Health Psychology, 6th edition Gary Poole Test Bank

Type:

Test Bank

Resource:

Health Psychology

Edition:

6th Edition

Author(s):

Deborah Hunt Matheson Gary Poole David N. Cox

TEST BANK for Deborah Hunt Matheson David N. Cox Gary Poole

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE Sixth Edition

Prepared by Bassam Nyaeme, MD British Columbia Institute of Technology

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 1: Welcome to Health Psychology

CHAPTER 1 Welcome to Health Psychology

Multiple Choice Questions 1. The term behavioural medicine emerged because of the a. link between behaviour and germ theory b. activity of micro-organisms as a cause of illness c. link between behaviour and health d. identification of illnesses which could not be treated with medicines e. strong influence of psychosomatic medicine Answer: c Difficulty: easy health psychology.

Skill: recall

Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Define

2. A health psychologist can help cardiac patients restore their quality of life by a. addressing fears of having another heart attack b. setting up a post surgical exercise program c. developing the conviction that change is inevitable d. teaching appropriate dietary skills e. referring the patient to a cardiologist Answer: e Difficulty: easy health psychology. Skill: recall

Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Define

3. The term Health Psychology replaced Behavioural Medicine as the preferred name for a new discipline linking psychology and health. The reason for this eventual name change was a. The term Health Psychology includes the treatment of illness b. Health Psychology also includes health maintenance c. Health Psychology includes behavioural, cognitive, and social perspectives d. Behavioural medicine was too closely linked to animal studies e. Psychosomatic medicine was too closely linked to psychoanalysis Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Outline how the field grew in terms of the range of important topics addressed and the

.

1

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 1: Welcome to Health Psychology

move to augment behavioural perspectives with those taken from cognitive psychology. Skill: recall

4. The discovery that many illnesses are caused by the activity of microorganisms, such as bacteria is known as a. psychosomatic medicine b. germ theory c. behavioural medicine d. psychoneuroimmunology e. biopsychosocial approach Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Outline how the field grew in terms of the range of important topics addressed and the move to augment behavioural perspectives with those taken from cognitive psychology.

Skill: recall

5. In 1983 Neal Miller, a behaviourist, identified non-compliance with medical regimens as an important problem that can be explained in terms of what he called a gradient of reinforcement. By this he meant that the ____________ the lag time between behaviour and the reinforcer, the ____________ the behaviour would be. a. greater, weaker b. greater, stronger c. shorter, weaker d. shorter, stronger e. longer, stronger Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Outline how the field grew in terms of the range of important topics addressed and the move to augment behavioural perspectives with those taken from cognitive psychology.

Skill: recall

6. Larry went to the physician for an annual physical exam not prompted by any complaint. He was told that his blood pressure was high and that he needed to start an exercise program and to stop smoking. Furthermore, his father just had a stroke the previous week. Which of the following would be the most important reason that Larry might be compliant with physician’s instructions according to Miller? a. b. c. d. e.

a change in behaviour will result in delayed gratification his condition was asymptomatic smoking is considered socially undesirable his father just had a stroke the previous week Larry recognizes that he is out of shape

.

2

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 1: Welcome to Health Psychology

Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Outline how the field grew in terms of the range of important topics addressed and the move to augment behavioural perspectives with those taken from cognitive psychology.

Skill: applied 7. Although all of the following behaviours have been linked to coronary heart disease (CHD), the one behaviour shown to significantly increase the risk of heart disease is: a. hostility b. Type A Behaviour c. achievement orientation d. time urgency e. prone to anger Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Outline how the field grew in terms of the range of important topics addressed and the move to augment behavioural perspectives with those taken from cognitive psychology. Skill: applied

8. Identifying the Type A Coronary Prone Behaviour pattern was most beneficial because it a. linked germ theory and coronary heart disease b. generated research attempting to link psychology with health c. attempted to identify the frequency of coronary heart disease d. stimulated behaviour change in the general population e. it decreased the incidence of heart attacks Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Outline how the field grew in terms of the range of important topics addressed and the move to augment behavioural perspectives with those taken from cognitive psychology.

Skill: recall

9. The application of psychological principles to the understanding of and improvement of health refers to the work of a. behaviourists b. clinical psychologists c. counselling psychologists d. health psychologists e. psychoanalysts Answer: d Difficulty: easy health psychology.

Skill: recall

.

Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Define

3

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 1: Welcome to Health Psychology

10. Germ theory, which is based on the discovery that many illnesses are caused by microorganisms, produced the following important development in medicine a. the success of antibiotics changed the profile of life-threatening illnesses b. all diseases could now be treated successfully with antibiotics c. germ theory stimulated the development of the biopsychosocial perspective d. health was viewed as a product of what we do, not what we think e. prevention became legitimate form of medical treatment Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.1 Define health psychology.

Skill: applied 11. Which of the following is the leading cause of death in Canada? a. circulatory diseases b. infectious diseases c. respiratory diseases d. tuberculosis e. smoking Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Explain why health psychology has grown so quickly as a field.

Skill: recall

12. Suzanne Miller identified two patterns of coping strategies which influence whether or not an individual will seek information in times of stress. The information seekers are called a. blunters b. monitors c. avoiders d. problem solvers e. emotional risk takers Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Outline how the field grew in terms of the range of important topics addressed and the move to augment behavioural perspectives with those taken from cognitive psychology.

Skill: recall

13. Significantly more people will follow instructions to take an antibiotic to relieve a painful ear infection than will change their lifestyle to reduce high blood pressure.

The behavioural explanation for this phenomenon is a. delayed gratification theory b. asymptomatic conditioning theory c. the Health Belief Model d. behavioural non-compliance e. reasoned action

.

4

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 1: Welcome to Health Psychology

Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Outline how the field grew in terms of the range of important topics addressed and the move to augment behavioural perspectives with those taken from cognitive psychology. Skill: applied 14. The study of compliance was important because a. it leads to a more in-depth study of the physician-patient relationship b. most patients were not complying with physician recommendations c. physicians were frustrated because patients were uncooperative d. drug costs were escalating e. non-compliance is very expensive Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Outline how the field grew in terms of the range of important topics addressed and the move to augment behavioural perspectives with those taken from cognitive psychology. Skill: recall 15. Some time around the middle of the twentieth century the major source of lifethreatening conditions became a. superbugs b. bacteria c. lifestyle d. environmental carcinogens e. animals Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Explain why health psychology has grown so quickly as a field.

Skill: recall

16. In understanding the cause of health-related conditions such as heart attack, we must consider a. both biological and psychological causes b. biological, psychological, and sociological causes c. psychological, sociological, and environmental causes d. biological and environmental causes e. biological, psychological, sociological, and environmental causes Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Outline how the field grew in terms of the range of important topics addressed and the move to augment behavioural perspectives with those taken from cognitive psychology. Skill: recall

17. A branch of medicine concerned with the relationship between health and behaviour is

.

5

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 1: Welcome to Health Psychology

a. b. c. d. e.

psychoneuroimmunology rehabilitation behavioural medicine biomedicine epidemiology

Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Outline how the field grew in terms of the range of important topics addressed and the move to augment behavioural perspectives with those taken from cognitive psychology. Skill: recall

18. From the biopsychosocial model, psychological causal factors of interest in the common cold would be a. viruses and the spread of infection b. stress c. exposure to an infected person d. the statistical probability of catching a cold e. subsidized inoculation programs Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Outline how the field grew in terms of the range of important topics addressed and the move to augment behavioural perspectives with those taken from cognitive psychology. Skill: applied 19. The biomedical model suggests that a. health is best understood in terms of our biology b. health is best understood in terms of biology and medicine c. health is best understood in terms of psychological factors d. health is best understood in terms of medicine e. health is best understood in terms of the patient-physician relationship Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Outline how the field grew in terms of the range of important topics addressed and the move to augment behavioural perspectives with those taken from cognitive psychology. Skill: recall

20. Jenna has recently been diagnosed as having cancer. The best treatment approach for a patient with cancer would be a. a biomedical approach b. a psychosocial approach c. a biopsychosocial approach d. alternative medicine approach e. a risk reduction approach

.

6

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 1: Welcome to Health Psychology

Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: applied

21. The health belief model has been used extensively in predicting behaviours associated with a. dental hygiene b. AIDS risk related behaviour c. having plastic surgery d. finding a family physician e. joining a fitness club Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: recall

22. The extent to which you think a course of action will work to reduce a threat is called a. a response efficacy belief b. a cost gain belief c. a biomedical belief d. risk reduction belief e. the capacity to believe Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: recall 23. One important assumption of the Theory of Reasoned Action that is different from the Health Belief Model is a. that health behaviours are explained by our health beliefs b. a person’s beliefs regarding the subjective norm c. a person’s belief that a health threat exists d. the belief that a given course of action will affect a health threat e. a person’s intent to act Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: recall

24. In the case of the health belief model, the particular behaviour will not follow unless the person a. truly believes b. is from a wealthy family c. values good health d. is healthy to begin with e. is young and motivated

.

7

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 1: Welcome to Health Psychology

Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: recall

25. The notion of internal perceived behavioural control makes more sense to people who have been raised in a(n) a. Culture with privatized medical care b. Individualist culture c. Collectivist culture d. Health-conscious culture e. Culture with universal medical care Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: recall

26. Beliefs regarding what others think we should do and the extent to which we are motivated to go along with other people are called a. objective norms b. subjective norms c. efficacy beliefs d. cost-gain beliefs e. social facilitation Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: recall 27. The only difference between the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behaviour is the addition of the belief that a a. person is capable of performing the behaviour b. behaviour is preceded by intention c. health threat exists d. given course of action will affect the threat e. society approves of the behaviour Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: recall

28. Jas, a high school student, has decided that he will not drink at his graduation dance.

It has been shown that having made that decision there is a greater likelihood that he will follow through. Which theory most accurately applies in Jas’s case? a. Theory of Planned Behaviour b. Theory of Reasoned Action c. The Health Belief Model

.

8

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 1: Welcome to Health Psychology

d. Psychological Impact Model e. Early Commitment Model Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: applied

29. Which of the following is not an element of the theory of planned behaviour as it might be applied to predict whether Alan will attend a Healthy Heart Program? a. Belief about the efficacy of the program b. Value placed on being healthy c. Subjective norms d. Perceived behavioural control e. Internal Cognitive Control Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: applied

30. One reason Health Psychology has come into prominence is the a. change in mortality statistics over the twentieth century b. link between unemployment and health c. acknowledgement of the World Health Organization d. establishment of the Health Psychology section in the Canadian Psychological Association e. recognition that psychological health is important to physical well being Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Outline how the field grew in terms of the range of important topics addressed and the move to augment behavioural perspectives with those taken from cognitive psychology. Skill: recall

31. For victims of heart attack Health Psychology can provide a. little because it is too late to prevent the attack b. methods for implementing lifestyle change c. mortality statistics d. cross cultural comparisons e. cardiac treatment recommendations Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Explain why health psychology has grown so quickly as a field.

Skill: recall

.

9

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 1: Welcome to Health Psychology

32. Whether or not you engage in exercise behaviour will depend largely on a. your belief that the long-term gain from exercise will outweigh the immediate costs b. your social economic status c. your perception of people who exercise d. your perception of yourself, exercising e. your previous exercise experiences Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: recall

33. In making the decision to comply with medical advice, one will likely assess the costs involved. This refers to the a. response efficacy belief b. cost-gain belief c. health belief costs d. theory of reasoned action e. theory of planned behaviour Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: recall

34. The health belief model is most predictive for people who a. are men b. place a high value on their health c. feel personally vulnerable d. want to avoid visiting the doctor e. are religious Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: recall

35. In applying the Health Belief Model to the decision to have back surgery a patient must first a. acknowledge that a health threat exists b. consult with his/her family member to see what they think c. try every possible medical treatment d. check the internet for possible alternative treatments e. find out what others in the same situation have done Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: applied

.

10

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 1: Welcome to Health Psychology

36. According to the theory of reasoned action, our ___________________ and our _____________ determine our intention regarding the behaviour. a. subjective norms and objective norms b. outcomes and consequences c. thinking and intention d. subjective norms and attitudes e. attitudes and behaviour Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: applied

37. The main distinguishing feature between the Health Belief Model and the Theory of Reasoned Action is a. other people’s beliefs b. outcome expectancies c. health values d. efficacy beliefs e. locus of control Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: applied

38. The predictive power of the Theory of Reasoned Action over the health belief model is increased when applied to a. cancer screening b. exercise Behaviour c. smoking Behaviour d. HIV and AIDS prevention e. exercise behaviour Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: recall

39. The difference between the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behaviour is the notion of a. intention b. perceived behavioural control c. social norms d. severity of consequences e. vulnerability Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: recall

.

11

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 1: Welcome to Health Psychology

40. The Stages of Change model identifies six stages. Which of the following is the correct order of these stages? a. action, precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, maintenance, relapse b. precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action , maintenance relapse c. precontemplation, contemplation, action, relapse, preparation, maintenance d. relapse, precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, maintenance e. contemplation, action, precontemplation, preparation, relapse, maintenance Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: recall

41. The most valuable contribution of the stages of change model is that a. smoking behaviour can be explained b. procrastination is understood c. one can join a support group of people at the same stage d. relapse is not considered failure e. motivation is recognized Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: recall

42. The notion of internal perceived behavioural control tends to make more sense to people who have been raised in a. upper socioeconomic conditions b. lower socioeconomic conditions c. individualist cultures d. collectivist cultures e. primitive cultures Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: recall

43. Motivational models address ______________ while Behavioural enaction models address the _______________ . a. intention; gap between intention and behaviour b. beliefs; actions required to change behaviour c. thinking; behaviour

.

12

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 1: Welcome to Health Psychology

d. implementation; underlying motivation e. goals; rewards for behavioural change Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology. Skill: recall 44. Bagozzi’s Goal Theory is a. similar to the Stages of Change Model b. an example of a motivational model c. includes the possibility of fear of success or fear of failure d. similar to the Health Belief model but has an end goal e. an example of a multi-stage modelgo through stages of change to implement a program Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology. Skill: recall 45. The three most common topics addressed by hospital psychologists are a. pain, eating disorders and cancer b. cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes c. cardiovascular disease, spinal cord injuries, caner d. cardiovascular disease, pain, cancer e. respiratory disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease Answer: a

Difficulty: moderate LO: 1.5

Skill: recall

46. Gollwitzer’s implementation intentions model posits that if people have a ________________________, they will be much more likely to engage in the behaviour. a. life coach b. life partner c. implementation plan d. goal e. possibility of success Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology. Skill: recall

.

13

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 1: Welcome to Health Psychology

47. Which of the following does not describe a counselling psychologist in health psychology? a. must hold a doctoral degree b. graduates from a less rigorous program compared to a clinical psychologist c. holds a master’s degree d. have different training compared to a clinical psychologist e. obtains certification by a licensing body Answer: a

Difficulty: easy

LO: 1.5

Skill: recall

48. Which of the following does not describe a distinguishing difference between Clinical and Counselling Psychologists? a. clinical and counselling psychologists require different training b. clinical psychologists usually have a year of internship c. counselling psychologists do not require a Ph.D. d. only clinical psychologists can work in health care facilities e. salaries tend to be lower for counselling psychologists Answer: d

Difficulty: easy

LO: 1.5

Skill: recall

49. The arrival of health psychology as a subdiscipline in psychology is attributed to a. Miller’s article on behavioural medicine b. Matarazzo proposing the first definition c. Friedman and Rosenman identifying Type A behaviour patterns d. WHO promotes the notion of being “healthy” e. The discovery of germ theory Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Outline how the field grew in terms of the range of important topics addressed and the move to augment behavioural perspectives with those taken from cognitive psychology.

Skill: recall

50. Based on the Integrative Model of Behavioural Prediction, the _______ and ______ can influence intention and thus influence behaviour. a. b. c. d. e.

attitude and self-efficacy attitude and outcome beliefs skills and environment culture and motivation perceived norm and media

Answer: a Difficulty: medium Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: recall

.

14

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 1: Welcome to Health Psychology

51. The national differences in mask wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic witnessed in Canada can be attributed to the__________ a. b. c. d. e.

common sense model health belief model behavioural enaction model implementation intentions model goal theory

Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: apply 52. several decades ago, most deaths were attributed to _______ compared to today’s statistics. a. b. c. d. e.

tuberculosis heart disease cancer respiratory disease kidney disease

Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: recall 53. The drift between what we intend to accomplish in providing health services and what we end up accomplishing is a good example of: a. b. c. d. e.

common sense model behavioural enaction model Gollwitzer’s implementation intentions model Bagozzi’s goal theory Multistage model

Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: recall

Short Answer/Essay Questions 1. Ali was admitted to hospital with classic symptoms of a heart attack. Using the biopsychosocial model discusses the causes which may have contributed to Ali’s condition.

.

15

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 1: Welcome to Health Psychology

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology. Skill: applied 2. Following Neal Miller’s initial review of the field in 1983, several perspectives in addition to the behavioural medicine approach, contributed to the development of Health Psychology. Describe these perspectives and give an example of how they have contributed to the current status of Health Psychology.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Outline how the field grew in terms of the range of important topics addressed and the move to augment behavioural perspectives with those taken from cognitive psychology.

Skill: recall 3. What is psychoneuroimmunology? Conclude your answer by explaining immunocompetence.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Outline how the field grew in terms of the range of important topics addressed and the move to augment behavioural perspectives with those taken from cognitive psychology.

Skill: recall

4. Identify the factors which led to the growing prominence of Health Psychology as a discipline.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.3 Explain why health psychology has grown so quickly as a field.

Skill: recall

5. Describe the Health Belief Model and provide an example of how it can be used to predict health behaviours.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: recall

6. John has been smoking for 20 years. He has developed emphysema (a respiratory problem) and has been told to stop smoking. He enjoys smoking, has seen friends struggle with stopping and doesn’t think that it would help anyway. Based on the Health Belief Model would you predict that John will stop smoking? Support your answer.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: applied

.

16

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 1: Welcome to Health Psychology

7. Hafsa had a breast lumpectomy for the treatment of cancer. The following year she underwent a bilateral mastectomy to further control the spread of cancer. At that time, Hafsa was given a choice between chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

It was recommended that she have both chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

Using the Health Belief Model predicts whether or not Hafsa will agree to the combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Support your answer.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: applied

8. Compare the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Theory of Reasoned Action.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: applied

9. What are the most common health concerns addressed by hospital psychologists?

Difficulty: easy

LO: 1.5

Skill: recall

10. Compare the biomedical model and the biopsychosocial model of health. What are the implications of accepting one model over the other?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: applied 11. Apply the Stages of Change Model to smoking cessation. Identify each stage and describe the smoker’s behaviour at that particular stage.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: recall 12. Explain Miller’s model of non-compliance using the language of behaviourism.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: recall

13. Distinguish between the following terms: behavioural medicine, health psychology. biopsychosocial approach Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Outline how the field grew in terms of the range of important topics addressed and the move to

.

17

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 1: Welcome to Health Psychology

augment behavioural perspectives with those taken from cognitive psychology.

Skill: recall

14. Why has health psychology grown so quickly in recent years?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.2 Outline how the field grew in terms of the range of important topics addressed and the move to augment behavioural perspectives with those taken from cognitive psychology.

Skill: recall

15. Describe the differences between the Motivational Models of health behaviour and the Behaviour Enaction Models providing an example of each.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: recall 16. You have been tasked to work with a diabetic patient to create a plan that aims to reduce the sweets intake. Use the behavioural change model to design a plan for the diabetic patient.

Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 1.4 Describe and apply fundamental theories in health psychology.

Skill: apply

.

18

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 2: Stress and Coping

CHAPTER 2 Stress and Coping

Multiple Choice Questions 1. One problem with any discussion of stress and coping is a. the subjectivity of the experience b. the definition of the terms c. the stress literacy effect d. distinguishing the effects of the two e. the psychological, emotional, and physical components Answer: b Difficulty: moderate stress and coping.

Skill: recall

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Define

2. Hans Selye a. originated the biological concept of stress b. coined the term euphoria to describe positive stress c. wrote a book called the JOY OF STRESS d. thought all stress was harmful e. coined the term distress Answer: a Difficulty: moderate stress and coping.

Skill: recall

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Define

3. According to Lazurus and Folkman, the level of stress that a person’s experience will depend on a. the effort used to cope with the stress b. the level of physiological arousal c. the level of psychological arousal d. the individual’s cognitive appraisal e. the culture in which the person is raised Answer: d Difficulty: moderate stress and coping.

Skill: recall

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Define

4. Which of the following illustrates the correct order for the general adaptation syndrome? a. stress, strain, recovery b. resistance, submission, exhaustion c. alarm, resistance, exhaustion d. stress, alarm, resistance e. stress, eustress, homeostasis

.

19

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 2: Stress and Coping

Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Understand the physiology of stress. Skill: recall 5. Selye’s general adaptation syndrome refers to a. a consistent pattern of responses to noxious stimuli b. a psychological response to stress observed in rats c. a psychological response to stress observed in human behaviour d. a stereotypic response to psychologically stressful events e. a stereotypic flight or fight response Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Understand the physiology of stress.

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Skill: recall

6. In 1939, Cannon expressed concern over the implications for physical illness through the continuous activation of the a. homeostatic response b. fight or flight response c. general adaptation response d. central nervous system e. stress response Answer: b Difficulty: easy stress and coping.

Skill: recall

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Define

7. The term “fight or flight” is not always appropriate in the contemporary world because a. contemporary responses to stress vary significantly from a thousand years ago b. physiological responses to stress may be gender specific c. behavioural responses to stress have evolved d. the behavioural response no longer exists e. men today are more secure and less threatened by other males Answer: c Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Understand the physiology of stress. Skill: applied

8. According to Rice (1999) stress has three distinct meanings. Which of the following is not one of those three meanings? a. environmental demands placed upon us that cause us to feel stressed b. subjective response to an environmental event c. the body’s physical response to events as described by Selye d. a biobehavioural alternative to the flight or fight response

.

20

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 2: Stress and Coping

e. cognitive or interpretive response to events Answer: d Difficulty: moderate stress and coping.

Skill: recall

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Define

9. Taylor et al (2000) distinguishes between the behavioural component and the physiological component of the fight or flight response by proposing a. behaviourally, females are more likely to tend-and-befriend b. behaviourally, males are more likely to be aggressive c. physiologically, males sweat more frequently d. physiologically, males heart rate accelerates more rapidly e. physiologically, females respond more slowly Answer: a Difficulty: easy stress and coping.

Skill: recall

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Define

10. There are two major components of the physical response to stress. They are a. the nervous system and the digestive system b. the endocrine system and the digestive system c. the nervous system and the endocrine system d. the endocrine system and the musculoskeletal system e. the nervous system and the musculoskeletal system Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Understand the physiology of stress. Skill: recall

11. When a threat is perceived, either actual or imagined, the body is alerted to mobilize its coping resources. This response begins with the a. adrenal medulla b. limbic system c. reticular formation d. hypothalamus e. sympathetic nervous system Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Understand the physiology of stress. Skill: recall

12. The difference in the autonomic nervous system response to stress and the endocrine system response is a. the endocrine system is slower, but the impact continues longer b. the autonomic nervous system is slower, but the impact continues longer c. the autonomic nervous system is quicker, but the effect lasts longer d. the endocrine system is quicker, but the effect lasts longer

.

21

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 2: Stress and Coping

e. there is no appreciable difference in the rate of responding Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Understand the physiology of stress. Skill: recall 13. The hormone cortisol a. decreases blood pressure b. decreases blood sugar by storing it c. increases blood pressure and respiration rate d. decreases blood pressure and respiration rate e. converts stored protein and fats to glucose Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Understand the physiology of stress. Skill: recall

14. One difference between the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex is a. the adrenal medulla secretes aldosterone b. the adrenal cortex is activated by the pituitary gland c. the adrenal medulla secretes cortisol d. the adrenal cortex is activated by the hypothalamus directly e. the adrenal medulla is located above the kidneys Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Understand the physiology of stress. Skill: applied 15. Selye’s theory was criticized because a. he neglected genetic processes b. he neglected cognitive processes c. he exaggerated physiological responses to stress d. he emphasized psychosocial factors over physiological factors e. he proposed peptic ulcers as a disease of adaptation Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Understand the physiology of stress. Skill: recall

16. Selye called the problems of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, asthma and increased risk of infection a. diseases of exhaustion b. diseases of survival c. diseases of adaptation d. diseases of resistance e. diseases of the mind

.

22

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 2: Stress and Coping

Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Understand the physiology of stress. Skill: recall 17. Laurie got off the bus in a city 1000 kilometers from her home. She saw a lady coming towards her with outstretched arms. She immediately realized that it was her beloved aunt who she hadn’t seen for 5 years. According to Lazarus and Folkman’s Cognitive Transactional Model her primary appraisal would be called a. challenge b. threat c. irrelevant d. benign-positive e. stressful Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Understand the cognitive components of stress.

