Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, Canadian Edition, 2nd edition Charles F Levinthal Test Bank

Type:

Test Bank

Resource:

Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society

Edition:

2nd Edition

Author(s):

Charles F. Levinthal Trevor Hamilton

TEST BANK Mary Olmstead Queen’s University

DRUGS, BEHAVIOUR, AND MODERN SOCIETY Second Canadian Edition Charles F. Levinthal Hofstra University Trevor J. Hamilton MacEwan University University of Alberta

Contents Chapter 1

Drugs and Behaviour Today

Chapter 2

Drug-Taking Behaviour: Personal and Social Issues

Chapter 3

How Drugs Work in the Body and on the Mind

Chapter 4

The Major Stimulants: Cocaine and Amphetamines

Chapter 5

Opioids: Opium, Heroin, and Opioid Pain Medications

Chapter 6

LSD and Other Hallucinogens

Chapter 7

Marijuana

Chapter 8

Alcohol

Chapter 9

Chronic Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism

Chapter 10

Nicotine and Tobacco Use

Chapter 11

Caffeine

Chapter 12

Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Drug Testing in Sports

Chapter 13

Depressants and Inhalants

Chapter 14

Prescription Drugs, Over-the-Counter Drugs, and Natural Health Products

Chapter 15

Drugs for Treating Schizophrenia, Mood, and Other Disorders

Chapter 16

Substance-Abuse Prevention

Chapter 17

Substance-Abuse Treatment: Strategies for Change

.

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

CHAPTER 1 DRUGS AND BEHAVIOUR TODAY True or False Questions 1) Today, the Canadian government classifies marijuana as an illegal substance with no accepted medical use. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.1 Analyze the contradiction in social messages regarding drug use 2) Antidrug campaigns in the media are created to discourage young people from becoming involved with drugs in general. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 3) Drugs that are illegal are referred to as licit drugs. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 4) Ecstasy has been a licit drug since 2000. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 5) Alcohol has been an illicit drug since 1965. a. True b. False

.

1–1

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 6) Psychoactive drugs do not modify brain functioning once drug-taking behaviour stops. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 7) The legality of psychoactive drugs may depend on cultural and historical circumstances. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 8) Some substances that can be harmful to the user are legal. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 9) Only legal drugs have instrumental uses. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 10) A flavonoid called naringenin, found in grapefruit, has a specific inhibitory effect on the secretion of hepatitis C virus from infected liver cells. a. True b. False Answer: a

.

1–2

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 11) The active ingredient in turmeric, called curcumin, has a specific inhibitory effect on the secretion of hepatitis C virus from infected liver cells. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 12) For a drug to have a recreational use, the user must take the drug for the purposes of acquiring the effect of the drug itself. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 13) Drug misuse typically applies to the inappropriate use of prescription or nonprescription drugs. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 14) The elderly are highly vulnerable to drug misuse. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 15) Drug abuse can involve either licit or illicit substances. a. True b. False Answer: a

.

1–3

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 16) Instrumental use is the primary motivation for drug abuse. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 17) Willow bark is the source of present-day marijuana. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.3 Report the origins and history of drugs and drug-taking behaviour 18) The senna plant has been successfully used for the treatment of constipation. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.3 Report the origins and history of drugs and drug-taking behaviour 19) Shaman is a name for a healer in a primitive society. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.3 Report the origins and history of drugs and drug-taking behaviour 20) The Egyptian scroll referred to as the Ebers Papyrus was eventually proved to be a hoax. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.3 Report the origins and history of drugs and drug-taking behaviour

.

1–4

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

21) Patient records indicate that the Ebers Papyrus had a surprisingly high success rate for healing patients. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.3 Report the origins and history of drugs and drug-taking behaviour 22) Patent medicines refer to products that have been patented and distributed by pharmaceutical companies following a lengthy process of Health Canada approval. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.4 Discuss the widespread and varied use of drugs in the nineteenth century 23) Laudanum is a liquid form of nicotine used in the nineteenth century. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.4 Discuss the widespread and varied use of drugs in the nineteenth century 24) In the nineteenth century, it was common for infants and children in the United States and England to take opium. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.4 Discuss the widespread and varied use of drugs in the nineteenth century 25) The degree of social acceptance of opium in the nineteenth century was dependent on the manner in which opium was ingested. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.4 Discuss the widespread and varied use of drugs in the nineteenth century

.

1–5

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

26) Until 1903, the formula for Coca-Cola contained opium. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.4 Discuss the widespread and varied use of drugs in the nineteenth century 27) Freud believed that an effective treatment for morphine addiction was the use of cocaine. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.4 Discuss the widespread and varied use of drugs in the nineteenth century 28) The era of Prohibition in Canada began in 1901, when Prince Edward Island banned all alcohol sales and consumption. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.5 Examine the link between medical advancement and drug dependence 29) Chlorpromazine is considered to be one of the original drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.5 Examine the link between medical advancement and drug dependence 30) Neuroscience, a new branch of biological science, came into being in the early 1940s during World War II. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.5 Examine the link between medical advancement and drug dependence

.

1–6

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

31) Crack, a form of smokable cocaine, appeared on the scene in the mid-1980s. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.5 Examine the link between medical advancement and drug dependence 32) The Canadian Centre on Alcohol Abuse conducts surveys to learn about drug and alcohol use patterns in our society. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.6 Recognize the difference in attitudes toward drug-taking behaviour in the twenty-first century and in earlier times 33) One of the best-known surveys that examine drug-taking patterns of young people annually since 1975 has been conducted by the University of Waterloo. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 1.7 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadian students 34) The Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey (CADUMS) has revealed that current levels of marijuana use among high school students have increased substantially within the last year. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.7 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadian students

.

1–7

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

35) In 2011, 50% of high school seniors reported use of an illicit drug during the past year. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.7 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadian students 36) Efforts to reduce underage drinking by enforcing restrictions on alcohol sales to minors have met with only partial success. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.7 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadian students 37) The rate of smoking among Canadian youth aged 15 to 19 has increased by three times since 1985. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 1.7 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadian students 38) In 1983 to 1984, the responses given by high school seniors about their personal reasons for using drugs were substantially different than responses by this group to the same question in 1976. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.7 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadian students 39) The Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey (CADUMS) examines the prevalence rates of illicit drug use among Canadians in several age groups across the lifespan. a. True

.

1–8

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: b LO: 1.8 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadians

40) “To have a good time with my friends” is a frequent answer of high school seniors when asked why they take drugs. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.9 Examine the factors that influence drug-taking behaviour 41) A member of a socially deviant subculture is quite often an accomplished student in school. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.9 Examine the factors that influence drug-taking behaviour 42) Understanding individuals’ risk factors and protective factors gives us some idea of which individuals are likely to use drugs and which are not. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.9 Examine the factors that influence drug-taking behaviour 43) Low educational aspirations usually represent a risk factor for drug use. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.9 Examine the factors that influence drug-taking behaviour 44) The presence of protective factors can provide the basis for resilience toward drug use among high-risk adolescents.

.

1–9

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.9 Examine the factors that influence drug-taking behaviour 45) Protective factors are the negation (or the inverted image) of risk factors. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.9 Examine the factors that influence drug-taking behaviour 46) Cocaine, heroin, and creatinine are examples of “club drugs.” a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.10 Enumerate the current problems with club drugs as well as the nonmedical uses of prescription pain relievers and prescription stimulant medications 47) Ketamine is not considered a “club drug.” a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 1.10 Enumerate the current problems with club drugs as well as the nonmedical uses of prescription pain relievers and prescription stimulant medications 48) Club drugs include both stimulant drugs such as methamphetamine and hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.10 Enumerate the current problems with club drugs as well as the nonmedical uses of prescription pain relievers and prescription stimulant medications

.

1–10

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

49) Dextromethorphan (DXM) is a cough suppressant found in many over-the-counter cough-and-cold medications. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.10 Enumerate the current problems with club drugs as well as the nonmedical uses of prescription pain relievers and prescription stimulant medications 50) Nonmedical use of Adderall is of special interest because of its potential for dependence and abuse. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 1.10 Enumerate the current problems with club drugs as well as the nonmedical uses of prescription pain relievers and prescription stimulant medications

Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Despite still being officially classified as an illegal substance, marijuana has been legalized for medical use in Canada since __________. a. 2000 b. 2001 c. 2010 d. 2011 Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.1 Analyze the contradiction in social messages regarding drug use 2) With respect to illicit drugs in Canada, what are criminal penalties imposed based on? a. possession and manufacture b. possession, manufacture, advertising and sale

.

1–11

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. possession, manufacture, or sale d. possession and sale Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 3) Based on the definition of a drug used in this text, which of the following foods we eat each day could be a drug and why?? a. olive oil; it has antioxidant and antifungal properties b. olive oil; it reduces inflammation in the body c. curcumin; it inhibits the activity of cyclooxygenase enzymes d. curcumin; in nontoxic amounts, it can reduced the hepatitis C virus secretions Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 4) Which of the following is an illicit drug in Canada? a. alcohol b. nicotine c. caffeine d. LSD Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 5) Analogy: Illicit drugs are to cocaine as licit drugs are to __________. a. crack

.

1–12

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. heroin c. alcohol d. ecstasy Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 6) According to the text, drugs such as alcohol and nicotine are referred to as __________. a. illegal drugs b. licit drugs c. illicit drugs d. over-the-counter drugs Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 7) What term would be used if someone had to increase the quantity of a drug to get the same desired effect? a. drug abuse b. drug dependence c. drug misuse d. drug habituation Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour

.

1–13

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

8) Janet began to drink alcohol at a grade eight graduation party. Since this time, her alcohol consumption has increased to such a point that she has to leave high school during her lunch to drink the alcohol hidden in her backpack. What describes this behaviour? a. biological sensitives b. drug dependence c. psychological dependence d. peer pressure Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 9) By the definition used in the textbook, a chemical substance would be considered a drug if it __________. a. intoxicated the user b. had an impact on peer and family relationships c. alters nutrient quality d. disrupted normative daily life habits Answer: a Diff: Type: MC LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 10) An over-the-counter (OTC) cold remedy taken for a cold would be classified as a(n) __________. a. licit drug for instrumental use b. illicit drug for instrumental use c. licit drug for recreational use d. illicit drug for recreational use Answer: a

.

1–14

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 11) Karina needs to stay awake to study for her psychology midterm, so she decides to take an amphetamine to keep from falling asleep. In this case, the drug had a(n) _____ use. a. recreational b. instrumental c. pre-instrumental d. pre-recreational Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 12) Dr. Sinha recommends drinking 120 mL (4 ounces) of an alcoholic beverage per day to his patient. The use of alcohol in this case is best described as __________. a. illicit b. instrumental c. recreational d. forensic Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 13) Alcohol and nicotine generally belong to a category of __________. a. licit drugs for instrumental use b. licit drugs for recreational use c. illicit drugs for recreational use

.

1–15

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. illicit drugs for instrumental use Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 14) Analogy: Licit recreational drug use is to smoking a cigarette as illicit recreational drug use is to __________. a. smoking marijuana b. drinking a caffeinated beverage c. injecting heroin d. drinking beer Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 15) Instances in which a prescription or nonprescription drug is used in an inappropriate way are regarded as __________. a. illicit drug-taking behaviour b. extremely rare c. drug misuse d. drug abuse Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 16) Which of the following is an example of drug misuse? a. taking a sleeping pill while drinking beer

.

1–16

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. taking your own prescription pain medication for a toothache c. taking aspirin before its expiration date d. avoiding alcohol when taking an antibiotic Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 17) A particularly dangerous situation can result when medications are combined with __________. a. caffeine b. alcohol c. nicotine d. excessive water Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 18) Instances of drug abuse involve __________. a. illicit drugs only b. licit drugs only c. instrumental use of drugs d. licit or illicit drugs Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour

.

1–17

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

19) In preparation for his final exams, Jason took his mother’s amphetamines so he could study all night. How would you define this behaviour? a. recreational use; licit b. recreational use; illicit c. instrumental use; illicit d. instrumental use; licit Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 20) George loves to write poetry once a month. He pours himself a glass of sparkling water and takes LSD to stimulate his creativity. How would you define this behaviour? a. recreational use; licit b. recreational use; illicit c. instrumental use; illicit d. instrumental use; licit Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 21) Analogy: Willow bark is to senna as __________. a. aspirin is to laxative b. hallucinogenic is to nonhallucinogenic c. poisonous is to nonpoisonous d. constipation is to headache Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC

.

1–18

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 1.3 Report the origins and history of drugs and drug-taking behaviour 22) Which of the following represent two basic ways of looking at drugs at behaviour? a. Testing whether the biological effects of drug use are instrumental or recreational. b. Examining the impact of binge drinking on hormonal responses to stress and whether increased stress leads to binge drinking. c. Describing the relationship between genetic factors and behavioural responses to drug craving. d. Investigating social pressures that lead to criminalization of drugs and how criminalization influences patterns of drug use.

Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 23) A shaman is __________. a. a primitive healer b. an “extinct” cultural phenomenon c. an individual who relies upon elaborate rituals d. often appointed at random from among young females in a tribe Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.3 Report the origins and history of drugs and drug-taking behaviour 24) With the development of religions in Egyptian and Babylonian societies, the knowledge of using drugs to heal passed from the ______ to the _______. ? a. Gods; Shamans b. Priests; Shamans c. Shamans; Priests d. Shamans; medical profession

.

1–19

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.3 Report the origins and history of drugs and drug-taking behaviour 25) The Ebers Papyrus contained __________. a. the secrets to the location of medicinal herbs hidden in royal tombs b. totally useless remedies for common diseases c. recipes for preparations used in medical treatment d. ancient Babylonian writings that were later found to be a hoax Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.3 Report the origins and history of drugs and drug-taking behaviour 26) Analogy: Placebo effect is to a genuine effect as __________. a. ancient is to modern b. physiological is to psychological c. shamans are to priests d. psychological is to physiological Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.3 Report the origins and history of drugs and drug-taking behaviour 27) Viking warriors known as “berserkers” displayed wild behaviour due to ingestion of which psychoactive drug? a. DMT b. Amanita muscaria, also known as fly agaric c. Bupromorphine

.

1–20

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. Berserkium Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.3 Report the origins and history of drugs and drug-taking behaviour 28) The toads that were often included in “witch’s brew” recipes __________. a. were quite poisonous b. produced hallucinatory and blood pressure- elevating effects c. were effective only by virtue of a placebo effect d. had no effect whatsoever Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.3 Report the origins and history of drugs and drug-taking behaviour 29) ________ is the primary active ingredient in opium. a. Cocaine b. Morphine c. Nicotine d. Heroin Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.3 Report the origins and history of drugs and drug-taking behaviour 30) Analogy: Edward Jenner is to Louis Pasteur as __________. a. smallpox is to rabies b. bromides are to chloral hydrate c. a placebo effect is to a vaccine .

1–21

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. morphine is to opium Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.4 Discuss the widespread and varied use of drugs in the nineteenth century 31) Patent medicines in the 1800s were purchased through __________. a. peddlers b. general stores c. mail-order advertisements d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.4 Discuss the widespread and varied use of drugs in the nineteenth century 32) Patent medicines in the nineteenth century contained __________. a. opium, heroin, and nicotine b. opium, cocaine, and heroin c. alcohol, cocaine, and nicotine d. opium, cocaine, and alcohol Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.4 Discuss the widespread and varied use of drugs in the nineteenth century 33) Laudanum was a drink containing which psychoactive drug(s)? a. cocaine b. alcohol and cocaine c. opium .

1–22

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. extract of laudanum Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.4 Discuss the widespread and varied use of drugs in the nineteenth century 34) Opium use in the nineteenth century was __________. a. limited to the wealthy b. primarily associated with the poor c. associated with practically everyone d. limited to infants and children Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.4 Discuss the widespread and varied use of drugs in the nineteenth century 35) In what year did the laws prohibiting opium smoking begin? a. 1888 b. 1900 c. 1908 d. 1918 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.4 Discuss the widespread and varied use of drugs in the nineteenth century 36) Which of the following was regarded as a respectable way to use opium? a. snorting it b. smoking it c. injecting it .

1–23

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. drinking it Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.4 Discuss the widespread and varied use of drugs in the nineteenth century 37) Which of the following was regarded as a degrading and immoral way to use opium? a. snorting it b. smoking it c. injecting it d. drinking it Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.4 Discuss the widespread and varied use of drugs in the nineteenth century 38) In the nineteenth century, opium drinking was __________. a. associated with Coca-Cola beverages b. another name for opium smoking c. generally tolerated and considered respectable d. strongly opposed due to anti-Chinese immigrant sentiments Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.4 Discuss the widespread and varied use of drugs in the nineteenth century 39) Until 1903, Coca-Cola contained which of the following psychoactive drugs? a. opium b. cocaine c. alcohol .

