Architecture Thesis - Rethinking Urban Stadium Typology

Public’s Stadium Garden

Rethinking Urban Stadium Typology

Trevor Blenman Undergraduate Thesis Syracuse University School of Architecture 2016

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Thesis Abstract Thesis Claim Glossary of Key Terms

INTRODUCTION

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Economics - Funding / Impact “Abandoned” Stadiums

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Goals to Achieve for Project

PARAMETERS

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Characteristics of Public Spaces History of Stadium Design Stadium Concepts Stadium Design Guidelines NFL vs MLS Attendance

STRATEGIES

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Methods of Achieving Aims

PRECEDENTS

96 Stadium Characteristics 106 Project Precedents

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128 Site Research

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150 Sources

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156 Thesis Work

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CONTENTS

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ABSTRACT

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A Stadium For The People Rethinking Urban Stadium Typology The unfortunate reality of sport

stadiums is that many are not designed to be fully experienced and inhabited outside of game-day or time slots of an event. It has become all to common to read about multi-million or billion dollar stadium designs that are now empty, with little to no usage. There are many instances where the expectation of “multi-use” stadiums fails, leaving a city with this mega structure where activity flows around it rather than within or through. If sport stadiums are at such large sizes, we should rethink how their design and program usage truly impacts the urban environment. This thesis contends that public money pays for a majority of these urban stadiums but unfortunately the public can only inhabit and utilize them on game-day.

Therefore, through strategies and tactics of architecture we shall re-imagine these urban stadium designs to truly be for the public and benefit their urban surroundings effectively and consistently.

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Currently, the city of St. Louis is in a situation where the Edward Jones Dome is left with no tenant after the NFL St. Louis Rams departed for Los Angeles. The team left because the stadium wasn’t deemed in the top one-quarter of the facilities in the league. This project will focus on redesigning the Edward Jones Dome into the home as a future MLS team while also serving as a public park space for the community on non-game day. Designing for the public is the ‘be all end all’ of this thesis project. The aims of this thesis are to rethink of stadium’s place and relationship

to the city. In addition, redesign a stadium to integrate with the city and serve as an integral piece within the community.

Lastly, rather than having the stadium sit in the city and left empty on most days, rethink how the space can be utilized daily and truly be for the community. The methods for achieving these aims are to use the stadium as the connecting piece to link different parts of the city together, open up the stadium both physically and visually by carving out in order to lure the outside public, and implement green spaces in order to have spaces of the stadium used as a public park to be inhabited and used daily.

In closing, the positive effects on the public are the primary focus for this thesis project. Urban stadiums need to benefit and impact the urban environment on a more consistent basis rather than these large structures sitting idle in cities. The public pays for a majority of these designs, therefore, they should be able to inhabit and use them within their urban environments more consistently.

7 Advisors: Sinéad Mac Namara &

Bess Krietemeyer

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THESIS CLAIM

This thesis contends that public money pays for a majority of these urban stadiums but unfortunately the public can only inhabit and utilize them on game-day.

Therefore, through strategies and tactics of architecture we shall re-imagine these urban stadium designs to truly be for the public and benefit their urban surroundings effectively and consistently.

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These sport stadiums cost millions, and in some cases billions, of dollars to construct. Such an investment is made in these stadiums with hopes of revitalizing a city or even a country.

Owners want to fit large capacity crowds as much as possible to sell out tickets and have more money coming in. With this demand, the size of the stadiums become even more massive, resulting in high construction costs and materials. As we have previously seen, the public pays a very hefty portion for these sport stadiums meant for them.

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Now, since the publics money pays for these stadiums, shouldn’t they be able to inhabit and utilize the massive designs not only on game-day? The obvious answer to that question is yes. With such a massive investment being made, their should be an expectation that the space is utilized effectively and commonly rather than leaving an empty pit. Through architecture we can re-imagine these urban designs to truly be for the public and benefit urban areas year round.

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GLOSSARY Porous | Porosity

Having minute spaces or holes through which liquid or air may pass.

Public Space

A gathering spot or part of a neighborhood, downtown, special district, waterfront, or other area within the public realm that helps promote social interaction and a sense of community.

Stadium | noun (plural stadiums or stadia) A sports arena with tiers of seats for spectators.

(In ancient Rome or Greece) a track for a foot race or chariot race.

Urban In, relating to, or characteristic of a city or town

White Elephant A possession that is useless or troublesome, especially one that is expensive to maintain or difficult to dispose of

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Oxford Dictionary (American English) (US). Web.

INTRODUCTION

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STADIUM ECONOMICS

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NFL Stadium Funding

NFL Stadium Funding (Average)

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NFL Stadium Funding Information. Conventions, Sports & Leisure International (CSL). Web.

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NFL Stadium Funding

Below are the primary sources of public funding • City Sales Tax • County Sales Tax • Lodging Tax • Excise Tax (Alcohol, Tobacco, Gasoline, etc.)

• Car Rental Tax • Food / Beverage Tax • Property Tax / TIF • Income Tax • Utility Tax • Lottery Funds / Gaming • Ticket / Admission Tax • Parking Tax • Land Contributions • Public Parking Revenue

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• Other State / City / County

Contributions

• Grant

• General Contribution

• Sale of Held Property

• Sales Tax Rebate

• Income Tax Rebate

• Operating Subsidy

• Interest-Free Loan

• Capital Fund Allocation

• Infrastructure Improvements

• Utility / Transit Allocation

NFL Stadium Funding Information. Conventions, Sports & Leisure International (CSL). Web.

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“Take whatever number the sports promoter says, take it and move the decimal one place to the left.

Divide it by ten, and that’s a pretty good estimate of the actual economic impact.”

- Victor Matheson | Professor of Economics at College of the Holy Cross

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To the left is a quote by Victor Matheson, an economist who has studied the economic impact of sport stadiums for decades. This is in reference to the discussion on whether or not sport stadiums are good tools for economic development for cities.

Main Reason for Low Economic Impact • Stadiums left empty for most of the year - When it is not game-day, the arena must find events to take place and fill the stadium. This is easier said than done and many stadiums are left with no activity most days, resulting in limited economic gain.

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Waldron, Pat. “If You Build It, They Might Not Come: The Risky Economics of Sports Stadiums.” The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 7 Sept. 2012. Web.

Waldron, Pat. “If You Build It, They Might Not Come: The Risky Economics of Sports Stadiums.” The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 7 Sept. 2012. Web.

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“ABANDONED” STADIUMS

NFL stadia host less than 20 events a year with 30-year lifespans. This equates to $25 million per event. At the very least, we must design venues to support more use, extend lifespans, and have lighter, more sustainable footprints.

Without this, we will witness the death of the modern stadium.

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- “Death of the Stadium” , SXSW

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“Death of the Stadium.” SXSW Schedule 2016. Web.

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*Not my statement

The 1990s saw an unprecedented building binge for sports arenas and stadiums. Between 1990 and 2006, 82 new venues opened across the country -- more than the total from the previous 40 years. Part of the boom came from a shift in the way the facilities were purposed. Historically, stadiums were designed in a horseshoe shape to house as many different events as possible, from football games to track meets to community pageants. But that’s no longer true. “We’ve been building these things fast,” says Dennis Coates, an economics professor at University of Maryland, Baltimore County, who has studied public financing of stadiums. “They have kind of proliferated, in part, because everything is for a single purpose.”

- Ryan Holeywell

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Holeywell, Ryan. “When Teams Leave, What Do You Do With the Stadium?” When Teams Leave, What Do You Do With the Stadium? Web.

Images provided by: McKenna, Thomas. “44 Haunting Photographs Of Abandoned Sports Venues.” The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com. Web.

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Estadio Lluís Sitjar

Osaka Stadium

Originally an active stadium as home of RCD Mallorca, the club relocated in 1999 and left the stadium as training grounds for the reserve team until 2007 when they left as well. It remains in its decaying state as an empty wasteland.

The home team of this stadium left in 1988 and it was expected for the stadium to reopen with a new team or be transformed into a concert stadium. However, the company that purchased the land transformed it into a housing block. Intersecting streets were built through the stadium as well and this remained for 10 years until it was demolished. Today stands a office and shopping complex.