Skill: applied

18. Don and Tom work at different companies. On the same day that Don was told his services would no longer be needed, Tom was promoted. Tom was also told that the company was making many changes related to products. According to Lazarus and Folkman’s Cognitive Transactional Model the primary appraisal for both men would be considered stressful. Don’s type of stressful appraisal would be ___________ and Tom’s would be __________________. a. b. c. d. e.

harm/loss; threat harm/loss; challenge threat; challenge challenge; challenge threat; harm/loss

Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Understand the cognitive components of stress.

Skill: applied

19. According to the Cognitive Transactional Model proposed by Lazarus and Folkman, secondary appraisal is a. a continuous experience in which existing appraisals are changed or modified on the basis of new information b. concerned with a person’s evaluation of their ability to cope with a situation c. concerned with the initial evaluation of a situation d. only occurs after the primary appraisal is complete e. the same as a defensive appraisal Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Understand the cognitive components of stress.

Skill: recall

.

23

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 2: Stress and Coping

20. A self-generated coping strategy in which an attempt is made to reinterpret past events more positively is called a a. reappraisal b. primary reappraisal c. defensive appraisal d. challenge appraisal e. comforting appraisal Answer: c Difficulty: easy Understand the cognitive components of stress.

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: recall

21. Jane is going to be playing the piano at a family gathering for the first time on Sunday morning. It is still one month away. Lazarus and Folkman would identify the property of the situation responsible for Jane’s stress as a. event uncertainty b. imminence c. temporal uncertainty d. duration e. novelty Answer: e Difficulty: easy Understand the cognitive components of stress.

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Skill: applied

22. According to the Cognitive Transactional Model, normal life events may become sources of stress when the event a. occurs at the wrong time in the life cycle b. lasts more than 60 days c. is imminent d. has an unusual outcome e. was previously unimportant to the individual Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Understand the cognitive components of stress.

Skill: recall

23. A person with a Type A Behaviour pattern was described by Friedman and Rosenman as a. appearing relaxed and calm b. competitive and displaying a sense of time urgency c. frequently seeking medical advice d. socially dominant e. slow to anger

.

24

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 2: Stress and Coping

Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Appreciate the role of personality in stress and coping.

Skill: recall 24. The importance of identifying individuals exhibiting a Type A Behaviour pattern is that a. they frequently have few or no coping strategies b. they tend to make inaccurate primary appraisals c. they make their coworkers uncomfortable d. make up a large proportion of the prison population e. they are at risk for coronary heart disease Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Appreciate the role of personality in stress and coping.

Skill: recall

25. Elan rushes from one meeting to the next during the day, uses his cellphone for business calls on the way home, when he isn’t honking at the drivers of other cars who he thinks are going too slowly even though they are going the posted speed limit. Elan would appear to be displaying a. a lack of coping skills b. a need to reappraise c. Type A behaviour d. Type B behaviour e. stress Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Appreciate the role of personality in stress and coping.

Skill: applied

26. The distinction between a coping response and a stress response depends on a. the type of coping strategy employed b. the type of stress appraisal c. the primary appraisal d. whether an intentional act occurs in response to a stressor e. whether an unintended emotion occurs in response to a stressor Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress. Skill: recall

27. Any response that reflects a spontaneous emotional or behavioural reaction to stress is called a a. coping response b. stress response c. coping outcome

.

25

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 2: Stress and Coping

d. coping goal e. emotion focused coping Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress. Skill: recall 28. Altering a situation by defining the problem, looking at alternative solutions, evaluating the implications of the alternatives and choosing the best one to act on is known as a. setting coping goals b. coping outcomes c. Type A behaviour d. problem focused coping e. emotion focused coping Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress. Skill: recall

29. When potential stressors are anticipated and acted on in advance to prevent or decrease their impact the type of coping is a. emotion focused b. coping response c. proactive d. combative e. stress management Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress. Skill: recall

30. There is a tendency to use emotion-focused coping when a. the stressor is emotional b. the individual believes nothing can be done c. preparing for a stress response d. the individual is without social support e. the stress intensity is too large Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress.

Skill: recall

31. In determining the importance of social support, it is clearly the ___________________ which is most important a. informational support b. tangible support

.

26

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 2: Stress and Coping

c. emotional support d. perception of social support e. social situation Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress.

Skill: applied

32. Using cognitive processes such as avoidance or minimization that are intended to decrease emotional distress is called a. problem focused coping b. emotion focused coping c. secondary appraisal d. proactive coping e. combative coping Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress.

Skill: recall

33. The stress-buffering hypothesis suggests that a. problem focused coping is the best method of coping b. emotion focused coping is the best method of coping c. social support acts as a buffer to protect the individual from stress d. personal control acts as a buffer to protect the individual from stress e. positive psychology increases positive human functioning Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress. Skill: recall

34. Which of the following is not a form of social support? a. emotional b. informational c. tangible d. direct aid or services e. problem focused Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress.

Skill: recall 35. Behavioural control over an event increases one’s sense of _____________ a. imminence b. duration c. temporal uncertainty

.

27

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 2: Stress and Coping

d. emotional control e. predictability Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress.

Skill: recall 36. The fight or flight response results in a _________________ state while most relaxation techniques result in a ___________________ state. a. parasympathetic; sympathetic b. hypermetabolic; hypometabolic c. hypometabolic; hypermetabolic d. hypometabolic; hypometabolic e. hypermetabolic; hypermetabolic Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Understand the cognitive components of stress.

Skill: recall

37. All of the following are examples of relaxation techniques except a. progressive atrial fibrillation b. progressive muscular relaxation c. biofeedback d. transcendental meditation e. autogenic training Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress. Skill: recall

38. Relaxation techniques share all of the following features except a. eyes are closed b. requires a quiet, undisturbed setting c. muscles are completely active and contracting d. deep rhythmical breathing occurs e. control over physiological processes Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress. Skill: recall 39. The principle underlying Wolpe’s systematic desensitization is a. reciprocal inhibition b. the relaxation response c. biofeedback d. cognitive exposure e. repeated exposure

.

28

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 2: Stress and Coping

Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress. Skill: applied 40. Jason, a 4-year-old boy and his mother are taking a walk around their block. They meet their neighbour who is walking her dog. Jason is fearful of dogs. His mother pats the dog and then has Jason do the same. This would most accurately be called a. cognitive restructuring b. systematic desensitization c. biofeedback d. participant modeling e. inoculation training Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress. Skill: applied

41. Which of the following Psychologists and their associated cognitive therapy are inaccurate? a. Beck and cognitive therapy b. Ellis and Rational emotive behaviour therapy c. Meichenbaum and stress inoculation training d. Wolpe and systematic desensitization e. Bandura and biofeedback Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress. Skill: recall

42. Self-help manuals that provide do-it-yourself instruction in coping with stress a. only work for those who are stress literate b. provide evidence about the pervasiveness of stress c. are not useful and could be dangerous d. are regulated by the Canadian Psychology Association e. grew out of the positive psychology approach Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress. Skill: recall

43. All of the following are components of stress inoculation training except: a. psychoeducation b. behavioural analysis of individual patterns of stress-related behaviours c. time management d. cognitive restructuring e. systematic desensitization

.

29

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 2: Stress and Coping

Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress. Skill: recall

44. According to the diathesis-stress model, disease outcomes result from a. the nature of the stressor persons experience b. one’s physiological vulnerabilities c. changes in health behaviour d. the interaction between psychological and physiological predispositions and stress e. a genetic predisposition Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Understand the physiology of stress. Skill: recall 45. The degree to which an individual is knowledgeable about the effects of stress is described as a. coping b. homeostasis c. stress literacy d. general adaptation e. stress-diathesis model Answer: c Difficulty: easy stress and coping.

Skill: recall

Learning Objective: LO 2.1 Define

46. Smith and Ruiz identified a risk factor for coronary disease which they identified as a. hostility b. social dominance c. Type A behaviour d. Type B behaviour e. time urgency Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Appreciate the role of personality in stress and coping.

Skill: recall 47. An emerging field that encourages psychologists to use fewer negative frameworks and focus more on effective human functioning is a. personal control psychology b. cognitive psychology c. positive psychology d. psychosomatic medicine e. stress inoculation training

.

30

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 2: Stress and Coping

Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress. Skill: recall 48.

A type of appraisal in which, though an event is perceived to be stressful, the focus is one of positive excitement and the potential for growth is called a. secondary appraisal b. reappraisal c. irrelevant appraisal d. benign-positive appraisal e. challenge appraisal Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Understand the cognitive components of stress.

Skill: recall

49. The physiological responses that allow an organism to deal with a stressor are termed the ______ phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome. a. b. c. d. e.

alarm resistance disease of adaption exhaustion allostatic load

Answer: b Difficulty: easy physiology of stress. Skill: recall

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Understand the

50. The hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis causes the adrenal cortex to secrete all but one of the following hormones a. glucocorticoids b. mineralocorticoids c. catecholamines d. cortisol e. aldosterone Answer: c Difficulty: difficult physiology of stress.

Skill: recall

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Understand the

51. According to Lazarus and Folkman, an individual who is evaluating their ability to cope is in a(an)______ while an individual who is modifying their approach based on new information is considered to be in a(an)_______ a. cognitive appraisal, reappraisal b. secondary appraisal, reappraisal c. primary appraisal, irrelevant appraisal

.

31

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 2: Stress and Coping

d. primary appraisal, secondary appraisal e. stressful appraisal, primary appraisal Answer: b Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Understand the physiology of stress.

Skill: applied

52. According to Wong and Whooley (2014), the correlation between hostility and mortality is characterized as: a. b. c. d.

non-existing more hostility leads to higher mortality more hostility leads to lower mortality more hostility leads to higher mortality in some and lower mortality in others e. less common in type A personality behaviour Answer: b Difficulty: difficult cognitive components of stress.

Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Understand the Skill: applied

53. In addition to the adrenal gland, which other gland has an important role during stress response? a. b. c. d. e.

testis ovary parathyroid thyroid thymus

Answer: d Difficulty: easy physiology of stress. Skill: recall

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Understand the

Short Answer/ Essay Questions 1. Describe the physiological changes that take place when the flight or fight response occurs with activation of the sympathetic adrenomedullary system.

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Understand the Skill: recall

Difficulty: easy physiology of stress.

2. Outline the physiological stress response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis beginning with the hypothalamus and ending with the release of cortisol.

.

32

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 2: Stress and Coping

Difficulty: moderate physiology of stress.

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Understand the Skill: recall

3. Describe each stage of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome and include the criticisms of the theory that have emerged.

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Understand the Skill: recall

Difficulty: easy physiology of stress.

4. Compare Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome to the Cognitive Transactional model of stress. Be sure to include the major components of each theory.

Difficulty: moderate physiology of stress.

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Understand the Skill: applied

5. Describe the three types of appraisals proposed by the Cognitive Transactional Model of stress. Include examples of person and situation variables that influence appraisal.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Understand the cognitive components of stress.

Skill: applied 6. Describe Wright’s multi-causal pathway that outlines factors in the Type A behaviour pattern which have been linked to coronary heart disease.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Appreciate the role of personality in stress and coping.

Skill: recall

7. Distinguish between problem-focused coping and emotion focused coping giving examples of each.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress.

Skill: applied

8. Describe the different types of social support and give specific examples of each type.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress.

Skill: applied

.

33

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 2: Stress and Coping

9. Lack of social support is a risk factor for disease. What evidence exists to support this statement? Describe a possible mechanism for the effect of social support on the coping response.

Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 2.4 Appreciate the role of personality in stress and coping.

Skill: applied

10. Describe in detail one method of inducing relaxation.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress.

Skill: recall

11. Describe three forms of cognitive therapy frequently used in stress management.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress.

Skill: recall

12. Choose one behaviour therapy/cognitive therapy technique and one relaxation technique of stress management and describe how these two methods might be helpful for someone currently experiencing the demands of student life.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress.

Skill: applied 13. In Lazarus and Folkman’s Cognitive Transactional Model, person and situation variables have been identified that influence the reappraisal process. Name and describe one person variable and three situation variables that have been identified. Explain how each variable influences appraisal.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 2.3 Understand the cognitive components of stress. Skill: applied

14. What has been learned from the study of eastern meditative disciplines and how can that information be applicable to western practices of stress management.

Difficulty: Difficult Learning Objective: LO 2.5 Identify different coping styles and strategies for coping with stress.

Skill: applied

.

34

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 2: Stress and Coping

15. What role do the limbic system and the reticular formation play in the stress response?

Difficulty: moderate physiology of stress. Skill: recall

Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Understand the

16. Explain the stress-diathesis model and how it can be applied to cardiovascular disease?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Understand the physiology of stress. Skill: applied 17. Explain the role of the following endocrine glands during the stress response (hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal, pancreas and thyroid).

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 2.2 Understand the physiology of stress.

Skill: recall

.

35

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 3: Psychoneuroimmunology

CHAPTER 3 Psychoneuroimmunology Multiple Choice Questions 1. Immune function can not be measured by a. time taken for wounds to heal b. number of antibodies which develop in response to vaccinations c. white blood cell count d. the number of immune system cells in the spleen or bone marrow e. enumerative assay Answer: d Difficulty: easy and understand research papers on PNI.

Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Read Skill: recall

2. A mitogen is a substance that a. forms after an antigen mutates b. stimulates immune-cell activity in vitro c. simulates immune-cell activity in vivo d. activates natural killer cells e. simulates antigen activity in vivo Answer: b Difficulty: moderate and understand research papers on PNI.

Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Read Skill: recall

3. The process by which Natural-Killer cells attack and destroy tumour cells is called a. mitogenic activity b. enumerative assay c. cytotoxic assay d. cell lysis e. seroconversion Answer: d Difficulty: easy and understand research papers on PNI.

Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Read Skill: recall

4. A test in which the proliferation and effectiveness of Natural-Killer cells is measured after they have been exposed to diseased cells is called a. NK cell lysis b. NK cell cytotoxic activity assay c. immunocompetence test d. viral challenge studies

.

36

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 3: Psychoneuroimmunology

e. enumerative assay Answer: b Difficulty: easy and understand research papers on PNI.

Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Read Skill: recall

5. The study of the relationship between psychological states and the functioning of the immune system is called a. immunocompetence assay b. enumerative assay c. psychoneuroimmunology d. psychological tests of immunity e. psychosocial immunology Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 3.1 Explain why psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is important to health psychology.

Skill: recall

6. Li has been relaxed and on vacation for 2 weeks. He has had no recent health problems. If Li had his immunocompetence measured at a lab it is likely that the results would indicate a. a high mitogen count b. a normal white blood cell count c. a proliferation of NK cell activity d. decreased NK cell cytotoxic activity e. increased antibodies to the herpes virus Answer: b Difficulty: moderate and understand research papers on PNI.

Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Read Skill: applied

7. When comparing in vivo tests that measure antibody (Ab) production, high counts in herpes virus studies indicate ________________ while high counts in injection studies indicates ___________________ . a. immunocompetence; immunosuppression b. decreased NK cell activity; increased NK cell activity c. immunosuppression; immunocompetence d. increased NK cell activity; decreased NK cell activity e. immunocompetence; immunocompetence Answer: c Difficulty: moderate and understand research papers on PNI.

Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Read Skill: applied

8. Which of the following statements is true regarding short term immune function? a. acute stressors can temporarily improve function b. chronic stressors can temporarily improve function

.

37

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 3: Psychoneuroimmunology

c. expressing negative emotions can temporarily improve function d. remains constant over the course of a day e. responds to psychological variables the same as long term immune function Answer: a Difficulty: moderate and understand research papers on PNI.

Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Read Skill applied

9. There is no single accepted measure of immunocompetence at the present time.

One reason is that a. the natural killer cells are very effective but difficult to measure b. immunosuppression is easier to measure c. there are individual differences between people in ways of responding to stress d. ineffective cell measurement tools exist e. until now there has been very little interest in immunocompetence Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Read and understand research papers on PNI.

Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: applied

10. Lazarus and Folkman (1984) define stress as a. short term pain for long term gain b. an aversive condition in which the perceived demands are greater than the ability to cope c. an increase in Natural Killer cell activity in the presence of physical symptoms d. immunosuppression in the presence of psychological factors e. statistically significant increase in immune function associated with physical illness Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: recall 11. Boscario (1997) studied Vietnam veterans including those who had suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) over a 20-year period. He discovered that a. most Vietnam veterans eventually develop PTSD b. Female soldiers reported a higher incidence of PTSD c. Veterans who suffered from PTSD were more likely to suffer from other medical problems d. Veterans who lack social support are more likely to suffer from PTSD e. Veterans who developed PTSD were more likely to have sexually transmitted infectious diseases

.

38

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 3: Psychoneuroimmunology

Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: recall 12. For people with autoimmune diseases, the hallmark of the immune system which fails is the a. non-specific immune system b. specific immune system c. memory function d. specificity function e. tolerance Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: applied

13. David Spiegel and colleagues (1998) found a relationship between severe adverse life events and cancer growth. One study found that cancer patients who had experienced a family death or job loss were a. likely to have a relapse b. very likely to have a relapse c. lesslikely to have a relapse d. very less likely to have a relapse e. no different from patients without such major life events Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: recall

14. Thus far, Spiegel and his colleagues (1998) concluded that the effect of stress on tumour growth is a. potentiating rather than initiating b. initiating and potentiating c. initiating rather than potentiating d. statistically insignificant e. clinically insignificant Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: recall

.

39

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 3: Psychoneuroimmunology

15. In studying the effect of mood on the immune system, researchers have found that depression ___________________________ for all types of patients, regardless of their age or sex. a. always occurs when the immune system is compromised b. always accompanies stress c. activates the immune system d. increases mortality risk e. decreases mortality risk after a heart attack Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: recall 16. Lu has been caring for her husband for the past five years. He was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease and required considerable care. He died one month ago.

Most health psychologists believe that coping with a seriously ill loved one brings on ___________ while coping with their death brings on _______________ . a. Improved immune function; impaired immune function b. Stress; negative mood c. Impaired immune function; improved immune function d. Negative mood; stress e. Challenge; stress Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: applied 17. In an early study by Irwin and his colleagues (1987), which of the following groups demonstrated the poorest immune function a. wives whose husbands were in good health b. wives whose husbands were being treated for lung cancer that had spread to other parts of the body c. wives whose husbands had died from lung cancer up to six months previously d. husbands whose wives were diagnosed with breast cancer e. husbands whose wives were dying of breast cancer Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: recall 18. Recent studies have hypothesized that the pathway between mood and the immune system may be provided by a. natural killer cell proliferation b. interleukin-6 c. B cells

.

40

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 3: Psychoneuroimmunology

d. suppressor T cells e. killer T cells Answer: b Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: recall 19. In a hospital study (Glassman and Shapiro, 1998) it was determine that depression increased mortality risk for all types of patients, regardless of their age or sex.

However, consistent with research, the strongest impact was for patients diagnosed with a. cancer b. cardiovascular disease c. HIV-Aids d. Hematological disease e. dementia Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: recall 20. A study by Cohen and colleagues (1995) attempted to sort out the relative contributions of state and trait-negative affect on the development of colds and flu. The results showed that______________________ was correlated with objectively confirmed symptoms. a. both state and trait-negative affect b. only state-negative affect c. only trait-negative affect d. neither state nor trait-negative affect e. state-negative was twice as likely as train negative affect Answer: c Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: recall

21. The importance of drawing a distinction between state and trait affect as illustrated by the Cohen and colleagues’ study (1995) is the apparent a. misinterpretation of symptoms by the state-negative group b. cognitive bias of the state- negative group c. cognitive bias of the trait-negative group d. predisposition to developing URI symptoms in the state-negative e. predisposition to developing URI symptoms in the trait-negative group

.

41

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 3: Psychoneuroimmunology

Answer: c Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: recall 22. Although immunocompetence provides one explanation for increased risk of contracting and dying of cancer, related behavioural phenomena that can affect the experience of cancer include all but one of the following a. sleeping poorly b. having less energy c. not following medical regimens d. seeking non-medical treatment e. generally taking care of themselves Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: recall

23. In a prospective study of adults over the age of 70 (Penninx et al., 1998), it was discovered that for men a(an) _____________ diagnosis depression increased the risk of contracting heart disease and dying from it. a. new b. chronic c. state d. trait e. manic Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: recall 24. Current research on the relationship between negative mood and HIV infection indicates that depression affects HIV positive women by a. shortening the time to AIDS-related death b. increasing T-helper-cell activity c. decreasing the Natural Killer cell count d. increasing T-helper cell count e. lengthening the time to seek medical intervention Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: recall 25. The case study describing Jack’s response to a diagnosis of prostate cancer indicates that Jack will have a better survival rate than Stephen.

.

42

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 3: Psychoneuroimmunology

Psychoneuroimmunology research findings suggest the more favourable outcome based on all but one of the following a. an optimistic attitude b. belief in the treatment c. strong support system d. avoiding depression e. Type C personality Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: recall

26. The distinction between states and traits is primarily the ____________ of the characteristics. a. intensity b. validity c. duration d. categorization e. emotional component Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: recall

27. The extent to which an immune system is functioning properly to ward-off microorganisms best describes a. viral challenge b. enumerative assay c. immunocompetence d. psychoneuroimmunology e. cytotoxic activity Answer: c Difficulty: easy Read and understand research papers on PNI.

Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: recall

28. Which of the following is not a functional test of immunity? a. NK cell cytotoxic activity assay b. enumerative assay c. NK cell lysis d. counting antigen-specific antibodies e. counting herpes virus antibodies Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Read and understand research papers on PNI.

.

Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: applied

43

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 3: Psychoneuroimmunology

29. There is a large and growing body of evidence to indicate that early childhood experiences a. have no effect on long term health b. have a short term effect on health c. have an effect on health across the lifespan d. have a statistically significant but not a clinically significant effect on health Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Read and understand research papers on PNI. Skill: recall

30. The study of the relationship between psychological states and the functioning of the immune system best describes: a. PNI b. NK cell activity c. PHA d. PWM e. Ab production Answer: a Difficulty: easy Read and understand research papers on PNI.

Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: recall

31. Final exams are a good example of a. chronic stressors b. acute stressors c. immunocompetence d. PTSD e. immunosuppression Answer: b Difficulty: easy Read and understand research papers on PNI.

Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: recall

32. Mechanisms that link psychological factors to health focus on all but one of the following sources a. the endocrine system b. the sympathetic nervous system c. the immune system d. behaviour e. social support system Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: recall

.

44

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 3: Psychoneuroimmunology

33. _______________ increases the body’s capacity to produce inflammation, and help heal wounds and fight infection, a. biological imbedding b. cortisol c. cytokines d. C-reactive protein e. adrenalin Answer: c Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: recall

34. Many people doing PNI research believe that of all the medical conditions brought on or worsened by stress _____________________ is the most common. a. cancer b. cardiovascular disease c. chronic pain d. upper respiratory infection e. gastrointestinal illnesses Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: recall 35. Studies based on the Canadian Community Health Survey has shown that people with PTSD have higher rates of all of the following except: a. respiratory disease b. cardiovascular disease c. chronic pain d. cancer e. Type 2 diabetes Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Read and understand research papers on PNI.

Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: recall

36. The empirical link between psychology and health is best provided by research in a. psychoneuroimmunology b. positive psychology c. social psychology d. clinical psychology e. cognitive psychology Answer: a Difficulty: easy Read and understand research papers on PNI.

.

Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: recall

45

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 3: Psychoneuroimmunology

37. In psychoneuroimmunology research, the dependent variable typically takes the from of a. the manipulation of a psychological state b. the manipulation of a physical state c. some measure of immunocompetence d. stress e. a personality trait Answer: c Difficulty: easy Read and understand research papers on PNI.

Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: recall

38. A lab test done to count white blood cells as they exist in the blood stream is called a. enumerative assay b. cell lysis c. stress intrusion test d. in vitro test of immunocompetence e. cytotoxic activity assay Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Read and understand research papers on PNI.

Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: recall

39. The role of cytokines in the immune response is to increase a. the body’s capacity to trigger inflammation b. the body’s capacity to reduce inflammation c. activity in the hypothalamus pituitary axis d. activity of the sympathetic nervous system e. cortisol Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health. Skill: recall 40. Which of the following mechanism has not been implicated in the explanation of why psychological states affect the immune system? a. the endocrine system b. the sympathetic nervous system c. the immune system d. behaviour e. the circulatory system Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 3.4 Explain fundamental biological mechanisms linking psychological state and health.

Skill: recall

.

46

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 3: Psychoneuroimmunology

41. Paramjit has experienced significant psychological trauma recently and his hypothalamus-pituitary axis is chronically activated. This means that Paramjit is a. likely producing more cortisol b. likely producing less cytokines c. experiencing cardiovascular distress d. less likely to catch a cold e. likely a Type A personality Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.4 Explain fundamental biological mechanisms linking psychological state and health.

Skill: applied 42. Under stress the substance released by the adrenal cortex when stimulated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system are called a. immunogens b. interleukins c. antigens d. tropic hormones e. cortisol Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 3.4 Explain fundamental biological mechanisms linking psychological state and health.

Skill: recall 43. Research indicates that people exposed to stress in early childhood such as poverty or abuse ore more likely to develop ___________________________ in adulthood. a. cardiovascular disease, cancer and autoimmune disorders b. upper respiratory tract infections c. depression d. HIV/AIDS e. diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Read and understand research papers on PNI.

Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Skill: recall

44. The process in which experience has permanent effects on the expression of our genetic coding and subsequently on biological processes is called a. functional immunity b. immunocompetence c. psychoneuroimmunology d. biological embedding e. non-functional immunity

.

47

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 3: Psychoneuroimmunology

Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.4 Explain fundamental biological mechanisms linking psychological state and health.

Skill: recall 45. The development and working of immune cells can be permanently altered by a. experience via epigenetic processes b. acute stress but not chronic stress c. chronic stress but not acute stress d. NK cell lysis e. NK cell cytotoxic activity Answer: a Difficulty: moderate and understand research papers on PNI.

Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Read Skill: recall

46. Chronic stress can desensitize the ability of immune cells to respond over time, this is called the _________ and it was brought forward by Miller, Cohen and Ritchey in 2002. a. b. c. d. e.

resistance phase glucocorticoid resistance model cytokines resistance model traits change model stress-intrusion Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.4 Explain fundamental biological mechanisms linking psychological state and health.

Skill: recall

47. The ________ is responsible for providing immune defence in our saliva and mucus. a. b. c. d. e.

NK cells T cells sIgA cytokines interleukin 6 Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: applied

48. Which of the following indicates an immune cell is activated a. b. c. d. e.

decrease T cell response decrease chemokines increase adhesion molecules decrease acute phase proteins altered immune cell distribution

.

48

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 3: Psychoneuroimmunology

Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: recall 49. Which of the following indicates an immunosuppression a. b. c. d. e.

increase T cell response increase chemokines increase adhesion molecules decrease memory T cell response increase immune cell distribution Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: recall

Short Answer/Essay Questions 1. What is the difference between in vitro and in vivo functional tests of immunocompetence? Provide an example of each. .

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Read and understand research papers on PNI. Skill: recall 2. Discuss the methods for measuring immune-system function.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Read and understand research papers on PNI. Skill: applied 3. Discuss the issues of short-term versus long-term effects, and statistical versus clinical significance in measuring immune function.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Read and understand research papers on PNI. Skill: applied 4. Tomiko has just received the news that she has breast cancer. What factors in Tomiko’s response to the news would be associated with a more favourable outcome?

Difficulty: difficult Page: Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: recall

.

49

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 3: Psychoneuroimmunology

5. Discuss the evidence for a link between stress and upper respiratory infection.

Include a description of a viral challenge study.

Difficulty: moderate Page: Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: applied 6. Discuss the biological mechanisms linking psychological states and immune function.

Difficulty: difficult Page Learning Objective: LO 3.4 Explain fundamental biological mechanisms linking psychological state and health.

Skill: applied 7. Discuss the effects of depression on immune functioning.

Difficulty: moderate Page: Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: applied 8. Why should an understanding of psychoneuroimmunology be important to health psychologists?

Difficulty: easy Page: Learning Objective: LO 3.2 Read and understand research papers on PNI. Skill: applied 9. Discuss the effects of stress on the initiation and potentiation of cancerous tumours.

Difficulty: moderate Page: Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: applied 10. Describe the role of inflammation in linking depression and health.

Difficulty: moderate Page: Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: applied 11. What evidence supports the contention that depression increases the risk of mortality?

Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: applied

.

50

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 3: Psychoneuroimmunology

12. Describe the evidence linking depression and heart health.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: recall 13. Discuss the study conducted by Cohen and his colleagues (1995) regarding the distinction between state and trait negative affect and the influence on the development of colds and flu.

Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: applied 14. Explain the effect of childhood adversity on adult health and why it is so important.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: applied 15. Describe the Biological Embedding of Childhood Adversity Model.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.4 Explain fundamental biological mechanisms linking psychological state and health. Skill: recall 16. Describe research-based evidence that outlines stress and the immune function in persons living with HIV and AIDS. Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 3.3 Cite research evidence to show that there is a biological relationship between psychological state and health.

Skill: applied

.

51

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 4: Health Communication

CHAPTER 4 Health Communication

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Jamal was in a head-on collision with a truck. When he arrived at the hospital emergency he was unconscious and the medical staff immediately started making decisions. Which model of physician-patient interaction would this represent? a. the guidance-cooperation model b. the mutual-participation model c. the active-passive model d. expanded biomedical model e. narrowly biomedical model Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Provide an overview of different models of the physician–patient relationship.

Skill: recall 2. When a patient seeks advice from the physician and answers the questions that are asked but the physician is responsible for the thinking and decision-making, the physicianpatient relationship would follow the a. guidance-cooperation model b. active-passive model c. mutual-participation model d. collaborative model e. narrowly biomedical model Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Provide an overview of different models of the physician–patient relationship.

Skill: recall 3. Roter and colleagues (1997) used audiotape analysis of the communication patterns of 537 patients. Their analysis revealed 5 distinct communication patterns. A communication characterized mainly by biomedical talk, close ended medical questions and very little discussion of psychosocial topics was called a. consumerist b. narrowly biomedical c. expanded biomedical d. psychosocial e. biopsychosocial Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Provide an overview of different models of the physician–patient relationship.

Skill: recall

.

52

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 4: Health Communication

4. Lillian is a 76- year-old widow whose husband died 6 months ago. She and her husband had had a busy social life, but since his death she only left the house when she needed to get groceries. When she went to the doctor’s he emphasized that she really needed to get out more and that the senior’s centre had a very active program. The communication pattern at this visit is a. consumerist b. biopsychosocial c. narrowly biomedical d. psychosocial e. expanded biomedical Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Provide an overview of different models of the physician–patient relationship.

Skill: applied 5. Xian has a gastric ulcer. Recently, she heard about a new medication that she thought might be helpful. She set up an appointment with her physician so she could get his views.

Their communication pattern at the appointment would be considered a. biopsychosocial b. consumerist c. expanded biomedical d. narrowly biomedical e. psychosocial Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Provide an overview of different models of the physician–patient relationship.

Skill: applied 6. The pattern of communication least preferred by both patients and physicians were the a. consumerist b. psychosocial c. biopsychosocial d. biomedical e. collaborative Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Provide an overview of different models of the physician–patient relationship.

Skill: recall 7. According to research, which pattern of communication did younger, male physicians use most often? a. biomedical b. psychosocial c. biopsychosocial d. consumerist e. patient-centered

.

53

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 4: Health Communication

Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Provide an overview of different models of the physician–patient relationship.

Skill: recall 8. The patient-centered model of physician-patient interaction tested at the University of Western Ontario identified six components. The list of components includes all but one of the following. a. understanding the whole person b. incorporating prevention and health promotion c. being optimistic d. enhancing the patient-physician relationship e. exploring the illness experience Answer: c Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Provide an overview of different models of the physician–patient relationship.

Skill: recall 9. Patients rely on physicians to provide information about the diagnosis, cause of the problem and methods of treatment. Generally, physicians _________________ the amount of time they were engaged in information giving during an average 20-minute interview. a. drastically overestimate b. drastically underestimate c. realistically estimate d. slightly underestimate e. slightly overestimate Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Provide an overview of different models of the physician–patient relationship.

Skill: recall 10. Research on the information-giving component of the physician-patient relationship indicates that physicians tend to do all but one of the following a. bombard their patients with information b. overestimate the amount of time spent giving information c. underestimate patients’ desire for information d. withhold information to protect patients from worry e. be positive and overly optimistic Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Provide an overview of different models of the physician–patient relationship.

Skill: recall 11. Patients who report a preference for assuming a(n) __________ role in their treatment tend to recover _________________ than those who prefer a(n) ______________ role. a. active, slower, inactive

.

54

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 4: Health Communication

b. active, faster, inactive c. passive, slower, active d. inactive, faster, active e. passive, faster, active Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Provide an overview of different models of the physician–patient relationship.

Skill: recall 12. The amount of participation patients would like in treatment decisions should a. depend on the physician’s desire for patient participation b. depend on the type of illness c. depend on the patient’s age d. match the amount of involvement encouraged by the physician e. match the amount of information the patient can handle Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Provide an overview of different models of the physician–patient relationship.

Skill: applied 13. Patient satisfaction with medical care is primarily a function of a. a warm expressive emotional style b. a good bedside manner c. quality of the physician-patient relationship d. patient participation e. translating medical jargon into understandable language Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Provide an overview of different models of the physician–patient relationship.

Skill: applied

14. The underlying cause for most of the problems investigated by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario is a. medical incompetence b. improper diagnosis c. improper treatment d. inadequate communication e. physician dissatisfaction Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Outline both patient and physician characteristics that lead to poor communication.

Skill: recall 15. Malpractice suits happen less often if the patients and their families feel that the physician was a. really trying hard

.

55

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 4: Health Communication

b. c. d. e.

competent but made a single mistake incompetent but nice caring and compassionate deceiving them for the compassionate reasons

Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Outline both patient and physician characteristics that lead to poor communication.

Skill: recall 16. Based on the research regarding physician behaviours contributing to faulty communication, a patient should plan to discuss their most important problem first and a. take no more than 2 minutes to explain b. the second complaint second and so on c. not bring up any other problems d. be prepared to be interrupted after only 23 seconds e. use medical jargon to explain the problem Answer: d

Difficulty: moderate

LO 4.2

Skill: applied

17. Physicians use medical jargon for all but one of the following reasons a. a tendency to overestimate the amount of jargon their patients understand b. use of medical jargon is highly correlated with intelligence c. physicians don’t want their patients to understand them d. physician forget their patients do not understand e. belief that the patient will think they are intelligent Answer: b

Difficulty: moderate

LO 4.2

Skill: applied

18. When a practitioner uses medical jargon in an explanation followed by an explanation of the medical jargon using everyday language it is called a. a non-discrepant response b. multilevel explanation c. talking down d. educating the patient e. malpractice prevention Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Outline both patient and physician characteristics that lead to poor communication.

Skill: recall 19. A consultation with a physician that is patient-centred a. does not take longer than doctor-centred approaches b. includes questions that require very brief answers c. is similar to the biomedical communication pattern d. involves little or no medical jargon e. is similar to the biopsychosocial communication pattern

.

56

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 4: Health Communication

Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Provide an overview of different models of the physician–patient relationship.

Skill: recall 20. Patient centred approaches most closely resemble _____________ patterns of communication whereas doctor-centred approaches are more similar to _________ patterns. a. b. c. d. e.

biomedical; psychosocial consumerist; biomedical psychosocial; biomedical psychosocial; consumerist biopsychosocial; biomedical

Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Provide an overview of different models of the physician–patient relationship.

Skill: recall 21. Rainbow went to a doctor’s appointment. The doctor asked the following questions, “Are you having pain? Do you have pain after breakfast? Do you have pain after supper? Is it severe?. This communication style is best described as the ___________ approach. a. doctor-centred b. patient-centred c. pain-centred d. multilevel e. non-discrepant Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Provide an overview of different models of the physician–patient relationship.

Skill: applied 22. Poor communication between physicians and patients can sometimes be attributed to patient behaviours including all but one of the following a. patients do not answer questions truthfully b. patients may not remember physician’s instructions c. lack of information seeking behaviour d. anxiety e. rushing the physician into making a diagnosis Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Outline both patient and physician characteristics that lead to poor communication.

Skill: recall

.

57

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 4: Health Communication

23. Zhuo is taking medication as prescribed by the doctor. In addition, she is taking some herbal supplements recommended by a friend. Zhuo’s behaviour is most accurately described as a. adherence b. non-adherence c. creative non-adherence d. augmentation e. compliance to a lay referral system Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Define patient non-adherence and list contributing factors to non-adherence.

Skill: recall 24. Non-adherence to prescribed medication may include all but one of the following a. taking medication at the wrong time b. discontinuing medication before recommended c. taking medication in the wrong amount d. not taking the prescribed medication e. adding a home remedy to the prescribed treatment regimen Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Define patient non-adherence and list contributing factors to non-adherence.

Skill: recall 25. When asked about treatment adherence, both patients and physicians tend to a. underestimate adherence b. overestimate adherence c. rely on treatment effects to determine adherence d. ignore the importance of adherence e. prefer biochemical tests Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Define patient non-adherence and list contributing factors to non-adherence.

Skill: recall 26. The only reliable method of measuring adherence is a. asking the patient b. asking the physician c. pill counting d. biochemical tests e. there is no reliable method of measuring adherence Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Define patient non-adherence and list contributing factors to non-adherence.

Skill: recall 27. Which of the following is most likely to contribute to non-adherence to a medical regimen?

.

58

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 4: Health Communication

a. b. c. d. e.

doctored centred communication patterns availability of lay referral system unpleasant side effects duration of the treatment patient centred communication patterns

Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Define patient non-adherence and list contributing factors to non-adherence.

Skill: recall 28. Dale had moderate pain in his right great toe three times in the last two years. He was told that he has gout. Dale was given medication each time, which relieved the discomfort.

Yesterday, he went to the doctor and was told that he had gout again and that he should take the medication on an ongoing basis, one pill after breakfast and one at bedtime. After 2 months, Dale decided not to continue taking the medication. Dale’s behaviour can be explained by the fact that a. no one was checking up on Dale’s adherence b. he had to change a long standing habit c. the regimen was too complex d. adherence decreases as duration of treatment increases e. he had side effects Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Define patient non-adherence and list contributing factors to non-adherence.

Skill: applied 29. A physician who makes eye contact, smiles and jokes with the patient will likely find the patient’s adherence to medical treatment will ______________ a. increase b. decrease c. show no effect but the patient will report liking the physician d. depend on the appropriateness of the joking e. show no effect but the physician will be seen as competent Answer: a Difficulty: easy Outline strategies to improve patient adherence.

Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: applied

30. All of the following are examples of behavioural strategies which can be effective in increasing patient adherence except a. providing prompts and reminders b. tailoring the regimen c. self-monitoring d. contingency contracting e. biochemical tests

.

59

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 4: Health Communication

Answer: e Difficulty: easy strategies to improve patient adherence.

Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Outline Skill: recall

31. Roter and colleagues (1998) contend that the most powerful intervention to increase adherence include a combination of a. educational and behavioural strategies b. behavioural strategies and social support c. educational and social support d. educational, behavioural strategies and social support e. self-monitoring, education and family counselling Answer: d Difficulty: easy Outline strategies to improve patient adherence.

Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Skill: recall

32. Social support is defined as the interpersonal resources we have at our disposal to help us cope with stress. Social support may include all but one of the following a. emotional support b. practical support c. informational support d. instrumental support e. behavioural support Answer: e Difficulty: easy strategies to improve patient adherence.

Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Outline Skill: recall

33. The internet is particularly relevant to health in Canada because a. there are not enough doctors b. Canadians are more likely to develop certain illnesses c. geography provides challenges for health care access d. Canadians are information seekers e. computer technology is limited Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Outline healthrelated resources available on the internet and how one should assess the quality of those resources.

Type: recall 34. Which of the following is not a health related use of the internet in Canada a. Health promotion b. Health surveys c. Health information d. Support e. Transcript analysis Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Outline healthrelated resources available on the internet and how one should assess the quality of those resources.

Type: recall

.

60

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 4: Health Communication

35. One of the major effects of internet use is a. The way people interact with their doctors b. The number of visits to family physicians c. The purchase of non-prescription drugs d. The increase in anxiety levels by people self-diagnosing e. A decrease in health care utilization Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Outline healthrelated resources available on the internet and how one should assess the quality of those resources.

Type: recall 36. Which of the following is not a principle for assessing the quality of health-related web sites: a. Authority b. Complementarity c. Confidentiality d. Attribution e. Attrition Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Outline healthrelated resources available on the internet and how one should assess the quality of those resources.

Type: recall

37. The advantages of e-mail communication between physicians and patients include all of the following except: a. b. c. d. e.

saves time convenient makes patients feel more comfortable asking questions allows the message to be saved for reviewing at a later time decreased patient satisfaction

Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Outline healthrelated resources available on the internet and how one should assess the quality of those resources.

Type: recall

38. The most frequently written about topics via e-mail included all of the following except: a. exchange of pleasantries and non-medical information b. exchange of medical information c, an update on the patient’s medical condition d. subspecialty evaluation e, medication information

.

61

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 4: Health Communication

Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Outline healthrelated resources available on the internet and how one should assess the quality of those resources.

Type: recall 39. According to the 2019 Access Health Survey, Canadians are more likely to use technology for all of the following expect: a. access lab reports b. share medical results on social media c. receive virtual health care d. refill prescriptions e. access telehealth Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Outline health-related resources available on the internet and how one should assess the quality of those resources.

Type: recall 40. Social concordance refers to a. a preference for same-sex physicians b. a preference for a physician in the same social class c. similarity in social characteristics between dyad members in an interaction d. similarity in gender and race but not education or age e. a preference for physicians of the same race Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Outline both patient and physician characteristics that lead to poor communication.Type: recall 41. Evidence indicates that race concordant doctor-patient interviews a. Take less time because there is a mutual understanding b. Are longer than non-concordant interviews c. Show no differences compared with race non-concordant dyads d. Are less friendly with less psychosocial discussion e. Are more hurried Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Outline both patient and physician characteristics that lead to poor communication.

Type: recall

42. The Johnson and Thornton et al (2011) study is unique because it looked at a. level of concordance for the patient b. level of concordance for the physician c. social concordance with respect to shared social characteritics d. non-concordant communication style e. concordant communication style

.

62

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 4: Health Communication

Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Outline both patient and physician characteristics that lead to poor communication.

Type: recall 43. Johnson and Thornton et al. (2011) found that with respect to levels of social concordance a. low levels were associated with more favourable patient perceptions of care b. high levels were associated with less favourable patient perceptions of care c. high levels were associated with less favourable patient affect d. may have a cumulative effect on the patient –physician interaction e. may be irrelevant to patient perceptions of care Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Outline both patient and physician characteristics that lead to poor communication.

Type: recall 44. One of the key principles for assessing quality in health related websites indicates that sources of the data and claims should be clearly provided, this principle is called ________ a. authority b. confidentiality c. attribution d. justifiability e. complementarity Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.6 Describe how the internet has altered physician–patient interactions.

Type: recall 45. One of the key principles for assessing quality in health-related websites indicates that claims should be supported by appropriate and balanced evidence, this principle is called ________ a. authority b. confidentiality c. attribution d. justifiability e. complementarity Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 4.6 Describe how the internet has altered physician–patient interactions.

Type: recall 46. Patient satisfaction with medical care is influenced by the ______ of the physician-patient relationship and ______ behaviours are more closely related to the satisfaction of patients than ________ a. quality, non-verbal, verbal b. scope, non-verbal, verbal c. quality, verbal, non-verbal d. scope, verbal, non-verbal

.

63

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 4: Health Communication

e. length, verbal, non-verbal Answer: a Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Provide an overview of different models of the physician–patient relationship. Type: recall 47. A patient presents to their doctor for a consultation. After the consultation, the doctor tells the patient to take 3 pills daily and explains the time intervals. This is an example of which of the following models a. active-passive b. guidance-cooperation c. mutual prediction d. psychosocial e. consumerist Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Provide an overview of different models of the physician–patient relationship. Type: recall

Short Answer/Essay Questions 1. Roter and colleagues (1997) used audiotape analysis of the communication patterns of 537 patients. Their analysis revealed 5 distinct communication patterns. List and describe these patterns.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Provide an overview of different models of the physician–patient relationship.

Skill: recall

2. Describe the errors physicians make in their role as information providers. How does this affect the patient-physician relationship?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Outline both patient and physician characteristics that lead to poor communication.

Skill: applied

3. Describe physician behaviours which contribute to faulty communication.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Outline both patient and physician characteristics that lead to poor communication.

Skill: recall

4. Describe patient behaviours which contribute to faulty communication.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Outline both patient and physician characteristics that lead to poor communication.

Skill: recall

.

64

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 4: Health Communication

5. Discuss the seven methods researchers use to measure patient adherence and include the disadvantages of each.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Define patient non-adherence and list contributing factors to non-adherence.

Skill: recall

6. Discuss the importance of improving patient adherence.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Define patient non-adherence and list contributing factors to non-adherence.

Skill: applied 7. Describe the difference between non-adherence and creative non-adherence and provide an example of each Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Define patient non-adherence and list contributing factors to non-adherence.

Skill: applied

8. What is meant by Patient-Physician Concordance and explain the importance of the study of social concordance in the patient-physician interaction, Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Outline both patient and physician characteristics that lead to poor communication.

Skill: recall 9. Describe the factors which predict adherence to medical treatment.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Outline both patient and physician characteristics that lead to poor communication. Skill: recall 10. How can we best assess the quality of health information found on the internet?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Outline health-related resources available on the internet and how one should assess the quality of those resources.

Skill: recall 11. Your mother has just been diagnosed with atrial fibrillation, a chronic heart condition.

You decide to find out more about this condition. Where would you begin your search for information and how can you tell that the information is accurate?

Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Outline health-related resources available on the internet and how one should assess the quality of those resources.

Skill: applied

.

65

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 4: Health Communication

12. What are the implications of having so much information freely available on the internet?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.5 Outline health-related resources available on the internet and how one should assess the quality of those resources.

Skill: applied 13. George is an 86- year old man who has been on medication for elevated blood pressure for many years. His physician retired recently and he has just been to a new young physician who he describes as “not very friendly”. Although George has not been having symptoms the new physician said that he wanted George’s blood pressure to be lower and so increased his medication to two pills twice a day instead of one. What factors will have an impact on whether George will adhere to this new regimen?

Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Define patient non-adherence and list contributing factors to non-adherence.

Skill: applied

14. Describe the three characteristics of the treatment regimen which would have a negative impact on adherence.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Define patient nonadherence and list contributing factors to non-adherence.

Skill: recall 15. Harriet requires long-term treatment to control her arthritis and diabetes. Describe some methods that could be used to help Harriet adhere to the treatment regimen.

Difficulty: moderate improve patient adherence.

Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Outline strategies to Skill: applied

16. Describe the 6 models of Physician-Patient Interaction and indicate which one is the preferred model.

Learning Objective: LO 4.4 Outline strategies to improve Skill: recall

Difficulty: moderate patient adherence.

17. Propose 4 scenarios that involve a patient and a physician. Each scneraio should address the perspective of the patient and the physician from the communication perspective listed below: Biomedical communication, biopsychosocial communication, psychosocial communication and consumerist communication Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Provide an overview of different models of the physician–patient relationship.

Skill: applied

.

66

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 4: Health Communication

18. Discuss the principles for assessing quality in Health-related web sites Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.6 Describe how the internet has altered physician–patient interactions.

Skill: recall 19. Describe how the internet is changing health behavior in Canada.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 4.6 Describe how the internet has altered physician–patient interactions.

Skill: applied

.

67

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 5: Health and Physical Activity

CHAPTER 5 Health and Physical Activity

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Hays (1999) states that “Exercise psychology attends to the ____________ relationship, and sport psychology is directed toward the ________________ relationship. a. mind-to-body; body-to-mind b. exercise-health; physical activity-sport c. physical activity-sport; sport-physical activity d. body-to-mind; mind-to-body e. health-physical activity; physical activity-physical fitness Answer: d

Difficulty: moderate

Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Skill: recall

Distinguish among physical activity, exercise, and sport.

2. Gauvin and Spence (1995) describe an activity undertaken with a specific external objective, such as the improvement of fitness, physical performance or health, in which the participant is advised to conform to recommended mode, intensity, frequency and duration as a. sport psychology b. exercise c. physical activity d. physical fitness e. participaction Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Distinguish among physical activity, exercise, and sport. Skill: recall Answer: b

Difficulty: moderate

3. Different forms of physical fitness include all of the following except a. strenuous b. muscular strength c. cardio respiratory endurance d. body composition e. flexibility Answer: a

Difficulty: moderate

Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Skill: recall

Distinguish among physical activity, exercise, and sport.

.

68

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 5: Health and Physical Activity

4. Physiological functioning that has been described in relation to attributes we have that influence the ability to perform physical activity is known as a. physical activity b. physical fitness c. exercise psychology d. exercise physiology e. endurance Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Distinguish among physical activity, exercise, and sport. Skill: recall Answer: b

Difficulty: easy

5. Gauvin, Levesque & Richard (2001) described the four parameters of physical activity including all of the following except a. duration b. frequency c. fitness d. intensity e. type Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Distinguish among physical activity, exercise, and sport. Skill: recall Answer: c

Difficulty: moderate

6. Greenberg and Pargman (1989) describe a health-illness continuum anchored by all of the following points except a. illness b. death c. health d. perfect health e. fitness Answer: e

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Skill: recall

Distinguish among physical activity, exercise, and sport.

7. Each point of the Greenberg and Pargman (1989) health-illness continuum has five components a. mental, physical, environmental, social, emotional health b. mental, social, emotional, physical, spiritual health c. social, physical, medical, emotional, environmental d. emotional, environmental, social, spiritual, physical e. wellness, illness, death, health, dying,

.

69

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 5: Health and Physical Activity

Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Distinguish among physical activity, exercise, and sport. Skill: recall Answer: b

Difficulty: easy

8. Which of the following activities would be considered passive leisure? a. stamp collecting b. watching television c. playing a musical instrument d. stationary bicycle riding e. weight training Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Distinguish among physical activity, exercise, and sport. Skill: recall Answer: b

Difficulty: easy

9. Recent recommendations suggest a moderate-level of activity has significant health benefits and should last at least a. 30 minutes a day b. 15 minutes a day c. 30 minutes every other day d. 60 minutes every other day e. 45 minutes a day Answer: a

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Skill: recall

Distinguish among physical activity, exercise, and sport.