1–24

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. both opium and cocaine Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.4 Discuss the widespread and varied use of drugs in the nineteenth century 40) Which prominent nineteenth-century advocate promoted cocaine as a “magical drug?” a. The Coca-Cola Company b. Louis Pasteur c. Parke, Davis, and Company d. Sigmund Freud Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.4 Discuss the widespread and varied use of drugs in the nineteenth century 41) If you were alive in 1900, you would consider heroin __________. a. safe and completely legal b. a dangerous alternative to morphine c. to belong to the cocaine family of drugs d. a menace to society Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.5 Examine the link between medical advancement and drug dependence 42) In the early twentieth century, which of the following medical problems would physicians recommend heroin as a treatment? a. constipation b. smallpox

.

1–25

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. tuberculosis d. syphilis Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.5 Examine the link between medical advancement and drug dependence 43) The Prohibition movement was dedicated to banning the sales and consumption of which drug? a. alcohol b. cocaine c. marijuana d. heroin Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.5 Examine the link between medical advancement and drug dependence 44) By which time had most of the Canadian provinces repealed Prohibition?? a. early 1920s. b. late 1920s. c. early 1930s.. d. late 1930s..

Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.5 Examine the link between medical advancement and drug dependence 45) Which province was the first to ban alcohol sales and consumption? a. British Columbia

.

1–26

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. Quebec c. New Brunswick d. Prince Edward Island Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.5 Examine the link between medical advancement and drug dependence 46) The social problems associated with the Prohibition era have often been cited as an argument against __________. a. prevention programs for drug abuse b. restricting drugs in general c. encouraging chronic alcohol abuse d. federal legislation control versus provincial legislation and autonomy Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.5 Examine the link between medical advancement and drug dependence 47) Who is credited with discovering a species of fungus had powerful antibacterial effects, which later became a source of the drug streptomycin? a. Alexander Fleming b. Louis Pasteur c. Selman Waksman d. Parke, Davis, and Company Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.5 Examine the link between medical advancement and drug dependence

.

1–27

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

48) Some moulds and fungi have been sources of which class of drugs? a. Drugs effective in treating schizophrenia b. Drugs effective in treating bacterial infections c. Drugs effective in treating constipation d. Aspirin and other headache medications Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.5 Examine the link between medical advancement and drug dependence 49) Chlorpromazine was an early __________. a. antibiotic drug b. antispasmodic drug c. antischizophrenia drug d. antidiuretic drug Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.5 Examine the link between medical advancement and drug dependence 50) Which decade is generally associated with the beginning of drug use among young, middle-class Canadians? a. 1920s b. 1940s c. 1950s d. 1960s Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.5 Examine the link between medical advancement and drug dependence

.

1–28

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

51) Neuroscience research has focused upon which of the following aspects of the body? a. The functioning of the brain b. The workings of the small and large intestines c. The processes underlying bacterial infections d. The cardiovascular system Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.5 Examine the link between medical advancement and drug dependence 52) The name for a branch of science joining the efforts of biochemists, pharmacologists, psychologists, and psychiatrists, among others, in order to study brain functioning is __________. a. psychopharmacology b. endocrinology c. neuroscience d. neurology Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.5 Examine the link between medical advancement and drug dependence 53) Neuroscience examines __________. a. the relationship between psychology and biology b. the relationship between brain functioning and biology c. the relationship between brain functioning and human behaviour d. the relationship between pharmacology and brain functioning Answer: c Diff: 2

.

1–29

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 1.5 Examine the link between medical advancement and drug dependence 54) Crack is __________. a. a smokable form of opium b. a smokable form of cocaine c. a smokable form of heroin d. an injectable form of tobacco Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.5 Examine the link between medical advancement and drug dependence 55) According to historian David Musto, the peacefulness of such a gigantic gathering like Woodstock in the 1960s was considered to have been due, at least in part to the a. widespread use of marijuana, as opposed to LSD b. widespread use of marijuana, as opposed to alcohol c. widespread use of LSD, as opposed to marijuana d. widespread use of alcohol, as opposed to LSD Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.5 Examine the link between medical advancement and drug dependence 56) Which group would be defined as growing up during the explosion of drug experimentation? a. Baby boomers b. Generation X c. Gen Z d. Silent Generation

.

1–30

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.6 Recognize the difference in attitudes toward drug-taking behaviour in the twenty-first century and in earlier times 57) The most recent attitude toward drug-taking behaviour considers __________. a. a wide range of licit and illicit drugs with varying levels of potential for misuse or abuse b. an increasingly narrow definition of psychoactive drugs c. criteria that effectively exclude alcohol and nicotine from being classified as drugs d. problems associated with illicit drugs to the exclusion of problems associated with licit drugs Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.8 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadians 58) What are the attitudes of parents who were born between 1946 and 1964, regarding the drug-taking behaviour of their children? a. These parents have less accepting attitude of drug use than the previous generation and are less resigned to the idea that their own children may engage in illicit drug-taking behaviour. b. These parents have a more accepting attitude of drug use than the previous generation and are more resigned to the idea that their own children may engage in illicit drug-taking behaviour. c. These parents have a more accepting attitude of drug use than the previous generation but are less resigned to the idea that their own children may engage in illicit drug-taking behaviour. d. These parents have a less accepting attitude of drug use than the previous generation and are more resigned to the idea that their own children may engage in illicit drug-taking behaviour.

Answer: b Diff: 3

.

1–31

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 1.6 Recognize the difference in attitudes toward drug-taking behaviour in the twenty-first century and in earlier times 59) The Canadian Student Tobacco, Alcohol, and Drugs Survey (CTADS) (2018–19) collects data on drug-taking behaviour administered to __________ a. junior high school and high school students b. university students c. young adults d. grade eight up to including college and university students Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.7 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadian students 60) Which of the following is true about the Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey? a. It is conducted every two years. b. It surveys people who are 16 years old and older. c. It surveys at least 10,000 people. d. It surveys people who are 16 to 30 old years old..

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.8 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadians 61) According to the Canadian Student Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey (2018– 2019), E-cigarette use among youth was the highest in which Canadian province? a. Alberta b. Newfoundland and Labrador c. Quebec d. British Columbia

.

1–32

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.7 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadian students 62) According to the Canadian Student Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey (2018–19), approximately what percent of grade 7 to 9 students had drunk alcohol at some point in their lives? a. 15 percent b. 25 percent c. 35 percent d. 45 percent Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.7 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadian students 63) How does the drug use of Canadian adults (age 25+), compare to the drug use of junior high and high school students in Canada? a. The ratio of e-cigarette to regular cigarette use is higher in students than adults b. The majority of alcohol use by students, but not adults, is classified as high-risk drinking. c. Students have higher rates of cannabis use than adults. d. Students are less likely than adults to switch to regular cigarettes after smoking ecigarettes.

Answer: a Difficulty: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.7 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadian students

.

1–33

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

64) Based on the outcome from the 1999 to 2013, Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey (CTUMS), the total number of cigarette smokers has __________. a. increased about one-third from what it used to be b. decreased about one-third from what it used to be c. increased about half from what it used to be d. decreased about a half from what it used to be Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.8 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadians 65) Who performs the Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey every year? a. Health Canada b. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse c. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health d. Public Health Agency of Canada Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.7 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canada 66) According to the Cross-Canada Report on Student Alcohol and Drug Use, binge drinking is defined as consuming _____ or more alcoholic drinks at a given time. a. two b. five c. seven d. fifteen Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC

.

1–34

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 1.7 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canada 67) According to the Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey, from 2010 to 2011, the prevalence of cannabis use _______________. a. decreased b. increased c. stayed the same d. decreased in females but increased in males Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.7 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canada 68) In 2012, the use of at least one of five illicit drugs (cocaine or crack, speed, hallucinogens [including salvia], ecstasy, and heroin) was reported by _________ of youth (aged 24 years and under) in the Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey. a. 1.2 percent b. 1.7 percent c. 6.3 percent d. 11.3 percent Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.7 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canada 69) Adult Canadians show very low rates of use of _____________. a. cannabis b. illicit drugs (cocaine, crack, speed, hallucinogens, ecstasy, and heroin) c. alcohol d. pharmaceutical pain relievers

.

1–35

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.8 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadians 70) In the last decade, drug use among Canadian youth has _________ and is _________ than drug use among Canadian adults. a. decreased; higher b. decreased; lower c. increased; higher d. increased; lower Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.7 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadian students 71) In comparison to rates of tobacco use in 1985, current usage rates in Canadian youth aged 15 to 19 __________. a. are higher b. are lower c. are the same d. fluctuate too often to be accurate.

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.7 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadian students 72) As described in the text, categories of tobacco usage in the Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey include ____________________________. a. former smokers and current smokers b. never smokers, former smokers, and current smokers c. never smokers, occasional smokers, former smokers, and current smokers d. never smokers, former smokers, light smokers, and heavy smokers

.

1–36

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.8 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadians 73) In comparison to rates of tobacco use in 1985, current usage rates in Canadian youth aged 15–19 are __________and usage rates in Canadians aged 20–24 are __________. a. lower; lower b. lower; higher c. higher; higher d. higher; lower Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.7 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadian students 74) From 2006 to 2011, the percentage of Canadians who used water-pipe tobacco has__________. a. increased b. decreased c. stayed the same d. fluctuated too often to be accurate Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.8 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadians 75) In 2011, __________ of Canadians reported smoking tobacco. a. 3 percent b. 17 percent

.

1–37

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. 26 percent d. 57 percent Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.8 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadians 76) Which province reports the highest prevalence rate of smoking? a. Quebec b. British Columbia c. Ontario d. Manitoba Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.8 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadians 77) When asked about their motivation for drug use, high school seniors have frequently cited __________. a. dissatisfaction with their parents b. parental abuse c. economic hardship d. peer influence Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.7 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadian students 78) Vulnerability toward drug-taking behaviour is shaped by which type(s) of factors in a person's life?

.

1–38

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. resilience b. protective factors c. conjoint factors d. age Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.9 Examine the factors that influence drug-taking behaviour 79) Analogy: Risk factors are to protective factors as __________. a. illicit drug use is to licit drug use b. daily drug use is to recreational drug use c. more likely to use drugs is to less likely to use drugs d. drug abuse is to drug misuse Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.9 Examine the factors that influence drug-taking behaviour 80) Which factor is considered a risk factor for drug use? a. socioeconomic status b. membership in a deviant subculture c. high self-esteem d. overly strong parent–child attachment Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.9 Examine the factors that influence drug-taking behaviour

.

1–39

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

81) Generally speaking, as the number of risk factors ____, the likelihood of drug use ____. a. increases; decreases b. decreases; increases c. increases; increases d. There is no relationship.

Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.9 Examine the factors that influence drug-taking behaviour 82) The leading risk factor(s) for marijuana use include __________. a. feelings of invulnerability b. the perceived prevalence of use in the community c. high self-esteem d. loneliness Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.9 Examine the factors that influence drug-taking behaviour 83) Having six or more protective factors in one's life __________. a. lowers the level of resistance against drug use b. raises the level of resistance against drug use c. does next to nothing in the level of resistance against drug use d. sometimes lowers the level of resistance against drug use, and sometimes not Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC

.

1–40

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 1.9 Examine the factors that influence drug-taking behaviour 84) According to a study cited in the text, as the number of protective factors _____, the resistance to drug use ______. a. increased; decreased b. decreased; increased c. increased; increased d. There was no relationship.

Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.9 Examine the factors that influence drug-taking behaviour 85) Who is the least likely to develop a dependence on marijuana? a. Rowan has a lot of friends and other students in their classes who smoke marijuana. b. Jael regularly gets into fights at school where they play two school sports. c. Kai has supportive parents and friends who have permissive attitudes to drug use. d. Morgan likes to go to school but doesn’t like the strict school regulations against drug use.

Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.9 Examine the factors that influence drug-taking behaviour 86) ________ refer to substances often ingested at all-night dance parties. a. Rave drugs b. Club drugs c. Night drugs d. Underground drugs Answer: b

.

1–41

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.10 Enumerate the current problems with club drugs as well as the nonmedical uses of prescription pain relievers and prescription stimulant medications 87) Which of the following is considered a “club drug”? a. smokable heroin b. cocaine c. cannabis d. LSD Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.10 Enumerate the current problems with club drugs as well as the nonmedical uses of prescription pain relievers and prescription stimulant medications 88) Which of the following drugs is associated with a marked increase in body temperature? a. LSD b. MDMA (Ecstasy) c. ketamine d. Rohypnol Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.10 Enumerate the current problems with club drugs as well as the nonmedical uses of prescription pain relievers and prescription stimulant medications 89) Which of the following drugs produces increased alertness and energy? a. Rohypnol b. MDMA (Ecstasy) c. ketamine

.

1–42

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. methamphetamine Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.10 Enumerate the current problems with club drugs as well as the nonmedical uses of prescription pain relievers and prescription stimulant medications 90) Which of the following drugs (also known as the “Forget-me pill”) is easily dissolved in beverages and is used to intoxicate or sedate individuals? a. Rohypnol b. MDMA (Ecstasy) c. ketamine d. methamphetamine Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.10 Enumerate the current problems with club drugs as well as the nonmedical uses of prescription pain relievers and prescription stimulant medications 91) Which category of drug has shown an increase in usage rates and has become a major social problem in Canada recently? a. club drugs b. cannabis c. prescription pain relievers d. tobacco Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.10 Enumerate the current problems with club drugs as well as the nonmedical uses of prescription pain relievers and prescription stimulant medications

.

1–43

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

92) Individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are treated with _______________. a. oxycodone b. dextromethorphan c. ketamine d. methamphetamine Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.10 Enumerate the current problems with club drugs as well as the nonmedical uses of prescription pain relievers and prescription stimulant medications 93) In 2011, approximately _________ of grade 12 students reported taking OTC coughand-cold medications. a. 8 percent b. 9 percent c. 12 percent d. 6 percent Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.10 Enumerate the current problems with club drugs as well as the nonmedical uses of prescription pain relievers and prescription stimulant medications 94) The alcohol content in some OTC cough-and-cold medications may be as high as ___________. a. 10 percent b. 25 percent c. 26 percent d. 28 percent Answer: a

.

1–44

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.10 Enumerate the current problems with club drugs as well as the nonmedical uses of prescription pain relievers and prescription stimulant medications 95) Dextromethorphan can be found in _______, and in high doses can increase the risk of brain damage, seizure, and death. a. OxyContin b. Tylenol c. aspirin products d. cough-and-cold medications Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.10 Enumerate the current problems with club drugs as well as the nonmedical uses of prescription pain relievers and prescription stimulant medications 96) Which statement best describes what this textbook’s overview of the history of drugtaking behaviour teaches us? a. Only the vulnerable who lack self-esteem will experiment with drugs. b. There will always be allure about the drug experience. c. The enticement to have a drug experience, especially since the 1960s, has diminished overtime. d. No matter whether we are young or old, rich or poor, drugs use will never enable us to retreat from stress.

Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.10 Enumerate the current problems with club drugs as well as the nonmedical uses of prescription pain relievers and prescription stimulant medications 97) How long do the behavioural and physiological effects LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) last?

.

1–45

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. thirty minutes to an hour b. one to three hours c. four to six hours d. six to eight hours Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.10 Enumerate the current problems with club drugs as well as the nonmedical uses of prescription pain relievers and prescription stimulant medications 98) The behavioural and physiological effects Rohypnol (flunitrazepam) last between _________ a. two to four hours. b. four to six hours. c. six to eight hours. d. eight to twelve hours.

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.10 Enumerate the current problems with club drugs as well as the nonmedical uses of prescription pain relievers and prescription stimulant medications 99) How long do the behavioural and physiological effects of GHB (gammahydroxybutyrate) last? a. Up to two hours. b. Up to four hours. c. Up to six hours. d. Up to eight hours.

Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC

.

1–46

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 1.10 Enumerate the current problems with club drugs as well as the nonmedical uses of prescription pain relievers and prescription stimulant medications Essay Questions 1) Discuss the problems associated with definitions of the word “drug.” Offer a reasonable definition, and then give an example of a substance that might fall into a “grey area” within that definition. How might that substance qualify as a drug, and how might it not?

LO: 1.2 Examine the two basic ways of looking at drugs and behaviour 2) “The nineteenth century was a drug addict’s paradise,” a historian said. Briefly discuss the status of psychoactive drugs in that period in light of this statement.

LO: 1.3 Report the origins and history of drugs and drug-taking behaviour 3) What is the Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey (CADUMS)? Be sure to discuss the sample used in the survey and the type of information produced by the survey. Finally, summarize the general trends in the use of cannabis, illicit drugs, and alcohol shown by the latest CADUMS. LO: 1.7 Review the present-day patterns of drug use in Canadians Answer: The Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey (CADUMS) is an annual (1 pt) survey that collects basic drug-use statistics (1 pt) as well as determines how many Canadians’ lives are affected by substance use (1 pt). The survey contacts at least 10 000 people (1 pt) from across all provinces and territories (1 pt). The survey collects data from two groups: Group 1 = Canadians aged 15–24 years (1 pt); Group 2 = Canadians aged 25+ years (1 pt).