Mallorca, Spain 1945

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Osaka, Japan 1950

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M, Morris. “10 Abandoned Sports Stadiums & Crumbling Arenas of the World.” Urban Ghosts. 2015. Web.

M, Morris. “10 Abandoned Sports Stadiums & Crumbling Arenas of the World.” Urban Ghosts. 2015. Web.

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Stadion Za Lužánkami

The Astrodome

The tenant of this soccer stadium moved in 2001 due to the stadium not meeting FIFA regulations.

The stadium fell into disrepair, as homeless people began living in the stands and the field not being maintained as trees and bushes grew.

The stadium was closed down since 2008 after the fire department found numerous building regulations that were not up to standard. Then, in 2013 some sections of the stadium were demolished.

Brno, Czech Republic 1953

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Houston, Texas 1965

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Crimps, Andrew. “Stadion Za Lužánkami.” Web. (Image) Ames, Nick, and Michal Petrák. “Zbrojovka Brno Fans and the Remarkable Rebuilding of Their Za Luzankami Stadium.” The Guardian. 2015. Web.

M, Morris. “10 Abandoned Sports Stadiums & Crumbling Arenas of the World.” Urban Ghosts. 2015. Web. “THE ABANDONED ASTRODOME.” Curiosities: The Abandoned Astrodome. Web. (Images)

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Photo taken 2014

Silverdome

Faliro Olympic Beach Volleyball Centre

The Silverdome used to be quite active, until both of the previous tenants, the Lions and Pistons, moved to new stadiums. This left the owners with an empty pit for years as the city of Detroit endured its economic catastrophe. Eventually they stripped the stadium down and auctioned off what they could.

This abandoned stadium once hosted the volleyball games of Athens 2004 Olympics. Greece suffered six years of depression, unemployment, poverty and homelessness.

Pontiac, Michigan 1975

Athens, Greece 2004

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M, Morris. “10 Abandoned Sports Stadiums & Crumbling Arenas of the World.” Urban Ghosts. 2015. Web.

“RSI OLYMPICS-GREECE/ I ODD SPO WID POL BIZ GRC.” For The Win. 12 Aug. 2014. Web.

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GOALS / AIMS

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Rethink of the stadium’s place and relationship to the city.

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Redesign the stadium to integrate with the city and serve as a fundamental space for the community.

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Rather than having the stadium sit in the city and left empty on most days, rethink how the space can be utilized daily and truly be a space for the community.

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PARAMETERS

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Characteristics of a Great Public Space According to: American Planning Association

It is important to define what a public space is and analyze what makes a great public space for this project. The aim is to create a more public sports stadium that incorporates the important and effective characteristics of great public spaces.

Promotes Human Contact & Social Activities

Safe, Welcoming, and Accommodating for all users

Has design and architectural features that are Visually Interesting

Reflects the Local Culture or History

Public Space A public space may be a gathering spot or part of a neighborhood, downtown, special district, waterfront, or other area within the public realm that helps promote social interaction and a sense of community.

“Characteristics and Guidelines of Great Public Spaces.” Characteristics and Guidelines of Great Public Spaces. Web.

Public spaces are places where numerous events can take place for the general public to enjoy. They set up moments for social interaction and when a great public space is designed, they benefit the city and community.

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Promote Community Involvement

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number of women, children & eelderly social networks

fun

special

neighborly

street life

Sociability

interactive welcoming

proximity

Access & Linkages

connected readable walkable

transit usage

convenient

pedestrian activity

Uses & Activities

useful

accessible

sustainable

environmental data

social networks

fun

stewarship

special

Sociability

interactive welcoming

proximity traffic data mode splits

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Access & Linkages

connected readable

transit usage

walkable

pedestrian activity parking usage patterns

Uses & Activities

TYPICAL STADIUM

continuity

MEASUREMENTS

Projects For Public Spaces analyzed thousands of public spaces and found that the successful ones share the same qualities. The group developed this diagram as a tool for others to rate a place to figure out whether or not it is successful as a public space.

INTANGIBLES KEY ATTRIBUTES

PUBLIC SPACE

A successful public place is said to fit four main qualities, those being the key attributes of the inner ring. Outside of those qualities are the intangibles in order to judge the public place. Lastly, are the measurements that are generated by research and statistics in order to analyze the public place.

PUBLIC SPACE

rent values

real

friendly

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property values

vital

cooperative pride

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land-use patterns

active

neighborly

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local business ownership

diverse

evening use

KEY ATTRIBUTES

safe clean “green” Comfort walkable & Image sittable crime statistics spiritual sanatation data charming attractive building conditions historic

number of women, children & elderly

MEASUREMENTS INTANGIBLES

celebratory

parking usage patterns

volunteerism

retail sales

indigenous

PLACE

continuity

mode splits

rent values

real

friendly

traffic data

property values

vital

cooperative pride

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land-use patterns

active

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local business ownership

diverse

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convenient accessible

useful

retail sales

indigenous celebratory sustainable

safe clean “green” Comfort walkable & Image sittable crime statistics spiritual sanatation data charming attractive building conditions historic environmental data

MEASUREMENTS INTANGIBLES KEY ATTRIBUTES

TYPICAL SUBURBAN STADIUM

The next step was to take this diagram and use it as a tool to evaluate a typical suburban stadium in order to see how it compares to a great public space. The factors that don’t work well are crossed out.

TYPICAL SUBURBAN STADIUM

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number of women, children & elderly social networks

fun

cooperative

special

Sociability

friendly interactive welcoming

proximity traffic data mode splits

readable walkable

pedestrian activity parking usage patterns

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Access & Linkages

connected

transit usage

Uses & Activities

PROJECT STADIUM

continuity

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rent values

real

pride

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property values

vital

neighborly

street life

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land-use patterns

active

stewarship

evening use

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local business ownership

diverse

volunteerism

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convenient accessible

useful

retail sales

indigenous celebratory sustainable

safe clean “green” Comfort walkable & Image sittable crime statistics spiritual sanatation data charming attractive building conditions historic environmental data

Continuing this method of evaluation, the public space diagram was then used to imagine the qualities of the project stadium. The most important factors are circled to highlight the vital connections with a great public space and the project stadium.

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Features of Interior Public Spaces Sense of Outdoors Planted Trees

Dining Arrangements Tables for people to snack/eat

Seating

Given that the project is a stadium, the overall design would be enclosed.

Therefore, it is important to look at interior public space and extract the important design features that can be implemented in the project.

Seats/Benches for visitors

Exhibition / Display Art exhibitions, events, sculptures

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Open to Public No cost or ticket needed

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IBM ATRIUM

WINTER GARDEN ATRIUM

590 Madison Ave office building *Privately Owned Public Space*

Brookfield Place office building

New York City, NY

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Manhattan, NYC

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SONY CENTER Berlin, Germany

Located at the Potsdamer Platz

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sta·di·um sta·di·um noun (plural stadiums or stadia)

noun (plural stadiums or stadia)

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Century Link Field

AT&T Stadium

Levi’s Stadium

Mercedes Benz Superdome

Heinz Field

MetLife Stadium

StubHub Center

Toyota Stadium

BBVA Compass Stadium

Barclays Center

Times Warner Cable Arena

Carrier Dome

DESIGN

- A sports arena with tiers of seats for - A sports arena with tiers of seats for spectators.

spectators.

- (In ancient Rome or Greece) a track Rome or Greece) a track for a foot- (In raceancient or chariot race.

for a foot race or chariot race.

50 "Definition of Stadium in English:." Stadium: Definition of Stadium in Oxford Dictionary (American English) (US). Web.

“Definition of Stadium in English:.” Stadium: Definition of Stadium in Oxford Dictionary (American English) (US). Web.