10. Estabrooks (2000) reported that _________ percent of those who begin an exercise program stop within six months. a. 30% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100% e. 25% Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Appreciate the importance of adherence to physical activity.

Skill: recall Answer: b

Difficulty: easy

11. Based on data collected by Statistics Canada (2008a) there has been a decrease in involvement in sports from ____________% to _______________ % in people over age 15. a. 65; 50 b. 75; 45 c. 45; 28 d. 75; 65 e. 80; 60

.

70

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 5: Health and Physical Activity

Answer: c

Difficulty: moderate

Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Skill: recall

Distinguish among physical activity, exercise, and sport.

12. The form of exercise associated with weightlifting or body building is known as a. isotonic b. isokinetic c. iosmetric d. aerobic e. anaerobic Answer: a

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Skill: recall

Distinguish among physical activity, exercise, and sport.

13. The form of exercise which produces an oxygen deficit is called a. isotonic b. isokinetic c. isometric d. aerobic e. anaerobic Answer: e

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Skill: recall

Distinguish among physical activity, exercise, and sport.

14. When Taylor reports that he feels anxious if he doesn’t go for a run everyday, he is providing ____________ evidence to support the relationship between exercise and psychological well being. a. anecdotal b. unequivocal c. empirical d. correlational e. experimental Answer: a

Difficulty: moderate

Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: applied

Describe the psychological benefits of physical activity.

15. Mark is member of a professional football team. He works out regularly at the gym furnished by the football club. This includes equipment that will maximize muscle resistance through the full range of motion for each muscle group. Mark is using which type of exercise? a. isotonic b. isometric c. isokinetic

.

71

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 5: Health and Physical Activity

d. anaerobic e. aerobic Answer: c

Difficulty: moderate

Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Skill: applied

Distinguish among physical activity, exercise, and sport.

16. Many studies have indicated that the exact variable responsible for improved selfesteem associated with an exercise program is a. endurance b. strength c. competence d. skill level e. unknown Answer: e

Difficulty: difficult

Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Skill: recall

Distinguish among physical activity, exercise, and sport.

17. A situation specific belief that reflects an individual’s perception of is or her ability to succeed at a particular task is known as a. self-confidence b. vicarious experience c. self-concept d. self-efficacy e. transcendent accomplishments Answer: d

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: recall

Describe the psychological benefits of physical activity.

18. A global trait associated with overall performance expectations is known as a. self-confidence b. performance accomplishments c. self-concept d. self-efficacy e. self-control Answer: a

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: recall

Describe the psychological benefits of physical activity.

19. Which of the following is considered to be the most influential source of selfefficacy? a. emotional arousal b. verbal persuasion c. self-confidence

.

72

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 5: Health and Physical Activity

d. vicarious experience e. performance accomplishments Answer: e

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: recall

Describe the psychological benefits of physical activity.

20. The most influential source of self-efficacy is ____________, whereas the least powerful source of self-efficacy is _______________ . a. vicarious experience; verbal persuasion b. vicarious experience; emotional arousal c. performance accomplishments; emotional arousal d. performance accomplishments; verbal persuasion e. emotional arousal; vicarious experience Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Describe the psychological benefits of physical activity.

Skill: recall Answer: c

Difficulty: easy

21. Observing others perform a skill may confirm one’s own sense of inability or conversely, may cause one to a. quit trying b. develop self-confidence c. persist despite performance failures d. model the behaviour for others e. develop an unrealistic sense of competence Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Describe the psychological benefits of physical activity.

Skill: recall Answer: c

Difficulty: moderate

22. Verbal persuasion may result in a decrease in self-efficacy if a. emotional arousal is not decreased at the same time b. the person really does not have the necessary skills c. self-confidence is also low d. the person does not pay attention e. emotional arousal is not increased at the same time Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Describe the psychological benefits of physical activity.

Skill: applied Answer: b

Difficulty: moderate

23. When it comes to self-efficacy, emotional arousal may be interpreted as a. having a positive effect on performance b. having a negative effect on performance c. having no effect on performance

.

73

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 5: Health and Physical Activity

d. having a positive or negative effect on performance e. having a negative effect but only if experienced vicariously Answer: d

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: applied

Describe the psychological benefits of physical activity.

24. Etnier and colleagues (1997) found that the relationship between exercise and cognitive function is a. small and positive b. negative but only if the exercise is chronic c. positive but only if the exercise is acute d. large and positive e. small and negative Answer: a

Difficulty: moderate

Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: recall

Describe the psychological benefits of physical activity.

25. Methodological problems in the research reporting the impact of exercise on mood states include all of the following except a. use of anecdotal evidence b. how mood state is assessed c. how physical activity is assessed d. representativeness of the data e. mechanisms used to explain the findings Answer: c

Difficulty: moderate

Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: recall

Describe the psychological benefits of physical activity.

26. Although the mechanism by which physical activity reduces anxiety in some people is not clear, one suggestion is that exercise provides a(n) a. effective distraction b. elevation in mood c. subject for self talk d. an increase followed by a decrease in arousal during exercise e. relaxation effect Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Describe the psychological benefits of physical activity.

Skill: recall Answer: a

Difficulty: easy

27. Evidence linking anxiety and exercise indicate all of the following except a. exercise results in a decrease in anxiety after exercise b. exercise results in a decrease in anxiety during exercise c. acute exercise produces a decrease in anxiety

.

74

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 5: Health and Physical Activity

d. chronic exercise produces an increase in anxiety e. state and trait anxiety can be reduced with exercise Answer: d

Difficulty: moderate

Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: recall

Describe the psychological benefits of physical activity.

28. With regard to clinical depression, the conclusion is that there is an antidepressant effect associated with exercise that results in all of the following except a. a moderate decrease in depression b. the effect is present for acute exercise c. the effect is present for females but not for males d. the effect is present for chronic exercise e. lower levels of depression are associated with a physically active lifestyle Answer: c

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Skill: recall

Describe the psychological benefits of physical activity.

29. The physical benefits of physical activity include all of the following except a. decreased longevity b. improved weight control c. decrease in alcohol consumption d. improved cardiovascular function e. reduced risk of injury Learning Objective: LO 5.3 Describe the physical benefits of physical activity. Skill: recall Answer: a

Difficulty: easy

30. Biddle and Murtrie (2001) reported from their research review on the effects of exercise on coronary heart disease that a. active men have a decreased risk over active women b. active women have a decreased risk compared with active men c. the Harvard Alumni Study was invalid because only males were assessed d. physical exercise is inversely related to coronary heart disease in adults e. the risks of inactivity are the same as smoking and hypertension Answer: d

Difficulty: difficult

Learning Objective: LO 5.3

Describe the physical benefits of physical activity. Skill: recall

31. Biddle and Murtie (2001) concluded from their research review on the effects of exercise on disease prevention that a. a sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of hypertension but not diabetes b. exercise makes one immune to disease c. the relationship is not well understood

.

75

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 5: Health and Physical Activity

d. exercise decreases stress and thereby decreases illness e. the amount of exercise is directly related to the amount of disease prevention Learning Objective: LO 5.3 Describe the physical benefits of physical activity. Skill: recall Answer: c

Difficulty: moderate

32. One reason that adherence is such a significant issue in exercise programs is that a. sports involvement can be a threat to self-esteem b. exercise can be a threat to one’s self-efficacy c. the rewards are immediate and long term rewards are absent d. risk of injury increases over time e. people do not recognize the long term benefits Answer: a

Difficulty: moderate

Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: recall

Appreciate the importance of adherence to physical activity.

33. All of the following are explanations suggested by Taylor (1994) for nonadherence to exercise programs except a. initially exercise can be aversive b. few immediate rewards c. monotonous activity d. high visibility of salient reasons e. unpleasant social comparisons Answer: d

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: recall

Appreciate the importance of adherence to physical activity.

34. An important predictor of adherence to physical exercise programs is a. physical proximity to the exercise area b. physical activity at an early age c. previous experience with the program d. level of fitness e. athletic intelligence or sports smarts Answer: a

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Skill: recall

Appreciate the importance of adherence to physical activity.

35. The two principle areas of concern in sport psychology are a. injury and eating disorders b. depression and anxiety c. performance enhancement and clinical issues d. performance accomplishments and anxiety

.

76

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 5: Health and Physical Activity

e. clinical issues and self-confidence Learning Objective: LO 5.5 Understand some of the psychological skills involved in performance.

Skill: recall Answer: c

Difficulty: easy

36. An example of psychological skills, implemented to enhance performance, is a. relaxation b. imagery c. goal setting d. attentional control e. health enhancing behaviours Learning Objective: LO 5.5 Understand some of the psychological skills involved in performance.

Skill: recall Answer: d

Difficulty: moderate

37. A psychological training program applied to sport or exercise would likely include all of the following except a. relaxation skills b. self-talk c. injury prevention d. goal setting e. imagery Answer: c

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective: LO 5.5 Understand Skill: recall

some of the psychological skills involved in performance.

38. The most widely practiced form of relaxation in sport would be a. progressive muscular relaxation b. biofeedback c. mental rehearsal d. self-talk e. imagery Answer: a

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective: LO 5.5

Understand some of the psychological skills involved in performance.

Skill: recall

39. The purpose of relaxation in athletic performance is a. provide motivation for the performance b. distraction c. to manage physiological components of anxiety

.

77

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 5: Health and Physical Activity

d. to manage cognitive components of anxiety e. enhance oxygen intake prior to the event Answer: c

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective: LO 5.5

Understand some of the psychological skills involved in performance.

Skill: recall 40. To improve one’s ability to reduce anxiety to manageable levels, such that energy can be used to positively influence performance, an individual might use a. performance goals b. vicarious experience c. physiological skills d. relaxation skills e. verbal persuasion Answer: d

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective: LO 5.5

Understand some of the psychological skills involved in performance.

Skill:

recall

41. With regard to exercise behaviour, it has been suggested by Gauvin (1990) that those who maintain exercise a. have strong psychological skills b. have positive and motivating self talk c. have positive physiological skills d. use cognitive distortions to push performance beyond normal limits e. use REBT Answer: b

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective: LO 5.5

Understand some of the psychological skills involved in performance.

Skill:

recall 42. An athlete who constantly tells himself that “I must do well” is using a. mental rehearsal b. overgeneralization c. catastrophization d. absolute thinking e. positive self talk Answer: d

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective: LO 5.5

Understand some of the psychological skills involved in performance.

Skill: recall

.

78

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 5: Health and Physical Activity

43. Ishan has never been an athlete and does not enjoy any type of exercise. In fact, Ishan avoids any form of sport or exercise. According to Albert Ellis, Ishan could change if he a. adhered to the Health Belief Model b. developed self-efficacy c. engaged in Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy d. experienced performance accomplishments e. relaxed Answer: c

Difficulty; easy

Learning Objective: LO 5.5

Understand some of the psychological skills involved in performance.

Skill:

applied 44. _______________ is a sensory experience that is performed in the absence of external stimuli, whereas ___________________ is a technique that involves mentally practicing a skill. a. imagery; mental rehearsal b. mental rehearsal; imagery c. relaxation; imagery d. relaxation; mental rehearsal e. emotional arousal; vicarious experience Learning Objective: LO 5.5 Understand some of the psychological skills involved in performance.

Skill: recall Answer: a

Difficulty: easy

45. The aim of mindfulness training is to allow for __________ the relationship with _______ experiences in a _________ matter? a. modifying, external, judgmental b. not modifying, internal, judgmental c. modifying, internal, judgmental d. not modifying, external, non- judgmental e. modifying, internal, non-judgmental Answer: e

Difficulty: moderate

Learning Objective: LO 5.5

Understand some of the psychological skills involved in performance.

Skill:

recall

46. The difference between internal and external imagery is that in the case of external imagery the individual a. imagines being inside his own body b. imagines being a passive observer of his/her actions c. imagines being in a relaxing environment d. imagines others successfully performing the action

.

79

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 5: Health and Physical Activity

e. is more effective than internal imagery Answer: b

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective: LO 5.5

Understand some of the psychological skills involved in performance.

Skill:

recall

47. Based on a meta-analysis of the literature on mental practice, Driskell, Copper, and Moran (1994) concluded that a. mental practice is more effective than physical practice b. physical practice is more effective than mental practice c. relaxation is more effective than mental practice d. mental practice is more effective than relaxation e. mental practice has a positive but non-significant effect Answer: b

Difficulty: moderate

Learning Objective: LO 5.5

Understand some of the psychological skills involved in performance.

Skill:

recall 48. One of the most widely researched areas in the field of psychological skill is a. imagery b. mental rehearsal c. relaxation d. goal-setting e. self-talk Answer: d

Difficulty: easy

Learning Objective: LO 5.5

Understand some of the psychological skills involved in performance.

Skill:

recall

49. Higher levels of performance are achieved through setting a. difficult goals b. specific goals c. difficult and specific goals d. specific and long term goals e. difficult, specific, long term and short term goals Learning Objective: LO 5.5 Understand some of the psychological skills involved in performance.

Skill: recall Answer: e

Difficulty: easy

50. The individual’s reaction to injury will depend on the following factors except: a. the date of injury b. nature of injury

.

80

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 5: Health and Physical Activity

c. severity of injury d. the role of physical activity in the individual’s life e. the importance of physical activity in the individual’s life Answer: a

Learning Objective: LO 5.6

Difficulty: easy

Appreciate some of the psychological concerns resulting from injuries due to physical activity.

Skill: applied

51. The view of an injury in the context of a stress and coping model as proposed by Brewer, Udry, Anderson and Williams is termed: a. mindfulness approach b. cognitive appraisal approach c. imagery approach d. emotional-denial approach e. self-talk approach Answer: b

Difficulty: moderate

Learning Objective: LO 5.6

Appreciate some of the psychological concerns resulting from injuries due to physical activity.

Skill: applied

52. In post-concussion syndrome, athletes will experience a wide range of symptoms, these symptoms include all the following except: a. memory problems b. headache c. paralysis d. difficulty concentrating e. dizziness and irritability Answer: c

Difficulty: moderate

Learning Objective: LO 5.6

Appreciate some of the psychological concerns resulting from injuries due to physical activity.

Skill: recall

Short Answer/Essay Questions 1. What is the difference between sport psychology and exercise psychology?

Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Distinguish among

Difficulty: easy

physical activity, exercise, and sport. Skill: recall

2. Describe the health-illness continuum and the components of health proposed by Greenberg and Pargman (1989).

.

81

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 5: Health and Physical Activity

Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Distinguish among physical activity, exercise, and sport.

Skill: recall Difficulty: moderate

3. Describe the five forms of physical activity and give an example of each.

Learning Objective: LO 5.1 Distinguish among Skill: recall

Difficulty: easy

physical activity, exercise, and sport.

4. Apply the concept of self-efficacy to the realm of performance in physical activity.

Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Describe the psychological benefits of physical activity.

Skill: applied Difficulty: difficult

5. Describe Bandura’s four sources of efficacy expectations.

Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Describe the Skill: recall

Difficulty: easy

psychological benefits of physical activity.

6. Dave coaches a Little League baseball team. The team is at their first game of the provincial finals. He tells them “you won all of your district final games; you have practiced hard; you have the ability and you are going to do well here”.

What are the sources of efficacy that are demonstrated in Dave’s speech to his team?

Difficulty: moderate

Learning Objective: LO 5.2 Describe the

psychological benefits of physical activity. Skill: applied

7. What is the relationship between physical activity and mood? What evidence supports the idea that exercise is useful for treating depression and what kind of exercise is most beneficial?

Difficulty: moderate

Learning Objective: LO 5.3 Describe the

physical benefits of physical activity. Skill: recall

8. Despite the many benefits of physical activity, non-adherence is still a significant issue. What examples does Taylor (1994) provide to explain the avoidance of exercise and sport?

.

82

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 5: Health and Physical Activity

Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Appreciate the importance of adherence to physical activity.

Skill: recall Difficulty: moderate

9. Name and describe the most widely practiced relaxation technique in sport. What are the benefits of relaxation training?

Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Appreciate the importance of adherence to physical activity.

Skill: recall Difficulty: moderate

10. What are the different functions that self-talk can serve in sport?

Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Appreciate the importance of adherence to physical activity.

Skill: recall Difficulty: moderate

11. What is the role of imagery in sport? Distinguish between internal and external imagery.

Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Appreciate the importance of adherence to physical activity.

Skill: recall Difficulty: easy

12. Why is goal setting considered a psychological skill when it comes to improving athletic performance?

Difficulty: moderate

Learning Objective: LO 5.4

Appreciate the importance of adherence to physical activity.

Skill:

recall

13. Explain the application of mindfulness and acceptance-based intervention on sport and exercise psychology. How does this approach differ from cognitive behavioural interventions?

Learning Objective: LO 5.4 Appreciate the importance of adherence to physical activity.

Skill: recall Difficulty: difficult

14. What factors determine a particular individual’s reaction to a sports injury?

Difficulty: moderate

Learning Objective: LO 5.5

Understand some of the psychological skills involved in performance.

Skill: recall

.

83

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 5: Health and Physical Activity

15. Outline the differences between post-concussion syndrome and second-impact syndrome.

Difficulty: moderate

Learning Objective: LO 5.6

Appreciate some of the psychological concerns resulting from injuries due to physical activity.

Skill: recall

.

84

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 6: Health-Compromising Behaviours

CHAPTER 6 Health-Compromising Behaviours

Multiple Choice Questions 1. The leading number one preventable cause of death and disease in Canada is a. obesity b. smoking c. alcoholism d. cancer e. cardiovascular disease Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Outline factors that contribute to smoking and vaping behaviour, and identify how people can quit smoking.

Skill: recall 2. The highest rates of smoking in Canada occur among a. female teens aged 15 to 19 b. male teens aged 15 to 19 c. male adults aged 18-64 d. the highest income bracket e. female adults aged 65+ Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Outline factors that contribute to smoking and vaping behaviour, and identify how people can quit smoking.

Skill: recall 3. All of the following have been identified as factors which encourage adolescents to start smoking except a. peer pressure b. modeling c. advertising d. personal characteristics e. socioeconomic status Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Outline factors that contribute to smoking and vaping behaviour, and identify how people can quit smoking.

Skill: recall 4. Researchers have conducted a series of studies to evaluate the effectiveness of the graphic warning labels found on cigarette packaging. The findings have been a. controversial b. negative, showing an increase in smoking behaviour

.

85

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 6: Health-Compromising Behaviours

c. positive, showing a decrease in smoking behaviour d. mixed, showing both increases and decreases in some populations e. inconclusive Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Outline factors that contribute to smoking and vaping behaviour, and identify how people can quit smoking.

Skill: recall 5. Jennifer smokes because she finds it relaxing. She would best be described as a(n) a. habitual smoker b. positive affect smoker c. negative affect smoker d. addictive smoker e. hereditary smoker Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Outline factors that contribute to smoking and vaping behaviour, and identify how people can quit smoking.

Skill: applied

6. Jeff smokes a pack of cigarettes per day. At any time, he can tell you when he is due for his next cigarette. Jeff would be described as a _________________ smoker. a. habitual smoker b. positive affect smoker c. negative affect smoker d. addictive smoker e. hereditary smoker Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Outline factors that contribute to smoking and vaping behaviour, and identify how people can quit smoking.

Skill: applied

7. Identifying different types of smokers is important because a. the cause of smoking differs with each type b. strategies to quit smoking may vary in effectiveness c. habitual smokers have the most difficult time quitting d. addictive smokers have the most difficult time quitting e. it appears that people start smoking for different reasons Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Outline factors that contribute to smoking and vaping behaviour, and identify how people can quit smoking.

Skill: applied

.

86

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 6: Health-Compromising Behaviours

8. The type of smoker that derives no benefit from smoking is the a. non-smoker b. habitual smoker c. addictive smoker d. positive affect smoker e. negative affect smoker Answer: b Difficulty; easy Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Outline factors that contribute to smoking and vaping behaviour, and identify how people can quit smoking.

Skill: recall 9. The strongest genetic contributor to smoking initiation appears to be _________________ a. the neurotransmitter dopamine b. genetic factors underlying certain personality traits associated with smoking c. genetic differences in dependency d. linked to obesity e. a smoking gene on one of the chromosomes Answer: a Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Outline factors that contribute to smoking and vaping behaviour, and identify how people can quit smoking.

Skill: recall

10. The WHO prepared the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control with the goal of a. aid in the controlled growing of tobacco in South America b. of regulating nicotine worldwide c. prevention and harm reduction of tobacco d. helping people to stop smoking e. growing tobacco for medicinal purposes Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Outline factors that contribute to smoking and vaping behaviour, and identify how people can quit smoking.

Skill: recall

11. Virtually all cases of ______________________ occur in smokers and rarely occur in non-smokers. a. cardiovascular disease b. cerebrovascular disease c. pancreatic cancer d. cancer of the kidney e. emphysema

.

87

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 6: Health-Compromising Behaviours

Answer: e Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Outline factors that contribute to smoking and vaping behaviour, and identify how people can quit smoking.

Skill: recall 12. Any form of nicotine-replacement therapy will be more effective if combined with a. psychological treatment b. gradual reduction in nicotine c. will power d. the desire to quit e. management of withdrawal symptoms Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Outline factors that contribute to smoking and vaping behaviour, and identify how people can quit smoking.

Skill: recall

13. Aversion strategies such as electric shock and rapid smoking are most effective if used _____________________ a. sparingly b. initially c. over a long period of time d. with education about the problems with smoking e. with information about the benefits of not smoking Answer: b Difficulty; easy Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Outline factors that contribute to smoking and vaping behaviour, and identify how people can quit smoking.

Skill: recall 14. All of the following are designed to help people overcome the environmental conditions that perpetuate smoking except a. stimulus control b. self-monitoring c. behavioural contracting d. using nicotine gum e. self-management strategies Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Outline factors that contribute to smoking and vaping behaviour, and identify how people can quit smoking.

Skill: recall 15. While excessive alcohol consumption has direct negative consequences, light to moderate alcohol consumption has health benefits because alcohol a. increases levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) b. decreases levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) c. increases levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

.

88

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 6: Health-Compromising Behaviours

d. decreases levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) e. decreases fat storage Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Provide explanations for why individuals drink alcohol or engage in illicit drug use, and identify how people can stop these harmful behaviours. Skill: recall 16. The problem with the alcohol dependency syndrome model is that it emphasizes ______________ and neglects the ________________. a. cognitive aspects; physical properties b. social learning aspects; physical properties c. physical properties; cognitive aspects d. cognitive aspects; social learning aspects e. social learning aspects; cognitive aspects Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Provide explanations for why individuals drink alcohol or engage in illicit drug use, and identify how people can stop these harmful behaviours. Skill: recall 17. The model which explains drinking behaviour as a lack of control is the a. disease model b. alcohol dependency syndrome model c. tension reduction model d. self-awareness model e. alcohol myopia Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Provide explanations for why individuals drink alcohol or engage in illicit drug use, and identify how people can stop these harmful behaviours. Skill: recall 18. Ian likes to drink because it makes him more friendly and outgoing. He also has a tendency to inflate his self-evaluations and worry less. Which model of drinking behaviour best accounts for Ian’s continued drinking? a. social learning model b. alcohol dependency model c. self-awareness model d. alcohol myopia e. tension reduction hypothesis model Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Provide explanations for why individuals drink alcohol or engage in illicit drug use, and identify how people can stop these harmful behaviours. Skill: applied 19. The model of drinking behaviour which proposes that people drink because their friends drink is the ______________________ model. a. social learning

.

89

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 6: Health-Compromising Behaviours

b. alcohol dependency c. peer pressure d. alcohol myopia e. self-awareness Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Provide explanations for why individuals drink alcohol or engage in illicit drug use, and identify how people can stop these harmful behaviours. Skill: recall

20. The majority of people who stop drinking do so a. by joining Alcoholics Anonymous b. by relying on social learning principles c. without assistance d. using psychotherapy e. using drug therapy Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Provide explanations for why individuals drink alcohol or engage in illicit drug use, and identify how people can stop these harmful behaviours.

Skill: recall 21. Most often, a relapse will occur within ___________ after the end of treatment for alcoholism. a. three years b. three days c. three months d. three weeks e. one year Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Provide explanations for why individuals drink alcohol or engage in illicit drug use, and identify how people can stop these harmful behaviours.

Skill: recall 22. The most commonly used drug in North America is a. heroin b. opioid c. ecstasy d. LSD e. cocaine Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Provide explanations for why individuals drink alcohol or engage in illicit drug use, and identify how people can stop these harmful behaviours.

Skill: recall 23. All of the following are reasons why students reportedly do not use condoms except

.