The latest CADUMS shows the following general trends in the use of cannabis, illicit drugs, and alcohol: 1) Cannabis use in the past year has decreased in all Canadians aged 15 years or older (1 pt) 2) Illicit drug use has decreased in all Canadians aged 15 years or older (1 pt) 3) Drinking alcohol in the past year has decreased in Canadians aged 15–24 (1 pt) 4) Given the research on risk factors and protective factors with regard to one's involvement with drugs, describe a hypothetical young person who is highly vulnerable to drug-taking behaviour and another hypothetical young person who is highly invulnerable to drug-taking behaviour.

.

1–47

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 1.9 Examine the factors that influence drug-taking behaviour 5) Select two of the six “club drugs” listed in the Drugs . . . in Focus feature on page 21 of Chapter 1 and discuss their behavioural effects and toxicities.

LO: 1.10 Enumerate the current problems with club drugs as well as the nonmedical uses of prescription pain relievers and prescription stimulant medications 6) Discuss the nonmedical use of prescription pain relievers, stimulant medications, and over-the-counter cough-and-cold medications.

LO: 1.10 Enumerate the current problems with club drugs as well as the nonmedical uses of prescription pain relievers and prescription stimulant medications 7) “What's new is sometimes really old.” Discuss this statement in light of changing patterns of drug-taking behaviour over the last 50 years, using specific examples from the textbook.

LO: 1.6 Recognize the difference in attitudes toward drug-taking behaviour in the twenty-first century and in earlier times 8) Discuss ways to prevent prescription and over-the-counter drug abuse.

Agree/Disagree: Should a prescription be required for current over-the-counter cold remedies?

LO: 1.10 Enumerate the current problems with club drugs as well as the nonmedical uses of prescription pain relievers and prescription stimulant medications

.

1–48

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

CHAPTER 2 DRUG-TAKING BEHAVIOUR: PERSONAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES True or False Questions 1) Cocaine has been used as a local anaesthetic in Canada. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 2) Water has the potential for being a psychoactive substance. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 3) All substances have the potential for toxicity. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 4) The question of drug safety depends on whether a drug can be toxic at low doses. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 5) If a drug is ED50, it means the drug will become toxic if 50 mg of the drug is taken. a. True b. False Answer: b .

2–1

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 6) Each effect produced by a particular drug will have its own dose-response curves. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 7) Examining the properties of a drug’s effect is the same as examining the properties of the drug itself. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 8) If an LD100 dose were to be given to a group of 50 mice, all of them would die. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 9) The margin of safety measure of a particular drug is a more conservative (in the direction of safety) measure of drug toxicity than the therapeutic index for that drug. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 10) The higher the margin of safety ratio, the more toxic the drug. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity

.

2–2

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

11) A problem with street drugs is that the user doesn't know the toxicity risks until the drug has been used. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 12) The DAWN reporting program includes all emergency department patients in the United States. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 13) Illegal drugs cause the largest number of deaths per year. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 14) According to DAWN statistics, it is far more common for drug-related deaths to be a result of monodrug rather than a result of polydrug use. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 15) The Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse (CCSA) routinely gathers data concerning drug-related medical emergencies in Canada, but these data are not as extensive as the DAWN statistics in the United States. a. True b. False Answer: a

.

2–3

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 16) In British Columbia in 2008, men outnumbered women two-to-one in terms of deaths due to illicit drugs. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 17) A patient mentions drinking eight glasses of vodka and gin during a drug-related ED visit. This is an example of an alcohol-in-combination DAWN case. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 18) Polydrug use refers to the use of a drug at different dosage levels from administration to administration. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 19) Multiple substance use is another name for polydrug use. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 20) Injecting heroin followed by snorting heroin is an example of polydrug use. a. True b. False Answer: b

.

2–4

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 21) DAWN statistics show that many emergencies involve drugs being taken in combination with alcohol. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 22) According to recent DAWN statistics, there has been a greater number of drugrelated ED visits for prescription of OTC medications than of illicit drugs alone. Narcotic analgesics are on the rise. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 23) There are more fatalities from chronic smoking of tobacco than from illicit drug use. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.3 Contrast the adverse effects of the acute toxicity and the chronic toxicity of drugs 24) If an individual experiences drug tolerance, an increasing dose must be taken over time in order to maintain the same level of drug effect. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 25) Drug abusers take drug doses which are well beyond the LD-response curve amounts. a. True b. False Answer: b

.

2–5

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 26) In most cases, the dosage levels taken by drug abusers would be lethal if taken by a first-time user. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 27) Tolerance is maximized when the user always takes the drug in the same setting. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 28) Drug tolerance is to setting as behavioural tolerance is to repetition. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 29) Behavioural tolerance is based on Pavlovian conditioning. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 30) The concept of physical dependence originates from observations of heroin abusers. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour

.

2–6

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

31) The existence of physical dependence in a particular drug hinges upon the presence of physical withdrawal symptoms should the individual stop taking the drug. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour 32) Withdrawal symptoms are approximately the same for every psychoactive drug. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour 33) Continuing drug-taking behaviour in order to avoid withdrawal is one indication of physical dependence. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour 34) Withdrawal symptoms involve symptoms generally opposite to the original effect of the drug. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour 35) Most addicts completing the withdrawal process in its entirety do not become readdicted. a. True

.

2–7

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: b LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour 36) In an experiment discussed in the text, laboratory animals would choose cocaine over food even if the animal was starving to death. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour 37) Someone cannot be both physically and psychologically dependent on a drug. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour 38) The placental barrier protects a fetus from toxic substances in the mother. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.7 Analyze the impact of drug abuse on pregnancy and the potential for HIV infection 39) The greater the extent of drug-taking behaviour during pregnancy, the more likely there will be adverse consequences during labour and delivery. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.7 Analyze the impact of drug abuse on pregnancy and the potential for HIV infection

.

2–8

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

40) A dirty needle carries the risk of HIV infection but not of hepatitis infection. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.7 Analyze the impact of drug abuse on pregnancy and the potential for HIV infection 41) The DSM-5 includes three diagnosis categories for substance-related disorders. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.6 Describe the process used by health professionals in arriving at a diagnosis for individuals with drug-related problems 42) Needle-exchange programs are available in all Canadian cities. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.7 Analyze the impact of drug abuse on pregnancy and the potential for HIV infection 43) Needle-exchange programs increase the prevalence of illicit drug use. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.7 Analyze the impact of drug abuse on pregnancy and the potential for HIV infection 44) Prescription drugs have little effect on pregnant woman and the newborn. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.7 Analyze the impact of drug abuse on pregnancy and the potential for HIV infection

.

2–9

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

45) All psychoactive drugs have the same adverse effects on the fetus. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.7 Analyze the impact of drug abuse on pregnancy and the potential for HIV infection 46) Fetal effects of methamphetamine are unknown but likely to be similar to the effects of cocaine—reducing normal fetal blood flow. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.7 Analyze the impact of drug abuse on pregnancy and the potential for HIV infection 47) There is a statistical association between the use of illicit drugs and crime. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 48) Violence resulting directly from the physiological effects of an injected drug is referred to as systemic violence. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 49) Tendencies toward violence have been observed during times of crack withdrawal as well as crack intoxication. a. True b. False Answer: a

.

2–10

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 50) The high price of illicit drugs on the street contributes to the incidence of economically compulsive violence. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 51) Systemic violence might include robbing a shopkeeper in order to get money to buy drugs. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 52) Under a laissez-faire philosophy, the government would assert little or no regulatory control with respect to drugs. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 53) The Opium Act was the first North American law that made opiates illegal. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 54) The smoking of opium was opposed at least in part because of its association with Chinese immigrants. a. True

.

2–11

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: a LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 55) Drug-taking behaviour was not viewed negatively in Canada until the Food and Drug Regulations Act came into effect in 1947. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 56) Currently in Canada, a contract, called a drug licence, is required to fabricate, package, label, distribute, import, wholesale, or test a drug. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 57) The current legislation that controls the possession, production, selling, or importation of drugs is the Narcotic Control Act. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 58) Canada uses five “schedules” to classify controlled substances. a. True b. False Answer: a

.

2–12

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 59) In Canada, different amounts of cannabis and cannabis products are classified by different “schedules.” a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 60) Cocaine is an example of a Schedule I drug. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 61) Movies produced and released in the 1930s contributed to marijuana being made illegal. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 62) An analogue is a substance with a different chemical structure, but same effects, as another drug. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 63) Pablo Escobar created the first modern-day cocaine trafficking alliance.

.

2–13

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour

Multiple-Choice Questions 1) According to the text, each year in Canada, it is estimated that there is a social cost of approximately ________________ due to substance abuse. a. $9 billion b. $19 billion c. $29 billion d. $39 billion Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: Introduction 2) With regard to the social cost of substance abuse in Canada, alcohol and tobacco account for about __________ of the cost and illegal drugs account for about __________. a. 30%; 70% b. 80%; 20% c. 60%; 40% d. 50%; 50% Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: Introduction

.

2–14

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

3) According to the text, which of the following account(s) for about 79% of the social cost of substance abuse? a. Alcohol b. Tobacco c. Illicit drugs d. Both A and B Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: Introduction 4) An extreme case of intoxication can involve which of the following nondrug substances? a. Broccoli b. Chocolate c. Water d. Sushi Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: Introduction 5) If a drug is dangerous, poisonous, or in some way interferes with a person's normal functioning, that drug is said to be __________. a. toxic b. addictive c. illicit d. acute Answer: a Diff: 1

.

2–15

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 6) ________ is defined as the possibility that the short-term effects of a particular drug will trigger a toxic reaction. a. Acute toxicity b. Collateral toxicity c. Conditional toxicity d. Chronic toxicity Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 7) A drug slowing the rate of respiration to dangerously low levels immediately following its administration is an example of __________. a. acute toxicity b. collateral toxicity c. conditional toxicity d. chronic toxicity Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 8) A dose-response curve is generally shaped as a(n) __________. a. S b. U c. inverted U d. inverted V

.

2–16

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 9) An S-shaped graph (dose-response curve) helps explain __________. a. drug addiction b. drug elasticity c. drug toxicity d. none of the above Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 10) As dose level rises, it is likely that the effect produced by the drug __________. a. rises as well b. rises and then falls c. falls and then rises d. remains the same Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 11) An effective dose (ED) of a drug depends upon __________. a. what drug effect is being observed b. what percentage of the test population you have specified c. both A and B d. neither A nor B

.

2–17

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 12) When reporting the ED50 of a drug, the “50” refers to __________. a. 50 milligrams of the drug b. 50% of the test population c. volunteers that are 50 years of age or older d. 50% of the maximal dose that is possible to administer Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 13) The LD-response curve for a particular drug will always be positioned ________ with respect to the ED-response curve. a. on top b. farther to the left c. farther to the right d. at the bottom Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 14) Analogy: The ED-response curve is to the LD-response curve as __________. a. effective is to lethal b. emotional is to linguistic c. early is to late d. illicit is to licit

.

2–18

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity–29 15) The therapeutic index is a way of comparing __________. a. the LD50 against the LD1 b. the LD1 against the ED99 c. the ED99 against the ED50 d. the LD50 against the ED50 Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity–29 16) The ratio of the LD50 over the ED50 is called the __________. a. therapeutic index b. margin of safety c. effective dose for a particular drug effect d. lethal dose Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 17) The toxic dose is a measure that is commonly calculated in __________. a. animal studies b. children under 6 years of age c. clinical trials with humans d. people taking other medications .

2–19

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 18) The toxic dose is calculated using __________. a. LD50/ED50 b. LD1/ED99 c. TD50/ED50 d. TD1/ED99 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 19) The margin of safety is ________ than the therapeutic index. a. less accurate in gauging drug toxicity b. simpler to calculate c. more conservative in the direction of safety d. less meaningful in general Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 20) In terms of toxicity, a drug with a therapeutic index of two ______ a drug with a therapeutic index of 10. a. is roughly equivalent to b. is safer than c. is more dangerous than

.

2–20

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. cannot be compared to Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 21) The margin of safety is a way of comparing __________. a. the LD50 against the LD1 b. the LD1 against the ED99 c. the ED99 against the ED50 d. the LD50 against the ED50 Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity–29 22) The ratio of the LD1 over the ED99 is called the __________. a. therapeutic index b. margin of safety c. effective dose for a particular drug effect d. lethal dose Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 23) A dash of quinine is sometimes added to street “heroin” in order to __________. a. simulate the bitter taste of real heroin b. make the heroin more injectable c. strengthen the effect of the heroin .

2–21

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. weaken the effect of the heroin Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 24) The margin of safety regarding the response to illicit drugs __________. a. is carefully monitored by Health Canada b. is totally unregulated c. is increasingly monitored in several Canadian provinces d. is only monitored by Health Canada for heroin Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 25) According to the text, drugs that are unauthorized copies of prescription medications are known as __________. a. customized drugs b. copycat drugs c. look-alike drugs d. bootleg drugs Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 26) Drug-related deaths among celebrities __________. a. can give you a fairly accurate idea about the relative toxicities of psychoactive drugs b. may not represent the drugs most frequently encountered by the rest of society

.

2–22

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. involve drugs that are relatively inexpensive d. involve information that is largely unreported Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 28) Which of the following statement is true regarding an analgesic drug with a therapeutic index of 10? a. The acute toxicity and toxic dose of the drug are not overlapping. b. The ED50 of the drug is 20 mg and the LD50 is 200 mg. c. Ten times more people will experience pain relief from taking this drug than will die from taking this drug. d. The margin of safety of this drug is exceptionally high.

Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 28) In Canada, __________ routinely gathers data concerning drug-related medical emergencies and health care related to substance abuse. a. Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse b. Drug Abuse Warning Network c. Centre for Addictions Research d. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society

.

2–23

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

29) Which of the following statements is true? a. DAWN statistics come from analysis of data from all U.S. hospitals. b. DAWN statistics come from major U.S. metropolitan hospitals. c. DAWN statistics come from primarily rural hospitals in the United States. d. DAWN statistics only come from U.S. hospitals with minority populations.

Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 30) DAWN stands for the __________. a. District Attorney Waitlist Number (for arrests) b. Distribution of Abuse in White Nonadults c. Drug Abuse Waitlist Number (for treatment) d. Drug Abuse Warning Network Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 31) Drug-related ED visits refer to occurrences resulting from __________. a. adverse reactions to medications b. the use of dietary supplements c. the use of illicit drugs d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society

.

2–24

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

32) Which of the following drugs produces the highest number of acute care hospital days? a. tobacco b. alcohol c. opioids d. crack cocaine Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 33) Which of the following would be included as a drug-related ED visit? a. nonmedical use of a prescription or OTC drug b. suicide attempt c. malicious poisoning d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 34) DAWN statistics are sometimes examined in Canada because __________. a. they are more extensive than similar measures in Canada b. Canadian measures often contain errors c. American statistics are predictive of the future of drug use in Canada d. these drug use statistics are not collected in Canada Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society–32

.

2–25

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

35) DAWN statistics from the United States provide another measure of _______. a. drug use b. drug prices c. drug toxicity d. drug crime Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 36) In nearly all metropolitan areas included in the DAWN statistics, which drug is most frequently reported to be involved in a drug-related death incident? a. Alcohol b. Methamphetamine c. Opioids d. Crack cocaine Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 37) In particular, _______ use as a cause of a drug-related death is largely underestimated in the DAWN statistics. a. methamphetamine b. anxiety and depression medications c. opioids d. cocaine Answer: a Diff: 2

.

2–26

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 38) Which of the following would NOT be an example of polydrug use? a. alcohol combined with heroin b. alcohol combined with marijuana c. Motrin combined with Tylenol d. beer combined with tequila Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 39) According to DAWN statistics, very few drug-related deaths resulted from the use of _____________ alone. a. marijuana b. methamphetamine c. cocaine d. opiates Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 40) Which of the following is an example of polydrug use? a. Snorting cocaine and injecting cocaine b. Drinking whiskey and drinking vodka c. Taking LSD and smoking cocaine d. Both A and C

.

2–27

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 41) If Drug A and Drug B have the same number of drug-related ED visits but Drug A is used by 10 times the number of individuals as Drug B, what are the relative toxicities of the two drugs? a. Drug A is more toxic than Drug B. b. Drug B is more toxic than Drug A. c. Drugs A and B have equivalent toxicities. d. Not enough information is present to judge the relative toxicities of Drugs A and B. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 42) Drug A has ten times the number of drug-related ED visits as Drug B. Drug A is used by 10 times the number of individuals as Drug B. What are the relative toxicities of the two drugs? a. Drug A is more toxic than Drug B. b. Drug B is more toxic than Drug A. c. Drugs A and B have equivalent toxicities. d. Not enough information is present to judge the relative toxicities of Drugs A and B. Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 43) In recent years, DAWN statistics indicate __________. a. a decline in deaths involving cocaine

.

