixed within the mold under pressure before the wood cools down enough for the lignin to become solid again. When then allowed to cool down and dry the wood will be fixed in the desired component with the exception of some flex, however when glued it will keep its desired shape.
After the wood reaches the desirable temperature the wood needs to be quickly fixed within the mold under pressure before the wood cools down enough for the lignin to become solid again. When then allowed to cool down and dry the wood will be fixed in the desired component with the exception of some flex, however when glued it will keep its desired shape.
After the wood reaches the desirable temperature the wood needs to be quickly fixed within the mold under pressure before the wood cools down enough for the lignin to become solid again. When then allowed to cool down and dry the wood will be fixed in the desired component with the exception of some flex, however when glued it will keep its desired shape. 17
The limitation with the glulam of the bent wood is that it in contrast to plywood does create support across the wood grains. With the glasfiber lamination support is created although it also makes it more difficult to process at the end of the material cycle.
The limitation with the glulam of the bent wood is that it in contrast to plywood does create support across the wood grains. With the glasfiber amination support is created although it also makes it more difficult to process at the end of the material cycle.
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: Ana Betancour
Jaime Montes
Markus Aerni
The detail is a result of exploring both the case studies and the modelmaking. The truss is a replica of the 1:1 model enlarged x3 to suit the proportions of a villa. The axo suggest how the truss could be assembled an also how the necessary layers would be divided inside the structure.
bya street, the be the the comvary used at can together shavings manure also water-repellant soil be the could recipe due have vertically the The paste over, horizontally have attach diagram, with a extra
workshop.
As the straw was not baled, this had to be done manually, using a wooden box of the right size, hemp string to tie it up and the weight of a full-grown man for compression.
How to mix a clay plaster can vary depending on what kind of clay is used and personal preferences. As seen at Rundbalshuset, clay cranule and soil can replace gault.
Marcus Hägglund UMA5
Gault is what binds the plaster together while the sand and the cutter shavings acts as macerators. Straw and manure reinforces the mixture; the manure will also make the surface more water-repellant once it has dried
Luck would have it that the frozen soil collected during the night proved to be gault clay. The cat litter bought as the closest thing to clay granule could therefore be left alone and another recipe was followed.
Mixing the plaster was done manually due to limited access to tools; this might have affected the outcome. Applying it vertically to the straw bale was impossible as the surface was not compact enough. The straws would deattach, hence the paste lost its grip. By tipping the prototype over, the plaster could be applied horizontally and it was all left to dry.
In this case, perhaps wire lath would have been helpful in getting the plaster to attach to the prototype. As seen in the diagram, wire lath can be used on the walls with a double layer around the windows for extra reinforcement.
Combining the three case studies into a prototype would have made a beechdoweled wooden framed panel with masonite inner beams, insulated with straw and clad in clay plaster. However, due to workshop accessibility restrictions as well as a shortage of time, the easiest solution had to be to replace the beech dowels with glue, the masonite with OSB board which is glued and pressed together - unlike regular masonite, which made of compressed wooden fibres and water. As the main intention was to try the clay plaster together with straw, the other materials are to be seen more as representative.
The materials are interesting because of their being mainly waste materials - straw is leftovers from grain farming, masonite beams are made from lumber industry residue, the plaster consists of sand, straw, clay and horse manure.
Alternativ.nu, “Lerputs - Handbok”, available: http://handbok.alternativ.nu/Bygga_och_bo/Inredning/ 39 Lerputs, 2011 (accessed 2020-11-02)
After it had dried, the cladding had sunk in a bit. Some mould could be seen on the surface; this as a result of a long drying process. When completely dried, clay plaster is an excellent mould protector.40 The dry surface seems hard, but crumbles at the edges if it is subjected to pressure. Maybe there is more to mixing plaster from clay and horse manure than just reading an instruction online.
After it had dried, the cladding had sunk in a bit. Some mould could be seen on the surface; this as a result of a long drying process. When completely dried, clay plaster is an excellent mould protector.40 The dry surface seems hard, but crumbles at the edges if it is subjected to pressure. Maybe there is more to mixing plaster from clay and horse manure than just reading an instruction online.
http://handbok.alternativ.nu/Bygga_och_bo/Inredning/ 11
Helen Sylvan, “Bygg för framtiden”, available: https://www.ekocentrum.se/bygg-for-framtiden-en- 40 utstallning-om-lerbyggtekniker/ , 2018 (accessed 2020-11-29)
Helen Sylvan, “Bygg för framtiden”, available: https://www.ekocentrum.se/bygg-for-framtiden-en- 40 utstallning-om-lerbyggtekniker/ , 2018 (accessed 2020-11-29)
PROTTOTYPES
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: Ana Betancour
octaganol to hectagonal and the structure consists of rawn hewned stacked in an angle. at the eaves each corner, the end of the log juts bit further. The circular geomethe plan hints of the
15 m tall structure (called “Storhjässa” in swedish, meaning roughly speaking big hay fence), used around the turn of the century early 20th century for drying barley(korn) which is most common grain in västerbotten county.