90

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 6: Health-Compromising Behaviours

a. insufficient knowledge of HIV/STDs b. embarrassed purchasing condoms c. difficulty discussing condom use with their partner d. believed condoms interfere with sexual pleasure e. trust in their partner’s information Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Describe the consequences of unsafe sexual behaviour and how people can be encouraged to avoid these behaviours. Skill: recall

24. Which model of sexual health behaviour claims that the individual must be motivated to engage in safe sex practices? a. the health belief model b. theory of reasoned action c. theory of planned behaviour d. information-motivation behavioural skills model e. stages of change model Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Describe the consequences of unsafe sexual behaviour and how people can be encouraged to avoid these behaviours.

Skill: recall

25. The body mass index (BMI) is a measure of ______________________ . a. the ratio of body fat to muscle b. obesity c. the ratio of weight to height d. mortality e. health risk Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Outline factors that contribute to obesity in our society and ways to prevent and treat obesity.

Skill: recall 26. The theory that proposes a powerful biological mechanism that controls a person’s weight is the a. health belief model b. internality-externality hypothesis model c. theory of reasoned action d. set-point theory e. theory of planned behaviour

.

91

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 6: Health-Compromising Behaviours

Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Outline factors that contribute to obesity in our society and ways to prevent and treat obesity.

Skill: recall 27. When the body’s level of leptin increases a. the neurons that stimulate hunger are suppressed b. the neurons that stimulate hunger are activated c. body fat decreases d. energy expenditure is reduced e. caloric intake increases Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Outline factors that contribute to obesity in our society and ways to prevent and treat obesity.

Skill: applied

28. In describing the effects of leptin on obesity, it appears that the obese individual may a. be less sensitive to leptin b. be more sensitive to leptin c. be leptin reactive d. have less leptin in their bodies e. metabolize leptin more efficiently Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Outline factors that contribute to obesity in our society and ways to prevent and treat obesity.

Skill: recall 29. The internality-externality hypothesis proposes that people of normal weight attend to ________________ cues while obese individuals are more attentive to ________________ cues. a. leptin; feelings of hunger b. feelings of hunger; leptin c. hunger pangs; sight of food d. sight of food; hunger pangs e. time of day; feelings of fullness Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Outline factors that contribute to obesity in our society and ways to prevent and treat obesity. Skill: applied 30. Research by Herman and Polivy (1980) demonstrated that participants classified as ___________________ eaters were more likely to consume more food than ___________________ eaters. a. leptin sensitive; leptin resistant b. leptin resistant; leptin sensitive

.

92

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 6: Health-Compromising Behaviours

c. restrained eaters; unrestrained eaters d. unrestrained eaters; restrained eaters e. external cue sensitive; internal cue sensitive Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Outline factors that contribute to obesity in our society and ways to prevent and treat obesity. Skill: recall 31. The mechanism claiming that dieting and restricting one’s eating may have deleterious effects is a. restrained eaters are more sensitive to external cues b. unrestrained eaters are more sensitive to external cues c. restrained eaters are more sensitive to internal cues d. some eaters are leptin resistant e. unrestrained eaters are more sensitive to internal cues Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Outline factors that contribute to obesity in our society and ways to prevent and treat obesity. Skill: applied

32. Historically, the most common approach to losing weight is a. prevention b. dieting c. education d. pharmacological treatment e. behavioural Answer: b Difficulty; easy Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Outline factors that contribute to obesity in our society and ways to prevent and treat obesity.

Skill: recall 33. Most prescription and over-the counter drugs used in the treatment of obesity attempt to a. increase leptin levels b. decrease the rate of food digestion c. decrease leptin levels d. decrease appetite e. decrease metabolic rate Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Outline factors that contribute to obesity in our society and ways to prevent and treat obesity.

Skill: recall 34. The biggest problem with losing weight by dieting is that the dieting individual a. becomes moody and self absorbed

.

93

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 6: Health-Compromising Behaviours

b. is obsessed with food c. is frequently unable to maintain the weight loss d. loses fat and muscle e. does not have social reinforcers readily available Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Outline factors that contribute to obesity in our society and ways to prevent and treat obesity.

Skill: recall 35. The behavioural treatment of obesity may include any or all of the following strategies except a. stimulus control b. self-monitoring c. self-control d. gastric bypass e. social support Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Outline factors that contribute to obesity in our society and ways to prevent and treat obesity.

Skill: recall

36. Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by a. a dramatic reduction in food intake b. extreme weight loss c. fear of gaining weight d. a preoccupation with food e. recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Provide information about eating disorders. Skill: recall 37. A person with bulimia is more likely to engage in impulsive behaviours including all of the following except a. binge eating b. spending sprees c. excessive exercising d. sexual promiscuity e. shop-lifting Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Provide information about eating disorders. Skill: recall 38. The diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa include a body weight at less than __________ of normal weight for one’s age and height. a. 99%

.

94

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 6: Health-Compromising Behaviours

b. 85% c. 70% d. 50% e. 30% Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Provide information about eating disorders. Skill: recall 39. The most important predictor of newly diagnosed eating disorders is a. dieting b. extreme weight loss c. excessive exercise d. being from the upper social classes e. being an athlete Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Provide information about eating disorders. Skill: recall 40. Misperception of one’s body shape and size is a condition referred to as a. anorexia nervosa b. bulimia nervosa c. body dysmorphic disorder d. muscle dysmorphia e. reverse anorexia Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Provide information about eating disorders. Skill: recall 41. A disorder characterized by a preoccupation with the idea that one’s body is not sufficiently lean and muscular is a. anorexia nervosa b. bulimia nervosa c. body dysmorphic disorder d. muscle dysmorphia e. obsessive compulsive disorder Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Provide information about eating disorders. Skill: recall 42. A characteristic which is common in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and muscle dysmorphia is a. fear of getting fat b. low self-esteem c. competitiveness d. constant dieting

.

95

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 6: Health-Compromising Behaviours

e. excessive exercise Answer: b Difficulty: moderate information about eating disorders.

Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Provide Skill: applied

43. Bulimia is much easier to treat because a. their symptoms are recognizable b. bulimics are aware that their eating habits are not normal c. it is most prevalent in females d. medication is readily available e. the mortality rate is so high Answer: b Difficulty: easy information about eating disorders.

Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Provide Skill: recall

44. The difficulty in treating Anorexia stems from issues regarding a. hostility b. low self esteem c. starvation d. control e. medication availability Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Provide information about eating disorders.

Skill: recall 45. Youri is preoccupied with the idea that his body is not sufficiently lean and muscular to the extent that it causes him great distress in social situations. Youri most likely has a. anorexia nervosa b. binge eating disorder c. bulimia nervosa d. muscle dysmorphia e. cognitive dysmorphic disorder Answer: d Difficulty: easy information about eating disorders.

Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Provide Skill: applied

46. One model used to explain drinking behaviour states that people who have been drinking do not respond as strongly psychologically or physiologically to stressors. This model is called the a. self-awareness model b. alcohol dependency syndrome model c. social learning model d. disease model e. stress response dampening effect

.

96

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 6: Health-Compromising Behaviours

Answer e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Provide explanations for why individuals drink alcohol or engage in illicit drug use, and identify how people can stop these harmful behaviours.

Skill: recall

47. The leading cause of developmental delays in the world is a. passive smoking of (ETS) b. fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) c. obesity d. illicit drug use e. prenatal cannabis use Answer: b Difficulty: easy information about eating disorders.

Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Provide Skill: recall

48. A drinker’s decreased ability to process information outside of a narrow range refers to a. tension reduction hypothesis b. gamma alcoholism c. alcohol myopia d. delta alcoholism e. the stress response dampening effect Answer: c Difficulty: moderate information about eating disorders.

Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Provide Skill: recall

49. Commonly abused prescription medication includes all of the following except: a. Oxycodone b. Ritalin c. Ativan d. MDMA e. Percodan Answer: d Difficulty: moderate information about eating disorders.

Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Provide Skill: recall

50. The use of drugs and alcohol can result in indirect health consequences as well as numerous direct health consequences. An example of indirect health consequences would be: a. engaging in unsafe sexual practices b. feelings of fear, anxiety or panic c. distortions in perception d. feelings of euphoria

.

97

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 6: Health-Compromising Behaviours

e. feeling depressed Answer; a Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Provide information about eating disorders. Skill: recall 51. The drug orlistat that can be used in treatment of obesity can interfere with the absorption of which of the following: a. b. c. d. e.

vitamin a vitamin c iron sodium water

Answer; a Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Outline factors that contribute to obesity in our society and ways to prevent and treat obesity.

Skill: recall 52. Behavioural treatment of obesity aim to enable all of the following except: a. b. c. d. e.

stimulus control record keeping social support contracts and contingency contracts polypharmacy

Answer; e Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Outline factors that contribute to obesity in our society and ways to prevent and treat obesity.

Skill: applied 53. An individual with a body mass index of below 18.5 is considered to be: a. b. c. d. e.

underweight normal weight overweight obese class II obese class III

Answer; a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Outline factors that contribute to obesity in our society and ways to prevent and treat obesity.

Skill: recall

54. A patient who is being treated for complications of chronic alcohol consumption admits that they are intending to cut down on their consumption. This patient is at which of the following stages of behavioural change:

.

98

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 6: Health-Compromising Behaviours

a. b. c. d. e.

contemplation preparation action maintenance relapse

Answer; b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Provide explanations for why individuals drink alcohol or engage in illicit drug use, and identify how people can stop these harmful behaviours.

Skill: applied

55. A patient who is being treated for complications of chronic alcohol consumption admits that they are starting to cut down on their consumption and consume 3 less bottles of beer every week compared to before. This patient is at which of the following stages of behavioural change: a. b. c. d. e.

contemplation preparation action maintenance relapse

Answer; c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Provide explanations for why individuals drink alcohol or engage in illicit drug use, and identify how people can stop these harmful behaviours.

Skill: applied

Short Answer/Essay Questions 1. Discuss the factors which prompt adolescents to begin smoking.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Outline factors that contribute to smoking and vaping behaviour, and identify how people can quit smoking.

Skill: recall

2. Discuss the four models which attempt to explain why people become regular smokers.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Outline factors that contribute to smoking and vaping behaviour, and identify how people can quit smoking.

Skill: recall

.

99

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 6: Health-Compromising Behaviours

3. Smokers are at greater risk for developing a number of illnesses. Describe three such diseases and describe why smoking contributes to the development of the illness.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Outline factors that contribute to smoking and vaping behaviour, and identify how people can quit smoking.

Skill: recall

4. Compare the disease model of problem drinking with social learning model. How do these two models propose to prevent or treat alcohol abuse?.

Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Provide explanations for why individuals drink alcohol or engage in illicit drug use, and identify how people can stop these harmful behaviours.

Skill: recall

5. Provide two examples of nicotine-replacement therapy and explain how the therapy works.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Outline factors that contribute to smoking and vaping behaviour, and identify how people can quit smoking.

Skill: recall

6. Discuss the health consequences of excessive alcohol use.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Provide explanations for why individuals drink alcohol or engage in illicit drug use, and identify how people can stop these harmful behaviours. Skill: recall

7.

Apply the stages of change model to drug use and indicate the stages an individual goes through in deciding to use cocaine.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Provide explanations for why individuals drink alcohol or engage in illicit drug use, and identify how people can stop these harmful behaviours. Skill: applied

8.

Describe three techniques for assisting people to stop smoking.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.1 Outline factors that contribute to smoking and vaping behaviour, and identify how people can quit smoking.

Skill: recall

.

100

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 6: Health-Compromising Behaviours

9.

Why is obesity considered one of the top 10 global health problems? What can be done to prevent obesity?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Outline factors that contribute to obesity in our society and ways to prevent and treat obesity. skill: recall

10. Distinguish between bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Provide information about eating disorders. skill: applied 11. What are the sociocultural factors that contribute to obesity?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Outline factors that contribute to obesity in our society and ways to prevent and treat obesity. skill: recall

12. Discuss the three cognitive-physiological models proposed to explain drinking behaviour.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Provide explanations for why individuals drink alcohol or engage in illicit drug use, and identify how people can stop these harmful behaviours. Skill: recall

13. Describe drug use according to the stages of change model.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Provide explanations for why individuals drink alcohol or engage in illicit drug use, and identify how people can stop these harmful behaviours.

Skill: recall

14. Using the information-motivation-behavioural skills model describe the steps one must go through before one will engage in safe sex practices.

Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 6.3 Describe the consequences of unsafe sexual behaviour and how people can be encouraged to avoid these behaviours.

Skill: recall

.

101

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 6: Health-Compromising Behaviours

15. Describe the differences between hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD and stimulants such as cocaine.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Provide explanations for why individuals drink alcohol or engage in illicit drug use, and identify how people can stop these harmful behaviours. Skill: applied

16. Discuss the biological, psychosocial and social cultural factors which contribute to the rising incidence of obesity in Canada.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Outline factors that contribute to obesity in our society and ways to prevent and treat obesity. Skill: applied

17. Describe the behavioural treatment of obesity. What are the long term effects of such a program of therapy?

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Outline factors that contribute to obesity in our society and ways to prevent and treat obesity. Skill: recall

18. Discuss the biological, cultural and psychological factors which contribute to eating disorders.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Provide information about eating disorders. Skill: recall

19. Discuss the treatment strategies for the eating disorders.

Difficulty: easy about eating disorders.

Learning Objective: LO 6.5 Provide information Skill: recall

20. Explain why prevention would be the preferred strategy for dealing with obesity.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Outline factors that contribute to obesity in our society and ways to prevent and treat obesity. Skill: recall

21. Describe the stress response dampening effect of alcohol and explain why this model was proposed and why it is important.

.

102

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 6: Health-Compromising Behaviours

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.2 Provide explanations for why individuals drink alcohol or engage in illicit drug use, and identify how people can stop these harmful behaviours. Skill: recall 22. Distinguish between gastric bypass and gastric banding.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 6.4 Outline factors that contribute to obesity in our society and ways to prevent and treat obesity.

Skill: recall

.

103

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 7: Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses

CHAPTER 7 Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses

Multiple Choice Questions 1. People with a chronic illness experience a wide variety of psychological responses depending on the symptom pattern. For example, symptoms that are unpredictably erratic produce a. discouragement and fear b. hope c. anger and frustration d. exhaustion and a sense of being overwhelmed e. extreme mood swings Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall 2. The estimated frequency of breast in women is a. greater than 25% b. less than 15% c. greater than 50% d. greater than 10% e. less than 10% Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall 3. The second most common type of cancer in Canada is a. prostate b. lung c. colorectal d. breast e. ovarian Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can

.

104

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 7: Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses

help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer. recall

Skill:

4. According to research the greatest percentage of cancer suffering is related to a. physical factors b. the stigma of having cancer c. social factors d. depression e. fear Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall 5. The nature of cancer patients’ suffering can be categorized in order from greatest to least as a. psychological, social, physical b. social, physical, psychological c. physical, psychological, social d. psychological, physical, social e. social, psychological, physical Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall 6.

Cancer pain tends to be under-treated. Reasons for this include all of the following except a. fear of addiction to analgesic medication b. fear about building up a tolerance to analgesic medication c. forgetfulness d. belief that the pain should be tolerated e. practitioners are not inclined to do everything they can for cancer patients Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall

.

105

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 7: Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses

7. Pain management is a major challenge for cancer patients, nevertheless, more than _____________ percent of cancer pain can be controlled by current treatments. a. less than 25% b. 25-50% c. 50-75% d. 75-90% e. more than 90% Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall 8. Breast cancer patients’ most common concerns during the early stages of their illness include all of the following except a. body integrity issues b. fear of radiation therapy c. cancer relapse d. inadequate medication e. death Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall 9. Analysis of cancer-related depression has shown that it is linked to a. age of diagnosis b. gender c. form of treatment d. intrusive thoughts e. site of the cancer Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall 10. Which type of coping is associated with the patient facing their emotional responses and dealing with them effectively? a. problem-focused coping b. passive coping

.

106

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 7: Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses

c. emotion-focused coping d. avoidant coping style e. emotional approach coping Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall 11. Concluding from their review of the literature in 2002 on the relationship between coping and survival rates, Petticrew and colleagues found that a. fighting spirit coping increased survival rates b. active coping increased survival rates c. problem focused coping increased survival rates d. coping strategies did not affect survival rates e. emotion focused coping decreased survival rates Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall 12. Which of the following is not a treatment for cancer? a. mammography b. radiation therapy c. chemotherapy d. hormone therapy e. surgery Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall

.

107

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 7: Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses

13. Hafsa was diagnosed with breast cancer. Because her surgery required the removal of a considerable amount of normal tissue, the procedure was called a. a simple lumpectomy b. a radical mastectomy c. a simple mastectomy d. metastatic mastectomy e. a radical colostomy Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: applied 14. Of all the side effects associated with chemotherapy most breast cancer patients identify ____________ as being the most difficult to deal with a. hair loss b. nausea c. increased susceptibility to infection d. fatigue e. erosion of oral mucosa resulting in pain Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall 15. Ali is receiving chemotherapy and is having problems with nausea and vomiting.

The physician has prescribed _____________ to reduce this unfortunate side effect a. adjuvant therapy b. antiemetic medication c. antidiuretic medication d. relaxation training e. meditation Answer: b

Difficulty: easy

Page: 185

Skill: recall

16. Patients who experience nausea before they receive their chemotherapy are experiencing a. antiemetic reaction b. adjuvant nausea c. anticipatory nausea d. operant conditioning

.

108

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 7: Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses

e. over reactive nausea Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall 17. Communication that attempts to alleviate emotional distress is called a. social interaction b. emotion focused coping c. problem focused coping d. help-intended communication e. lightening the conversation f. looking on the bright side Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall 18. Support groups provide all of the following except a. opportunities for problem-focused coping b. empathy c. information d. education e. prescribed treatment Answer: e Difficulty; easy Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall 19. Navdeep was attending a social support group for breast cancer survivors. She was careful to listen to the opinions and experiences of others to determine what is normal and abnormal. Navdeep is engaging in a. upward comparison b. downward comparison c. social comparison d. benefit finding e. posttraumatic growth Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and

.

109

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 7: Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses

ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: applied 20. The final step in developing a psychotherapeutic treatment strategy for working with cancer patients is to a. teach problem focused coping b. teach emotion focused coping c. obtain sufficient medical information d. assess the person’s psychological status e. integrate a theoretical orientation Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall 21. Social support groups have been set up to help people with a number of chronic illnesses. The text suggests that social support groups may not be effective for a. metastatic cancer patients b. people who use problem focused coping c. blunters d. monitors e. people who use emotion focused coping Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall 22. A type of diabetes which is temporary, affecting two to four percent of all pregnant women is known as a. Type II diabetes b. Type I diabetes c. insulin dependent diabetes d. insulin resistant diabetes e. gestational diabetes Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.2 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to diabetes.

Skill: recall

.

110

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 7: Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses

23. All of the following symptoms are typical for people with Type I diabetes except a. diarrhea b. frequent urination c. extreme fatigue d. unusual weight loss e. extreme hunger Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.2 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to diabetes.

Skill: recall 24. All of the following are typically true of people with Type II diabetes except a. more prevalent among Indigenous peoples b. more common over the age of 45 c. more common in people who are obese d. are insulin dependent e. may experience frequent infections Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.2 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to diabetes.

Skill: recall 25. The two most common psychological problems for people with diabetes are a. depression and anxiety b. fear and depression c. anxiety and fear d. depression and confusion e. fear and confusion Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.2 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to diabetes.

Skill: recall 26. The psychological state of the person with diabetes is important because a. psychological problems can interfere with the regimens necessary to control the disease b. antidepressant drugs can not be used in diabetes c. diabetes is a life long disease d. confusion and disorientation may make the disease worse e. it is more difficult to maintain a stable mood with diabetes

.

111

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 7: Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses

Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.2 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to diabetes.

Skill: recall 27. All of the following are possible long-term consequences of diabetes except a. blindness b. stroke c. amputation d. cardiovascular disease e. rheumatoid arthritis Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.2 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to diabetes.

Skill: recall 28. Depression and blood sugar are linked bidirectionally. This means that a. high blood sugar worsens depression and depression reduces the likelihood of monitoring blood glucose levels b. low blood sugar worsens depression and depression reduces the likelihood of monitoring blood glucose levels c. high blood sugar worsens depression and depression increases risk of diabetes d. low blood sugar worsens depression and depression decreases risk of diabetes e. high blood sugar worsens depression and depression worsens high blood glucose levels Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.2 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to diabetes.

Skill: recall

.

112

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 7: Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses

29. Li and colleagues, 2017 compared the effects of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for a group of diabetic patients with that of a control group and found that a. CBT had no effect on depression b. the CBT group showed some relief from depression but no effects on glycemic control c. the CBT group showed only short term relief from depression d. the outcome was inconclusive since many patients had to drop out e. the CBT group showed relief from depression and a better glycemic control Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.2 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to diabetes.

Skill: recall 30. A procedure designed to treat myocardial ischemia which inserts a bubble-like device into the artery at the point of blockage and expanding the artery is call a. coronary artery bypass surgery b. angioplasty c. excimer laser coronary surgery d. myocardial infarct e. angiometric bypass surgery Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Skill: recall 31. Saed had a heart attack and subsequently curtailed his activity level far more than his disease status required because of fear that he would have another attack. Saed is experiencing a. cardiac arrest b. myocardial ischemia c. cerebral ischemia d. cardiac invalidism e. cardiac anxiety Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Skill: applied

.

113

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 7: Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses

32. Cardiac invalidism results in a. a decreased quality of life b. an increased quality of life c. prolonged life d. an increase in activity level e. abstention from a sedentary lifestyle Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Skill: recall 33. The most common form of psychological distress associated with cardiovascular disease which is also a risk factor for the disease is a. anxiety b. confusion and disorientation c. depression d. cardiac invalidism e. anger Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Skill: recall 34. The form of psychological distress associated with increased mortality in cardiovascular disease is a. anxiety b. denial c. depression d. cardiac invalidism e. anger Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Skill: recall 35. Modern rehabilitation programs for people recovering from heart attacks are described as a. biomedical b. psychosocial c. biopsychosocial

.

114

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 7: Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses

d. psychological e. holistic Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Skill: recall 36. Cognitive reappraisal and restructuring is useful in managing which psychological factor in cardiac patients a. anxiety b. depression c. anger d. confusion e. fear Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Skill: recall 37. The number of newly diagnosed cases of HIV infections has ___________ around 1995 and ___________around 2000. a. increased; increased b. decreased; decreased c. decreased; increased d. plateaued; increased e. decreased; plateaued Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.4 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to HIV and AIDS. Skill: recall

38. Indigenous peoples represent what percentage of HIV infections in Canada? a. 5% b. 20% c. 40% d. 50% e. 60%

.

115

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 7: Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses

Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.4 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to HIV and AIDS. Skill: recall 39. All of the following are symptoms of AIDS except a. frequent fatigue b. frequent urination c. persistent fever d. diarrhea e. night sweats Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.4 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to HIV and AIDS. Skill: recall 40. An HIV-positive diagnosis can be traumatic enough to elicit symptoms of a. confusion b. disorientation c. anxiety d. post traumatic stress disorder e. depression Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.4 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to HIV and AIDS. Skill: recall 41. In general it has been found that psychological interventions for persons living with AIDS are effective for improving __________________ . a. health b. quality of life c. psychological status d. medical status e. longevity Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.4 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to HIV and AIDS. Skill: recall

.

116

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 7: Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses

42. The quality of life for people living with disabilities is related to their sense of social integration. This refers to a. the extent to which they are engaged in meaningful activities b. the extent to which they can maintain their independence c. the extent to which they are accepted by others d. the ease of community access e. the number of disability services available for assistance Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.5 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to other chronic conditions.

Skill: recall 43. Quality of life in the context of serious and chronic illness refers to all of the following except a. physical functioning b. social functioning c. emotional functioning d. cognitive functioning e. subjective functioning Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.6 Define quality of life and explain its importance in the treatment of serious illness.

Skill: recall 44. Cancer patients responding to the question, “How would you rate your quality of life today?” are being assessed using a a. quantitative instrument b. multidimensional assessment c. global assessment d. standardized questionnaire e. functional assessment Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.6 Define quality of life and explain its importance in the treatment of serious illness.

Skill: recall 45. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy scales include subscales that assess such things as emotional or physical well-being. This assessment is an example of a(n) a. multidimensional assessment b. global assessment c. objective personality questionnaire d. invasion of patient privacy e. treatment effectiveness questionnaire

.

117

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 7: Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses

Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.6 Define quality of life and explain its importance in the treatment of serious illness. Skill: recall 46. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross identified possible reactions a person might experience when facing his or her own death. The reaction which is considered a defence mechanism is a. anger b. denial c. bargaining d. depression e. acceptance Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.7 List and describe the elements of death and dying, and describe the steps involved in helping someone cope with bereavement. Skill: recall 47. All of the following, according to Kubler-Ross, are possible reactions a person might experience when facing his or her own death except a. denial b. anger c. bargaining d. hostility e. depression Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.7 List and describe the elements of death and dying, and describe the steps involved in helping someone cope with bereavement. Skill: recall

48. ____________________ is the term that describes emotions attendant upon the loss of a close friend or loved one while_____________ describes the deep sorrow that occurs usually as a response to _______________________ . a. bereavement, grief, depression b. bereavement, grief, bereavement c. grief, bereavement, grief d. depression, grief, bereavement e. grief, depression, bereavement Answer: b Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 7.7 List and describe the elements of death and dying, and describe the steps involved in helping someone cope with bereavement. Skill: recall

.