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History of the Stadium Design Shape Comparison

History of Stadium Design Shape Comparison

Ancient Stadium

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Simple, flat, rectangular tracks near hills for spectators to have views

Elongated “U” shaped with seating around three sides

Ampitheatre

Circus

Central circular stage with seating tiers surrounding

“U” shape from previous model with fourth side closed by buildings

Modern Stadium

Rectangular stage with seating on four sides, no corner seats

Rectangular stage with continuous circular seating

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Modern Soccer Stadiums Modern Soccer Stadiums Shape & Size Comparison Shape & Size Comparison

Old Trafford

Manchester United

Etihad Stadium Manchester City

Camp Nou Barcelona

Santiago Bernabeu Real Madrid

A look at numerous soccer stadiums around the world to get an understanding of the various shapes and sizes of possible designs.

Stamford Bridge Chelsea

Anfield Liverpool

Emirates Stadium Arsenal

Goodison Park Everton

San Siro

Parc Des Princes

Allianz Arena

StubHub Center

AC Milan/ Inter Milan

Bayern Munich

Paris Saint Germain

Los Angeles Galaxy

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Wembley Stadium England National Team

Stade De France

France National Team

London Olympic Stadium West Ham United

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Stadium Focus Concept

Focus only on Isolated Focus only Isolated on Isolated Focus on the Interiorthe Interior theonly Interior Stadiums designed in this way do not open themselves to the outside public. The focus is only on what is going on inside. This creates an isolated stadium that is “closed” off to the general public.

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Opentotothe theCommunity Community Open to the Community Open It is ideal for stadiums to be designed with a more open focus. This opens up the events happening within to the surrounding community and creates that connection with the community. Urban stadiums should function in this way.

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Stadium Visual Concept More historical and ancient stadiums were simply stages or platforms. This resulted in the spectator being able to view the “stadium” and what sits beyond in a completely open manner.

Stadiums have now resulted in being closed off buildings. Spectators have to purchase tickets in order to enter and those on the outside often have no connection to the interior events. Their views are blocked by the exterior walls and they are left outside the mega-structure.

It is ideal to design these urban stadiums in a way that opens them up to the public and the community.

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Stadium Transformation Examples

University of Phoenix Stadium Arizona

Stadium with Exposed Concrete Floor for various events

One example of stadium transformation is at the University of Phoenix Stadium.

The design features a retractable field that sits on tracks and once a lever on the concourse level is pulled, the field takes about an hour to travel 741 feet.

Retractable Field Moving into Stadium

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Football & Soccer Mode

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Stadium Transformation Examples Sapporo Dome Japan

University of Phoenix Stadium Arizona

Baseball Mode Stadium with Exposed Concrete Floor for various events

Another example is with the Sapporo Dome in Japan as the design also features a retractable field that allows for the stadium to convert from the baseball mode to the soccer mode.

Opening of Moving Seats Rotatation of Seats Moving Soccer Stage

Closing of Moving Seats Soccer Stage & Seating System Rotates

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The only setback with both of these examples in relation to this thesis project is the excess space outdoors next to the stadium. Both stadiums have this lot that contains the retractable fields outside and when the fields are moved indoors, the lot is Retractable Field Moving then left empty. The size seems to be nearly identical to the into stadium itself and this Stadium obviously cannot be successfully implemented in urban stadium design.

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Soccer Mode Football & Soccer Mode

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Stadium Stadium Design Design Guidelines Guidelines

Stadium Design Guidelines

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Stadium Design Guidelines

General General Requirements Requirements The stadium The will stadium be designed will beprimarily designedto primarily accommodate to accommodate a MLS soccer a MLS team, soccer replacing team, replacing Stadium Bowl Stadium - 3 Principle Bowl - 3Requirements Principle Requirements the previous theNFL previous football NFL team. football team.

- Safety: Access - Safety: andAccess exit to and and exit fromtothe and seats from needs the seats to beneeds carefully to beplanned carefully planned - Visibility:- Visibility: All spectators All should spectators have should an unobstructed have an unobstructed and complete andview complete of theview field of the field - Comfort: -Spectators Comfort: should Spectators be able should to view be able andtoexperience view and experience the events in thecomfort events in comfort The existing The stadium, existingEdward stadium, Jones Edward Dome, Jones originally Dome,sat originally approximately sat approximately 66,000 visitors.

66,000 visitors. Bowl Shape Bowl Shape Given the change Given the from change NFL to from MLS, NFL thetoamount MLS, the of seats amount available of seatstoavailable fans willto reduce. fans will reduce. Rectangular Curved bowl Curved shapebowl is ideal shape as itis ideal as it Rectangular shape results shape in spectators results in spectators provides allprovides spectators all with spectators similar with similar at the endsat having the ends to follow havingthe to action follow the action viewing angles. viewing angles. sideways. sideways.

NFL

NFL

66,000 66,000

MLS

MLS

22,500 22,500

The stadium The is stadium located inisDowntown located in Downtown St. Louis, and St. Louis, sits adjacent and sits toadjacent residential to residential and and industrial zones. industrial It is zones. important It is to important be located to in bean located urbaninsite an urban with easy siteaccess with easy to access to public transport publicnetworks transportand networks a vibrant andsurrounding. a vibrant surrounding.

Number ofNumber Seats inofaSeats Row in - has a Row a direct - has impact a direct on safety impactand on comfort safety and of comfort spectators of spectators Ideal number Ideal is 25 number - 28 is 25 - 28

Surbuban Site Surbuban Site Semi-Urban Site Semi-Urban Site

Urban Site

Urban Site

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Stadium Design Guidelines

Commercial Commercial Opportunities Opportunities

User Requirements User Requirements

Modern stadiums Modernshould stadiums generate should revenue generate onrevenue a more daily on a more basis,daily not only basis, onnot only on game-day. game-day.

- Administrative - Administrative Staff Staff - General-Public General Public - Public Safety - Public & Emergency Safety & Emergency Services Services - Players, -Coaches, Players, Staff Coaches, Staff - Retailers- Retailers & Concession & Concession Stands Stands - Media - Media - Maintenance - Maintenance Staff Staff

Commercial Commercial Initiatives: Initiatives:

- Provide facilities - Provide & facilities events for & the events community for the community throughoutthroughout the week the week - Stage concerts, - Stagefestivals, concerts,etc. festivals, etc.

- Include bars, - Include restaurants, bars, restaurants, etc. etc.

- VIP facilities - VIP (Private facilities Boxes, (Private Luxury Boxes, Seating Luxury / Catering) Seating / Catering) - Maximize- retail Maximize & merchandising retail & merchandising opportunities opportunities

VIP AreasVIP Areas

+ Major source + Major of income source for of income stadiums for stadiums + Include open + Include plan areas, open plan premium areas,seating, premium facilities, seating,catering, facilities,and catering, direct access and direct to access to seating seating

Skyboxes Skyboxes

+ Private boxes + Private withboxes premium withseating premium seating

Restaurants, Restaurants, Concession Concession Stands Stands

+ Typical food + Typical standsfood stands + Higher end + Higher restaurants end restaurants (open on non-game-day (open on non-game-day as well to the as well general to the public) general public)

Retail Shops Retail & Merchandise Shops & Merchandise Shops Shops

+ Several small + Several kiosks small around kiosks thearound stadiumthe selling stadium the most selling popular the most items popular items + Larger retail + Larger shopsretail situated shops around situated thearound outer ring the of outer the ring stadium of the (open stadium on (open on non-game-day non-game-day as well to the as well general to the public) general public)

DESIGN

Restrooms Restrooms

- Public restrooms - Public shall restrooms be located shall at beall located levelsat all levels 1 Toilet / 250 1 Toilet Men / 250 Men 1 Urinal / 125 1 Urinal People / 125 People

1 Toilet / 125 1 Toilet Women / 125 Women

Player Facilities Player Facilities

+ Dedicated+ access Dedicated routes access for teams routestofor arrive teams and to depart arrive and safely depart safely + Dressing +rooms Dressing to have rooms direct to have access direct to the access field to and thebefield equipped and bewith equipped their own with their own restrooms restrooms

Maintenance Maintenance Facilities Facilities

+ Storage space + Storage for pitch space maintenance for pitch maintenance equipmentequipment + Storage space + Storage for larger spacesystems for larger used systems for maintenance/cleaning used for maintenance/cleaning

Administrative Administrative Facilities Facilities

+ Office spaces + Office & facilities spaces & forfacilities stadiumfor manager stadiumand manager staff and staff

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Stadium Design Guidelines Stadium Design Guidelines

Stadium Structure Stadium Structure

The structural system (material) depends on the location (country) of the stadium as The structural system (material) depends on the location (country) of the stadium as well as the preferences. well as the preferences.