2–28

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. a slow decline in the number of deaths in general c. an increase in deaths involving cocaine d. no essential change in deaths involving cocaine Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 44) The number of drug-related deaths recorded by DAWN leads to an __________ of the lethality of heroin and an __________ of the lethality of marijuana. a. underestimation; underestimation b. overestimation; overestimation c. underestimation; overestimation d. overestimation; underestimation Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 45) In recent years, DAWN statistics indicate __________. a. a decline in emergencies involving narcotic analgesics (prescription pain medication) b. a slow decline in the number of emergencies in general c. an increase in emergencies involving narcotic analgesics d. no essential change in emergencies involving narcotic analgesics Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society

.

2–29

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

46) Heroin-related emergencies have tended to increase since the 1990s because __________. a. heroin can be injected safely b. heroin can be used without a needle injection c. heroin can be ingested by mouth d. all of the above Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 47) The DAWN reports mainly focus on emergency department cases caused by __________. a. acute toxicity b. chronic toxicity c. illicit drugs only d. licit drugs only Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.3 Contrast the adverse effects of the acute toxicity and the chronic toxicity of drugs 48) Analogy: Acute toxicity is to chronic toxicity as __________. a. short-term is to long-term b. licit is to illicit c. nonlethal is to lethal d. stimulants are to depressants Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC

.

2–30

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 2.3 Contrast the adverse effects of the acute toxicity and the chronic toxicity of drugs 49) DAWN statistics provide information predominantly about __________. a. acute toxicity b. chronic toxicity c. drug dependence d. alcohol abuse Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.3 Contrast the adverse effects of the acute toxicity and the chronic toxicity of drugs 50) The greatest number of drug-related deaths each year results from __________. a. the drinking of alcohol and the smoking of tobacco b. overdose of licit prescription and OTC medications c. abuse of illicit drugs d. heroin and cocaine abuse Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.3 Contrast the adverse effects of the acute toxicity and the chronic toxicity of drugs 51) The physical or psychological harm a drug such as tobacco or alcohol might cause over a long period of use is known as __________. a. secondary toxicity b. acute toxicity c. delayed toxicity d. chronic toxicity Answer: d Diff: 1

.

2–31

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 2.3 Contrast the adverse effects of the acute toxicity and the chronic toxicity of drugs 52) The first documented case of drug tolerance had to do with someone named __________. a. King Mithridates VI of Pontus b. Lucretia Borgia c. Timothy Leary d. Socrates Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 53) The capacity of a drug dose to have a gradually diminished effect on the user as it is taken repeatedly is known as __________. a. drug interaction b. drug dependence c. drug tolerance d. the placebo effect Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 54) Todd started drinking caffeinated coffee every night to stay awake to study for finals.

On Sunday evening, Todd was able to stay awake after drinking one cup of coffee. By Thursday evening, Todd found that he needed to drink two cups of coffee to get the same effect. Why is this so? a. Todd must have used caffeine in combination with a second drug on Sunday evening. b. One of the two cups on Thursday night must have been a placebo. c. Todd has developed a tolerance to low doses of caffeine.

.

2–32

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. Todd has become dependent on caffeine.

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 55) Assume that an initial dose of 100 mg will produce a particular drug effect. After tolerance, which dose level would most likely produce an equivalent response? a. 50 mg b. 75 mg c. 100 mg d. 150 mg Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 56) Assume that an initial dose of 100 mg will produce a particular drug effect. After repeated administrations, a dose of ________ produces an equivalent response. Which alternative would be consistent with the greatest degree of tolerance? a. 50 mg b. 100 mg c. 150 mg d. 200 mg Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 57) The ingestion of increasingly large doses of a toxic drug will produce __________.

.

2–33

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. a diminished response due to drug dependence b. an increased response due to drug sensitization c. a diminished response due to drug tolerance d. no measurable change in the response to the drug Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 58) If tolerance to a potentially toxic drug has occurred, a toxic response might occur only if the dose level is __________. a. relatively low b. relatively high c. virtually zero d. substituted by a placebo Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 59) In general, during repeated drug administrations, the strongest response will occur __________. a. during initial administration of the drug b. after at least two weeks of daily administrations c. after one year of weekly administrations d. during initial administration and then after several months of repeated administrations Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse

.

2–34

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

60) It is possible that, through tolerance, individuals may have _________ after a period of regular administrations of a drug. a. a dramatically increased response b. an increasing response which then levels off c. no discernible response at all d. a newly acquired sense of brotherhood Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 61) Tolerance effects depend upon which of the following factors in drug-taking behaviour? a. Repetition b. Ingestion of an illicit substance c. Abuse potential of the drug d. Age range of the individual using the drug Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 62) Drug tolerance is to ________ as behavioural tolerance is to _________. a. setting; repetition b. setting; sensitivity c. repetition; sensitivity d. repetition; setting Answer: d Diff: 2

.

2–35

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 63) Principles of Pavlovian conditioning have been used to explain which of the following drug-taking phenomena? a. the placebo effect b. behavioural tolerance c. forms of tolerance tied to purely physiological effects d. a large number of ER mentions in the DAWN reports Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 64) According to the text, behavioural tolerance is also referred to as __________. a. environmental tolerance b. conditioned tolerance c. analgesic tolerance d. administrative tolerance Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 65) According to the research of Shepard Siegel, environmental cues that are present while taking morphine (an analgesic drug) produce __________. a. a heightened analgesic effect b. a lessened analgesic effect c. a heightened sense of identification to the location where the drug is being used d. little or no effect on one's response to the drug

.

2–36

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 66) Behavioural or conditioned tolerance can be considered to be an important contributor to which drug-taking phenomenon? a. lethal overdoses b. improved responses to a drug c. the placebo effect d. increased sensitivity to a drug Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 67) Conditioning effects have been demonstrated with which of the following drugs? a. cocaine b. alcohol c. nicotine d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 68) Which of the experimental protocols would be most likely to produce behavioural tolerance? a. Days 1-5: drug injection in room A; Days 6-10: saline injection in room A; Day 11: pain testing in room A. b. Days 1-5: drug injection in room A; Days 6-10: saline injection and pain testing in room A; Day 11: pain testing in room B.

.

2–37

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. Days 1-5: drug injection in room A; Days 6-10: no injections; Day 11: saline injection and pain testing in room B. d. Days 1-5: drug injection in room A; Days 6-10: no injections; Day 11: saline injection and pain testing in room A. Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 69) Drug dependence can be __________. a. physical and psychological b. psychological but not physical c. neither psychological nor physical d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour 70) Physical dependence requires the presence of __________. a. a craving for the drug b. a set of physical withdrawal symptoms c. a physical response to the drug d. none of the above Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour

.

2–38

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

71) In the case of heroin and other abused drugs, withdrawal symptoms are typically __________. a. opposite to the effects of the drug b. surprisingly similar to the effects of the drug c. unrelated to the effects of the drug d. at first similar to but then totally opposite from the effects of the drug Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour 72) If one of the effects of heroin is constipation, then withdrawal symptoms after chronic heroin abuse would include __________. a. increased constipation b. diarrhea c. a period of constipation followed by normal intestinal activity d. increased dizziness and headache pain Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour 73) Physical dependence is an inadequate explanation for the abuse of a particular drug if __________. a. the drug is legally available b. the drug is relatively low in toxicity c. withdrawal from the drug produces no physical symptoms d. withdrawal from the drug produces specific physical symptoms Answer: c

.

2–39

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour 74) A key factor in psychological dependence is the presence of __________. a. craving b. physical withdrawal symptoms c. a heightened sense of well-being d. a decline in one's sensitivity to pain Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour 75) A problem in proposing psychological dependence as an explanation for drug abuse is __________. a. the necessity to show withdrawal symptoms b. the requirement that illicit drugs be involved c. the presence of conditioned tolerance d. its inherent circularity Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour 76) In studies of psychological dependence, a catheter refers to __________. a. a tube inserted orally to restrict feeding and drinking b. measurement device for assessing drug tolerance c. a tube inserted into a vein for the administration of a drug directly into the bloodstream

.

2–40

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. a tube inserted into a muscle for administration of a drug directly into muscle tissue Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour 77) A strong tendency for an animal to self-administer a drug that ordinarily would NOT produce physical withdrawal symptoms yields evidence in favour of __________. a. physical dependence b. psychological dependence c. both physical and psychological dependence d. neither physical nor psychological dependence Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour 78) Studies of self-administration of drugs in animals indicate that there is little or no inclination for animals to self-administer __________. a. cocaine and other stimulants b. hallucinogens c. amphetamines d. all of the above Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour

.

2–41

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

79) LSD, antipsychotic drugs, and antidepressant drugs all share the common feature of __________. a. producing little or no self-administration in animals b. producing hallucinogenic effects c. producing effects similar to cocaine and amphetamine d. producing strong indications of psychological dependence Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour 80) Drug abusers continue to use drugs due to __________. a. a strong compulsion to continue taking the drug b. the desire to avoid withdrawal symptoms c. cravings for the pleasurable effects of the drug d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour 81) In studies of self-administration of drugs in animals, cocaine appears to have a _______ compared to heroin. a. greater potential for psychological dependence b. lesser potential for psychological dependence c. similar potential for psychological dependence d. lesser potential for drug toxicity Answer: a Diff: 2

.

2–42

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour 82) Which of the following is (are) used in research studies of psychological dependence in rats? a. Conditioned place preference b. Drug self-administration c. Defensive burying d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour 83) According to the DSM-5, the newly established diagnosis for drug-taking behaviour is __________. a. substance dependence and substance use disorder b. substance use disorder and drug addiction disorder c. substance dependence and substance abuse d. substance use disorder Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.6 Describe the process used by health professionals in arriving at a diagnosis for individuals with drug-related problems 84) According to the DSM-5, there are now __________ criteria for the newly established diagnosis. a. four b. seven

.

2–43

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. eleven d. twelve Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.6 Describe the process used by health professionals in arriving at a diagnosis for individuals with drug-related problems 85) According to the DSM-5 definitions, substance use disorder implies that __________. a. the individual has already been dependent upon the substance for six months and meets two conditions over this period. b. there must be withdrawal symptoms c. there are tolerance issues d. both B and C Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.6 Describe the process used by health professionals in arriving at a diagnosis for individuals with drug-related problems 86) Which of the following is the time frame used for a DSM-5 diagnosis of substance use disorder? a. Three or more criteria must have occurred within a 12-month period of time. b. Three or more criteria must have occurred within a 6-month period of time. c. Two or more criteria must have occurred within a 9-month period of time. d. Two or more criteria must have occurred within a 12-month period of time.

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.6 Describe the process used by health professionals in arriving at a diagnosis for individuals with drug-related problems

.

2–44

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

87) The DSM-IV-TR of the American Psychiatric Association previously defined two fundamental conditions related to drug-taking behaviour: __________. a. substance dependence and drug abuse b. substance dependence and drug dependence c. substance dependence and substance abuse d. drug dependence and drug abuse Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.6 Describe the process used by health professionals in arriving at a diagnosis for individuals with drug-related problems 88) Recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home is not sufficient to signify a diagnosis of __________. a. schizophrenia b. substance use disorder c. substance abuse d. depression Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.6 Describe the process used by health professionals in arriving at a diagnosis for individuals with drug-related problems 89) In the DSM-5, the American Psychiatric Association added this new criterion for substance use disorder. a. Recurrent legal difficulties b. Craving or a strong desire or urge to use the substance c. Recurring failure to meet major role obligations d. Unintentional use in excessive amounts

.

2–45

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.6 Describe the process used by health professionals in arriving at a diagnosis for individuals with drug-related problems 3. According to DSM-5, who would be diagnosed with a mild substance use disorder? a. Alex has repeated tried smoking cessation techniques, but always relapses to avoid withdrawal symptoms. b. Jamie experiences severe withdrawal from regular heroin use and has been arrested multiple times for break and enter to support their habit. c. Laruen spends much of their time planning and attending social events that involve alcohol. This has led to marital problems as they are often hung over on the weekends and unable to take part in recreational activities with their spouse. d. In DSM-5, mild substance use is replaced with psychological dependence.

Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.6 Describe the process used by health professionals in arriving at a diagnosis for individuals with drug-related problems 91) The “placental barrier” refers to a barrier between the __________. a. bloodstreams of the mother and the fetus b. placenta of the mother and bloodstream of the mother c. bloodstream of the mother and brain of the mother d. bloodstream and brain of both mother and fetus Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.7 Analyze the impact of drug abuse on pregnancy and the potential for HIV infection

.

2–46

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

92) The placental barrier is particularly effective in blocking the crossing of __________. a. all drugs b. alcohol and nicotine c. illicit drugs d. none of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.7 Analyze the impact of drug abuse on pregnancy and the potential for HIV infection 93) Which types of effects are typically associated with a mother’s use of drugs during the early weeks of her pregnancy? a. Low birth weight b. Physical malformations c. Growth retardation d. Premature birth Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.7 Analyze the impact of drug abuse on pregnancy and the potential for HIV infection 94) Which effect is typically associated with a mother’s use of drugs after the eighth month of pregnancy? a. Low birth weight b. Physical malformations c. Risk of spontaneous abortions d. No effects are generally observed.

Answer: a Diff: 2

.

2–47

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 2.7 Analyze the impact of drug abuse on pregnancy and the potential for HIV infection 95) Generally speaking, growth retardation, premature birth, low birth weight, and neurological damage to the infant are events most associated with drug use during which time of pregnancy? a. Before the third month b. During the fourth to fifth month c. During the sixth to seventh month d. After the eighth month Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.7 Analyze the impact of drug abuse on pregnancy and the potential for HIV infection 96) The median time interval for those who are HIV infected to show symptoms of AIDS is usually approximately __________. a. 6 months b. 2 years c. 10 years d. 12 years Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.7 Analyze the impact of drug abuse on pregnancy and the potential for HIV infection 97) Needle exchange programs have been effective in reducing __________. a. the incidence of high-risk sexual behaviour b. the incidence of HIV infection among intravenous drug users

.

2–48

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. the prevalence of spontaneous abortions d. the incidence of physical dependence Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.7 Analyze the impact of drug abuse on pregnancy and the potential for HIV infection 98) Needle exchange programs are __________. a. widely accepted in the United States, but not in Canada b. available at any hospital in Canada c. available in most major Canadian cities d. generally viewed as a failure Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.7 Analyze the impact of drug abuse on pregnancy and the potential for HIV infection

99) According to the text, what are the effects of using cocaine or crack during pregnancy? a. Constriction of blood vessels, reducing normal blood flow to the fetus b. High rates of spontaneous abortion c. Growth retardation such as lower birth rate and smaller head circumference d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.7 Analyze the impact of drug abuse on pregnancy and the potential for HIV infection

.

2–49

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

100) The prescription drug isoretinoin (brand name: Accutane) produces ______ when taken during pregnancy. a. extreme acne b. a deficiency in Vitamin A c. major birth defects d. substantial sedation Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.7 Analyze the impact of drug abuse on pregnancy and the potential for HIV infection 101) When taken during pregnancy, which substance produces fetal effects similar to the effects of cocaine, and shows newborn effects including growth retardation, lethargy, increased difficulty to arouse and, once aroused, increased autonomic reactivity? a. marijuana b. methamphetamine c. heroin d. alcohol Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.7 Analyze the impact of drug abuse on pregnancy and the potential for HIV infection 102) Withdrawal symptoms are frequently observed in the newborns of mothers who had used ________ during their pregnancy. a. heroin b. marijuana c. prescription drugs d. marijuana and tobacco

.

2–50

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.7 Analyze the impact of drug abuse on pregnancy and the potential for HIV infection 103) The effects observed among pregnant women with respect to the use of barbiturates are __________. a. the same as the effects due to marijuana use b. clinically insignificant c. substantially greater than the effects due to the use of illicit drugs d. similar to the effects due to the use of alcohol Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.7 Analyze the impact of drug abuse on pregnancy and the potential for HIV infection 104) Which psychoactive drugs have little or no effect on pregnant women or the newborn? a. alcohol b. marijuana c. prescription drugs d. none of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.7 Analyze the impact of drug abuse on pregnancy and the potential for HIV infection

.

2–51

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

105) Drug-related violence due to the acute effects of the drug in an individual’s system at the time of the violent act is referred to as __________. a. acute toxicity b. pharmacological violence c. systemic violence d. none of the above Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 106) Which province reported the highest rate of drug offences in 2007? a. B.C. b. Saskatchewan c. Quebec d. Ontario Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 107) The detection period in a standard urinalysis test for an illicit drug can __________. a. range from several hours to two days b. range from several days to two weeks c. depend on the drug for which an individual is being tested d. mean that urinalysis is an unreliable method for assessing the presence of an illicit drug Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime

.

2–52

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

108) A drug least likely to produce pharmacological violence would be a drug that made an individual __________. a. agitated and annoyed b. irritable and obnoxious c. sleepy or passive d. euphoric and giddy Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 109) Which drug shows the least widely reported incidence of pharmacological violence? a. marijuana b. amphetamine c. PCP d. alcohol Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 110) A drug that produces an on-edge manner and social paranoia is __________. a. PCP b. heroin c. marijuana d. all of the above Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC

.