118

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 7: Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses

49. Persons living with AIDS have an increasing life expectancy due to the development of a. antiviral therapy b. improved social support systems c. adjuvant therapy d. chemotherapy e. psychological support protocols Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.4 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to HIV and AIDS. Skill: recall 50. Coping that involves addressing the stressors associated with the disease is often termed the _______ a. intrusive cognitions b. emotion focused c. emotional approach d. anger e. problem focused Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall 51. The adverse impacts of diabetes are usually the product of _______ a. hyperglycemia b. hypoglycemia c. euglycemia d. fear e. anger Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.2 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to diabetes.

Skill: recall 52. The highest prevalence rates of diabetes in Indigenous peoples are seen in peoples who are _____ a. on-reserve b. off-reserve c. Inuit

.

119

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 7: Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses

d. Metis e. both Inuit and Metis Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.5 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to other chronic conditions.

Skill: recall 53. The procedure of taking healthy blood vessels from one part of the body to treat cardiac problems is termed a. infarction b. angioplasty c. ischemia d. hypoxia e. bypass grafting Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Skill: applied 54. Coping with psychological problems in patients is accomplished by the help of the following except: a. professionals b. family c. friends d. fellow patients e. hospital staff Answer: e Learning Objective: LO 7.7 List and describe the elements of death and dying, and describe the steps involved in helping someone cope with bereavement. Skill: recall

Short Answer/Essay Questions 1. Analysis of cancer related depression has shown that the depression is linked to the occurrence of intrusive memories. What are intrusive memories and how do they affect the patient?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall

.

120

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 7: Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses

2. Compare emotion focused and problem focused coping strategies. Provide examples of typical behaviours illustrating each strategy.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall

3. When is chemotherapy most likely to be used for cancer patients? Describe the possible side effects. What is anticipatory nausea and how is it explained from a psychological viewpoint?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall

4. What is social comparison and how does it affect people in support groups?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall

5. Describe the steps to follow when developing a psychotherapeutic treatment strategy for working with people who are chronically ill (Goodheart and Lansing, 1997).

Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall

6. Discuss the types of psychological distress found in cardiovascular disease and describe the psychological interventions that could be used to alleviate the distress.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help

.

121

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 7: Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses

people cope with the psychological challenges related to diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Skill: recall

7. Discuss the impact of psychological distress on diabetes.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.2 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to diabetes.

Skill: recall

8. What is the basis for the statement that people with HIV and AIDS experience psychological distress which is unique to the diagnosis?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.4 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to HIV and AIDS. Skill: applied

9. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross identified several possible reactions a person might experience when facing his or her own death. Describe these stages.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.7 List and describe the elements of death and dying, and describe the steps involved in helping someone cope with bereavement.

Skill: recall 10. What is meant by the term “quality of life”? Discuss the importance of this concept and the ways it can be measured.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.6 Define quality of life and explain its importance in the treatment of serious illness.

Skill: recall

11. Describe a rehabilitation program for cardiac patients which specifically addresses anger as a risk factor.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help

.

122

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 7: Chronic and Life-Threatening Illnesses

people cope with the psychological challenges related to diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Skill: applied

12. Describe the different forms of cancer treatment and provide the rationale for their use.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall

13. What is meant by family oriented care in treating cancer patients and why is it important.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.1 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to cancer.

Skill: recall

14. Describe how a cardiac patient may learn to deal with anger and hostility using cognitive reappraisal and restructuring. Explain why this would be an important to skill.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 7.3 Present statistics, prevalence and mortality rates; common psychological challenges, and ways in which professionals and family members, friends, and fellow patients can help people cope with the psychological challenges related to diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Skill: applied 15. Explain what is meant by death doulas.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 7.7 List and describe the elements of death and dying, and describe the steps involved in helping someone cope with bereavement.

Skill: recall

.

123

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 8: Pain

CHAPTER 8 Pain

Multiple Choice Questions 1. All of the following are considered benefits to experiencing pain except a. it serves as a warning to prevent serious injury b. it serves as a basis of learning to avoid injurious objects c. it sets limits on activities essential for the body’s natural recuperation d. it serves as a marker for amputated limbs e. it has survival value Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Explain how people perceive pain and the benefits of experiencing pain. Skill: recall 2. The part of the pain pathway where sensory input information is thought to be modulated is the a. afferent neurons b. substantia gelatinosa c. A-delta fibres d. C- fibres e. nociceptors Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe theories that attempt to explain the phenomenon of pain. Skill: recall 3. The afferent nerve endings that respond to pain stimuli are called a. nociceptors b. A-delta fibres c. C-fibres d. substantia gelatinosa e. sensory neurons Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe theories that attempt to explain the phenomenon of pain.

Skill: recall 4. Sensory aspects of pain are influenced by the _____________ which send messages to the thalamus while motivational elements of pain are determined by ___________. a. nociceptors; afferent nerve fibres b. C-fibres; A-delta fibres c. A-delta fibres; C-fibres d. Sensory neurons; motivational neurons

.

124

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 8: Pain

e. Sensory neurons; motor neurons Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe theories that attempt to explain the phenomenon of pain. Skill: recall 5. The experience of pain can be influenced by past experience, attention and other cognitive activities through the ____________________ a. nociceptors b. central control trigger c. afferent neurons d. C-fibres e. A-delta fibres Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe theories that attempt to explain the phenomenon of pain. Skill: recall 6. Which of the following is true of C-fibres? a. associated with afferent peripheral fibres that transmit pain impulses b. associated with sharp, distinct pain c. small, myelinated fibres d. large, myelinated fibres e. transmit impulses very quickly Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe theories that attempt to explain the phenomenon of pain. Skill: recall 7. A specialized system of large-diameter, rapidly conducting fibres that, according to Melzack and Wall, initiate the opening and closing of the gate in their gate control theory are called a. lock-out interval b. afferent peripheral fibres c. C-fibres d. nociceptors e. the central control trigger Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe theories that attempt to explain the phenomenon of pain. Skill: recall 8. According to Melzack and Wall, relaxation or positive experiences can ____________ the pain experience by causing the gate to _______________ a. eliminate; open b. eliminate; close c. mute; open d. mute; close e. increase; close

.

125

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 8: Pain

Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Explain how people perceive pain and the benefits of experiencing pain. Skill: recall 9. Kevin, who was intensely involved in a play-off hockey game, did not notice the intense pain of a fractured rib until after the game was over. The absence of pain during the game can be explained by Melzack and Wall as a. a closed gate in the gate control theory b. an open gate in the gate control theory c. phantom pain in the gate control theory d. nociception in the neuromatrix theory e. nociception in the neurochemical pain theory Answer: a Difficulty: easy Compare acute and chronic pain.

Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: applied

10. The gate control theory of pain has been the leading theory of pain for over 25 years. Unfortunately, the theory does not account for a. the effects of depression associated with an injury b. speed of pain transmission c. phantom limb pain d. the influence of distraction on the experience of pain e. excitatory influence on the transmission cells Answer: c Difficulty: easy Compare acute and chronic pain.

Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: recall

11. All of the following are true about phantom limbs except a. a phantom limb usually hangs straight down at the side when the person sits or stands b. a phantom limb can experience warmth, cold and pressure as well as pain c. there is considerable evidence of phantoms in people born without limbs d. phantom limbs have been found in limb amputations that occur in early childhood e. the phantom limb has an unreal quality to it Answer: e Difficulty: easy Compare acute and chronic pain.

Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: recall

12. Currently, Melzack (2001) has proposed an update to his pain theory which he calls the _____________ theory of pain. a. specificity b. pattern c. neuromatrix d. neurochemical e. neurospecificity pattern

.

126

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 8: Pain

Answer: c Difficulty: easy Compare acute and chronic pain.

Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: recall

13. The theory which proposes a network of brain neurons which generate patterns called neurosignature patterns is the ________________ theory of pain. a. specificity b. pattern c. gate control d. neuromatrix e. neurochemical Answer: d Difficulty: easy Compare acute and chronic pain.

Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: recall

14. In the classic study by David Reynolds (1969) rats stimulated in the ______________________ area of the brain did not exhibit pain. a. substantia nigra b. substantia gelatinosa c. dorsal horn d. periaqueductal gray e. somatosensory cortex Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Compare acute and chronic pain.

Skill: recall

Learning Objective: LO 8.3

15. There is evidence that intense physical exercise can trigger the release of ___________ resulting in natural, short-term pain suppression. a. beta-endorphin b. proenkephalin c. prodynorphin d. periaqueductal gray e. exogenous opioids Answer: a Difficulty: easy Compare acute and chronic pain.

Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: recall

16. Noor has recently moved to Alberta. She finds that her migraine headaches are more frequent because of the many abrupt weather changes. Her headaches are an example of a. acute pain b. chronic recurrent pain c. chronic intractable benign pain d. chronic progressive pain e. respondent pain

.

127

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 8: Pain

Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Identify factors that contribute to the experience of and expression of pain.

Skill: recall 17. Which of the following is characteristic of chronic intractable benign pain? a. intense episodes of acute pain followed by relief b. pain lasting 3-6 months without resolution c. pain all the time with varying intensity d. continuous discomfort that gradually intensifies e. pain most of the time of constant intensity Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Identify factors that contribute to the experience of and expression of pain.

Skill: recall 18. ______________________ pain occurs in response to tissue damage whereas _____________ pain is reinforced by the person’s environment. a. acute; chronic b. chronic; acute c. respondent; operant d. operant; respondent e. chronic intractable; chronic recurrent Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Identify factors that contribute to the experience of and expression of pain. Skill: recall 19. Aliyah’s cancer has metastasized and in spite of pain killers (analgesics) her pain is increasing. Aliyah is experiencing a. acute pain b. chronic recurrent pain c. chronic progressive pain d. chronic intractable pain e. operant pain Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Identify factors that contribute to the experience of and expression of pain. Skill: recall 20. Researchers have discovered that chronic pain sufferers who report ________ levels of satisfaction with social support, exhibit ___________ levels of pain related behaviours. a. lower; lower b. lower; higher c. higher; lower d. higher; higher

.

128

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 8: Pain

e. moderate; lower Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Identify factors that contribute to the experience of and expression of pain. Skill: recall 21. In the cold-pressor task detecting the experience of pain is called _______________ whereas the duration of time a person is willing to endure the cold water is referred to as __________ a. pain threshold; pain tolerance b. pain tolerance; pain threshold c. acute pain; chronic pain d. respondent pain; operant pain e. operant pain; respondent pain Answer: a Difficulty: easy Provide examples of how pain is assessed.

Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Skill: recall

22. Alaa bought a new pair of golf shoes and decided that he should wear them even though he would be walking the full eighteen holes. After ten holes he realized that the heel of the shoe had been rubbing his heel and it was painful. Alaa is demonstrating a. pain threshold b. pain tolerance c. respondent pain d. operant pain e. chronic progressive pain Answer: a Difficulty: easy Provide examples of how pain is assessed.

Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Skill: applied

23. Amal was raking leaves in her backyard. She has arthritis and her shoulder became painful soon after she started. She continued working for twenty minutes.

The time from when she noticed the pain until she stopped is known as a. pain threshold b. pain tolerance c. operant pain d. respondent pain e. chronic recurrent pain Answer: b Difficulty: easy Provide examples of how pain is assessed.

Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Skill: applied

24. All of the following are key issues surrounding gender differences and pain except a. the manner in which women perceive pain

.

129

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 8: Pain

b. c. d. e.

biological factors psychosocial factors such as role expectations the response of the health care system susceptibility to effects of litigation and compensation

Answer: e Difficulty: difficult Provide examples of how pain is assessed.

Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Skill: recall

25. Clinical research has documented that in reporting pain women are more likely to indicate ___________________________ than men. a. less severe levels but more frequent pain b. more severe levels but less frequent pain c. less severe levels and less frequent pain d. more severe levels and more frequent pain e. more severe levels but shorter duration Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Provide examples of how pain is assessed.

Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Skill: recall

26. Health professionals should be attentive to possible biases in expectation about pain responses and behaviour in men and women because typically, they assume men are a. dramatizing their pain b. minimizing their pain c. implementing more coping strategies than women d. misusing the health care system e. malingering Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Provide examples of how pain is assessed.

Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Skill: recall

27. By comparing cancer pain across cultures it is obvious that a. cultural differences in pain perception no longer exist b. cultural differences in pain perception still exist c. American’s over report cancer pain d. Asian’s over report cancer pain e. European countries demonstrate the most stoicism Answer: b Difficulty: easy Provide examples of how pain is assessed.

Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Skill: recall

28. The psychophysiological measure of the pain experience which assesses electrical activity in muscles is called a(n) a. electroencephalograph b. electromyography c. thermograph

.

130

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 8: Pain

d. electrocardiograph e. sphygmomanometer Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall 29. When a persons’ sensory system detects a stimulus, such as pressure on one’s heel, the signal to the brain produces an increase in a. muscle tension b. high blood pressure c. evoked potentials d. increased heart rate e. nausea Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall 30. All of the following are examples of pain behaviours except a. grimacing b. limping c. avoidance of activity d. evoked potentials e. frequency of pain related complaints Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall 31. In the measurement of pain behaviour during day to day activities, the best assessment is one completed by a. the family physician b. the person experiencing the pain c. a family member or significant other d. a neighbour or unbiased family friend e. a physiotherapist Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall 32. During an electroencephalogram the peaks on the graph ______________ when people take analgesics and correlate ______________ with subjective reports of pain. a. decrease, negatively b. increase; positively c. decrease; positively d. increase; negatively e. are unchanged; positively

.

131

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 8: Pain

Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall

33. Interviews about pain can provide valuable information regarding all of the following except a. history of the problem b. techniques used for controlling the pain c. patient’s emotional adjustment d. factors seeming to trigger the pain e. psychophysiological changes Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall 34. The simplest and most direct measure of pain is the a. EEG b. EMG c. interview d. rating scale e. respiratory rate Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall 35. Pain rating scales are primarily used to measure a. pain behaviour b. pain tolerance c. pain threshold d. emotional adjustment to pain e. pain intensity Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall 36. A pain rating scale where a line is anchored on the left by the phrase “no pain” and on the right by a phrase like “worst pain imaginable” and where people rate their pain by marking a point on the line is an example of a a. visual analog scale b. box scale c. verbal rating scale d. pain questionnaire e. pain behaviour scale

.

132

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 8: Pain

Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall 37. The McGill Pain Questionnaire offers patients the opportunity to describe their pain on three broad dimensions, _______________________ a. physiological, behavioural, social b. sensory, affective, evaluative c. intensity, verbal and nonverbal d. lifestyle, intensity; sensory e. psychological, physiological, social Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall 38. The most frequently used portion of the McGill Pain Questionnaire is the a. front and back drawings of the human body b. pain-rating index c. verbal rating scales d. present pain intensity score e. part 3 indicating how patients’ pain has changed with time Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall

39. According to the McGill Pain Questionnaire, sensory qualities of pain include all of the following except a. temporal properties of pain b. spatial properties c. pressure d. fear e. thermal properties Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall 40. The most commonly used pain questionnaire in clinical settings and laboratory research is the a. McGill Pain Questionnaire b. West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory c. Pain Anxiety symptoms Scale d. Dalhousie Everyday Pain Scale e. Chronic Pain Coping Inventory Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall

.

133

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 8: Pain

41. A disadvantage of the McGill Pain Questionnaire is that it is a. gender biased b. not useful for assessing pain in young children c. three dimensional d. not useful for identifying patterns of pain e. only available in English Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall 42. The method of pain management which involves placing electrodes on the surface of the skin is called a. electromyography b. acupuncture c. transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation d. central analgesia e. subcutaneous biofeedback Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall

43. One advantage of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is that it can be a. inexpensive b. self-administered c. applied for days at a time d. invasive when necessary e. used to increase evoked potentials in the brain Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall 44. When using acupuncture for pain relief it has been found that the pain relief experience is dependent on the a. expertise of the person inserting the needles b. the type of needles used (e.g. steel, gold, or other metals) c. correct location of acupuncture points d. intensity of the stimulation e. social acceptance of the theory underlying its use Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall

.

134

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 8: Pain

45. The slow gentle stroking characteristic of Swedish massage is known as_____________ and has the effect of ________________ a. Shiatsu, stimulation of the circulatory system b. pettrisage, unblocking energy c. effleurage, relaxation d. pettrisage; central analgesia e. effleurage: deep muscle massage Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall 46. The rationale for relaxation as a method of pain management is the assertion that a. continual muscle contraction causes pain b. muscle relaxation acts as distraction c. muscle relaxation unblocks energy d. relaxation is a form of meditation e. relaxation is a form of hypnosis Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall 47. All of the following are methods that can be used in pain management to increase the relaxation response except: a. progressive muscle relaxation b. distraction c. guided imagery d. mindfulness meditation e. hypnosis Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall 48. Bensonian relaxation is a method of a. progressive muscle relaxation b. meditative relaxation c. hypnosis d. biofeedback e. mindfulness meditation Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall

.

135

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 8: Pain

49. The type of meditation which has its roots in Buddhist practice is called a. meditative relaxation b. hypnosis c. biofeedback d. mindfulness meditation e. guided imagery Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall 50. Guided imagery is classified as a. a form of relaxation and distraction b. a form of distraction and meditation c. a form of relaxation and biofeedback d. a form of distraction and biofeedback e. a form of meditation and relaxation Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall 51. Distraction techniques are particularly useful for reducing a. chronic pain b. respondent pain c. operant pain d. acute pain e. low back pain Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall 52. Sara is prone to migraine headaches. To help her treat or control these headaches Sara’s doctor has recommended that she learn to increase circulation to her hands.

In order to accomplish this Sara uses a. hypnosis b. meditation c. biofeedback d. distraction e. guided imagery Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: applied

.

136

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 8: Pain

53. A knife cut to the finger will produce a(an) _______ type of pain which is carried by a(an)_______ type of nerve fiber. a. dull, C b. sharp, A-delta c. sharp, C d. dull, A-delta e. dull, nociceptor Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe theories that attempt to explain the phenomenon of pain. Skill: applied 54. Processing of pain signals involve all of the following except: a. b. c. d. e.

nociceptors motor nerves brain brainstem spinal cord

Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe theories that attempt to explain the phenomenon of pain. Skill: recall 55. Pharmacologically speaking, pain can be controlled by all of the following except: a. anaesthetics b. sedatives c. tranquillizers d. anti anxiety e. antidepressents Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques.

Skill: recall

56. Hypnosis is used to treat pain, research conducted by Thompson et al. 2019 suggests that hypnosis________ a. works for everyone b. is more superior than other modalities c. doesn’t work for everyone d. is equal in its effectiveness to pharmacology e. is equal in its effectiveness to relaxation techniques Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques. Skill: recal

.

137

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 8: Pain

57. In Reynolds 1969 experiment, the ______ area when stimulated didn’t procude any pain: a. thalamus b. hypothalamus c. periaqueductal gray area d. somatosensory area e. neuromatrix Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Compare acute and chronic pain.

Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Skill: recall

Short Answer/Essay Questions 1. Although most of us do not enjoy the experience of pain, pain is beneficial.

Describe the three functions of pain and explain why these functions are perceived as benefits of the pain experience.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Explain how people perceive pain and the benefits of experiencing pain. Skill: recall

2. The most widely accepted theory of pain is the Gate Control Theory (Melzack & Wall, 1965). Briefly describe this theory and explain how psychological factors can influence one’s perception of pain.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe theories that attempt to explain the phenomenon of pain. Skill: applied

3. Describe how the pain signal is transmitted along the pain pathway from the initial response to the brain.

Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe theories that attempt to explain the phenomenon of pain. Skill: recall

4. How does acute pain differ from chronic pain? Describe the different types of chronic pain?

Difficulty: moderate chronic pain. Skill: recall

.

Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Compare acute and

138

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 8: Pain

5. Gender differences have been reported in the perception and response to pain.

Both psychosocial and biological factors are thought to influence gender variations in the pain experience. Describe research that provides evidence that psychosocial differences lead to gender variations in the pain experience and describe research which provides evidence that biological differences lead to gender variations in the pain experience.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Identify factors that contribute to the experience of and expression of pain. Skill: recall

6. Pain is very difficult to measure. As such, clinicians and researchers have developed numerous techniques for measuring pain. These techniques generally fall into three categories (psychophysiological measures, behavioural assessment, and self-reports). Provide two examples of pain measurement techniques from each of the three categories.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Provide examples of how pain is assessed. Skill: recall 7. Nureen dentist will be extracting her wisdom teeth on her next visit. Laura expects to experience a certain amount of pain and discomfort during the procedure. Describe three pain coping strategies she might employ and explain how each reduces pain.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques. Skill: applied

8. On a trip during the winter break you struck up a friendship with a fellow snowboarder named Ben. Ben suffers severe pain from migraine headaches. What form of pain control might you recommend to Ben? In your answer, be sure to explain why you chose this method as well as how it works.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques. Skill: applied

9. Multidisciplinary pain management programs can be found across Canada.

Although each program may differ slightly there are commonalities among these programs. If you knew someone who was about to enter a pain clinic what would you tell them to expect? That is, outline typical goals and objectives of a pain management program and describe how these goals might be achieved.

.

139

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 8: Pain

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques. Skill: recall

10. Describe the steps in using guided imagery for pain management. What is the rationale for using guided imagery? When is it most effective?

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques. Skill: recall

11. Describe the methods of controlling pain pharmacologically.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques. Skill: recall

12. Discuss the challenges of assessing pain in children and infants. What techniques have been used to meet some of the challenges? How does this differ from assessing pain in older adults?

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques. Skill: recall

13. Ahmed has been suffering from chronic low back pain for years. He is not able to work and finds medication ineffective in controlling the pain. His physician has referred Ahmed to a Pain Management Program. What might Ahmed expect from this approach to managing his pain?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques. Skill: applied

14. Why are sedatives and tranquilizers sometimes used in the management of pain.

Similarly, why are antidepressant medications sometimes prescribed for pain.

Explain the action of these drugs as well as explaining the effects on pain.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.6 List and explain a variety of pain control techniques. Skill: applied 15. What is the role of the brainstem in the gate control theory of pain?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Describe theories that attempt to explain the phenomenon of pain. Skill: recall

.

140

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 8: Pain

.

141

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 9: The World of Health Care: Places, Procedures, and People

CHAPTER 9 The World of Health Care: Places, Procedures, and People Multiple Choice Questions 1. One of the factors identified by Polimeni and Moore (2002) which is closely connected to satisfaction with the hospital experience is a. degree of invasiveness of the procedure b. length of hospital stay c. the admission procedure d. patient’s sense of control e. number of health care professionals involved in treatment Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments. Skill: recall 2. The need for ______________ is closely related to the patient’s sense of control in that it affects perception of the values of the information received. a. empathy b. respect c. information d. a powerful other e. dignity Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.1 Describe key factors that influence our perception and interpretation of symptoms, and apply a stage model to understand why people delay seeking medical care. Skill: recall 3. According to Goffman (1961), a total institution describes a a. holistic approach to medical care b. hospital that takes control of a patient’s life c. hospital that cares for the patient and the family d. hospital with a full array of medical services e. facility that offers outpatient and inpatient service Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments. Skill: recall

.

142

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 9: The World of Health Care: Places, Procedures, and People

4. The behaviours of the “bad patient” are viewed as a form of a. reactance b. learned helplessness c. dependence d. activism e. disengagement Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments. Skill: recall 5. Faulkner (2001) contends that _______________ results in learned helplessness; whereas, _________________ results in learned mastery. a. reactance; passivity b. passivity; reactance c. empowering care; disempowering care d. disempowering care; empowering care e. self-control; powerful other control Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments. Skill: recall 6. Krupat and colleagues found, in a comprehensive study of patients, that the single best predictor of patients’ satisfaction was a. age b. empowering care c. provision of general information d. reactance e. education Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments. Skill: recall 7. All people may not respond well to information provided. People who welcome information are called ____________, whereas others, called______________ avoid it. a. empowered; disempowered b. activist; delegator

.

143

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 9: The World of Health Care: Places, Procedures, and People

c. monitors; reactors d. seekers; monitors e. monitors; blunters Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments. Skill: recall 8. Some practitioners and researchers argue that an informed patient copes better and therefore all patients should receive the same information about their hospital procedures. This is known as a. the uniformity myth b. empowering care c. disempowering care d. increasing patient satisfaction e. focus on distraction Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments. Skill: recall 9. Avra is to undergo a mammogram. She has been classified as a blunter as far as how she responds to information about her health. She would benefit most from a. speaking to a person who had previously undergone the procedure b. watching a tape describing the procedure c. being given little information about the procedure d. receiving a pamphlet describing the procedure e. receiving a verbal and visual presentation detailing the procedure Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments.

Skill: applied 10. Regarding preparation for surgery, it can be concluded that all patients benefit from a. receiving information b. relaxation training c. increasing patients’ perception of control d. walking to the operating room rather than being transported e. depersonalization

.