Bowl

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Bowl

+ Concrete is often the simplest and most cost effective material choice due to stadiums + Concrete is often the simplest and most cost effective material choice due to stadiums being such large spaces with significant structural spans being such large spaces with significant structural spans + Steel is commonly used for the structural beams of the bowl in most stadiums + Steel is commonly used for the structural beams of the bowl in most stadiums

APPENDIX

DESIGN

Stadium Design Guidelines Field Size Field Size

Sizes of a soccer and football field Sizes of a soccer and football field

394’ 345’

394’ 345’

Stadium Envelope Stadium+ Envelope It is not mandatory to cover the seating but is preferred to offer more comfort to

223’ 262’

+ It is not mandatory to cover the seating but is preferred to offer more comfort to spectators and shield them from the weather elements spectators and shield them from the weather elements + Cover the roof to provide protection for spectators from weather elements (rain & + Cover the roof to provide protection for spectators from weather elements (rain & wind), as well as the sun wind), as well as the sun

Colosseum Model with Velarium surrounding Colosseum Model with Velarium surrounding the roof to act as an awning to block the sun the roof to act as an awning to block the sun from spectators from spectators

SITE

360’

223’ 262’

360’

159’ 10”

159’ 10”

Roof Design Roof Design + A lack of natural light for the field results in a reduced lifespan

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+ A lack of natural light for the field results in a reduced lifespan + Important for the roof and envelope to allow enough natural ventilation for the field + Important for the roof and envelope to allow enough natural ventilation for the field + Ideal for their to be little to no combination of shaded to non-shaded areas on the + Ideal for their to be little to no combination of shaded to non-shaded areas on the playing surface, as this effects the players as well as the quality of television coverage playing surface, as this effects the players as well as the quality of television coverage

69

Roof Structure Roof Structure + Very large structural spans are necessary for the stadium roof in order to not obstruct + Very large structural spans are necessary for the stadium roof in order to not obstruct on spectator views on spectator views

Information provided by UEFA GUIDE TO QUALITY STADIUMS STADIUMS

Information provided

by UEFAby GUIDE TO QUALITY Information provided UEFA GUIDESTADIUMS TO QUALITY

Information provided by UEFA GUIDE TO QUALITY STADIUMS

M et C M ow Life er Sp bo St ce or ys ad de ts S iu sAu B F ta m th A en ed diu or rro z Ex m ity w Su F Fi hea per ield el d d Ba d S o C nk Su at tad me le o n M i ve f A L il um la Mm ife e H nd e S i C BretLrica tad gh M owo ife S iu w er R Sp ce al Lbons Sttaad m or deph a ys S diu ts s- W mb Sttadium Au B F a m th AQu enils edeau diiuum or rroalc z on Ex F m ity womSu S Fie Fi heampetrad ielldd elG d S d iu Ba d eo Sta o m C nk M Su Nat rg taddiume le o & n R Mia i m ve f AT L G il D um l B if e o Liand Cmean e SSta Himg e nc Ban rick tadi h ol ro d a St dium Ra n F wlnestStaadium lp Laina s Sickdiuum h mn ta P m Q Wi becia diuark uaG ls aul F m lcilleon L Fie o S P i ld E mtte ta F eld C Gve m SStadiiueld e r Ra Ed ntueorBa taddium w M ym &a Nry ginak ium on Trd RGLin DFoiem l BJ LiPa Cd J aonn Stka F mde nc u anam kes diiel H ub oll B d es St D umd n ro le S adom er Fi w sti ta iu e t nan ckd m U H. n S iu ni H H ciatadParm ve u m G e l i k rs ity ph ill iLnz Fiuem of rEeyettFeorP FField CPh veM Stda Fielldd e re Ra Ed notuen Batro diiueld w ym a O ryix nkdo m oLnu rd .coLiSnta Fim c J kd el e Pa d Jaas OonCeo Fiiumd lis el H u l B meil Ss D ub e d roSo s Sta oumm er t wld tadi e n ie dium U H. Sr u ni H H tadFiem ve u m e rs in iulmd ity ph z of rey For Fie Ph M d ld oe etr Fie C O nix odo ld Luent .c St m caur o C adi e s OyL o um il inklise So Sta Fium Bld d el Ya MieOr iumd nk Fi el ee d St St ad ub i H ub um C R e C ed en Bu nte r BB tu ll ry A VA Li re n n C om BCk F a paB Pliel Y s M acde Pran s SO ovke tadFie e i l St ideSt umd Saub ncad puH e Piu toub arm TRoe StCa e k ydoB dni te taull umr BB R StA VA io ar Ti C nt B dieuna om o C m M p St P apas ad la c Pr fres St iume G ov Stad ill id adiu e e i m Sa tte nc um pu Stae P RFto diar To K Sta umk yo Stadi Ri T ta diuum o oySta m Ti ot d n a iu Ta le M Ctio S Pa m r n Enap trutsad k C erfre Bium h D ild G gy S ow ic re i Sta l k’ s S nl’lsett taddiu po Me S ium et m rt inRF rcaydi g K Pum G S ar o t k A T odasdi va o u yayo Parm S ta k Ta C tadPa le i n ir En trus umk C er B h ow D ild g ic re y S l k’ t ad s S n’s iu po M m er rt in cy g P G oo ark ds A va ya Par k St ad iu m

Capacity 70,000

20,000

10,000

0

70 90,000 90,000 90,000 90,000

80,000 80,000

80,000 80,000

70,000

70,000

70,000

60,000 60,000

60,000

60,000

50,000 50,000

50,000

40,000 40,000

40,000

30,000 30,000

30,000

20,000

20,000

10,000 10,000

0 0

70,21670,216

Average Average 30,000 Capacity

82,566 80,000 79,000 76,468 Capacity 76,416 76,125 75,192 73,778 82,566 73,200 80,000 73,128 79,000 73,079 76,468 71,294 76,416 71,228 76,125 71,054 75,192 71,008 73,778 69,732 73,200 69,144 73,128 69,143 73,079 68,756 71,294 67,246 71,228 67,000 71,054 66,000 71,008 65,908 69,732 65,535 69,144 65,050 69,143 64,500 68,756 64,121 67,246 63,400 67,000 63,132 66,000 63,000 65,908 61,500 65,535 65,050 Capacity 64,500 64,121 63,400 63,132 40,000 63,000 61,500 30,991