2–53

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 111) Which of the following drugs does NOT produce agitation and paranoia? a. amphetamines b. cocaine c. PCP d. heroin Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 112) Which drug shows the most widely reported incidence of pharmacological violence? a. heroin b. marijuana c. antipsychotic medication d. alcohol Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 113) According to the text, a majority of homicides and sexually aggressive acts are committed by users of __________. a. crack-cocaine b. heroin c. alcohol d. nicotine Answer: c Diff: 2

.

2–54

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 114) An increase in one’s general inclination toward antisocial behaviour is characteristic of __________. a. the chronic use of most psychoactive drugs b. the chronic use of few if any psychoactive drugs c. the chronic use of many depressant drugs d. the chronic use of hallucinogens Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 115) Economically compulsive violence stems from __________. a. the expense of drugs b. the economic status of the country c. the cost of overpowering prescription medication d. none of the above Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 116) Economically compulsive violence is commonly associated with which psychoactive drug? a. Alcohol b. Nicotine c. Heroin d. Several types of prescription medication

.

2–55

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 117) When heroin prices are high, the incidence of heroin-related property crimes __________. a. increases b. is not affected c. decreases d. increases or decreases, depending on the dose taken Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 118) Generally speaking, if the price of street drugs increases, communities should expect __________. a. an increase in crime b. fewer drug users in society c. an increase in licit drug use d. a decrease in emergency room visits due to drug overdose Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 119) Relying on robbery to support one’s drug habit is an example of __________. a. pharmacological violence b. economically compulsive violence c. systemic violence

.

2–56

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. passive aggression Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 120) Which individuals within a community are typically targets for economically compulsive violence? a. storekeepers b. children c. the elderly d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 121) When the price of street heroin goes up, property crime related to heroin abuse __________. a. increases b. decreases c. is unaffected d. is related to the price of cocaine Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 122) An increase in criminal behaviour as a result of a reduction in the supply of heroin is typically used as an indication of __________.

.

2–57

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. pharmacological violence b. economically compulsive violence c. systemic violence d. psychological and physical dependence Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 123) Females are more likely than males to commit crimes that can be classified as __________. a. crimes against people b. crimes against property c. crimes against the public order d. When it comes to drug-related crime, no significant gender differences have been identified.

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 124) Three aspects of drugs and violence are pharmacological, economically compulsive, and ________. a. systemic b. dynamic c. symbiotic d. pandemic Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

2–58

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 125) Drug dealers are most directly affected by __________. a. pharmacological violence b. economically compulsive violence c. systemic violence d. passive aggression Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 126) “Messing up the money” refers to __________. a. selling inferior grades of illicit drugs b. territorial disputes among drug dealers c. fraudulent handling of drug sale money d. purchasing drugs with stolen money Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 127) Violence resulting from territorial disputes in drug dealing is an example of a. pharmacological violence b. economically compulsive violence c. systemic violence d. passive aggression Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC .

2–59

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 128) In contrast to outlaw motorcycle gangs, the largest proportion of street gangs involved in drug sales are comprised of individuals between ___________ years of age. a. 10 and 11 b. 12 and 13 c. 15 and 16 d. 16 and 18 Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 129) Systemic violence has been substantially reduced since the late 1990s with respect to which of the following drugs? a. LSD b. Ecstasy c. Heroin d. Crack cocaine Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 130) In the 1990s, a decline in crack abuse was followed by __________. a. a decline in homicide rates b. a decline in violent crime c. an increase in heroin abuse d. both A and B Answer: d

.

2–60

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 131) In the case of drug-related criminal behaviour, an example of a white-collar crime would be __________. a. armed robbery b. embezzlement c. mugging d. burglary Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 132) A laissez-faire policy regarding drugs would involve __________. a. little or no regulation b. extensive regulation c. well-reasoned procedures regarding regulation d. an emphasis upon controlling drugs coming in from the United States Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 133) Prior to 1900, opiate addicts who were caught __________. a. were fired from their jobs b. had their children taken from them and placed into foster care c. participated fully in the life of the community d. were often divorced from their spouses

.

2–61

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 134) An active public policy toward drug regulation and control __________. a. has been prevalent throughout Canadian history b. once was prevalent early in Canadian history but no longer is the case today c. has been prevalent only in the twentieth century d. has declined substantially since 1950 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 135) Prior to the twentieth century, the only drug for which there was a social movement to control its consumption was __________. a. heroin b. morphine c. cocaine d. alcohol Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 136) Prior to the twentieth century, there was strong opposition to the smoking of __________.

.

2–62

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. opium b. tobacco c. cocaine d. all of the above Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 137) The first North American law that made opiates illegal was called the _________ . a. Opium Act b. Opium and Drug Act c. Proprietary or Patent Medicine Act d. Food and Drug Act Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 138) The significance of the Proprietary or Patent Medicine Act of 1909 was that it __________. a. was enacted to control narcotic drug trafficking b. was the first regulatory act to make some drugs illegal c. was the first regulatory act concerning legal drugs d. was repealed in 1920 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

2–63

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 139) The Proprietary or Patent Medicine Act of 1909 __________. a. required manufacturers to list the amounts of alcohol or “habit-forming” drugs on product labels b. regulated sales of opiates to medical personnel only c. banned foods that contained opium d. made it illegal for opiate drugs to be used without a prescription Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 140) The Food and Drug Act of 1920 ________. a. made marijuana, cocaine, and morphine illegal b. created a requirement for the licensing of drugs c. was a more stringent version of the Food and Drug Regulations Act d. enacted labelling laws, but not sales laws, for drugs Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 141) The Narcotic Control Act came into effect in a. 1908 b. 1920 c. 1947 d. 1961

.

2–64

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 142) As a result of the Narcotic Control Act of 1961, __________. a. growers, sellers, exporters, and buyers of marijuana were subject to criminal prosecution b. sellers, exporters, and buyers of cocaine and heroin were subject to criminal prosecution c. all manufactured drug products needed to obtain a license for sale d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 143) The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act replaced which two pieces of previous legislation? a. The Narcotic Control Act and the Food and Drugs Act b. The Narcotic Control Act and the Proprietary or Patent Medicine Act c. The Proprietary or Patent Medicine Act and the Food and Drugs Act d. The Opium and Drug Act and the Narcotic Control Act Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 144) The “killer-weed” stories in the 1930s led to __________.

.

2–65

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. an extensive highway beautification program b. antipesticide legislation during the 1940s c. regulation of marijuana cultivation and use d. an increase in systemic violence in Canadian cities Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 145) The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act was enacted in _______. a. 1947 b. 1961 c. 1997 d. 2007 Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 146) The current legislation in Canada that controls the possession, production, selling, or importation of drugs, their precursors, and other substances is called the _______. a. Food and Drugs Act b. Narcotic Control Act c. Controlled Drugs and Substances Act d. Opium and Drug Act Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC

.

2–66

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 147) Opium, cocaine, and amphetamine are examples of ________ drugs. a. Schedule I b. Schedule II c. Schedule V d. Schedule VII Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 148) Cannabis (under 30 g) is a ________ drug. a. Schedule I b. Schedule II c. Schedule V d. Schedule VII Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 149) Which schedule of drugs is most restricted in Canada? a. Schedule I b. Schedule II c. Schedule III d. Schedule IV

.

2–67

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 150) Classifications of drugs under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act are called a. schedules b. levels c. narcotics d. analogues Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour 151) A substance that has a similar chemical structure to a drug is called ______. a. an analogue b. an equivalent c. a parallel d. a schedule Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.9 Analyze the Canadian drug-enforcement policy and the regulation of drug-taking behaviour Essay Questions

.

2–68

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

1) Describe the therapeutic index and margin of safety measures as a way of understanding drug toxicity. Include in your answer an explanation of the denominator and numerator that go into each ratio.

LO: 2.1 Describe dose-response curves as measures of drug toxicity 2) Picture yourself as an emergency room physician at a metropolitan hospital that participates in the DAWN reporting system. What questions would you ask an incoming patient who is displaying symptoms that might be drug related? What circumstances might prevent you from making an accurate record of the role drugs may have played in these symptoms?

LO: 2.2 Review the CCSA statistics as measures of drug-related costs to society 3) Define behavioural tolerance and explain how this phenomenon might account for a drug-related overdose fatality, even though the dose might have fallen short of the lethal range.

LO: 2.4 Report the consequences of drug tolerance effects in drug abuse 4) Distinguish between the major DSM-IV-TR criteria for a diagnosis of substance dependence and a diagnosis of substance abuse and the new DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorder, as defined by the American Psychiatric Association.

LO: 2.6 Describe the process used by health professionals in arriving at a diagnosis for individuals with drug-related problems 5) Distinguish between pharmacological, economically compulsive, and systemic types of drug-related violence. Give a specific example for each type.

LO: 2.8 Examine the relationship between drug abuse and violent crime 6) Compare and contrast “physical dependence” and “psychological dependence.”

Discuss physiological mechanisms underlying both.

LO: 2.5 Distinguish between concepts of physical dependence and psychological dependence as explanations for compulsive drug-taking behaviour Answer: Physical dependence is a model of drug dependence based on the idea that the drug abuser continues the drug-taking behaviour to avoid the consequences of physical withdrawal symptoms.

Psychological dependence in contrast is a model of drug dependence based on the idea that the drug abuser is motivated by a craving for the pleasurable effects of the drug.

.

2–69

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Both attempt to explain the phenomenon of drug dependence, however, and the motivations for continuing drug taking proposed by each are completely different.

Physical dependence is mediated by tolerance effects where compensatory actions of the body give rise to the action/counteraction phenomena of withdrawal. Psychological dependence is mediated by the positive reinforcement effects of drugs of abuse especially as they act on dopamine reward systems in the brain.

.

2–70

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

CHAPTER 3 HOW DRUGS WORK IN THE BODY AND ON THE MIND True or False Questions 1) Regardless of which route of administration is used, the goal is for the drug to be absorbed into the bloodstream. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 2) An overdose from an orally administered drug is easier to handle on an emergency basis than an overdose of a drug administered through an intravenous injection. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 3) High-alkaline drugs (i.e., cocaine, morphine) are absorbed better in the stomach than weakly acidic drugs (i.e., aspirin). a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 4) Orally administered drugs are ingested at higher-than-needed doses because some of the drug will not make it through the bloodstream. a. True b. False

.

3–1

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 5) “First-pass metabolism” is an important function of the esophagus. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 6) The intravenous injection is the fastest type of injection to deliver a drug into the bloodstream. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 7) Tetanus shots, flu shots, and most inoculations are administered by intramuscular injections. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 8) Intramuscular injections are often referred to as skin-popping. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body

.

3–2

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

9) The psychoactive effects of intravenous injections are faster than those of inhalation. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 10) A major disadvantage of drug inhalation is that the linings leading from the throat to the lungs become irritated over time. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 11) Inhalation of smoked drugs such as crack does not present the same hazards to the respiratory system as do tobacco-based cigarettes. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 12) Paint thinners, gasoline, and cleaning fluid are examples of abused products that are typically administered by absorption through the skin or membranes. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 13) Mild electric currents can be used to help absorb drugs through the skin or membranes. a. True

.

3–3

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: a LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 14) Elimination of drugs can be done via sweat and saliva. a. True b. False Answer: a LO 3.2 Explain the physiological processes that enable drugs to be eliminated from the body 15) The smaller the quantity of the drug, the faster the body tries to get rid of it. a. True b. False Answer: b LO 3.2 Explain the physiological processes that enable drugs to be eliminated from the body 16) Older people eliminate drugs at a slower pace than younger people do. a. True b. False Answer: a LO 3.2 Explain the physiological processes that enable drugs to be eliminated from the body 17) Fat-soluble drugs are eliminated faster than water-soluble drugs. a. True b. False

.

3–4

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b LO 3.2 Explain the physiological processes that enable drugs to be eliminated from the body 18) The elimination half-life of a drug will be faster if the drug is fat-soluble than if it is not. a. True b. False Answer: b LO 3.2 Explain the physiological processes that enable drugs to be eliminated from the body 19) The half-life of cocaine is only a few hours. a. True b. False Answer: a LO 3.2 Explain the physiological processes that enable drugs to be eliminated from the body 20) The half-life of nicotine is a few days. a. True b. False Answer: b LO 3.2 Explain the physiological processes that enable drugs to be eliminated from the body 21) All drugs have similar elimination half-lives. a. True b. False Answer: b

.

3–5

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO 3.2 Explain the physiological processes that enable drugs to be eliminated from the body 22) The length of the latency period is related to the absorption time of the drug. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 23) Administering the drug in a time-release form helps eliminate the undesirable side effects of excessive concentrations of a drug in the blood. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 24) If Drug A has an effect of 3 and Drug B has an effect of 6, a purely additive combination effect would be equivalent to 18. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 25) Potentiation involves one drug having no effect at all unless taken with another. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs

.

3–6

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

26) Two examples of hyperadditive combinations are synergism and potentiation. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 27) The danger of potentiation is that since the drug seems to have no effect, the combined effect may be so powerful that it can become lethal. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 28) An example of an antagonistic effect would be if Drug A had an effect of 5 and Drug B had an effect of 3, but the combination of the two drugs together resulted in an effect of 15. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 29) Potentiation is a special form of antagonistic drug interaction. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 30) It is possible to develop a tolerance to a drug you have never taken before. a. True

.

3–7

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: a LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 31) If we can relieve the withdrawal symptoms of one drug by administering another, than the two drugs show cross-tolerance. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 32) Cross-dependence can be useful when trying to avoid the withdrawal symptoms of an unavailable drug. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 33) A man and a woman each weigh 79 kg (175 pounds). If they both take the same dose of a drug, the same effects can be expected. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 34) Individual differences such as weight and gender can affect how one person reacts to a drug compared to another. a. True b. False

.

3–8

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 35) According to the text, North Americans of African descent smoke fewer cigarettes per day than Caucasians because those of African descent may be retaining more nicotine per cigarette than Caucasians. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 36) The nervous system is made up of two parts known as the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning 37) The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning 38) Analogy: Breathing is to somatic as lifting your arm is to autonomic. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning

.

3–9

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

39) The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems together form the peripheral nervous system. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning 40) An increased heart rate and a decreased rate of digestion are two signs of sympathetic activation. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning 41) Psychoactive drugs can produce bodily effects that are oriented toward parasympathetic rather than sympathetic activation. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning 42) Sensory nerves enter the CNS at the level of the brain but not the spinal cord. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning 43) The processing of reflex responses does not involve the brain at all.

.

3–10

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 44) Brain tissue is classified in sections: the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 45) The three categories of brain tissue are the medulla, the hypothalamus, and the cerebellum. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 46) The risk of asphyxiation from a certain dosage level of a drug most likely means that the drug is capable of stimulating the cerebral cortex. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 47) The part of the brain that determines when we sleep and when we wake up is located in the pons. a. True b. False

.

3–11

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 48) The processing of pain information occurs in the hindbrain. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 49) The limbic system and hypothalamus are two structures of the brain that “overhang” the cerebral cortex. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 50) Most theories about the physiological basis for psychological dependence focus on the limbic system. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 51) The most recently evolved region of the human brain is the prefrontal cortex. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain

.

3–12

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

52) Damage to the prefrontal cortex may be associated with loss of personal control with respect to the abuse of alcohol and other drugs. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 53) There are approximately 86 billion neurons in the brain. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.6 Discuss the structure and the functioning of neurons; Discuss the stages of synaptic transmission; Compare and contrast ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

54) The myelin sheath on some neurons increases the speed of action potentials. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.6 Discuss the structure and the functioning of neurons; Discuss the stages of synaptic transmission; Compare and contrast ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

55) Dendrites are to transmitting information as axon is to receiving information. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.6 Discuss the structure and the functioning of neurons; Discuss the stages of synaptic transmission; Compare and contrast ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

.

3–13

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

56) Communication between neurons is accomplished through the actions of chemical substances called neurotransmitters. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.6 Discuss the structure and the functioning of neurons; Discuss the stages of synaptic transmission; Compare and contrast ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

57) The two ions that play the largest role in the generation of an action potential are Ca2+ and K+. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.6 Discuss the structure and the functioning of neurons; Discuss the stages of synaptic transmission; Compare and contrast ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

58) Reuptake is the process whereby a neurotransmitter returns from the receptor site back to the presynaptic terminal. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.6 Discuss the structure and the functioning of neurons; Discuss the stages of synaptic transmission; Compare and contrast ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

59) The receptor to which a neurotransmitter binds determines whether that neurotransmitter has an excitatory or inhibitory effect. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.6 Discuss the structure and the functioning of neurons; Discuss the stages of synaptic transmission; Compare and contrast ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

.

3–14

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

60) Ionotropic receptors are always linked to G proteins. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.6 Discuss the structure and the functioning of neurons; Discuss the stages of synaptic transmission; Compare and contrast ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

61) Agonists facilitate synaptic transmission while antagonists decrease synaptic transmission. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.6 Discuss the structure and the functioning of neurons; Discuss the stages of synaptic transmission; Compare and contrast ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

62) Glutamate is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 63) Antianxiety medications stimulate GABA-releasing neurons, providing a reduction in feelings of stress and fear. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain

.