144

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 9: The World of Health Care: Places, Procedures, and People

Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments. Skill: applied 11. When possible, physicians should provide the amount of information that would match the coping style of the patient. In other words, _____________ should receive little information and _______________ should receive as much information as possible. a. monitors, delegators b. delegators, activists c. blunters, monitors d. monitors, blunters e. activists, delegators Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments. Skill: recall 12. All of the following contribute to a depersonalising experience in the hospital except a. wearing a hospital gown b. admittance to ICU c. having your sister present during procedures d. being referred to by ailment e. medical professionals entering hospital rooms without knocking Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments. Skill: applied 13. A common symptom of burnout includes a. lack of technical competence b. lack of belief in one’s professional competence c. an inflated sense of one’s professional competence d. boredom with one’s accomplishment e. boredom with one’s profession Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Identify the major sources of stress and satisfaction for physicians.

Skill: recall 14. Women who received false positive results following a mammogram

.

145

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 9: The World of Health Care: Places, Procedures, and People

a. b. c. d. e.

Develop breast cancer eventually Are at greater risk for developing breast cancer Have a false sense of security regarding breast cancer Are not more likely to stop regular screening Develop long term anxiety in response to the diagnosis

Answer: d Difficulty: difficulty Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Describe ways in which the nature of care and preparation for medical procedures can help patients cope.

Skill: recall 15. The invasiveness of a medical procedure can refer to the psychological effects of a. shame or embarrassment b. a false-positive c. a false-negative d. a true positive e. a cost-benefit ratio Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Describe ways in which the nature of care and preparation for medical procedures can help patients cope.

Skill: recall 16. All of the following procedures would be considered moderately invasive except a. mammogram b. MRI c. EEG d. Fear Survey Schedule e. a breast biopsy Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Describe ways in which the nature of care and preparation for medical procedures can help patients cope.

Skill: applied 17. The sorting and classifying of patients to determine priority of need is called a. therapeutic ritual b. occupational ritual c. patient-centred care d. continuity of care e. triage Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments. Skill: recall

.

146

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 9: The World of Health Care: Places, Procedures, and People

18. In patient-controlled analgesia some devices allow practitioners to set the time period between allowable dosages. This device is called a a. monitor interval b. reactance interval. c. lock-out interval d. therapeutic ritual e. physician intervial Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments. Skill: recall 19. Kiyoshi is a patient in ICU. He is beginning to realize that there is a machine which is helping him to breathe. According to Pallavinci-Gonzalez and colleagues (1995) he would be classified as being in the a. monitor stage b. blunting stage c. 6incommunication stage d. reflexion stage Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments. Skill: recall 20. An important early step in emergency medicine which determines the priority in which patients are treated is called a. hospital separation b. continuity of care c. triage d. patient-centred approach e. disease-centred approach Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments. Skill: recall 21. In post-surgical recovery, the physician still can set the dosage in a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)system by using: a. good preoperative instruction b. lock-out control

.

147

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 9: The World of Health Care: Places, Procedures, and People

c. persuasion d. triage e. placebos Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments. Skill: recall

22. All of the following are reasons why communication is sometimes poor in the ICU except a. minimizing communication with the patients also minimizes the nurse’s anxiety b. not talking to patients makes it easier to dehumanize them c. not talking to patients avoids having to tell them about their condition d. patients in ICU tend to be unresponsive anyway e. staff tend to talk about the procedures not the patients’ condition Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments. Skill: recall 23. In Russell’s (1999) interviews with patients following their ICU experience, he discovered that some patients a. need to revisit the ICU after recovery to put the experience behind them b. were conscious during the entire time c. experienced reflection before adaptation d. experienced reflection well after they had been discharged e. continued to have communication difficulties Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments.

Skill: recall 24. According to the negotiated model of communication, families need to be kept informed about a patient’s condition because a. the intensive care team is best equipped to make end-of-life decisions b. the physician is best equipped to make end-of-life decisions c. the family must represent the patient in making end-of-life decisions

.

148

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 9: The World of Health Care: Places, Procedures, and People

d. the patient and the family should make the end-of-life decision e. the intensive care team, patient and family should make the end-of-life decision Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments.

Skill: recall 25. Baby Lu, who was born prematurely, is a patient in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

A study of parent wishes regarding end-of-life decisions in the NICU has suggested that they prefer the final call be made by a. the parents b. the extended family c. the health care professionals attending the infant d. the family priest or minister e. the physician on call Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments.

Skill: recall 26. A process in which post hospital care is organized is called a. hospital separation b. discharge planning c. palliative care d. patient centered care e. home care Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments.

Skill: recall 27. Elements of the team approach to working with parents whose infant has been placed in the NICU include all of the following except a. explaining the equipment to the parents b. giving parents tools to be involved in the care c. assessing the family’s needs d. asking the family to cooperate in the treatment process e. checking that the program is meeting parent’s needs

.

149

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 9: The World of Health Care: Places, Procedures, and People

Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments.

Skill: recall 28. When a progressive illness is advanced and the care shifts from an attempt to cure the illness to a regimen intended to control pain and other symptoms, the type of care provided is called a. continuity of care b. home care c. palliative care d. patient centered care e. outpatient care Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments.

Skill: recall 29. Elderly patients are more likely to have a difficult time at discharge because a. they have grown accustomed to hospital support and routine b. they will more likely need home care c. they will eventually need palliative care d. families want to be involved in the decision making e. not enough time is taken in the in the planning Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments. Skill: recall 30. When a progressive illness is advanced, the primary goal becomes a. finding a cure b. nutrition c. maintaining mobility d. continuity of care e. quality of life Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments. Skill: recall

.

150

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 9: The World of Health Care: Places, Procedures, and People

31. The goals of palliative care include all of the following except a. pursuit of quality of life b. control of symptoms c. family support d. maintaining mobility e. maintaining a focus on patients’ perceptions of purpose Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments. Skill: recall 32. Which of the following would most accurately describe an illness which is described as progressive? a. an illness at a stage where death is imminent b. an illness which will continue to worsen in spite of treatment c. an illness in which the goal and focus is palliative care d. an illness requiring primary care e. an illness requiring pain management Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments. Skill: recall 33. In regards to patient and family satisfaction, and patient pain and symptom control, palliative care is most successfully provided by a. friends b. a multidisciplinary team c. family d. social workers e. nurses Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments. Skill: recall

.

151

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 9: The World of Health Care: Places, Procedures, and People

34. Noor works as a nurse in a hospice. Compared to her colleagues that work in the emergency room, Noor is more likely to be a. death avoidant b. concerned about her own death c. concerned that death is tantamount to failure d. at ease with her own anxieties about death e. communication avoidant Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments.

Skill: applied 35. A mixed management model of care refers to a. the preparation of a patient for death while at the same time providing lifesustaining treatments b. primary care plus pain management c. a multidisciplinary team approach to patient care d. combination of patient centered and family centered care e. a patient able to be discharged home but still needing day care.

Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments.

Skill: recall 36. Euthanasia refers to a. giving a do not resuscitate order b. medicating patients to provide maximum pain relief c. the deliberate ending of a patient’s life d. patient-controlled analgesia e. palliative care Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments.

Skill: recall 37. Maya has been a nurse for ten years. She is exhausted from limitless caring about her patients and appears to be suffering from a. emotional distancing

.

152

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 9: The World of Health Care: Places, Procedures, and People

b. c. d. e.

compassion fatigue physician impairment conscientiousness perfectionism

Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Identify the major sources of stress and satisfaction for physicians.

Skill: recall

38. A significant source of stress for the physician is uncertainty. Uncertainty results from all of the following except a. an imperfect clinical examinations b. imperfect diagnostic tests c. uncertainty of a diagnosis at any one time d. the use of probability statistics to determine health outcomes e. patients’ unrealistic estimates of accuracy of diagnosis Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Identify the major sources of stress and satisfaction for physicians.

Skill: applied 39. Uncertainty in medical decision making is more common among primary care physicians than specialists. Which of the following statements accounting for this difference is true? a. primary care physicians are less skilled b. primary care physicians have far too many symptom patterns to remember c. primary care physicians provide disease focused care d. more symptom patterns are presented to specialists e. more problems are presented to specialists early in their history Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Identify the major sources of stress and satisfaction for physicians.

Skill: applied 40. One of the most troubling causes of physician impairment is a. stress b. emotional distancing c. substance abuse d. uncertainty e. compassion fatigue Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Identify the major sources of stress and satisfaction for physicians.

Skill: recall 41. In a 2004 study by Burton and Wong conducted at l’Universite de Laval, female physicians reportedly placed more importance on _____________ when making professional life decisions than did their male counterparts. a. honesty

.

153

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 9: The World of Health Care: Places, Procedures, and People

b. c. d. e.

compassion their private lives cooperativeness perfectionism

Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Identify the major sources of stress and satisfaction for physicians.

Skill: recall 42. Advanced practice nursing refers to f. nurses with specialized clinical skills g. the caring side of health care delivery h. the curing side of health care delivery i. technologically specialized health care j. generalist nurses with years of experience Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Describe the important role nurses play in patient care and identify the major sources of stress in nursing. Skill: applied 43. The demands on the nursing profession include all of the following except a. keeping up with the latest technological advances b. keeping up with advances in nursing research c. inadequate resources d. stress e. uncertainty in medical diagnosis Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Describe the important role nurses play in patient care and identify the major sources of stress in nursing. Skill: recall 44. Health psychologists need to be aware of the demands on nursing staff because a. much hospital research in health psychology involves nurses b. nurses need empathy to help them deal with the job c. they can provide advice d. the supply of nurses is inadequate e. the caring role of nurses is expanding Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Describe the important role nurses play in patient care and identify the major sources of stress in nursing. Skill: recall 45. The symptoms of compassion fatigue mimics the symptoms of a. burnout b. post-traumatic stress disorder c. chronic fatigue syndrome d. depression

.

154

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 9: The World of Health Care: Places, Procedures, and People

e. reality shock Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Identify the major sources of stress and satisfaction for physicians. Skill: recall 46. Compassion fatigue may be alleviated by all of the following except a. becoming less compassionate b. reducing the number of patients treated c. leaving the profession d. limiting the amount of energy dedicated to others welfare e. becoming a nurse practitioner Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Identify the major sources of stress and satisfaction for physicians. Skill: recall 47. The high demands and low resources of the nursing profession are likely to result in a. higher paying jobs b. reality shock c. stress d. compassion fatigue e. greater job satisfaction Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Describe the important role nurses play in patient care and identify the major sources of stress in nursing.

Skill: recall 48. Reality shock may be caused by all but one of the following a. learning the system b. conflict between nurturing and high tech demands c. gap between standards taught and reality of nursing d. abuse from colleagues e. realizing that one has much to learn and quickly Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Describe the important role nurses play in patient care and identify the major sources of stress in nursing.

Skill: recall 49. One source of stress for experienced nurses is the a. eight-hour shifts b. amount of work related responsibilities c. need to learn the system d. gap between training and actual working conditions e. constant need for reassurance about one’s competence

.

155

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 9: The World of Health Care: Places, Procedures, and People

Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Describe the important role nurses play in patient care and identify the major sources of stress in nursing.

Skill: recall 50. Zimmerman et al., 2002 found that with a loss of a full time nurse in nursing. Homes, infection rates increased by about _____ and hospitilization increased by about ___ a. 30%, 80% b. 5%, 20% c. 1%, 100% d. 30%, 10% e. 5%, 5% Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Describe the important role nurses play in patient care and identify the major sources of stress in nursing.

Skill: recall 51. Psychological empowerment includes all of the following except: a. finding the work meaningful b. having a sense of autonomy c. feeling competent d. having a positive impact e. problem specificity and sensitivity Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments. Skill: recall 52. As a physiotherapist, Diego often used a strategy to enhance a patient’s ____________ as a form of cognitive intervention. a. adherence b. external reinforcement c. internal reinforcement d. attributions e. efficacy beliefs Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.6 Understand the challenges associated with work in physical therapy.

Skill: recall 53. Which of the following factors can increase sense of autonomy to make positive change? a. social b. advanced practice nursing

.

156

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 9: The World of Health Care: Places, Procedures, and People

c. hospital admin d. psychological empowerment e. compassion fatigue Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Describe the important role nurses play in patient care and identify the major sources of stress in nursing. Skill: recall 54. The laypeople understanding of the role of nurses and physicians proposes that nurses’ primary task is______ while physicians’ primary task is______ a. caring, empowering b. empowering, caring c. curing, caring d. empowering, curing e. caring, curing Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Describe the important role nurses play in patient care and identify the major sources of stress in nursing. Skill: recall 55. External reinforcement provide encouragement for patients from all of the following sources except: a. friends b. patients c. family d. practitioners e. physiotherapists Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.6 Understand the challenges associated with work in physical therapy.

Skill: recall

56. The explanations people give for their successes and failures are termed _________ a. efficacy beliefs b. self reinforcements c. external reinforcements d. reality shock e. attributions Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.6 Understand the challenges associated with work in physical therapy.

Skill: recall

.

157

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 9: The World of Health Care: Places, Procedures, and People

Short Answer/Essay Questions 1. What are the factors affecting a person’s ability to cope with a hospital stay?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.1 Describe key factors that influence our perception and interpretation of symptoms, and apply a stage model to understand why people delay seeking medical care.

Skill: recall

2. What is the significance of burnout as it affects physicians? How does this impact patient care?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Identify the major sources of stress and satisfaction for physicians.

Skill: applied

3. Describe three common hospital experiences which contribute to feelings of depersonalisation.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments.

Skill: recall

4. Discuss the psychological effects associated with a false positive mammogram.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Describe ways in which the nature of care and preparation for medical procedures can help patients cope.

Skill: applied

5. Noor is an 80 year old woman who is to be discharged to her home. She has been an in-patient in the hospital for the past 40 days. What factors will impact on the success of her managing well at home?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments.

Skill: applied 6. Pallavicini-Gonzalez and colleagues (1995) identified three distinct stages experienced by ICU patients. Describe these three stages.

.

158

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 9: The World of Health Care: Places, Procedures, and People

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments.

Skill: recall 7. Describe the factors which contribute to the patient’s psychological reaction to the ICU as described by Russell (1999).

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments.

Skill: recall 8. Communication is a key factor in adjusting to the hospital experience. Explain the importance of good communication between the patient and health care professional when the patient wakes, up in the ICU Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments.

Skill: applied 9. Describe the factors which contribute to the patient feeling a loss of control in the hospital setting. How might this have a negative impact on the patient?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments.

Skill: applied 10. Discuss the goals of palliative care and explain how these goals differ from medical care in general.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments.

Skill: recall 11. Patients who showed the least physiological stress in response to a medical procedure were those who were given the amount of information that fit their preferences. Explain this statement.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments.

Skill: recall

.

159

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 9: The World of Health Care: Places, Procedures, and People

12. Define “invasiveness” and explain how various medical procedures vary on a continuum of invasiveness.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain specific ways in which the procedures and rules within a hospital affect patients’ sense of control and their ability to cope with being in hospital, and describe the psychological challenges associated with specific hospital departments.

Skill: applied

13. Describe ways in which the preparation for colonoscopy can help patients better cope with the procedure.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Describe ways in which the nature of care and preparation for medical procedures can help patients cope.

Skill: applied 14. Using cancer as an example, describe the different stages of delay in seeking treatment for symptoms.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.1 Describe key factors that influence our perception and interpretation of symptoms, and apply a stage model to understand why people delay seeking medical care.

Skill: applied 15. What is meant by the feminization of medicine? What is meant by the statement that feminization of medicine may bring about changes to the balance between cure and care?

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Identify the major sources of stress and satisfaction for physicians.

Skill: recall 16. Discuss the symptoms of burnout and describe why this condition is seen so frequently in health professionals.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Identify the major sources of stress and satisfaction for physicians.

Skill: applied 17. Why is uncertainty a significant source of stress for physicians? Why is this source of stress less obvious to the general public?

Difficulty; moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Identify the major sources of stress and satisfaction for physicians.

Skill: recall

.

160

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 9: The World of Health Care: Places, Procedures, and People

18. Discuss some of the factors that influence the perception of symptoms.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.1 Describe key factors that influence our perception and interpretation of symptoms, and apply a stage model to understand why people delay seeking medical care.

Skill: recall

19. What is meant by lay referral system?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 9.1 Describe key factors that influence our perception and interpretation of symptoms, and apply a stage model to understand why people delay seeking medical care.

Skill: recall

.

161

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 10: From One to Many: Health on a Large Scale

Chapter 10 From One to Many: Health on a Large Scale Multiple Choice Questions 1. All of the following are examples of prominent social determinants of health in Canada except a. education b. job security c. food security d. age e. social inclusion and exclusion Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 10.4 List and explain common social determinants of health and provide examples of factors that increase a population’s vulnerability to ill health.

Skill: recall 2. The average incubation period for COVID-19 infection is about______ days a. 4 to 5 b. 1 to 2 c. 10 to 20 d. 6 to 20 e. 1 to 20 Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Define epidemiology and explain how health and illness are tracked at the population level, with particular attention to the progression of COVID-19.

Skill: recall 3. In epidemiology, the total number of cases that have occurred over the course of an incident is called the _________ a. prevalence b. point prevalence c. period prevalence d. current cases e. incidence cases Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Define epidemiology and explain how health and illness are tracked at the population level, with particular attention to the progression of COVID-19. Skill: recall

.

162

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 10: From One to Many: Health on a Large Scale

4. The ability of a drug to yield the intended outcomes under realistic conditions is termed ________ a. efficacy b. effectiveness c. harm reduction d. secondary control e. dose control Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 10.6 Discuss the logistical and psychological issues related to vaccination and the relevance of those issues to COVID-19.

Skill: recall 5. The study of changing patterns of health and disease across populations and geographic areas is called a. epidemiology b. statistical verification c. health psychology d. social determinant of health e. social ecological model Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Define epidemiology and explain how health and illness are tracked at the population level, with particular attention to the progression of COVID-19.Skill: recall 6. Most health promotion programs focus on the individual and a. public policy b. community levels c. organization levels d. interpersonal levels e. government Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Define epidemiology and explain how health and illness are tracked at the population level, with particular attention to the progression of COVID-19.

Skill: recall 7. A model of the individual and his or her place in the social context of a variety of systems is known as the a. epidemiological model b. health care model c. harm reduction model d. health promotion model e. social ecological model

.

163

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 10: From One to Many: Health on a Large Scale

Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Use the social ecological model to expand your understanding of the psychosocial approach to health. Skill: recall 8. The first identified instance of a medical problem such as SARS is known as the a. index case b. first sighting c. prevalence d. target case e. epidemic case Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Define epidemiology and explain how health and illness are tracked at the population level, with particular attention to the progression of COVID-19.

Skill: recall 9. All of the following are social determinants of health except: a. environment b. income c. culture d. genetics e. bacteria Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 10.4 List and explain common social determinants of health and provide examples of factors that increase a population’s vulnerability to ill health.

Skill: recall 10. Vulnerable populations are more likely to encounter a health problem and a. demonstrate that social determinants are not equitably distributed b. be stigmatized in the population c. be located in suburban areas of Canada d. demonstrate the effects of harm reduction e. come from obesogenic neighbourhoods Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 10.4 List and explain common social determinants of health and provide examples of factors that increase a population’s vulnerability to ill health.

Skill: recall 11. All of the following are examples of vulnerable populations in Canada except: a. the elderly b. street youth c. those living in poverty d. those living in remote areas e. parents who choose not to vaccinate

.

164

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 10: From One to Many: Health on a Large Scale

Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 10.4 List and explain common social determinants of health and provide examples of factors that increase a population’s vulnerability to ill health.

Skill: recall 12. Those living with in the inner-city environment face numerous vulnerabilities except: a. poor nutrition b. chronic disease c. mental illness d. excessive exposure to the flu virus e. infection Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 10.4 List and explain common social determinants of health and provide examples of factors that increase a population’s vulnerability to ill health.

Skill: recall 13. According to the 2016 “State of Homelessness in Canada 2016”, there are about _______ number of individuals experiencing homelessness. a. 50000 b. 100000 c. 120000 d. 230000 e. 1 million Answer: d Difficulty: difficulty Learning Objective: LO 10.4 List and explain common social determinants of health and provide examples of factors that increase a population’s vulnerability to ill health.

Skill: recall 14. Hard Reduction Services along with BCCDC offer and coordinate harm reduction programs that include all of the following except a. needle distribution b. financial support c. peer support d. outreach programs e. education programs Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 10.4 List and explain common social determinants of health and provide examples of factors that increase a population’s vulnerability to ill health.

Skill: recall

.

165

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 10: From One to Many: Health on a Large Scale

15. The premise behind the harm reduction model is that a health compromising behaviour cannot be totally eliminated so a. the focus should be eliminating the behaviour from targeted populations b. the focus should be reducing the harmful effects of the behaviour c. the focus should be reducing the behaviour in specific populations d. the focus should be elimination without harmful side effects e. the focus should be educating the population regarding harmful effects Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Define harm reduction and provide examples of this public health approach.

Skill: recall 16. Safe injection sites are controversial because they appear to a. endorse a health compromising, illegal behaviour b. contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS c. cost far more than the outcomes warrant d. help only a vulnerable portion of the population e. encourage others to engage in illegal behaviour Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Define harm reduction and provide examples of this public health approach.

Skill: applied 17. To be effective, harm reduction strategies should be a. aimed at the most vulnerable populations b. employed only for the lowest economic classes c. non-judgemental d. in line with public attitudes e. available for everyone Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Define harm reduction and provide examples of this public health approach.

Skill: recall 18. MacNeil and Pauly (2010) conducted a study of fixed versus mobile needle exchange sites. They found that: a. the mobile site was more effective because it took the needles to the clients b. the mobile site was more effective because the neighbours did not complain c. the fixed site was more effective because everyone knew where it was all of the time d. the fixed site was more effective because other services could be provided e. both sites were extremely effective in limiting drug use to a certain area

.

166

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 10: From One to Many: Health on a Large Scale

Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Define harm reduction and provide examples of this public health approach.

Skill: recall 19. The important health related dimensions of a neighbourhood include all of the following except: a. proximity b. closure c. connectivity d. density e. land use mix Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Define harm reduction and provide examples of this public health approach.

Skill: recall 20. In reference to the health related dimension of a neighbourhood, connectivity refers to a. internet availability b. the straight line distance between two points c. street design and sidewalk availability d. ratio of dwellings to land area e. number of different types of use featured in an area Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Define harm reduction and provide examples of this public health approach.

Skill: recall 21. Which of the following is not an example of a harm reduction strategy? a. needle exchange programs b. peer support programs c. methadone therapy for heroin addiction d. safe injection sites e. self-care Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Define harm reduction and provide examples of this public health approach.

Skill: applied SHORT ANSWER/ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. What is means by gradiants of health?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 10.3 Define gradients of health and compare the general health of Canadians to that of people living in other countries.

Skill: recall

.

167

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 10: From One to Many: Health on a Large Scale

2. List and explain the common social determinants of health.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 10.4 List and explain common social determinants of health and provide examples of factors that increase a population’s vulnerability to ill health.

Skill: recall 3. What is meant by harm reduction and provide some examples as to where is it most applicable.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Define harm reduction and provide examples of this public health approach.

Skill: recall 4. What is meant by the social ecological model and how does it apply to health initiatives?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Use the social ecological model to expand your understanding of the psychosocial approach to health.

Skill: applied

5. What are the factors that effect vulnerable populations and describe at least 3 vulnerable populations in Canada.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 10.4 List and explain common social determinants of health and provide examples of factors that increase a population’s vulnerability to ill health.

Skill: recall

7. Explain the current resistance to vaccinations and what kind of evidence should the public rely on for information?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 10.6 Discuss the logistical and psychological issues related to vaccination and the relevance of those issues to COVID-19.

Skill: applied

8. What are the four health related dimensions of a neighbourhood.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Define harm reduction and provide examples of this public health approach Skill: recall

.

168

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 10: From One to Many: Health on a Large Scale

.

169

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 11: Indigenous Peoples’ Health in Canada

CHAPTER 11 Indigenous Peoples’ Health in Canada Multiple Choice Questions 1. According to Gracey and King (2009), the health status of Indigenous Peoples in Canada is cited as being ______ the national average a. slightly above b. below c. at the level of d. significantly above e. inconsistent compared to Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: Describe some of the demographics of Indigenous Peoples in Canada.

Skill: recall

2. According to the model of social determinants of Indigenous health which was illustrated by the author and adapted from Greenwood & de Leeuw, 2012 and Reading & Wien, 2009. Which of the following is considered a distal determinant of Indigenous peoples’ health? a. education b. food security c. racism d. coping skills e. lateral violence .

Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Describe structural determinants of Indigenous Peoples’ health, including the impact of colonialism. Skill: recall 3. The number of diverse First Nations, Inuit and Métis communities that exist in Canada is over _____ a. 0.6 b. 6 c. 60 d. 600 e. 6000 Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Describe some of the demographics of Indigenous Peoples in Canada. Skill: recall 4. The Indian Act amendment to make it mandatory for all First Nations children to attend a Residential School took effect in a. 1890

.