20,000

10,000

0

40,000

30,000

Average Average

20,000

18,000

APPENDIX

18,086

18,467

18,500

19,500

18,000

SITE

20,000

18,086

20,000

18,467

RESEARCH

18,500

20,145

19,500

20,213

20,500 20,000

20,801 20,000

GOALS

21,144 20,000

22,039 20,145

22,500 20,213

BACKGROUND

25,000 20,500

27,000 20,801

30,000 21,144

NFL NFL 30,991 22,039

HOME

40,000 22,500

25,000

27,000

Public’s Stadium Garden DESIGN

Average Stadium Average Capacity Stadium Capacity

MLS MLS

50,000

22,64422,644 71

Capacity

M C etL M ow ife er Sp bo St c or ed ys ad ts es i Au -B F Sta um th A en ed diu 78,580 or rro z Ex m ity w Su F 91,459 Fi hea per ield el d d Ba o d S 76,209 C nk Su at tad me le o n M i 73,038 ve f A L il um Capacity la Mm ife e H nd e S i 74,086 g e r t C Br tLica ad h M owo ife S iu 76,922 w er R Sp ce al Lbons Sttaad m or 67,193 y i deph a s S d u ts s- W mb Sttadium Au B F a m 74,056 th AQua enils edeau diiuum 78,580 or rrolc z on Ex F m S 66,186 ity wom u S Fie 91,459 Fi heampetrad ielldd 78,413 elGe d S d iu Ba o d o Sta m 76,209 C nk M Su Nat rgi taddiume 69,880 le o & n R M a i m 73,038 ve f AT L G il D um l 66,772 B if e o 74,086 Liand Cmean e SSta Himg e nc Ban rick tadi h 70,355 ol ro d a SSt diuum 76,922 Ra n F wlnest taadi m 71,769 lp Laina s Sickdiuum 67,193 h mn ta P m 71,002 Q Wi becia diuark 74,056 uaG ls aul F m o 70,799 i lc lle n L Fie 66,186 o S P i ld E mtte ta F eld 69,483 C Gve m SStadiiueld 78,413 e r Ra Ed ntueorBa taddium 62,304 n 69,880 ymMw&a Nry giak ium 66,829 on Trd RGLin DFoiem 66,772 l BJ LiPa Cd J aonn Stka F mde 61,463 nc u anam kes diiel H 70,355 ub oll B d es St D umd n ro le S adom 69,020 er Fi w sti ta iu e 71,769 t nan ckd m U H. 52.402 ncSt Pium ni H 71,002 H ia a ve u 61,560 rs mp G einal dFiurk 70,799 ity h ill L z iem 61,389 of rEeyettFeorP FField 69,483 CPh veM Stda Fielldd e re 64,356 Ra Ed notuen Batro diiueld 62,304 ym wa O ryix nkdo m 61,347 66,829 oLnu rd .coLiSnta Fim c J kd el e 52,430 Pa d Jaas OonCeo Fiiumd 61,463 H ul m il s lis eld ub 64,185 es S Deou B 69,020 roSo Sta mm er t wld tadi e 54,613 n ie dium U H. 52.402 Sr u ni H H tadFiem ve u 66,047 ei iuld 61,560 rs mp nz m ity h 62,035 61,389 of rey For Fie Ph M d ld 64,356 oe etr Fie Capacity C O nix odo ld 61,347 Luent .c St m cauryo C adi e 52,430 s OL o um il inklise 64,185 So Sta Fium BldM di eld 54,613 ieO u Ya 44,247 nk r F m 66,047 ie ee ld St St 62,035 23,451 ad ub i H ub um 29,016 Capacity C R e C ed en Bu nte r BB tu ll 23,392 ry A VA Li re na C n om BCk F 19,657 paB Pliel M d a s Y ce 44,247 Pran s SO 20,507 ovke tadFie e l i i St deSt umd 23,451 Saub ncad 20,658 puH e Piu toub arm 29,016 TRoe StCa e k 21,142 ydoB dni te taul umr BB R 23,392 SltA VA io 17,703 ar Ti C nt B dieuna om o C m 19,657 M p St P 15,981 apas ad la ic Pr fres St ume 20,507 G ov Stad 20,160 ill id adiu ett e ium Sa e nSc m 20,658 pu tae P 16,513 RFto diar u k K S To Sta m 21,142 yo tadi 19,627 d u t Ri Toa ium S o m 17,703 C Ti yottad hi 16,244 nt a iu Ta ld le M Cio S Pa m re rk 15,981 n t n’ s M Enap rutsad 16,003 i fr r e u e Bowm er D g S cyGi y ta l 20,160 ic S k’ 32,847 s S (Slplett taddiu ore S ium po m ti t rt 16,513 inRF nga)di 17,451 g K Pum G S ar o t k 19,627 A T odasdi 19,687 va o um P yayo ar C hi S ta k 16,244 T ld 15,657 C tadPa re alen itr iurk n’ E m u sM 16,003 n sB 20,979 er erg o D w y cy ic l S k’ 32,847 s S (Sp tad iu or po m tin rt in g) 17,451 g Pa G rk o A ods 19,687 va ya Par k St 15,657 ad iu m 20,979

Public’s Stadium Garden

72 HOME

65,95965,959

Average Average

BACKGROUND

NFL NFL

90,000

90,000 90,000 90,000

80,000

80,000

80,000

80,000

70,000

70,000

70,000

70,000

60,000

60,000

60,000

60,000

50,000

50,000

50,000

50,000

40,000

40,000

40,000

40,000

30,000

30,000

30,000

30,000

20,000

20,000

20,000

20,000

10,000

10,000

10,000

10,000

0

0

0

0

GOALS RESEARCH

Average Average

SITE APPENDIX DESIGN

Average Stadium Average Attendance Stadium Attendance

MLS MLS

21,54621,546 73

Public’s Stadium Garden

HOME

BACKGROUND

GOALS

RESEARCH

SITE

APPENDIX

DESIGN

Growth of MLS Growth of MLS “Major League “Major Soccer League on the Soccer rise: MLS' on thereputation rise: MLS' reputation “St. Louis is“St. MLS Louis coaches, is MLS GMs' coaches, futureGMs' expansion future expansion improves with improves influx of with talent, influx big-name of talent,stars” big-name stars” city of choice” city of choice” The Oregonian (OregonLive.com) The Oregonian (OregonLive.com)

13,756

64% 13,756

64%

Sports IllustratedSports Illustrated

21,54621,546 St. Louis

MLS 2000

74

MLS 2000

MLS 2015

St. Louis

MLS 2015

2017

2017

2018

Miami 2018 ?

Miami ?

75

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RESEARCH

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APPENDIX

DESIGN

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77

STRATEGIES

Public’s Stadium Garden

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Break Down Scale

HOME

BACKGROUND

GOALS

RESEARCH

SITE

APPENDIX

DESIGN

79

Public’s Stadium Garden

Levi’s Stadium - San Francisco 49ers

HOME

BACKGROUND

GOALS

RESEARCH

SITE

APPENDIX

DESIGN

Princeton University Stadium

By carving away from the standard form, the stadium opens up to the community and public outside.

This creates views to and from within the stadium to the outside.

80

81

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GOALS

RESEARCH

SITE

APPENDIX

DESIGN

Open Seating (Berm)

82

83

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SITE

APPENDIX

DESIGN

McLane Stadium - Baylor University

Breaking the standard stadium bowl allows for more public possibilities and open seating.

Also offers fans an alternative way of viewing the game, or event taking place within the stadium.

84

85

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BACKGROUND

GOALS

RESEARCH

SITE

APPENDIX

DESIGN

Public Concourse

86

87

Public’s Stadium Garden

Petco Park - San Diego Padres (MLB)

HOME

GOALS

RESEARCH

SITE

APPENDIX

DESIGN

Levi’s Stadium - Bud Light Patio

Los Angeles Football Stadium

88

BACKGROUND

Petco Park in San Diego contains a fully accessible park located behind center field of the stadium.

Fans can purchase tickets to access the stadium during game days.

Open to the public for free on nongame day.

89

Public’s Stadium Garden

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BACKGROUND

GOALS

RESEARCH

SITE

APPENDIX

DESIGN

Walkable Roof

90

91

Public’s Stadium Garden

Barclays Center - Frank Gehry Design

Early designs with “park on the Arena’s roof, ringed by an open-air running track that doubles as a skating rink in winter with panoramic vistas facing Manhattan year-round”.

HOME

BACKGROUND

GOALS

RESEARCH

SITE

APPENDIX

DESIGN

London O2 - Sky Walk

By utilizing the space on the roof, there can be opportunities for more public access to the stadium on non-game day.

This also allows for views from the stadium roof to the surrounding area and cityscape.

- http://basketball.ballparks.com/NBA/BrooklynNets/

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PRECEDENTS

GOALS

BACKGROUND

RESEARCH

SITE

APPENDIX

DESIGN

re a nd to te Pu in gr g at bl io ic n T N w ra o ith ns Su it St rf r ac ee e t Pe G Pa rid de rk st in ria g nD Fr ai ie ly nd A ly ct Ex iv ity Fl te ex rio /E ib rD ve le es n Pr ts ig og Sp n r ec am ta cl e (P A ub rc lic hi te D ct is ur pl ay al A m P ) or en os iti ity es (F (V an is ua Ex lly pe In rie vi nc tin e) g)

HOME

Various stadia and some public squares were analyzed under characteristics believed to be important to the project. We see that the public squares excel in almost all categories as they are open and used daily by the public but not a stadium.