https://www.detail-online.com/a-modern-log-cabin-at-2277-m-alpine-chalet-by-giubbini-architekten-35258/ joints
PROTOTYPE
CLT column 300 x 300
WEAVING
TRUSSED structure brazed with buttresses
STUD 45 x 195 mm
PEAT insulation block (cut to desired dimensions)
OSB boards 15 mm thick
BIRCH poles (”slanor”) cladding LATH (lockläkt) 22 x 45 mm
wooden beams
steel frame
The building is a preservation project of a nearly 300-year-old listed but degenerated cottage. It consists of a new shell providing livable conditions for a house and studio which can be transformed into a threebedroom house if needed. Because of the protected status the architects decided to preserve everything from rotten timber, dead ivy, old birds’ nests and cobwebs to the existing dust and captivate the history inside the new construction. The old barn is held up by a steel portal frame which was erected first over the ruin. It is infilled with timber, OSB board, insulation, waterproof membrane and black corrugated iron. The construction is a combination of high technological solutions in the old structure since it is highly insulated with double and treble glazed windows. Also, the heating comes from two wood burning stoves, electricity from photovoltaic panels and in the summer, glycol filled pipes under the black corrugated iron sheets on the roof act as solar collectors and provide hot water. Windows and other openings are placed where the existing windows and doors were located. Most of the old barn seems not to have actual use for the functioning of the building. It is
PROTOTYPES
As previously mentioned, there are different levels of adaptive reuse, some projects only require refurbishments of the buildings skin or façade due to changes in economics, culture or function. In most instances’ façade renovations are taken place to improve the building’s energy usage. Those changes may be as simple as updating windows and insulation or even changing the whole of the façade as you can see the diagram to the left which is used to update the building aesthetics In other instances, the architect may choose to retain the existing façade because of its historical value to society so special attention to detail is required depending whether the building has to be preserved.
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
façade as you can see the other instances, the architect to society so special attention preserved.
would need a lot more weight I recruited my fiancée and we tried much larger loads by standing on the prototypes.
The thinner papper with a weight of only 8 grams withstood the 18.3 kg stack of books before it fell over. The structure warped due to uneven weight distribution and not due to the strength of the paper. I tried to balance the weight but could not test the stability with only vertical loads due to my home office supplies. Even with these complications the structure held more than 2200 times its own weight.
The thicker paper tubes with a total weight of 50g withstood more than 90 kg, with one person standing on it. When testing with two people, two pipes broke off but the structure did not warp. Therefore I speculate this structure can hold more than 3000 times its own weight.
8 g 50 g
It would be very interesting to test the tube pillar in a larger scale and with a more controlled application of vertical load. The result also showed the importance of the connection to the next element. The base and top that can stabilize the tube and prevent the warping in test 1.
8 g
50 g
would be very interesting to test the tube pillar larger scale and with a more controlled application of vertical load. The result also showed
Through sustainable, locally available and abundant materials and with a participatory approach the school was built in five months by fifty locals trained to use the compressed earth brick building technique.
Sources
https://ea-hr.com/azraq-school/ [accessed 5.11.2020]
https://www.martinaborubino.com/schoolazraqrefugeecampjordan [‘‘]
https://www.intbau.org/building-knowledge-knowledge-building/#_edn1 [30.12.2020]
Technology
adobe might be used more as a plastering layer, but wouldn’t help as much structurally.
The horisontal stacking is by far a more convenient way of making walls with structural integrity. This is not because the weakest component suddenly becomes stronger as it’s put on its side, however they would get help carrying the horisontal load by the bottles as they are now laying down. Thus, the cable ties now mainly deal with vertical loads. Also, this wall construction principle is usually combined with using adobe as mortar between the bricks, causing extra stability. In the vertical model, adobe might be used more as a plastering layer, but wouldn’t help as much structurally.
local people and place. In-depth research of site specific scales, a slow growth of ideas which needed time to ripen, and asked for a building process which is constantly shared as knowledge to all involved³
Construction process
Student: JOHAN VONKAVAARA
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: Ana Betancour
Divine Light | wood construction
With the chosen light study model, I set out to create a more realistic version of the structure. Here, the cardboard model is translated into a real structure with thicknesses and layers. The idea is that light enters from high on the facade and then reflects on the curved, hanging ceiling to be reflected in the space. This exploration takes something from all three case studies; the guiding of light from Bagsvaerd Church, the wooden structure and symmetry from Tervajärvi Forest Chapel, and the verticality and pointed arches from Grundtvig’s Church.