170

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 11: Indigenous Peoples’ Health in Canada

b. c. d. e.

1900 1920 1960 1980

Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Describe structural determinants of Indigenous Peoples’ health, including the impact of colonialism Skill: recall 5. According to the model of social determinants of Indigenous health which was illustrated by the author and adapted from Greenwood & de Leeuw, 2012 and Reading & Wien, 2009. Which of the following is an example of proximal determinants of Indigenous peoples’ health? a. justice b. food security c. racism d. coping skills e. social exclusion Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Describe structural determinants of Indigenous Peoples’ health, including the impact of colonialism. Skill: recall 6. According to the model of social determinants of Indigenous health which was illustrated by the author and adapted from Greenwood & de Leeuw, 2012 and Reading & Wien, 2009. Which of the following is an example of intermediate determinants of Indigenous peoples’ health? a. health behaviours b. food security c. racism d. coping skills e. family violence Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Describe structural determinants of Indigenous Peoples’ health, including the impact of colonialismSkill: recall 7. According to the model of social determinants of Indigenous health which was illustrated by the author and adapted from Greenwood & de Leeuw, 2012 and Reading & Wien, 2009. Which of the following is an example of distal or structural determinants of Indigenous peoples’ health? a. Social support b. Family violence c. Food security d. Cultural continuity e. Culture and land

.

171

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 11: Indigenous Peoples’ Health in Canada

Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Which of the following is an example of intermediate determinants of Indigenous peoples’ health?

Skill: recall

8. When comparing population data from 2006 and 2016, the number of selfidentifying Indigenous Peoples in Canada increased by ______ a. 3% b. 13% c. 23% d. 33% e. 43% Answer: e Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: Describe some of the demographics of Indigenous Peoples in Canada.

Skill: recall

9. Indigenous Peoples make up about _____ of the overall population in Canada. a. 1% b. 5% c. 15% d. 20% e. 25% Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Describe some of the demographics of Indigenous Peoples in Canada.

Skill: recall 10. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada acknowledged the challenges of determining the number of Indigenous children who lost their lives in Canada’s residential school system. In _____, Tk’emlúps te Secwépmc reported preliminary findings from ground-penetrating radar that uncovered the remains of ____ children buried at the former Kamloops Indian Residential School a. 2010, 50 b. 2015,100 c. 2017, 150 d. 2019, 170 e. 2021, 215 Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Draw from wise practices in Indigenous communities to understand the importance of strengths-based approaches to addressing health concerns. Skill: recall

.

172

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 11: Indigenous Peoples’ Health in Canada

11. The negative bias characterized by negative attitudes and behaviours towards entire groups of people is termed ______ while ____ is the social injustice rooted in assumptions about people and their social value. a. prejudice, racism b. racism, prejudice c. systemic racism, prejudice d. prejudice, systemic racism e. racism, systemic racism Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Describe structural determinants of Indigenous Peoples’ health, including the impact of colonialism. Skill: recall

12. Indigenous perspectives in health focus on holism. This involves all of the following expect: a. emotional b. physical c. spiritual d. corporeal e. cognitive Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Explain the holistic relationship between culture, land, and health for Indigenous Peoples.

Skill: recall

13. The 1985 Bill to Amend the Indian Act to address the sex-based inequities regarding women’s status under the Indian Act is called_____ a. Bill C-31 b. Bill S-3 c. Indian Act Bill d. Indigenous woman Act e. Residential School Abolish Act Answer: a Difficulty: medium Learning Objective: Draw from wise practices in Indigenous communities to understand the importance of strengthsbased approaches to addressing health concerns.

Skill: recall

14. Because of the underfunded and mismanaged Residential Schools children were at risk of all of the following except: a. mumps b. diabetes c. measles

.

173

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 11: Indigenous Peoples’ Health in Canada

d. tuberculosis e. cancer Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Describe structural determinants of Indigenous Peoples’ health, including the impact of colonialism. Skill: recall

15. The Residential School System was founded on the belief that Indigenous Peoples were_____ to the people of European descent, as a result, the system aimed to ______ the language and spiritual beliefs of Indigenous children. a. equal, promote b. inferior, eradicate c. superior, promote d. equal, eradicate e. inferior, promote Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Describe structural determinants of Indigenous Peoples’ health, including the impact of colonialism.

Skill: recall

16. The Residential School System is a(an)______ strategy that forced Indigenous Peoples to ______ into society a. colonial, assimilate b. provincial, voluntarily participate c. cultural, assimilate d. cultural, voluntarily participate e. provincial, assimilate Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: Describe structural determinants of Indigenous Peoples’ health, including the impact of colonialism. Skill: recall 17. In 2017, the percentage of Indigenous Peoples’ HIV diagnosis represented_____ of all diagnoses in Canada. a. 5% b. 20% c. 40% d. 50% e. 60% Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Draw from wise practices in Indigenous communities to understand the importance of strengths-based approaches to addressing health concerns. Skill: recall

.

174

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 11: Indigenous Peoples’ Health in Canada

18. First Nations people have a high risk for developing complications of diabetes.

These complications include all of the following except: a. b. c. d. e.

hypertension kidney disease retinopathy irregular blood sugar HIV

Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Draw from wise practices in Indigenous communities to understand the importance of strengthsbased approaches to addressing health concerns.

Skill: recall

19. First Nations people are one of the highest risk populations for a. tuberculosis b. diabetes c. pneumonia d. heart failure e. thyroid gland disease Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Draw from wise practices in Indigenous communities to understand the importance of strengthsbased approaches to addressing health concerns.

Skill: recall

20. Research at the University of Victoria shows that Indigenous language learning can support Indigenous Peoples’ sense of self, belonging and confidence. The notable research program is called a. one mind, one people b. holism c. national collaborating centre program d. cultural identity e. Indigenous language revitalization Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Draw from wise practices in Indigenous communities to understand the importance of strengthsbased approaches to addressing health concerns.

Skill: recall

21. Systemic racism means __________ a. the harm done in the past can be perceived in the present b. strength based antithesis countering the impact of colonialism c. a holistic approach across generations

.

175

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 11: Indigenous Peoples’ Health in Canada

d. unjust differences in health status e. prejudice that becomes normalized in society Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Describe structural determinants of Indigenous Peoples’ health, including the impact of colonialism. Skill: recall

22. Intergenerational trauma means _______ a. the harm done in the past can be perceived in the present b. strength based antithesis countering the impact of colonialism c. a holistic approach across generations d. unjust differences in health status e. disruption of social, economic and political resources.

Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Describe structural determinants of Indigenous Peoples’ health, including the impact of colonialism. Skill: recall

Short Answer/Essay Questions 1. What is meant by health disparities and health inequities?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Describe some of the demographics of Indigenous Peoples in Canada.

Skill: recall 2. How would you describe the Indigenous population in Canada related to diversity and growth?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Describe some of the demographics of Indigenous Peoples in Canada.

Skill: recall

3. What is meant by colonialism? Provide specific examples about the impact of colonialism on Indigenous Peoples’ cultures in Canada.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Describe structural determinants of Indigenous Peoples’ health, including the impact of colonialism.

Skill: recall

4. What does the term sociocentric mean? Provide examples that illustrate a sociocentric culture.

.

176

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 11: Indigenous Peoples’ Health in Canada

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Describe structural determinants of Indigenous Peoples’ health, including the impact of colonialism.

Skill: applied 5. Please describe one of the wise practices from this chapter that resonated with you and explain why?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: Please describe one of the wise practices from this chapter that resonated with you?”

Skill: applied

.

177

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 12: Health Promotion

CHAPTER 12 Health Promotion Multiple Choice Questions 1. All good health promotion programs place the primary responsibility for good health on the a. individual b. medical staff c. medical facilities d. provincial government e. federal government Answer: a Difficulty: moderate health promotion.

Skill: recall

Learning Objective: LO 12.1 Define

2. Health promotion is more likely to be truly effective if it is based on a a. well paid work force b. social movement c. government movement d. world health edict e. self-care Answer: b Difficulty: moderate health promotion.

Skill: recall

Learning Objective: LO 12.1 Define

3. All of the following are included in Canada’s framework for health promotion (Epp, 1986) except a. fostering public participation b. enhancing coping c. decreasing prevention d. reducing inequities e. strengthening community health services Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Explain how health promotion has developed in Canada.

Skill: recall 4. According to Labonte’s framework for successful community-oriented health promotion, the first level identified is ______________ while the second level deals with ___________ a. biopsychosocial, environmental b. medical; public health c. biomedical; socioenvironmental d. medical; socioenvironnmental e. public health; environmental

.

178

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 12: Health Promotion

Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Explain how health promotion has developed in Canada.

Skill: recall 5. Canadian Governments have been in the business of health promotion since the a. 1700s b. 1800s c. 1950s d. 1970s e. 1990s Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Explain how health promotion has developed in Canada.

Skill: recall 6. In the three-level framework for successful community-oriented health promotion outlined by Labonte in 1987, the third level was _______________ and the goal was _________________ a. medical; disease treatment b. public health; disease prevention c. medical; disease prevention d. socioenvironmental; public health policy e. biopsychosocial; disease treatment Answer: d Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Explain how health promotion has developed in Canada.

Skill: recall 7. When Canadians think of their health care system, they are more likely to think of its equity rather than its inequity. This is because a. there is equal proximity of physicians to all Canadians b. it is a system designed to promote and provide equal access for all c. a person’s health tends to be the same regardless of income d. the costs are equitably distributed across governments e. each citizen has an equal chance of becoming ill Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Explain how health promotion has developed in Canada.

Skill: recall 8. Inequities in the health care system in Canada may be based on differences in all of the following except a. geography b. culture c. age d. education e. social support

.

179

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 12: Health Promotion

Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Explain how health promotion has developed in Canada.

Skill: recall 9. The fact that smoking is more prevalent in occupations like mining, construction and transportation is an example of a. risk-related behaviours associated with particular occupations b. risk-related behaviours associated with particular age groups c. the need for better health education programs targeting a geographic area d. the need for provincial prevention programs e. risk-related behaviours associated with a particular sex Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Explain how health promotion has developed in Canada. Skill: applied 10. All of the following are types of social support except a. practical support b. informational support c. emotional support d. patient-centred support e. tangible support Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Apply the concepts of self-care and mutual aid to the goals of health promotion.

Skill: recall 11. Health promotion mechanisms refer to all but one of the following a. self-care b. helping each other c. reducing pollution d. fostering public participation e. improving safety Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Apply the concepts of self-care and mutual aid to the goals of health promotion. Skill: applied 12. Improving self-care among citizens is a fundamental objective of any health promotion program but promotion should also include a. research dollars b. better health care c. mutual aid d. advertising campaigns e. reasoned action

.

180

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 12: Health Promotion

Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Apply the concepts of self-care and mutual aid to the goals of health promotion.

Skill: recall 13. Self-care refers to all of the following except a. exercise b. diet c. risk behaviours d. voluntary screening e. voluntary surgery Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Apply the concepts of self-care and mutual aid to the goals of health promotion.

Skill: recall 14. An effective screening test is one that has a. been available for many years so has collected considerable data b. decreased mortality rates through early detection c. increased survival rates by making regular testing mandatory d. a minimum of false negatives e. a large segment of the population using it on a regular basis Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Apply the concepts of self-care and mutual aid to the goals of health promotion.

Skill: applied 15. In the late 1940’s, the province of British Columbia became one of the first places in the world to introduce regular screening for a. cervical cancer b. breast cancer c. cardiovascular disease d. Type II diabetes e. High blood pressure Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Apply the concepts of self-care and mutual aid to the goals of health promotion. Skill: recall 16. Anne has just returned home after being in the hospital for the birth of her first baby. Her neighbour brought a casserole to the family. This would be considered an example of __________________ support and the type would be categorized as _________________ a. naturally occurring; practical b. naturally occurring; emotional c. naturally occurring; informational d. agency-provided; practical

.

181

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 12: Health Promotion

e. agency-provided; emotional Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Apply the concepts of self-care and mutual aid to the goals of health promotion.

Skill: applied 17. Navi, an 82 year old woman who recently had abdominal surgery, lives alone. She was discharged to her home providing a nurse made daily visits to change the dressing. This is an example of _______________________ support and the type would be categorized as ________________ a. naturally occurring; practical b. naturally occurring; emotional c. agency-provided; practical d. agency-provided; emotional e. agency-provided; informational Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Apply the concepts of self-care and mutual aid to the goals of health promotion.

Skill: applied 18. Support groups for specific illnesses provide which type of support a. naturally occurring; practical b. naturally occurring; informational c. agency-provided; practical d. agency-provided; informational e. naturally occurring; emotional Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Apply the concepts of self-care and mutual aid to the goals of health promotion. Skill: applied 19. What is the role of health promotion campaigns with respect to providing mutual aid? a. encourage the creation of support groups b. evaluate home care c. provide tangible support d. provide practical support e. mutual aid and health promotion are mutually exclusive Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Apply the concepts of self-care and mutual aid to the goals of health promotion.

Skill: applied 20. The goals of health promotion in Canada and worldwide include all of the following except a. promote self-care

.

182

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 12: Health Promotion

b. c. d. e.

reduce health related inequities promote mutual aid educate people about ways of providing support fear control

Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Apply the concepts of self-care and mutual aid to the goals of health promotion.

Skill: recall 21. With respect to health promotion programs, all of the following are true except a. they provide vulnerability information b. they avoid affecting people’s beliefs and values c. they provide information regarding the efficacy of preventative behaviours d. in keeping with the theory of reasoned action, health promotion programs focus on the gains rather than costs e. in keeping with the theory of planned behaviour, health promotion programs focus on the gains rather than costs Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs.

Skill: recall 22. One goal of health promotion programs is to change attitudes by persuasion. This means that the goal is to alter the person’s a. evaluation of some target b. behaviour with respect to a target c. beliefs regarding a target d. health belief model e. planned behaviour Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs. Skill: recall 23. The difference between an attitude and a belief is that a belief does not involve a. logic b. facts c. evaluation d. change e. reasoned action Answer: c Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs. Skill: applied

.

183

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 12: Health Promotion

24. Attitudes may be influenced by presenting facts and statistics. This is known as the a. central route of persuasion b. peripheral route of persuasion c. fear route of persuasion d. reasoned action theory e. threat perception model Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs. Skill: recall 25. Health promotion using the peripheral route of persuasion would include a. appeals to the emotions b. facts and logical arguments c. statistics and medical knowledge d. health education e. an evaluation component Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs.

Skill: applied 26. Simple fear arousal may not be as effective as threat perception in changing people’s behaviour because of all of the following except a. the situation appears too hopeless b. self-efficacy suffers c. the person must perceive the threat is real d. the person must perceive they are vulnerable e. the person does not respond to the peripheral route of persuasion Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs.

Skill: applied 27. Which of the following concepts would NOT be associated with the drivereduction theory a. reinforced behaviour b. reduced tension c. deprivation d. central route of persuasion e. states for which we have an aversion Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs.

Skill: recall

.

184

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 12: Health Promotion

28. The extent to which a person feels personally responsible for a given emotion or situation is called a. self efficacy b. response-efficacy c. self-accountability d. self-care e. theory of reasoned action Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs.

Skill: recall 29. One of the goals of health promotion at the governmental level is to a. treat disease b. prevent disease c. increasing self-efficacy d. increase response efficacy e. save money on health expenditures Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Explain how health promotion has developed in Canada.

Skill: recall 30. Sabreen has a family history of Type II diabetes. She believes that she is at risk for developing the disease and that she should watch her diet to prevent the onset.

Sabreen’s thinking is best described by the a. health belief model b. theory of reasoned action c. theory of planned behaviour d. peripheral route using fear appeals e. drive reduction theory Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.6 Understand and explain the unique challenges the COVID-19 pandemic poses for health promotion.

Skill: applied 31. One problem with high fear arousal in health promotion is that it may a. cause self efficacy to suffer when we are afraid b. inhibit physiological responding c. inhibit the denial response d. cause a change in attitude e. inhibit the stress response Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs.

Skill: recall

.

185

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 12: Health Promotion

32. Appeals that feature guilt and regret tend to be high in _________________. a. response efficacy b. self-efficacy c. self-accountability d. threat perception e. persuasion Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs.

Skill: recall 33. A criticism of the precede-proceed model is that the model is too a. rigid b. expansive c. theoretical d. practical e. individually oriented Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Explain and apply the precede–proceed model.

Learning Objective: LO 12.7 Skill: recall

34. Which of the following would be an example of a phase that falls under the “precede” aspect of the precede-proceed model a. implementation b. epidemiological diagnosis c. process evaluation d. impact evaluation e. outcome evaluation Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Explain and apply the precede–proceed model.

Learning Objective: LO 12.7 Skill: recall

35. Health beliefs differ from attitudes in that they are a. more personal b. stronger c. not evaluative d. not changeable e. based in fact Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs. Skill: recall 36. According to the theory of planned behaviour fear appeals are designed to intensify people’s

.

186

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 12: Health Promotion

a. b. c. d. e.

threat perception drive-reduction risk-reduction harm-reduction self-efficacy

Answer: a Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs.

Skill: recall

37. In a study of AIDS-related public service announcements, it was discovered that ________________ announcements were more effective in increasing the intention to use condoms a. humorous b. erotic c. fact-based d. fear-arousing e. risk reduction Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs.-3 Skill: recall 38. A person’s perception that they are capable of greatly reducing a health risk is an example of a. self-efficacy b. erroneous thinking c. threat perception d. response efficacy e. drive-reduction Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs.

Skill: recall 39. When presenting messages using the central route, the person presenting the message should be a. persuasive b. popular c. attractive d. credible e. wealthy

.

187

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 12: Health Promotion

Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs.

Skill: applied 40. Research in health promotion has found that loss-framed messages are more effective at promoting ______________ behaviours while gain-framed messages are better at promoting __________ behaviours. a. prevention; detection b. healthy; unhealthy c. unhealthy; healthy d. low-risk; high-risk e. detection; prevention Answer: e Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs.

Skill: recall

41. An attractive model used in an advertising campaign for health promotion is using a. a central route to persuasion b. a peripheral route to persuasion c. credibility d. sex appeal e. popularity Answer: b Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs.

Skill: applied 42. To be maximally persuasive, a health promotion message should consider all of the following except a. knowledge level of the audience b. credibility of the speaker c. providing both sides to the arguments d. popularity of the speaker e. mood of the audience Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs.

Skill: recall 43. You are asked to design a health promotion program for all of Canada. In this situation the campaign should include all of the following except a. multilingual presentations b. a popular speaker

.

188

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 12: Health Promotion

c. information provided in a highly visual form d. basic information without insulting people’s intelligence e. fear appeals Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs.

Skill: applied 44. The theoretical framework designed to facilitate and analyze health promotion programs from the planning stages through to their implementation and impact is a. theory of planned behaviour model b. health belief model c. precede-proceed model d. extended parallel process model e. reasoned action model Answer: c Difficulty: easy and apply the precede–proceed model.

Learning Objective: LO 12.7 Explain Skill: recall

45. Planning refers to the _____________ phase of the model of health promotion, whereas _____________________ refers to the implementation and evaluation phase. a. precede; proceed b. proceed; precede c. epidemiological; program creation d. program creation; assessing quality of life e. stress; diathesis Answer: a Difficulty: easy and apply the precede–proceed model.

Learning Objective: LO 12.7 Explain Skill: recall

46. The phases of the precede component of the health promotion model include all of the following except a. medical diagnosis b. social diagnosis c. epidemiological diagnosis d. behavioural and environmental diagnosis e. policy diagnosis Answer: a Difficulty: easy and apply the precede–proceed model.

Learning Objective: LO 12.7 Explain Skill: recall

47. Phases of the proceed component of the health promotion model include all of the following except a. implementation

.

189

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 12: Health Promotion

b. c. d. e.

process evaluation program evaluation impact evaluation outcome evaluation

Answer: c Difficulty: easy and apply the precede–proceed model.

Learning Objective: LO 12.7 Explain Skill: recall

48. Which of the following is the final phase of the precede-proceed model of health promotion? a. process evaluation b. outcome evaluation c. implementation d. impact evaluation e. program evaluation Answer: b Difficulty: easy and apply the precede–proceed model.

Learning Objective: LO 12.7 Explain Skill: recall

49. In evaluating health promotion initiatives, the _______________ standards are used to evaluate the sustainability of the program. a. arbitrary b. experiential c. historical d. feasibility e. normative Answer: d Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.8 List the standards by which health promotion programs are evaluated.

Skill: recall 50. Aliya has just been told that her mammogram indicates that she will need some follow up testing. As a friend, you try to understand her fear and try to keep her calm. You are providing: a. practical support b. informational support c. emotional support d. tangible support e. empathy Answer: c Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs.

Skill: applied

.

190

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 12: Health Promotion

51. The prominent theories in health psychology which are applied to health psychology rely on research findings from the field of a. social psychology b. clinical psychology c. cognitive psychology d. behavioural psychology e. developmental psychology Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs.

Skill: recall

52. In the health belief model the person must believe that a health threat exists and also believe: a. that their doctor knows best b. that a given course of action will mitigate the threat c. that if they intend to do something, they will do it d. that they are capable of performing the required behaviour to help e. that they have self-efficacy Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs.

Skill: recall

53. When designing an advertising campaign for health promotion, all of the following should be taken into consideration except: a. level of education of the audience b. literacy levels of the audience c. credibility of person delivering the message d. repetition of the message e. coordinating healthy public policy Answer: e Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.8 List the standards by which health promotion programs are evaluated.

Skill: recall 54. All of the following are examples of standards applied to the evaluation of health promotion programs except: a. arbitrary standards b. experiential standards c. historical standards d. psychological standards e. normative standards

.

191

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 12: Health Promotion

Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.8 List the standards by which health promotion programs are evaluated.

Skill: recall 55. The term used to describe standards used to evaluate health promotion programs forwarded by a body that exists outside the community involved in the promotional campaign is _______ standards a. arbitrary standards b. experiential standards c. historical standards d. psychological standards e. normative standards Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.8 List the standards by which health promotion programs are evaluated.

Skill: recall 56. Normative standards mean that the standards used to evaluate health promotion programs use/utilize________ a. comparisons to other programs b. direct experience of the community involved c. data published in the scientific literature d. statistics such as national averages e. legal and ethical issues Answer: d Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.8 List the standards by which health promotion programs are evaluated.

Skill: recall 57. Which of the following will be considered a health challenge? a. self-care b. reducing inequities c. mutual aid d. healthy environments e. coordinating a healthy public policy Answer: b Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Explain how health promotion has developed in Canada.

Skill: recall 58. Which of the following will be considered a health promotion mechanism?

.

192

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 12: Health Promotion

a. self-care b. reducing inequities c. increasing prevention strategies dstrengthening community services e. coordinating a healthy public policy Answer: a Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Explain how health promotion has developed in Canada.

Skill: recall

Short Answer/Essay Questions 1. Labonte (1987) provided a three level framework for successful community oriented health promotion. Describe these three levels including the goal of each level.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Explain how health promotion has developed in Canada.

Skill: recall

2. When Canadians think of their health care system, they are more likely to think of its equity rather than its inequities. However, inequities do exist. Describe the inequities in the current health care system.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Explain how health promotion has developed in Canada.

Skill: recall

3. Describe and provide examples of the two routes in the elaboration likelihood model through which attitudes are influenced.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs.

Skill: recall

4. Discuss the two sources of social support and using examples, describe the types of support than can be provided from each source.

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Explain how health promotion has developed in Canada.

Skill: recall

5. What is meant by the multi process action control?.

.

193

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 12: Health Promotion

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.4 Apply the prominent theories of health psychology, such as the M-PAC, to the goals of health promotion.

Skill: recall

6. What are the goals and challenges of health promotion in Canada?

Difficulty: easy Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Explain how health promotion has developed in Canada. Skill: recall

7. Design a counterattack program for grade 12 students aimed at affecting drinking and driving behaviour. Describe your program including psychological principles to support your reasoning.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Use theories of social psychology to improve the effectiveness of health promotion programs.

Skill: applied

8. Describe the first 5 phases of the precede-proceed model as they would be applied to a program designed to increase physical activity levels in elementary school children.

Difficulty: difficult apply the precede–proceed model.

Learning Objective: LO 12.7 Explain and Skill: applied

9. Describe the steps involved in the evaluation of health promotion initiatives.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.8 List the standards by which health promotion programs are evaluated.

Skill: recall

10. Discuss the evidence that suggests that a relationship exists between income level and longevity.

Difficulty: difficult Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Explain how health promotion has developed in Canada.

Skill: recall 11. What is meant by self-care and mutual aid in Canada’s framework for health promotion? What is the importance of these two concepts in health promotion?

.

194

The Psychology of Health and Health Care, 6e Chapter 12: Health Promotion

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Apply the concepts of self-care and mutual aid to the goals of health promotion.

Skill: applied 12. What is the difference between self-efficacy and response efficacy? How are the two beliefs affected by the level of fear in health promotion messages?

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Apply the concepts of self-care and mutual aid to the goals of health promotion.

Skill: recall

13. Discuss the types of social support that can be provided to an individual. Explain why it is important to identify the different kinds of support.

Difficulty: moderate Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Explain how health promotion has developed in Canada Skill: recall

.

195