The ancient stadiums were not designed to be flexible or within urban neighborhoods.

The modern stadiums begin to excel in some of these categories but still lack in being visually inviting.

rr ou

Su

cc es s

A

Ea sy

In

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Fi ts

U rb an

rr ou Sc

ra nt Vi b

Lo

ca te d

in

Su

U rb an

A

in

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re a

U rb an

A

Public’s Stadium Garden

Times Square, NYC Trafalgar Square, London Panathenaic Stadium, Athens Colosseum, Rome MetLife Stadium (Giants & Jets), New Jersey AT&T Stadium (Cowboys), Dallas Birds Nest, Beijing Olympic Stadium, London Allianz Arena, Munich Aviva Stadium, Dublin Wembley Stadium, London Madison Square Garden, NYC Yankee Stadium, NYC Camden Yards, Baltimore Verizon Center, Washington D.C Coors Field, Denver Target Field, Minneapolis Barclays Center, Brooklyn NY

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DESIGN

Location

[\ # /]

[\ # /] 98

Sport stadiums stand very little chance in receiving everyday usage when they are in suburb areas distant from city activity. In North America, suburbanization resulted in sport teams following fans away out of the cities and towards vast open areas with clear and accessible land. They were commonly built near highways and had large parking lots but were rarely connected to public transit.

The stadiums for the public should be easily accessible in urban areas as opposed to far away, surrounded by hills and parking lots.

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Public’s Stadium Garden

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SITE

APPENDIX

DESIGN

Porosity

Sport stadiums have a history of being fortress-like and uninviting to the public.

When they are designed in this way the general public would not gravitate towards the stadium because of the fortress-like appearance. Examples are the Colosseum and Madison Square Garden. Both stadiums are unwelcoming due to the heavy mass appearance of it with minimal openings to view inside.

The alternative should be more porous stadiums where the design features more visual and physical openings to those on the outside to view the interior of the stadium. By doing this, the stadium becomes less intimidating and more inviting to the public. In return, more will gravitate towards it and look to utilize it when it is not on game day.

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APPENDIX

DESIGN

Pedestrian Friendly

Stadiums lacking pedestrian zones are not beneficial to the public. Pavement and parking spaces surrounding stadiums lead visitors to simply enter the stadium and leave rather than actively use the space in a more pedestrian friendly manner.

The alternative should be more pedestrian friendly zones. More inviting to the public and causes visitors to use the outdoor design as social space.

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GOALS

RESEARCH

SITE

APPENDIX

DESIGN

Spectacle

Some stadiums offer minimal aesthetic attraction to the public. Blank exterior envelopes leaving the stadium to be less attractive.

The alternative should be more of a public display of the stadium design. Some methods include the use of light to attract the eye as some exterior envelopes are designed to illuminate.

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RESEARCH

SITE

APPENDIX

DESIGN

Aerial View of Yoga event in Times Square - http://www.onzie.com/news/

Times Square is a major pedestrian intersection and neighborhood. Public transportation and the location makes Times Square easily accessible. Surrounded by large billboards and advertisements, Times Square is visited by an estimated 330,000 people per day and 130 million people per year.1 The openness of the space and the fact that it is a public square allows for many numerous events to take place and for Times Square to be experienced by visitors daily even for casual usage.

Times Square

*1 “Times Square Pedestrian Counts, Times Square Alliance”. Retrieved October 4, 2014.

Location: Manhattan, New York

46th St 45th St

44th St

43rd St

42nd St

7th Ave

y

dwa

Broa

y

dwa

Broa

7th Ave

106

Pros - Spectacle

47th St

Pros - Pedestrian Friendly / Porosity & Integration w/ Street Grid

107

Entrances/Exits Pedestrian Plazas

What works well with Times Square is how open and easily accessible it is as one can enter and exit from various locations.

It is also very pedestrian friendly with pedestrian plazas.

Above: Photograph of Times Square during New Years Eve - http://www.mohonkimages.com/about/nye/

Public’s Stadium Garden

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GOALS

BACKGROUND

RESEARCH

SITE

APPENDIX

DESIGN

Aerial View of Panathenaic Stadium in context - http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Europe/Greece/Prefecture_of_Attica/Athens-426812/General_Tips-Athens-Panathenaic_Stadium-BR-1.html

The Panathenaic Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium located in Athens. The first modern Olympic Games of 1896 took place at this stadium, which is also the only stadium in the world that is built entirely of marble.1 It is also reconstructed from the remains of an ancient stadium. Today the stadium is a tourist attraction and used for special events. For instance, the Panathenaic Stadium is the venue where the Olympic flame handover ceremony takes place before each Olympic Games.

Panathenaic Stadium

1 “Panathenaic Stadium”. www.panathenaicstadium.gr. Hellenic Olympic Committee.

Location: Athens, Greece Architect: Reconstructed by Ernst Ziller & Anastasios Metaxas Year: 556 B.C., 1896 (reconstructed) Cons - Scale to Surrounding Area

Pros - Porosity

Cons - Location

[\ # /] Poor location. This stadium is surrounded by hills and is not within the urban context.

Cons - Spectacle

[\ # /]

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Imagery ©2015 Google, DigitalGlobe, Map data ©2015 Google

200 ft

109 45,000

Open Stadium Welcoming & Inviting Above: Exterior Photograph of Panathenaic Stadium - http://www.gtp.gr/TDirectoryDetails.asp?ID=72815

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GOALS

BACKGROUND

RESEARCH

SITE

APPENDIX

DESIGN

Interior View of Colosseum - http://www.thehistoryhub.com/colosseum-facts-pictures.htm

The massive amphitheater known as the Colosseum is an impressive icon of Rome. It became less active and matters only got worse as natural disasters damaged the structure and the Colosseum then became abandoned. Once the 20th century reached, natural disasters along with general weather, and vandalism left the Colosseum with damages to approximately two thirds of the original structure.1 The mega-structure was left as a tourist attraction and icon of Rome.

Colosseum

1 “Colosseum.” History.com. A E Networks, 2009. Web.

Location: Rome, Italy Architect: Commissioned by Emperor Vespasian & Titus Year: 80 B.C. Size: 313,650 sq.ft Cons - Porosity

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[\ # /]

Pros - Number of Entry/Exits

Pros - Location

Fortress-like appearance of the Colosseum with 3 thick layers of structure.

In order to get the large crowds to and from their seats quickly, it was important to have multiple entrances/exits. The Colosseum had 80 total.

[\ # /] Cons - Spectacle

“Colosseum Layers.” By Sense-perception on DeviantArt. Web.

111 80,000

“Colosseum Entrances and Exits.” Colosseum Entrances and Exits. Web. Above: Exterior Photograph of Colosseum - “Segway Tours in Italy.” GetYourGuide Blog. N.p., 17 Nov. 2014.

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HOME

Birds Nest Stadium

London’s Olympic Stadium

The Beijing National Stadium is the mega-structure used for the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. The stadium has a gross volume of three million cubic meters, making it one of the world’s largest enclosed space.1 The Birds Nest has two independent structures, a seating bowl and the outer steel frame surrounding it within a 50 foot separation.1 Although the venue was a bit profitable shortly after the Olympics, drawing 20,000 to 30,000 people per day, it is currently lacking events.2

The Olympic Stadium was designed for the 2012 Olympic Games in London and has been closed since 2013 as renovations have been taking place to transform the previous Olympic venue into the home stadium of the soccer team West Ham United. The seating capacity was initially 80,000 for the Olympic games and is being converted down to 55,000. The stadium structure is flexible and lightweight allowing for future transformation, such as the current renovations.1

Location: Beijing, China Architect: Ai Weiwei, Pierre de Meuron, Jacques Herzog, Li Xinggang Year: 2007 Size: 2,777,112 sq.ft

1 “Beijing National Stadium, ‘The Bird’s Nest’” Design Build Network. Web. 2 “China tourists twig to Beijing’s Bird’s Nest”. uk.Reuters.com (Reuters UK). 22 April 2009

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Pros - Pedestrian Friendly Pedestrian friendly walk-paths designed around the campus.

Also no surface parking surrounding the stadium, allowing for more landscaping and public opportunities.