Cardboard, paper & light
Divine Light
I chose a few sketches of which I built cardboard and paper models to test how the light would behave within the space.
From this, I chose one light study model to continue working with.
Light source placed in a similar way as Bagsvaerd church. The rounded shapes of the ceiling work well with the light. Dark spots to the bottom left could be solved by another opening above the large ”bubble”. This model only works with direct light from one direction.
Light source placed in a similar way as Bagsvaerd church. The rounded shapes of the walls reflect the light in a nice way. Light source visible from certain parts within. This model only works with direct light from one direction.
The light source from above is hidden behind a circular ceiling. This technique is used in the Kamppi Chapel in Helsinki. Could work well in a smaller space with a rounded plan shape.
Same technique as in the previous one, but the light source is placed on the wall instead of in the roof. A common way of lighting the wall behind the pulpit in places of worship. Does not light up the space too well.
Light source placed in the center of the model. Both the rounded ceiling and the rounded walls reflect the light nicely. The light source is hidden from everywhere. This was my model of interest that I decided to work with further.
14 Prototyping
PROTTOTYPES
Multiple light sources that work well with direct sunlight. Light sources visible from some parts within the structure. The layout of the roof is problematic considering precipitation. Only works with light from one direction.
Light source placed in the center at the top, as in Tervajärvi Forest Chapel. Visible light source, but only the sky is seen. Does not reflect the light into the space very well due to the straight lines of the wall.
Same basis as the previous model, but this one also includes a reflective ceiling which takes away the visual connection to the outside. Does a little better job of reflecting the light into the space.
Prototyping 15
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: Ana Betancour
Jaime Montes
Markus Aerni
been drying for three months which can have major effects on the construction depending on how much it shrinks. The structure is built with the infill technique, where the frame is built from reused pine wood collected from construction sites in the area.25
The mortar in this project is a mix of clay, sand and straw collected from the area.
As the building is working as a cold structure, the walls are built as one layer walls without insulation. Sawdust was used to insulate the wooden floor.
The tools needed for the workshop were a horizontal mixer for mixing the clay, a debarking shovel, a wood planer and a chainsaw.26
A chronological collection of ramps, labelling the essence of the ciruclation by attributes, from a technical and spatial perspective
Student: CAROLINA CARSJÖ REUSING MATERIALS
PROTTOTYPES
The role of wood.
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: Ana Betancour
CASE STUDIES:
Aspects to look into:
Structural system:
Manufacturing:
- How is the curved wooden element made?
Joinery:
To broaden my knowledge about how curved structures in timber can be made I investigated three different case studies.
1. Old English barn
- “The Full cruck frame”
2. Mannheim Multihalle - Gridshells
3. Bodegas Protos - Glulam arches
My prototype - Glulam arches
- Structural timber frame
- Self supporting gridshell
- System of glulam arches
- System of glulam arches
- From a curved tree
- Straight laths-grid bended into a double curved surface
- Glue-bench, gluing wooden planks together
- Gluing thin wooden stripes against a mold
-Roof detail - air cavities
- Metal geometry + threaded rods + screw nuts
- Traditional wooden joinery
Assembling process:
- Assembling the structure on the site Old English barn - “The Full cruck frame”
- Node joint with disc springs
- Creating the double curved surface on the site
- Curved elements created in factory + assembling on site
- Curved elements created in factory + assembling on site
Mannheim Multihalle - Gridshells Bodegas Protos - Glulam arches
Making the mold to bend the thin wooden stripes against
Drilling holes - for the clamps that keep the wooden stripes in position
Sawing wooden studs into thin stripes. Planning the stripes into a thickness of 3mm.
Heating
Releasing the stripes when cooled down, they have now taken the shape of the mold.
References:17,18
PROTOTYPES
Student: REBECKA LITTBRAND
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: Ana Betancour
Jaime Montes
Markus Aerni
Alejandro Haiek
TIMBER
Prototyping
Step 14 ( CNC and physical Phase )
I CNC the elements and test them to understand it better and how it can be done.
Student: FARID ABBASI
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: Ana Betancour
Prototype/ experimenting how does this joinery work?
Steel elements
Prototype/Assembleing components together
This joinery helps to create different size spaces. More importantly, it is easy to be assembled due to prefabricated design system. Components get match very fast and simple. So the speed of construction would decrease. This joinery system also has the capability of growth in different directions which clear any limitation in design process and construction
PROTOTYPES
Student: ELNAZ HESHMATI
Seminar course 3a:Preparatory Research in Architectural Technology for Master’s Thesis
Teachers: Ana