3–15

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

64) GABA deficiencies are associated with a decreased tendency toward epileptic seizures. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 65) Acetylcholine is involved with the sympathetic autonomic nervous system, while norepinephrine is involved with the parasympathetic autonomic system. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 66) Alzheimer’s disease has been linked to deficiencies in nicotinic receptors. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 67) The neurotransmitter responsible for regulating our mood states is acetylcholine. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain

.

3–16

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

68) Norepinephrine is to the hypothalamus as serotonin is to the pons. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 69) Drugs that relieve mania and depression act upon serotonin-releasing neurons. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 70) The blood–brain barrier cannot be crossed by a drug that is fat soluble. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 71) The key factor that determines whether a drug passes through the blood–brain barrier is water solubility. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 72) Barbiturates and caffeine easily pass through the blood–brain barrier.

.

3–17

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 73) Dopamine is more fat-soluble than L-Dopa. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 74) A major drug for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease has been L-Dopa. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 75) Tolerance that is a result of changes in the drug’s chemical breakdown in the liver is referred to as cellular (pharmacodynamic) tolerance. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 76) Metabolic tolerance occurs when receptors become less sensitive due to being stimulated repeatedly by a drug over time. a. True b. False

.

3–18

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 77) When multiple drugs activate the same type of receptor sites, the effects of each drug on the brain are equivalent. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 78) The rewarding effects of certain psychoactive drugs are related to their effects upon the nucleus accumbens in the brain. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 79) Involvement with the nucleus accumbens has been linked to compulsive gambling. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 80) Set is defined as the immediate environment within which drug-taking behaviour occurs. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.9 Discuss how the placebo effect can alter the effect of drugs on an individual

.

3–19

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

81) Set and setting are two important factors in predicting an individual’s response to a particular drug. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.9 Discuss how the placebo effect can alter the effect of drugs on an individual 82) A placebo effect involves totally imaginary symptoms and reactions. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 3.9 Discuss how the placebo effect can alter the effect of drugs on an individual 83) A placebo contains ingredients that are completely inert. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.9 Discuss how the placebo effect can alter the effect of drugs on an individual 84) In a double-blind procedure, neither the individual administering the drug or placebo nor the individual receiving the drug or placebo knows which substance is which. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 3.9 Discuss how the placebo effect can alter the effect of drugs on an individual

Multiple Choice Questions

.

3–20

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

1) According to the text, which of the following is NOT a principal route of drug administration? a. Absorption through skin membranes b. Injection c. Inhalation d. Biotransformation Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 2) Psychoactive drugs affect our behaviour and experience __________. a. by altering the functioning of the brain b. by purely psychological means c. by adjusting our expectations toward a given response d. only if they are ingested orally Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 3) Which route of drug administration is the most common and easiest? a. Oral b. Inhalation c. Injection d. Absorption through skin or membranes Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

3–21

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 4) An oral administration refers to a delivery through the __________. a. larynx b. lungs c. skin d. mouth Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 5) Protection against toxic drugs is maximized when the drug is delivered through which route of administration? a. Inhalation b. Injection c. Oral d. Absorption through skin or membranes Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 6) Which route of administration provides the slowest absorption into the brain, in general? a. Oral b. Absorption through skin or membranes c. Inhalation d. Injection Answer: a

.

3–22

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 7) Digestion is a requirement for the absorption of drugs through which route of administration? a. Anal b. Oral c. Intranasal d. Inhalation Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 8) Alcohol and caffeine are drugs that share a common _______ route of administration. a. skin-absorption b. vaporous inhalation c. oral d. sublingual Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 9) When taken orally, weakly acidic drugs are absorbed ______ strongly acidic drugs. a. to a lesser degree than b. better than c. in an equivalent manner to d. slower and less completely than Answer: b

.

3–23

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 10) The term that describes a substance that is soluble in fat is __________. a. insipid-soluble b. lipid-soluble c. capillary-soluble d. monolipid-soluble Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 11) Constant changes in the state of the gastrointestinal tract can make it difficult to predict the strength of the drug once it reaches the bloodstream. This problem would be associated with which route of administration? a. Intranasal b. Sublingual c. Oral d. Subcutaneous Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 12) Which of the following forms of drug administration is the fastest? a. Intravenous b. Intramuscular c. Oral d. Sublingual

.

3–24

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 13) Which of the following delivers a drug into the bloodstream in the quickest manner? a. Intramuscular injection b. Intravenous injection c. Subcutaneous injection d. Intranasal absorption Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 14) Administration of abused drugs by intravenous injection is also known as __________. a. streamlining b. mainlining c. veinlining d. intravenous-lining Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 15) With intramuscular injections, the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream through the _______serving the muscle. a. arteries b. veins

.

3–25

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. capillaries d. muscle membranes Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 16) Inoculations against diseases are typically administered via ________ injections. a. intravenous b. intracellular c. intramuscular d. subcutaneous Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 17) Which of the following is NOT an injection technique? a. Intravenous b. Intramuscular c. Subcutaneous d. Vein-popping Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 18) What is the correct order of the injection absorption times from slowest to fastest? a. subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular b. intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous .

3–26

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous d. subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 19) Analogy: Mainlining is to skin-popping as __________. a. subcutaneous is to intravenous b. intravenous is to intramuscular c. intravenous is to subcutaneous d. intramuscular is to subcutaneous Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 20) Which of the following disadvantages applies to subcutaneous injections? a. Only a small amount of drug can be injected. b. It is difficult to achieve a precise control over the dosage. c. The absorption time is faster than that of intravenous injections. d. It is impossible to achieve a steady absorption of the drug into the bloodstream.

Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 21) A problem inherent in all forms of injection involves __________. a. the relatively slow rate of absorption b. the need for the individual to be conscious .

3–27

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. the possible collapse of a vein d. the risk of infection if the needle is not sterile Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 22) A chemical substance can travel from lungs to the brain in __________. a. five to eight seconds b. about a minute and a half c. about the same time as when injected sub-Q d. one-half second or less Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 23) Smoking is a method of inhalation that depends upon __________. a. vapours travelling freely in the air b. specialized medical equipment c. smoke-borne particles in the air d. liquids that have combined with air molecules Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 24) Drugs administered through smoking include __________. a. opium b. nicotine from cigarettes .

3–28

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. crystallized forms of methamphetamine d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 25) Risks of emphysema, asthma, and cancer are associated with __________. a. tars and other substances in inhaled smoke b. nonsterile injection needles c. long-term irritation from subcutaneous injections d. allergic reactions to hypodermic syringes Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 26) Paint thinners, gasoline, and cleaning fluid are typically associated with which route of administration? a. Smoking b. Vaporous inhalation c. Absorption through the skin d. Oral Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 27) Sniffing employs the same route of administration as__________. a. snorting

.

3–29

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. smoking c. subcutaneous injections d. inhalation methods Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 28) Analogy: Inhalation is to gas as snorting is to __________. a. liquid b. smoke c. powder d. vapour Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 29) Analogy: Intramuscular is to capillaries as intranasal is to __________. a. mucous membranes b. snorting c. veins d. lungs Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 30) In a sublingual administration, the drug is placed __________. a. over the dorsal surface of the arm .

3–30

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. under the tongue c. into the nose d. directly into the lingual vein Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 31) Suppositories are typically administered __________. a. sublingually b. subcutaneously c. rectally d. transdermally Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 32) Suppositories may be necessary if __________. a. the individual is vomiting b. the individual is unconscious c. oral administration is impossible d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 33) A transdermal patch works through the principle of __________. a. inhalation .

3–31

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. oral absorption c. absorption through the skin d. slow absorption through a muscle Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 34) Analogy: Sublingual is to transdermal as __________. a. tongue is to skin b. vein is to muscle c. powder is to smoke d. nose is to tongue Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 35) A technique well suited for long-term, gradual administration of a drug is a(n) __________. a. intramuscular clamp b. transdermal patch c. intranasal loop d. lung implantation Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body

.

3–32

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

36) Silicon chip patches that contain a grid of microscopic needles are used to deliver drugs __________. a. orally b. intravenously c. through the skin d. through the tongue Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 37) The most common means of drug elimination is through excretion in the __________. a. feces b. urine c. saliva d. exhaled breath Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.2 Explain the physiological processes that enable drugs to be eliminated from the body 38) Which of the following is NOT a way in which the body eliminates drugs? a. Saliva b. Feces and urine c. Sweat d. Inhaled breath Answer: d Diff: 1

.

3–33

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 3.2 Explain the physiological processes that enable drugs to be eliminated from the body 39) Biotransformation is a process accomplished in the __________. a. mouth b. liver c. stomach d. esophagus Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.2 Explain the physiological processes that enable drugs to be eliminated from the body 40) Products of biotransformation are called __________. a. metabolites b. enzymatic residues c. biotransformables d. urinary particles Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.2 Explain the physiological processes that enable drugs to be eliminated from the body 41) The processes of biotransformation and urinary excretion are influenced by __________. a. the concentration of the drug in the bloodstream b. the presence of other drugs in the bloodstream c. the chemical properties of the drug d. all of the above

.

3–34

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.2 Explain the physiological processes that enable drugs to be eliminated from the body 42) The ______ the quantity of the drug, the ______ the body tries to get rid of it. a. larger; slower b. smaller; faster c. larger; faster d. There is no relationship between the quantity of the drug and the speed with which the body tries to excrete it.

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.2 Explain the physiological processes that enable drugs to be eliminated from the body 43) As a person gets older, the enzyme activity in the liver __________. a. increases b. decreases c. stays the same d. completely stops Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.2 Explain the physiological processes that enable drugs to be eliminated from the body 44) The rate of elimination of a particular drug can be determined by an index called __________.

.

3–35

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. the elimination quarter-life b. the elimination half-life c. the elimination rate-life d. the elimination declination life Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.2 Explain the physiological processes that enable drugs to be eliminated from the body 45) The elimination half-life index of a drug is determined by __________. a. dividing in half the total time the drug produces an effect b. dividing in half the user’s age c. noting the time it takes for the concentration to decline by half d. a combination of the above Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.2 Explain the physiological processes that enable drugs to be eliminated from the body 46) Of the following drugs, which has the longest elimination half-life? a. Cocaine b. Marijuana c. Nicotine d. Caffeine Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC

.

3–36

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 3.2 Explain the physiological processes that enable drugs to be eliminated from the body 47) A patient receives 100 mg of a drug that has a half-life of 2 hours at 1 p.m. The patient has just eaten a large meal, so it takes 2 hours for the drug to be fully absorbed into the bloodstream. What will the blood concentration of the drug be at 7 p.m.? a. 75 mg b. 50 mg c. 25 mg d. 25 mg Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.2 Explain the physiological processes that enable drugs to be eliminated from the body 48) Which of the following plays the most important role in determining the final result after a drug is repeatedly administered? a. The timing of drug administration b. The acute effects of drugs administered close together in time c. The chronic effects of drugs administered close together in time d. The age of the individual Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 49) A latency period occurs __________. a. late in a drug administration, when concentrations declined b. in the “middle” of the interval, when drug effect has been observed c. when it is realized that the drug was really a placebo

.

3–37

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. when drug concentrations are increasing in the blood but no drug effect has yet been detected Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 50) If a drug is taken at noon and an effect is detected at 12:05 but no longer detected by 1:00, it is reasonable to assume that the latency period occurred at __________. a. 12:04 b. 12:07 c. 12:55 d. 1:15 Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 51) It is possible for drug concentrations to continue to rise in the blood __________. a. even when there is no longer any effect at all b. even when the effect has reached maximum strength c. even when the effect has begun to decline d. even when the individual has not taken the drug Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 52) The technique used to keep the concentration of the drug high enough to be effective yet low enough to avoid toxic effects is known as the __________.

.

3–38

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. time-sensitive form b. time-release form c. time-suspension form d. time-mark form Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 53) A solution to the problem of undesirable side effects due to excessive concentrations of the drug in the blood is __________. a. a placebo b. taking twice the recommended dosage c. a time-release form of the drug d. avoiding the therapeutic window Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 54) You have a better chance of staying within the therapeutic window with __________. a. a tamper-proof drug container b. a time-release form of the drug c. an easily digested form of the drug d. an injection of the drug Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs

.

3–39

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

55) When the combination of two drugs results in an acute effect that is equivalent to the sum of the effects of either drug administered separately, the effect is known as __________. a. subtractive b. multiplicative c. additive d. obtuse Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 56) If Drug A has an effect of 5 and Drug B has an effect of 8, a purely additive combination effect would be equivalent to __________. a. 0 b. 10 c. 13 d. 22 Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 57) If one drug has an effect of 6, a second drug has an effect of 8, and the combination of the 2 drugs has an effect of 20, then the interaction is __________. a. synergistic b. additive c. antagonistic d. all of the above Answer: a Diff: 2

.

3–40

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 58) Synergism and potentiation are examples of __________. a. an additive combination b. a hypoadditive combination c. a hyperadditive combination d. an antagonistic combination Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 59) If there is a very strong effect when two drugs are taken in combination, even though one of the drugs by itself has no effect and the other by itself has only a weak effect, then the combination effect is called __________. a. additive b. subtractive c. synergistic d. potentiation Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 60) If one drug has an effect of 6 and a second drug has an effect of 6, but the combination of the two drugs has an effect of 0, then the interaction is __________. a. synergistic b. antagonistic c. hyperadditive d. additive

.

3–41

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 61) Developing a tolerance for a drug’s effect results in tolerance for the effects of another drug never taken; this is known as __________. a. cross-reference b. cross-tolerance c. cross-dependence d. cross-induction Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 62) Cross-tolerance is commonly observed in the effects of __________ and alcohol. a. cocaine b. nicotine c. benzodiazepines d. marijuana Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 63) Which of the following is NOT an example of cross-tolerance? a. A barbiturate abuser has to drink more than usual before getting drunk. b. An alcoholic needs a greater amount of anaesthetic when undergoing surgery. c. A liquid heroin abuser needs increasingly higher doses when snorting heroin.

.

3–42

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. All of the above are examples of cross-tolerance.

Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 64) The combination of morphine or heroin with naloxone or naltrexone is an example of __________. a. potentiation b. synergism c. an additive effect d. an antagonistic effect Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 65) When one drug can substitute for the physiological effects produced by a second drug that has been discontinued, this phenomenon is known as __________. a. cross-reference b. cross-dependence c. cross-tolerance d. cross-induction Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 66) An alcoholic or a barbiturate abuser requiring a greater amount of an anaesthetic when undergoing surgery is an example of __________.

.

3–43

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. cross-reference b. cross-tolerance c. cross-dependence d. cross-induction Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 67) Which of the following can affect how one person reacts to a drug compared to another? a. weight b. ethnicity c. gender d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 68) Women may be affected more by alcohol than men, due to __________. a. having a lower proportion of water than men b. reduced levels of enzymes that break down alcohol in the liver c. having a lower fat-to-muscle ratio than men d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs

.

3–44

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

69) A lower proportion of water in a woman relative to an equivalently weighted man __________. a. is related to a lower fat-to-muscle ratio in women b. will make women more affected by alcohol c. has been found to have no effect on how a person is affected by alcohol d. is related to an increased level of enzymes that metabolize alcohol in the liver Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 70) About half of all individuals of Asian descent have __________. a. low levels of an enzyme involved in the metabolism of alcohol b. low levels of an enzyme involved in the metabolism of caffeine c. high levels of an enzyme involved in the metabolism of most drugs d. high levels of an enzyme involved in the metabolism of antibacterial drugs Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 71) Asian schizophrenic patients _______ Caucasian patients when taking antipsychotic medication. a. are less sensitive than b. are more sensitive than c. are equivalent relative to d. show a faster metabolism than Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC

.

3–45

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 72) Those of Asian descent show enhanced sensitivity to _______ compared to Caucasians. a. nicotine and alcohol b. marijuana c. antipsychotic and antianxiety medications d. stimulants and antipsychotic medications Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 73) According to the text, _______ smoke fewer cigarettes per day than _______. a. those of African descent; Caucasians b. Caucasians; those of African descent c. Hispanics; Asians d. Asians; those of African descent Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 74) Which of the following is true? a. People of African descent retain more nicotine per cigarette than do Caucasian smokers, and therefore smoke fewer cigarettes per day. b. People of African descent retain less nicotine per cigarette than Caucasian smokers, and therefore smoke fewer cigarettes per day. c. Caucasians retain more nicotine per cigarette than people of African descent, and therefore smoke fewer cigarettes per day. d. Asians retain more nicotine per cigarette than Caucasian smokers, and therefore smoke more cigarettes per day.

.

3–46

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 75) Members of the Black community have a(n) __________. a. relatively fast rate of nicotine metabolism b. relatively slow rate of nicotine metabolism c. rate of nicotine metabolism equal to whites d. immunity to drug dependence Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 76) The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the __________. a. somatic and autonomic systems b. brain and spinal cord c. brain and autonomic system d. sympathetic and parasympathetic systems Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning 77) Sensory pathways leading to the CNS are considered part of the __________. a. autonomic system b. extracranial system c. peripheral nervous system d. sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system .