Above: Exterior Photograph of Birds Nest at night - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beijing_national_stadium.jpg

GOALS

RESEARCH

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DESIGN

Location: London, England Architect: Populous Year: 2012 Size: 867,571 sq.ft

1 Newcomb, Tim. “How to Construct the Lightest, Most Open Olympic Stadium Ever Built.” Popular Science. 2012.

Web.

Pros - Lightweight Structure

Pros - Spectacle

“South of Olympic Park.”

Visuals. 15 Dec. 2015. Web.

BACKGROUND

Pros - Spectacle

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80,000 $423 M

“Centrepiece Stadium up and Ready.”

Newsteelconstructioncom. 1 June 2011. Web. Above: Exterior Photograph of Stadium during Olympic ceremony - Marko Djurica/Reuters

80,000 $1.08 B

Public’s Stadium Garden

HOME

Aviva Stadium

Wembley Stadium

Pros - Special Design Moment

Location: Dublin, Ireland Architect: Populous Year: 2010

BACKGROUND

GOALS

RESEARCH

SITE

APPENDIX

DESIGN

Location: London, England Architect: Foster + Partners & Populous Year: 2007

The large arch of Wembley Stadium not only serves as an iconic feature of the stadium, but also serves a structural purpose as it supports the partially retractable roof, excluding the need for pillars.1 Wembley can also be configured to hold many other events, such as major concerts but also smaller events like weddings and conferences.2 Soccer legend Pele was quoted saying “Wembley is the cathedral of football. It is the capital of football and it is the heart of football.”1 1 “Wembley Stadium.” Populous. Web. 2 ”United Kingdom: Wembley Stadium : Private hire”. hirespace.com.

Cons - Surface Parking

Cons - Porosity

http://openbuildings.com/buildings/aviva-stadium-profile-5230

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Roof design allows sunlight to the houses immediately behind & on the other end provide daylight to the buildings.

Interior view of the stadium with roof structure above -http://populous.com/project/aviva-stadium/ Above: Exterior Photograph of Aviva Stadium - http://populous.com/project/aviva-stadium/

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50,000 $440 M

Above: Exterior Photograph of Wembley Stadium - Hufton + Crow / http://archive.ads.org Imagery ©2015 Google, Map data ©2015 Google

200 ft

90,000 $1.23 B

Public’s Stadium Garden

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APPENDIX

DESIGN

Interior View of MSG - Rebecca Taylor / http://www.cnbc.com/2013/10/25/the-billion-dollar-makeover-ofmadison-square-garden

Madison Square Garden is a multi-purpose stadium with events such as professional basketball, ice hockey, boxing, concerts, ice shows, circuses, and professional wrestling. It is a very flexible stadium and its prime location adds to the success that it receives.

MSG is the fourth-busiest music arena in the world in terms of ticket sales.1 A 2013 renovation brought about a remodeled 7th Avenue entrance, two 600-square-foot video screens on the ceiling, a new scoreboard, new suites and food kiosks, as well as renovated concourses.2

Madison Square Garden

1 “Pollstar Pro’s busiest arena pdf” (PDF).

2 Youngmisuk, Ohm. ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures, 2013. Web

Location: Manhattan, New York Architect: Ellerbe Becket Year: 1991 Size: 820,000 sq.ft Pros - Location

[\ # /]

Pros - Urban Scale + Transportation

[\ # /] Cons - Porosity

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117 20,000

$1.1 B

Above: Exterior Photograph of MSG - B. Monginoux / http://www.landscape-photo.net

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Interior View of Camden Yards with B&O Warehouse - http://stadiumandarenavisits.com/visitsreviews/137-camden-yards/

Camden Yards is a baseball stadium home to the Baltimore Orioles MLB franchise. It is located next to a warehouse and the architects decided to integrate that warehouse along with the stadium design as opposed to knocking it down. What they did was transform the floors of the warehouse to hold service spaces, offices, and a private club. Camden Yards is popular among the fans because it is considered a retro-classic stadium with traditional ballpark features.

This actually served as a heavy influence for future cities to design retro ballparks rather than multi-purpose stadiums.1

Camden Yards [\ # /]

1 “Oriole Park at Camden Yards - POPULOUS.” POPULOUS. Web.

Location: Baltimore, Maryland Architect: Populous Year: 1992 Pros - Location

Cons - Spectacle

Pros - Special Moment

Pros - Pedestrian Friendly

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Excellent location as the stadium sits within the Inner Harbor, which is a historic, tourist attraction, and landmark of Baltimore.

Cons - Porosity

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119 Special Moment where Eutaw Street provides entry points to the ballpark during games, and functions as a public plaza when baseball is not in session.

48,000

$210 M

Above: Exterior Photograph of Camden Yards - http://www.stadiumpage.com/stpages/camden_out.html

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View of Verizon Center in its Urban Scale - http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/blogs/youngandhungry/files/2010/07/verizon-center_opt.jpg

Verizon Center is a retail complex and multi-purpose stadium hosting both a NBA and NHL team. It is a true urban stadium as it takes up two city blocks but fits within the street grid. The scale works well within the urban city environment as well. Verizon Center also has great access to public transportation as it is situated on top of a major downtown Metro station.1

Verizon Center

1 “How to Create a Successful Urban Stadium.” - Greater Greater Washington. Web.

Location: Washington, D.C. Architect: Ellerbe Becket Year: 1997

Pros - Public Program at Ground Level

Pros - Integration w/ Street Grid, No Surface Park & Urban Scale Cons - Spectacle

Verizon Center takes up two city blocks, fits within the street grid, fits within the scale of its surroundings and also does not have surface parking.

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“Update on Verizon Center Signage.” Ted’s Take. Web.

20,350

$383 M

Above: Exterior Photograph of Verizon Center - http://mapio.net/o/3191903/

Map data ©2015 Google

100 ft

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View of Barclays Center “Oculus” Entrance - http://magdabiernat.com/commercial/index.php/institutional/barclays-center/

Located in the heart of Brooklyn, the new Barclays Center is a multi-purpose stadium that is home to the Nets (NBA) and recently the Islanders (NHL). The stadium has revitalized the area as many nearby shops see more activity and projects are in progress for new condominium buildings. The plaza located at the entrance offers the public a open space to utilize. Tables and chairs are occasionally placed open to visitors to sit and relax under the video screens of the “oculus”.

Barclays Center Location: Brooklyn, NY Architect: AECOM (Ellerbe Becket) & SHoP Architects Year: 2012

Pros - Public Transportation

[\ # /] Pros - Pedestrian Friendly

Pros - Location

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Above: Exterior Side Photograph of Barclays Center - http://magdabiernat.com/commercial/index.php/institutional/barclays-center/

Barclays Center is an excellent example of public programming being placed on the outer ring closest to the outside public. The public can walk by and view the team shop at the ground floor through the glass facade walls. This design along with the plaza by the entrance (“oculus”) offers visitors a public space to inhabit and gives something back to the urban area.

123 19,000

$1 B

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Above: Exterior Photograph of Barclays Center - http://magdabiernat.com/commercial/index.php/institutional/barclays-center/

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Takeaways

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Situated within the City

Visual & Physical Openings to make stadium welcoming & inviting

Pedestrian Friendly Zones surrounding the stadium

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Aesthetic Designs to put stadium on Public Display

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In searching for a site for this project, the primary objective was to find an existing stadium that is located in an urban setting. Given that the project is a renovation of an existing stadium, finding a stadium in need of upgrades was necessary.

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The site for this project is in the Downtown area of the city of St. Louis located in east central Missouri on the Mississippi River.

The city’s is known for its famous landmark, the Gateway Arch, meant to symbolize St. Louis as the gateway to the American West.

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“St Louis, Missouri.” St. Louis, Missouri. Web.