3–47

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning 78) Kicking a soccer ball would be considered a ______ response. a. skeletal b. somatic c. autonomic d. gastrointestinal Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning 79) Analogy: ______ is to voluntary as ______ is to involuntary. a. Somatic; psychosomatic b. Somatic; autonomic c. Psychosomatic; somatic d. Autonomic; somatic Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning 80) Analogy: _______ is to skeletal muscle as _______ is to smooth muscle. a. Somatic; psychosomatic b. Somatic; autonomic c. Psychosomatic; somatic d. Autonomic; somatic .

3–48

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning 81) An autonomic response involves which kind of muscle? a. Skeletal b. Somatic c. Smooth d. Rigid Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning 82) An acceleration or deceleration of the heart rate is considered a(n) ______ response. a. somatic b. skeletal c. autonomic d. gastrointestinal Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning 83) Bodily changes that result from stressful or emergency situations are handled by the __________. a. peripheral nervous system in general b. parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system c. skeletal muscles attached to bone

.

3–49

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning 84) The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are two branches of the __________. a. peripheral nervous system b. central nervous system c. autonomic nervous system d. spinal cord Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning 85) Sympathetic activation can result in all of the following, EXCEPT __________. a. increased blood pressure b. dilation of the bronchi in the lungs c. dilation of the pupils in the eyes d. increased function of the gastrointestinal tract Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning 86) Which response would be a result of sympathetic activation? a. A higher level of blood pressure b. A slower heart rate c. An increased rate of digestion .

3–50

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. A constriction in the pupil of the eye Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning 87) Parasympathetic activation can result in all of the following, EXCEPT __________. a. decreased heart rate b. decreased blood pressure c. constriction of pupils and bronchi d. decreased function of the gastrointestinal tract Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning 88) A lower level of blood pressure is typically associated with __________. a. a faster heart rate b. an increased rate of digestion c. a dilation of the pupil of the eye d. a dilation of the bronchi in the lungs Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning 89) Typically, sympathetic activation __________ parasympathetic activation. a. causes opposite physiological changes compared to b. causes similar physiological changes compared to c. enhances .

3–51

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. occurs at the same time as Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning 90) According to the text, the most important part of the CNS is __________. a. the brain b. the spinal cord c. parasympathetic activation d. neural pathways Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning 91) Neurons are specialized cells that __________. a. dilate and constrict b. receive and transmit information c. reject foreign particles in the body d. form the walls of the heart Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.4 Review the nervous system and its functioning 92) If you were to order the three classifications of brain tissue from the most primitive to the most recently evolved part of the human brain, it would result in which order? a. Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain b. Hindbrain, forebrain, midbrain

.

3–52

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. Midbrain, hindbrain, forebrain d. Hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 93) The most recently evolved part of the human brain is the __________. a. hindbrain b. forebrain c. midbrain d. spinal cord Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 94) The coordinator of the basic life-support systems of the body is the __________. a. medulla b. pons c. cerebellum d. limbic system Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 95) Opiates, alcohol, barbiturates, and other depressants are potentially dangerous since there is the risk of inhibiting __________. a. blood pressure

.

3–53

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. digestion c. the vomiting reflex d. respiration Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 96) Which of the following is part of the hindbrain? a. Somatic system b. Medulla c. Autonomic nervous system d. Cortex Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 97) Which of the following is NOT part of the hindbrain? a. Medulla b. Pons c. Cerebellum d. Limbic system Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 98) Asphyxiation can occur when respiratory centres in the ______ are inhibited. a. cerebellum .

3–54

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. lungs c. medulla d. forebrain Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 99) The vomiting centre of the brain is located in the __________. a. medulla b. pons c. cerebellum d. substantia nigra Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 100) Alcohol’s depressive effect occurs in which area of the hindbrain? a. Medulla b. Pons c. Reticular formation d. Cerebellum Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 101) The reticular formation is located in the __________. a. medulla .

3–55

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. pons c. cerebellum d. limbic system Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 102) Maintaining the necessary level of alertness when we are conscious and awake is the responsibility of the __________. a. cerebellum b. reticular formation c. hypothalamus and limbic system d. medial forebrain bundle Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 103) Inhibition of the ______ is the reason for dizziness after drinking alcohol. a. substantia nigra b. cerebral cortex c. cerebellum d. central nervous system in general Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 104) Hindbrain is to cerebellum as midbrain is to __________.

.

3–56

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. pons b. cerebral cortex c. substantia nigra d. hypothalamus Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 105) Body movement depends on which part of the brain? a. Cerebral cortex b. Hypothalamus c. Substantia nigra d. both A and C Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 106) Degeneration of the substantia nigra results in __________. a. Parkinson’s disease b. a strange effect of prolonged euphoria c. a reduction in the effects of antipsychotic medication d. cortical inhibition Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 107) Motivational and emotional behaviours are controlled by the __________. .

3–57

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. hindbrain b. hypothalamus c. limbic system d. both B and C Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 108) The hypothalamus controls __________. a. feeding behaviour b. drinking behaviour c. sexual behaviour d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 109) More than 80% of the cerebral cortex is referred to as __________. a. sensory cortex b. sensory and motor cortex c. association cortex d. motor cortex Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 110) The most recently evolved region of the human brain is the __________. .

3–58

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. limbic system b. prefrontal cortex c. parasympathetic nervous system d. cerebellum Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 111) Midbrain is to sensory and motor reflexes as forebrain is to __________. a. emotional and motivational acts b. basic life functions c. instinctive behaviours d. sleeping patterns Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 112) The long appendage extending from the cell body of a neuron is referred to as the __________. a. dendrite b. axon c. synaptic knob d. synaptic cleft Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain

.

3–59

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

113) Drug XYZ reduces anxiety, but has a side effect of producing disinhibited food intake. What brain regions are most likely affected by this drug? a. limbic system, cerebellum, and hypothalamus b. prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system c. hypothalamus, limbic system, and reticular formation d. reticular formation, limbic system, and cerebellum Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 114) The “on” state of the neuron may also be referred to as a __________. a. dendritic charge b. action potential c. ionic potential d. axonic metabolite Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.6 Discuss the structure and the functioning of neurons; Discuss the stages of synaptic transmission; Compare and contrast ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

115) The bulk of the neuron is comprised of the __________. a. synapse b. cell body c. axon d. dendrites Answer: b Diff: 2

.

3–60

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 3.6 Discuss the structure and the functioning of neurons; Discuss the stages of synaptic transmission; Compare and contrast ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

116) The gap between neurons is known as the __________. a. presynaptic terminal b. synapse c. postsynaptic terminal d. axon collateral Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.6 Discuss the structure and the functioning of neurons; Discuss the stages of synaptic transmission; Compare and contrast ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

117) Which of the following ions does NOT play an integral role in the action potential? a. Na+ b. K+ c. Cl– d. H+ Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.6 Discuss the structure and the functioning of neurons; Discuss the stages of synaptic transmission; Compare and contrast ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

118) Reuptake refers to the “returning back” of the neurotransmitter to the __________. a. vesicles in the presynaptic terminal b. receptor sites c. heart and other internal organs d. cerebral cortex

.

3–61

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.6 Discuss the structure and the functioning of neurons; Discuss the stages of synaptic transmission; Compare and contrast ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

119) Analogy: Ionotropic is to metabotropic as ___________ is to ___________. a. ligand-gated; voltage-gated b. fast; slow c. presynaptic; postsynaptic d. inhibitory; excitatory Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.6 Discuss the structure and the functioning of neurons; Discuss the stages of synaptic transmission; Compare and contrast ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

120) Muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors are receptor sites that are sensitive to which neurotransmitter? a. Norepinephrine b. Acetylcholine c. Dopamine d. Gamma aminobutyric acid Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 121) Metabotropic receptors are linked to___________. a. ionotropic receptors b. signal proteins and G proteins

.

3–62

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. vesicles d. ligand-gated ion channels Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.6 Discuss the structure and the functioning of neurons; Discuss the stages of synaptic transmission; Compare and contrast ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

122) Atropine is a drug that __________. a. reduces schizophrenic symptoms b. reduces feelings of anxiety c. inhibits feelings of anger and frustration d. inhibits acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 123) The poison curare is considered a(n) __________. a. antimuscarinic drug b. antinicotinic drug c. antagonistic drug to opiates d. drug related to dopamine Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain

.

3–63

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

124) According to the text, deficiencies in acetylcholine and/or nicotine receptors are linked to _________. a. nicotine addiction b. Parkinson’s disease c. Alzheimer’s disease d. emphysema Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 125) The major neurotransmitter for sympathetic autonomic activation is __________. a. acetylcholine b. dopamine c. serotonin d. norepinephrine Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 126) Through norepinephrine is found all over the brain, in which part is it most concentrated? a. Medulla b. Limbic system c. Hypothalamus d. both B and C Answer: d Diff: 3

.

3–64

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 127) What aspects of human behaviour are affected by the neurotransmitter dopamine? a. Motor control b. Emotionality c. Drug cravings d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 128) A deficiency in motor control can result from a degeneration of neurons sensitive to which major neurotransmitter? a. Acetylcholine b. Dopamine c. Serotonin d. Norepinephrine Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 129) Analogy: ________ is to Alzheimer’s disease as ________ is to Parkinson’s disease. a. Norepinephrine; dopamine b. Serotonin; dopamine c. Acetylcholine; dopamine d. Serotonin; acetylcholine

.

3–65

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 130) ________ is a disorder resulting from degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. a. Nicotine addiction b. Parkinson’s disease c. Alzheimer’s Disease d. Emphysema Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 131) Which of the following disorders has NOT been linked to dopamine? a. Parkinson’s disease b. Alzheimer’s disease c. Schizophrenia d. both B and C Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 132) Schizophrenia is strongly suspected to be related to neurons sensitive to __________.

.

3–66

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. acetylcholine b. serotonin c. dopamine d. norepinephrine Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 133) Serotonin is most concentrated in which part of the brain? a. Medulla and pons b. Limbic system c. Cortex d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 134) Serotonin plays an important role in regulating __________. a. patterns of sleep b. feelings of stress and fear c. one’s reaction to pain d. our movements Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

3–67

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 135) The technical name for _______ is 5-Hydroxytryptophan (abbreviated 5-HT). a. serotonin b. dopamine c. acetylcholine d. norepinephrine Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 136) Which two major neurotransmitters are considered responsible for establishing appropriate levels of mood? a. serotonin and acetylcholine b. dopamine and endorphins c. acetylcholine and norepinephrine d. serotonin and norepinephrine Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 137) It is reasonable that antiepileptic medications would increase levels of __________. a. dopamine b. GABA c. endorphins d. serotonin

.

3–68

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 138) Which of the following statements about glutamate is NOT true? a. Glutamate functions as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. b. Glutamate receptors are blocked by some psychoactive drugs. c. Glutamate receptors are activated by the presence of some psychoactive drugs. d. Drugs that block glutamate receptors have been largely unsuccessful in treating drug abuse.

Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 139) Pain-killing drugs bear a remarkable resemblance to __________. a. endorphins b. dopamine c. acetylcholine d. serotonin Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 140) A group of neurotransmitters that serve as natural painkillers are called __________. a. endorphins

.

3–69

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. gamma aminobutyric acids c. serotonin d. norepinephrine Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 141) A major function of endorphins is to __________. a. allow us to fall asleep b. cause us to feel less pain c. prevent schizophrenia d. reduce hallucinations after LSD is ingested Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 142) Athletes can experience a “runner’s high,” or euphoria, during strenuous physical activity due to elevated levels of_______. a. GABA b. endorphins c. acetylcholine d. norepinephrine Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain

.

3–70

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

143) The analgesic effects of Chinese acupuncture can be reversed by __________. a. dopamine b. serotonin c. acetylcholine d. naloxone Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 144) What would be the outcome of a drug that binds to, but does not activate, DA autoreceptors? a. DA synaptic transmission will increase b. DA synaptic transmission will decrease c. DA synthesis will increase d. DA synthesis will decrease.

Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 145) What is the blood–brain barrier responsible for? a. Guarding the brain by keeping blood from “drowning” brain cells b. Acting as a resource for neurotransmitters in the blood to communicate with the brain c. Prohibiting drugs and other molecules from passing from the bloodstream into the brain d. all of the above Answer: c

.

3–71

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 146) The key factor in determining passage across the blood–brain barrier is __________. a. protein linkages b. lipid-solubility c. receptor compatibility d. water-solubility Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 147) The effects of endocannabinoids resemble those of which drug? a. Marijuana b. Morphine c. Nicotine d. LSD Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 148) Which drug easily passes into the brain from the bloodstream? a. Alcohol b. Cocaine c. Barbiturates d. all of the above

.

3–72

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 149) Which drug is the LEAST likely to cross the blood–brain barrier? a. Alcohol b. Barbiturates c. Nicotine d. Penicillin Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 150) This common antibiotic treatment can only be used for infections outside the brain. a. Sulfamide b. Penicillin c. Clarithromycin d. Azithromycin Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 151) L-Dopa is administered instead of dopamine to treat Parkinson’s disease because __________. a. it produces fewer side effects b. it crosses the blood–brain barrier more easily than dopamine c. it can metabolize better into norepinephrine d. none of the above

.

3–73

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 152) You can facilitate the crossing of the blood–brain barrier by combining proteinbased drugs with __________. a. another protein b. a fatty acid c. a derivative of dopamine d. a water-soluble molecule Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 153) Which type of drug tolerance depends upon processes in the liver? a. Metabolic tolerance b. Pharmacodynamic tolerance c. Cellular tolerance d. Behavioural tolerance Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 154) Which type of drug tolerance depends upon processes in the neuron? a. Metabolic tolerance b. Pharmacodynamic tolerance c. Pharmacokinetic tolerance

.

3–74

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. Behavioural tolerance Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 155) A decline in the sensitivity of receptors underlies which kind of tolerance? a. Metabolic tolerance b. Cellular tolerance c. Dispositional tolerance d. Behavioural tolerance Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 156) Drug A and Drug B activate the same types of receptor sites. After repeated using of Drug A, Drug B would produce a(n) _______ effect compared to someone who had never used Drug A or B. a. stronger b. equivalent c. weaker d. The effect cannot be determined from the above information.

Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 157) The nucleus accumbens in the brain appears to be associated with what feature of many psychoactive drugs?

.

3–75

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. Their sedative (sleep-inducing) effects b. Their stimulating effects c. Their rewarding or reinforcing effects d. Their hallucinogenic effects Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 158) The pattern of human behaviour that characterizes psychological dependence closely parallels __________. a. hoarding behaviour in animals b. self-administration behaviour in animals c. self-grooming behaviour in animals d. epileptic seizures in animals Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 159) The rewarding or reinforcing effects of amphetamines, cocaine, and heroin have been associated with the effect on which major neurotransmitter? a. Acetylcholine b. Serotonin c. GABA d. Dopamine Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug

.

3–76

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

160) In general, genetic influences in substance abuse have been thought to be more prominent than social environmental factors among _____________. a. the elderly b. adolescents c. children d. middle-aged adults Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 161) Activity in the nucleus accumbens is related to __________. a. hallucinogenic drug effects b. sleep-inducing drug effects c. panic-inducing drug effects d. feelings of craving for certain psychoactive drugs Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 162) The nucleus accumbens is in the __________. a. midbrain b. medulla c. cerebellum d. limbic system Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

3–77

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 163) It is hypothesized that genetics plays a significant role in which aspect(s) of smoking behaviour? a. Starting to smoke b. Becoming addicted to smoking c. Ability to quit smoking d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 164) It is estimated that genetics account for about ___ % of the inclination to begin smoking, and for about ___ % of the ability to quit. a. 10; 15 b. 75; 54 c. 20; 31 d. 54; 75 Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 165) In a recent study, 12 out of 13 former cigarette smokers with brain damage to the ______, report that it was easier to quit smoking, whereas only 4 out of 19 people with damage that did not include this area were able to do so. a. insula b. cerebellum c. medulla d. pons

.

3–78

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 166) Drug effects are considered to be a three-way interaction of the drug’s pharmacological properties with __________. a. set and stature b. set and setting c. set and time of day d. set and season Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.9 Discuss how the placebo effect can alter the effect of drugs on an individual 167) Individual characteristics of the drug-taker or environmental conditions will have little influence on drug effects when __________. a. the drug is relatively bad-tasting b. the temperature is above 30 degrees Celsius c. the drug-taker is younger than 12 d. the drug dose is relatively high Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.9 Discuss how the placebo effect can alter the effect of drugs on an individual 168) Expectations about a drug effect determine the extent to which _______ occurs. a. the placebo effect b. the dosage–weight interaction c. the blood–brain barrier effect

.