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St. Louis, Missouri

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Map of site, analyzing: Convention Center Station

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- Engagement of Gateway Arch park with Downtown area - Transportation Lines (major roads & bus routes) - Current green spaces / parks - Potential future green spaces / parks

Arch-LacledeÕs Landing Station

Engagement

Current Green Spaces

Transportation Lines

Future Green Spaces

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Residential Industrial

Three Main Neighborhoods around Stadium:

Downtown

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- Downtown - Columbus Square (Residential) - Near North Riverfront (Industrial)

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Columbus Square This residential neighborhood sits just outside of the Downtown area and the existing Edward Jones Dome stadium.

Downtown The Downtown area is the development center as well as the central business district of St. Louis, Missouri. Downtown is also the hub of tourism and entertainment.

Near North Riverfront

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This neighborhood is viewed as an industrial area with many the vast majority of space being devoted to railways, warehousing, wholesale and industrial operations.

“St. Louis City Talk.” : Near North Riverfront Neighborhood. Web.

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Downtown St. Louis, MO Population (2010) 4,858

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Near North Riverfront St. Louis, MO Population (2010) 13,621

GENDER

62%

38%

Columbus Square St. Louis, MO Population (2010) 16,800

GENDER

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52%

48%

Total Population of all 3 neighborhoods 35,279

Total Gender of all 3 neighbrohoods

49%

51%

18,267

17,013

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Aerial map of Downtown St. Louis including existing stadium.

DOWNTOWN ST. LOUIS

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Downtown area highlighted, including Gateway Arch park.

DOWNTOWN ST. LOUIS

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Potential stadium pathway connecting Downtown area to the industrial and residential neighborhoods.

DOWNTOWN ST. LOUIS

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Stadium can possibly serve as a catalyst for urban change of the Near North Riverfront neighborhood, and extend the Gateway Arch park spaces to that existing industrial area.

DOWNTOWN ST. LOUIS

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Page 12 Glossary definitions: Oxford Dictionary (American English) (US). Web.

Page 50 Definition: “Definition of Stadium in English:.” Stadium: Definition of Stadium in Oxford Dictionary (American English) (US). Web.

Sources

Pages 16-17 Information provided by: NFL Stadium Funding Information. Conventions, Sports & Leisure International (CSL).

Web. Pages 18-19 Waldron, Pat. “If You Build It, They Might Not Come: The Risky Economics of Sports Stadiums.” The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 7 Sept. 2012. Web. Page 21 “Death of the Stadium.” SXSW Schedule 2016. Web. < http://schedule.sxsw.com/2016/events/event_PP51335> Page 22 Statement: Holeywell, Ryan. “When Teams Leave, What Do You Do With the Stadium?” When Teams Leave, What Do You Do With the Stadium? Web. Page 23 Images provided by: McKenna, Thomas. “44 Haunting Photographs Of Abandoned Sports Venues.” The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com. Web. Page 24 Image provided by: M, Morris. “10 Abandoned Sports Stadiums & Crumbling Arenas of the World.” Urban Ghosts.

2015. Web. Page 25 Image provided by: M, Morris. “10 Abandoned Sports Stadiums & Crumbling Arenas of the World.” Urban Ghosts.

2015. Web. Page 26 Image provided by: Crimps, Andrew. “Stadion Za Lužánkami.” Web. (Image) Ames, Nick, and Michal Petrák.

“Zbrojovka Brno Fans and the Remarkable Rebuilding of Their Za Luzankami Stadium.” The Guardian. 2015. Web. Page 27 Image provided by: M, Morris. “10 Abandoned Sports Stadiums & Crumbling Arenas of the World.” Urban Ghosts.

2015. Web. “THE ABANDONED ASTRODOME.” Curiosities: The Abandoned Astrodome. Web. (Images) Page 28 Image provided by: M, Morris. “10 Abandoned Sports Stadiums & Crumbling Arenas of the World.” Urban Ghosts.

2015. Web. Page 29 “RSI OLYMPICS-GREECE/ I ODD SPO WID POL BIZ GRC.” For The Win. 12 Aug. 2014. Web. Page 38 “Characteristics and Guidelines of Great Public Spaces.” Characteristics and Guidelines of Great Public Spaces. Web.

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Page 39 Information provided by: American Planning Association Pages 40-42 Information provided by & Diagrams derived from: Project for Public Spaces

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Pages 64-69 Information provided by: Information provided by UEFA GUIDE TO QUALITY STADIUMS Pages 70-73 Information provided by: ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. Web. Pages 106-107 Images: http://www.onzie.com/news/

http://www.mohonkimages.com/about/nye/ Text: “Times Square Pedestrian Counts, Times Square Alliance”. Retrieved October 4, 2014.

Pages 108-109 Images: http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Europe/Greece/Prefecture_of_Attica/Athens-426812/General_Tips-Athens-Panathenaic_Stadium-BR-1.html

http://www.gtp.gr/TDirectoryDetails.asp?ID=72815 Text: “Panathenaic Stadium”. www.panathenaicstadium.gr. Hellenic Olympic Committee.

Pages 110-111 Images: http://www.thehistoryhub.com/colosseum-facts-pictures.htm

“Segway Tours in Italy.” GetYourGuide Blog. N.p., 17 Nov. 2014.

“Colosseum Layers.” By Sense-perception on DeviantArt. Web. Text: “Colosseum.” History.com. A E Networks, 2009. Web. Page 112 Images: “South of Olympic Park.” Visuals. 15 Dec. 2015. Web.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beijing_national_stadium.jpg Text: “Beijing National Stadium, ‘The Bird’s Nest’” Design Build Network. Web “China tourists twig to Beijing’s Bird’s Nest”. uk.Reuters.com (Reuters UK). 22 April 2009 Page 113 Images: Marko Djurica/Reuters

“Centrepiece Stadium up and Ready.” Newsteelconstructioncom. 1 June 2011. Web. Text: Newcomb, Tim. “How to Construct the Lightest, Most Open Olympic Stadium Ever Built.” Popular Science.

2012. Web. Page 114 Images: http://openbuildings.com/buildings/aviva-stadium-profile-5230

http://populous.com/project/aviva-stadium/

http://populous.com/project/aviva-stadium/ Page 115 Images: Hufton + Crow / http://archive.ads.org Text: “Wembley Stadium.” Populous. Web. ”United Kingdom: Wembley Stadium : Private hire”. hirespace.com.

Pages 116-117 Images: B. Monginoux / http://www.landscape-photo.net

Rebecca Taylor / http://www.cnbc.com/2013/10/25/the-billion-dollar-makeover-of-madison-square-gardenText: “Pollstar Pro’s busiest arena pdf” (PDF) Youngmisuk, Ohm. ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures, 2013. Web

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Pages 118-119 Images: http://www.stadiumpage.com/stpages/camden_out.html

http://stadiumandarenavisits.com/visitsreviews/137-camden-yards/ Text: “Oriole Park at Camden Yards - POPULOUS.” POPULOUS. Web. Pages 120-121 Images: http://mapio.net/o/3191903/

http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/blogs/youngandhungry/files/2010/07/verizon-center_opt.jpg

“Update on Verizon Center Signage.” Ted’s Take. Web. Text: “How to Create a Successful Urban Stadium.” - Greater Greater Washington. Web. Pages 122-123 Images: http://magdabiernat.com/commercial/index.php/institutional/barclays-center/ Page 129 “St Louis, Missouri.” St. Louis, Missouri. Web. Page 136 Images courtesy of: Google Earth Page 137 “St. Louis City Talk.” : Near North Riverfront Neighborhood. Web. Pages 138-139 Information provided by: Onboard Informatics

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Site Plan

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Sections

Section A-A Scale: 1/16” = 1’

Section B-B Scale: 1/32” = 1’

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Floor Plans - Ground Level

Floor Plans - Main Concourse Level

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Floor Plans - Club Level

Floor Plans - Suite Level

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Floor Plans - Upper Concourse Level

Exploded Axon

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SECTIONAL DETAILS

Scale: @ 1/4” = 1’

ORIGINAL CONCOURSE

Christophe Najdovski “Central Park” project, Seine, France Project contains bike paths, green spaces, and such in this urban park

LANDSCAPE CONCOURSE

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EXERCISE CONCOURSE

CLOSED CONCOURSE

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SECTIONAL AXONS

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Trevor Blenman Undergraduate Thesis Syracuse University School of Architecture 2016