3–79

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. the gender–weight interaction Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.9 Discuss how the placebo effect can alter the effect of drugs on an individual 169) If a placebo effect occurs, a completely inert substance __________. a. will have no effect whatsoever b. will have a reduced effect c. will have an effect d. will likely produce a lethal response Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.9 Discuss how the placebo effect can alter the effect of drugs on an individual 170) Placebo effects are __________. a. psychological but not physical b. physical but not psychological c. neither physical nor psychological d. physical, psychological, or both Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.9 Discuss how the placebo effect can alter the effect of drugs on an individual 171) The placebo effect in morphine administrations is __________. a. substantial b. relatively minor c. nonexistent .

3–80

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. dependent upon the degree of fat solubility Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.9 Discuss how the placebo effect can alter the effect of drugs on an individual 172) A possible determinant of whether a placebo effect will occur is __________. a. the enthusiasm of the physician prescribing it b. the attractiveness of the packaging c. information that other people have been helped d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 3.9 Discuss how the placebo effect can alter the effect of drugs on an individual 173) Research has shown that if a doctor has negative attitudes concerning a drug, the effect of the drug on the patient is more likely to result in __________. a. the most benefits of the drug b. no effect at all c. the least benefits of the drug d. dependence on the drug Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.9 Discuss how the placebo effect can alter the effect of drugs on an individual 174) The development of skin rashes when people believe they have been exposed to fake poison ivy is a likely consequence of __________. a. hyperadditive interactions between drugs

.

3–81

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. the placebo effect c. the classical conditioning effect d. the nucleus accumbens effect Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.9 Discuss how the placebo effect can alter the effect of drugs on an individual 175) In order for a possible placebo effect to be evaluated, __________. a. the placebo drug must look different from the real drug b. the placebo drug must be identical in appearance to the real drug c. it does not matter what the placebo drug looks like d. the individual must know ahead of time that a placebo is being used Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.9 Discuss how the placebo effect can alter the effect of drugs on an individual 176) An active placebo is a __________. a. drug that actually has active ingredients in it b. drug that is inert but looks identical to the one with active ingredients c. drug that is inert but looks different from the one with active ingredients d. drug that has active ingredients in it and looks physically attractive Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.9 Discuss how the placebo effect can alter the effect of drugs on an individual 177) An effective placebo to a well-known red pill containing antianxiety medication would be what colour?

.

3–82

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. a complementary colour to red (in this case, green) b. white (colourless) c. black and white so that there would be no association with the colour red d. red Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.9 Discuss how the placebo effect can alter the effect of drugs on an individual 178) In a double-blind procedure, knowledge about whether a drug or a placebo is being administered is withheld from __________. a. the individual receiving the drug but not the person administering it b. the individual administering the drug but not the person receiving it c. both the individual administering the drug and the person receiving it d. neither the individual administering nor the person receiving a drug Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.9 Discuss how the placebo effect can alter the effect of drugs on an individual 179) A major feature of drug studies that is helpful in evaluating whether a new medication has genuine benefits is __________. a. media coverage of the results from past studies b. a double-blind procedure c. information concerning whether or not drug interactions occur d. information concerning whether or not a major neurotransmitter is involved Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.9 Discuss how the placebo effect can alter the effect of drugs on an individual

.

3–83

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Essay Questions 1) Describe three of the several ways drugs can be administered to the body, choosing one with a rapid absorption rate, one with a slow absorption rate, and one in between.

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each of them with respect to toxicity and side effects.

LO: 3.1 Describe the different ways in which drugs enter the body 2) Contrast additive and hyperadditive interactions. Give an example of each in terms of a specific drug combination.

LO: 3.3 Express some of the factors determining the behavioural consequences of drugs 3) Contrast the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain regions in terms of their general responsibilities. Which region do drugs typically affect first, and which region do they typically affect last?

LO: 3.5 Describe the basic structures of the brain 4) Describe the general course of events when one neuron communicates with another at the synapse.

LO: 3.6 Discuss the structure and the functioning of neurons; Discuss the stages of synaptic transmission; Compare and contrast ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

5) Choose one of the principal neurotransmitters in the text and describe its role in normal brain functioning and in specific drug effects.

LO: 3.7 Examine the alteration of synaptic transmission by drugs; Examine the major neurotransmitters in the brain 6) If you wanted to facilitate the passage of a drug across the blood–brain barrier, what quality would you want the drug to have? Provide an example of two extreme situations with respect to passage across the blood–brain barrier.

LO: 3.8 Explain how physiology can impact the effect of a drug 7) How does the double-blind procedure for studies of drug effects allow you to find out whether a drug has a genuine effect on the user beyond a mere placebo effect?

LO: 3.9 Discuss how the placebo effect can alter the effect of drugs on an individual

.

3–84

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

CHAPTER 4 THE MAJOR STIMULANTS: COCAINE AND AMPHETAMINES True or False Questions 1) Chewing coca leaf is still widely practised in the Andean highlands of South America. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 2) The most successful commercial use of cocaine in the nineteenth century was a mixture of coca and wine. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 3) The popular beverage Coca-Cola contained cocaine in its formulation until 1903. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 4) Coca-Cola still contains about 1% cocaine. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 5) After discovering the effects of cocaine, Freud distributed the drug to his friends and family. a. True b. False

.

4–1

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 6) Though Freud used both nicotine and cocaine, he only became dependent on cocaine. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 7) Sigmund Freud eventually gave up cocaine because he personally suffered the adverse side effects of chronic cocaine abuse. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 8) Snorting cocaine produces a quicker effect than does intravenous use of cocaine. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.2 Report how cocaine works in the brain 9) No matter which method of administration is used, the effects of cocaine begin to wear off after 60 to 90 minutes. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.2 Report how cocaine works in the brain 10) The aftereffects of cocaine are uncomfortable enough to produce a powerful craving for another dose. a. True b. False

.

4–2

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a LO: 4.2 Report how cocaine works in the brain 11) If cocaine is snorted through the nose, the effect lasts 15–30 minutes. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.2 Report how cocaine works in the brain 12) Long-term use of cocaine results in decreased sexual performance and loss of sexual desire. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 13) Cocaine produces its stimulatory effects exclusively by the inhibition of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.2 Report how cocaine works in the brain 14) Cocaine produces a sudden elevation of the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.2 Report how cocaine works in the brain 15) Formication hallucinations are components of cocaine psychosis. a. True b. False

.

4–3

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a LO: 4.2 Report how cocaine works in the brain 16) Some cocaine abusers sense imaginary bugs crawling under their skin, forcing abusers to scratch their skin into open sores. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 17) “Cocaine bugs” are never associated with symptoms of cocaine psychosis. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 18) Increased snorting of cocaine can lead to small holes in the nasal septum. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 19) Physical signs of possible cocaine abuse include decreased irritability, feelings of euphoria, and increased ability to sleep. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 20) Physical signs of possible cocaine abuse include irritability, paranoia, feelings of depression, and insomnia. a. True b. False

.

4–4

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 21) Cocaine’s only legitimate medical use is as a local anaesthetic. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 22) Chronic cocaine abuse leads to the loss of 20% of dopamine receptors in the pleasure and reinforcement area of the brain. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 23) The kindling effect of cocaine is instrumental in setting off epileptic seizures. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 24) As a result of the kindling effect, deaths from cocaine overdose may occur from relatively low dose levels. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 25) Cocaine hydrochloride is a form of cocaine that is typically smoked. a. True b. False Answer: b

.

4–5

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse 26) Crack cocaine presents fewer hazards in its preparation than does free-base cocaine. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse 27) Crack cocaine is made by treating cocaine with baking soda, resulting in small rocks. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse 28) Crack cocaine arrived on the drug scene in the mid-1970s. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse 29) d-amphetamine is stronger than L-amphetamine. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.6 Describe the history, composition, and physiological effect of amphetamines 30) The origin of modern amphetamines dates back to a Chinese herb called ma huang. a. True b. False Answer: a

.

4–6

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 4.6 Describe the history, composition, and physiological effect of amphetamines 31) The Chinese emperor credited with having discovered the herbal basis for amphetamines is also credited with having discovered marijuana and tea. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.6 Describe the history, composition, and physiological effect of amphetamines 32) Amphetamine was used during WWII to keep soldiers alert during battles. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.6 Describe the history, composition, and physiological effect of amphetamines 33) Amphetamine abuse in North America reached a peak around 1967. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.6 Describe the history, composition, and physiological effect of amphetamines 34) Amphetamines only increase the activity level of dopamine. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.6 Describe the history, composition, and physiological effect of amphetamines 35) Amphetamines stimulate the brain by elevating the levels of acetylcholine and endorphins. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.7 Report how amphetamines work in the brain

.

4–7

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

36) The acute effects of amphetamine resemble those of cocaine. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.8 Relate the acute effects of amphetamines; Relate the chronic effects of amphetamines 37) While superficially similar, cocaine and amphetamines actually produce very different acute effects. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.8 Relate the acute effects of amphetamines; Relate the chronic effects of amphetamines 38) According to the text, heavy methamphetamine users may be predisposed to acquiring Parkinson’s symptoms later in life. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.8 Relate the acute effects of amphetamines; Relate the chronic effects of amphetamines 39) Amphetamine psychosis does not involve the experience of formication hallucinations, while cocaine psychosis does. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.8 Relate the acute effects of amphetamines; Relate the chronic effects of amphetamines 40) Evidence indicates that chemical changes in the brain caused by chronic methamphetamine use can be somewhat reversed by abstaining from the drug for a minimum of one year.

.

4–8

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.8 Relate the acute effects of amphetamines; Relate the chronic effects of amphetamines 41) Methamphetamine abuse reemerged on the drug scene as crack cocaine and powder cocaine abuse began to diminish. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.9 Discuss the current patterns of methamphetamine abuse; Report the misuse of certain prescription drugs 42) Canada was ranked one of the world’s largest manufacturers of crystal methamphetamine in 2009. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.9 Discuss the current patterns of methamphetamine abuse; Report the misuse of certain prescription drugs 43) Crank is a slang-term for d-amphetamine. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.6 Describe the history, composition, and physiological effect of amphetamines 44) Methamphetamine abuse in Canada is now concentrated among the wealthy. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.9 Discuss the current patterns of methamphetamine abuse; Report the misuse of certain prescription drugs

.

4–9

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

45) One ingredient in “homegrown” methamphetamine is pseudoepinephrine, found in numerous over-the-counter cold remedies. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.9 Discuss the current patterns of methamphetamine abuse; Report the misuse of certain prescription drugs 46) The Precursor Control Regulations of 2003 successfully prevented the export of precursors like pseudoepinephrine to the United States. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.9 Discuss the current patterns of methamphetamine abuse; Report the misuse of certain prescription drugs 47) Methamphetamine abuse is associated with increased high-risk sexual behaviour among HIV-positive gay or bisexual men. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.9 Discuss the current patterns of methamphetamine abuse; Report the misuse of certain prescription drugs 48) Ice is a crystallized form of methamphetamine that can be smoked. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.9 Discuss the current patterns of methamphetamine abuse; Report the misuse of certain prescription drugs 49) Cocaine abusers show greater impairments than methamphetamine abusers on tests of perceptual speed or manipulation of information. a. True

.

4–10

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: b LO: 4.9 Discuss the current patterns of methamphetamine abuse; Report the misuse of certain prescription drugs 50) Amphetamine abusers are generally warned to stay away from seeking treatment in Cocaine Anonymous self-help groups, since the process of recovery is very different. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.9 Discuss the current patterns of methamphetamine abuse; Report the misuse of certain prescription drugs 51) The relapse rate of methamphetamine abuses is one of the highest for any category of drug abuse. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.9 Discuss the current patterns of methamphetamine abuse; Report the misuse of certain prescription drugs 52) Children with ADHD are usually below average intelligence and tend to overperform academically. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs 53) ADHD is outgrown at the end of childhood and does not carry over into adulthood. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs

.

4–11

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

54) The drug Ritalin and the drug Adderall have been found to be equally effective in the treatment of ADHD. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs 55) When stimulant medications are taken during formative years, major side effects include suppression of height and weight gain, reducing growth to about 80 to 90% of normal levels. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs 56) When children are no longer taking stimulant medication (referred to as “drug holidays”), growth spurts usually occur in a normal fashion. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs 57) Treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder decreases norepinephrine and dopamine activity in the brain. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs 58) It is possible that lowered norepinephrine levels play a role in ADHD.

.

4–12

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs 59) Medical applications of amphetamine-like drugs include narcolepsy and nasal congestion. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs 60) Diversion of ADHD medications by college students as a means of cognitive enhancement is a present-day concern. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs

Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Cocaine and amphetamines are both classified as __________. a. stimulants b. depressants c. drugs having both stimulant and depressant properties d. drugs having stimulant properties similar to nicotine and caffeine Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC

.

4–13

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 2) Why is it that coca chewing produces few instances of toxicity? a. Little cocaine is distributed to the brain, since absorption from the digestive system is slow. b. There is a chemical found in coca leaves, which dilutes the small amount of cocaine found in the leaves. c. As coca leaves are chewed, the cocaine is absorbed through the cheek linings, bypassing absorption in the digestive tract. d. Ingestion of coca products never results in toxic effects.

Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 3) Which drug or class of drugs is a substantially less powerful stimulant than cocaine? a. d-amphetamine b. Caffeine c. Methamphetamine d. none of the above Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 4) Leaves of the coca shrub __________. a. are the source of chocolate b. are harvested in South America c. are frequently added to tobacco in cigarettes d. form the basis for modern-day amphetamines

.

4–14

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 5) An average coca leaf contains about _____% cocaine. a. 2 b. 60 c. 90 d. less than .001 (prior to processing into crack) Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 6) Coca-leaf chewing does not result in widespread abuse because __________. a. it is carried out with friends and family, only b. the digestive system absorbs the cocaine too rapidly for there to be an effect c. only adults are allowed to chew coca leaves d. very low doses of cocaine are ingested Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 7) A bazuco is a __________. a. mixture of heroin and cocaine b. mixture of cocaine paste and tobacco c. mixture of raw coca leaves and kerosene d. form of smoked cocaine similar to crack

.

4–15

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 8) Vin Mariani was __________. a. a popular mixture of opium and wine b. a popular mixture of opium and cocaine c. a popular mixture of coca and wine d. a famed Sicilian restaurateur of the nineteenth century Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 9) Cocaethylene toxicity can result from a combination of __________. a. cocaine and heroin b. cocaine and alcohol c. cocaine and nicotine d. cocaine and amphetamines Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 10) Cocaethylene toxicity produces the following symptoms: __________. a. greatly increased heart rate and elevated blood pressure b. prolonged and enhanced euphoria relative to taking cocaine alone c. an increased risk of immediate death d. all of the above

.

4–16

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 11) Care-Cola, Dope Cola, Kola Ade, and Wiseola were among several beverage products sold in the nineteenth century. An ingredient they all had in common was __________. a. heroin b. cocaine c. marijuana d. enormous levels of caffeine Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 12) _________ banned cocaine from patent medicines in Canada. a. The Proprietary and Patent Medicine Act of 1908 b. Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 c. The Harrison Act of 1914 d. The Opium Act of 1908 Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 13) The 1885 formulation of Coca-Cola by John Pemberton was similar to Vin Mariani, except for the fact that Coca-Cola did not have any ________ in it. a. cocaine b. soda water

.

4–17

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. caffeine d. alcohol Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 14) In 1903, Coca-Cola __________. a. introduced pure cocaine into its cola ingredients b. removed the alcohol from its cola ingredients c. switched de-cocainized coca leaves into its ingredients d. carbonated the beverage Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 15) William Halsted studied __________. a. the history of coca-leaf chewing in South America b. the effect of cocaine as an anaesthetic c. ways to avoid cocaine dependence d. the formula for Coca-Cola and came up with Pepsi-Cola Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 16) De-cocainized flavour essence is a name for an ingredient in modern-day __________. a. bazuco

.

4–18

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. crack cocaine c. Vin Mariani d. Coca-Cola Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 17) An early champion of cocaine use was __________. a. Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow b. Sigmund Freud c. Ernest Jones d. Martha Freud Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 18) Freud decided to try pure cocaine because of __________. a. a report about how cocaine helped German soldiers endure fatigue b. drinking a Coca-Cola beverage c. how pleased his friends were when using it d. the positive effects Dr. Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow found when using cocaine to treat a painful illness Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 19) The experiences of Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow were an example of __________.

.

4–19

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. successful cocaine therapy b. unsuccessful marketing of a coca-flavoured beverage c. a severe cocaine-induced psychosis d. unsuccessful treatment for depression Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 20) Freud became dependent on which of the following drugs? a. Nicotine b. Cocaine c. Heroin d. both A and B Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 21) Freud eventually realized that cocaine __________. a. was indeed the wonder drug that he originally thought it was b. was structurally similar to heroin and other opiates c. was a drug with a dangerous potential for dependence d. would lead to dependence upon crack cocaine Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 22) Formication is a term for __________. .

4–20

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. a form of hallucinatory experience b. voluntary sexual intercourse between unmarried persons c. a process of producing free-base cocaine d. a characteristic speech pattern when under the influence of cocaine Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine 23) What is the most characteristic reaction when using cocaine? a. A calming sleep-like sensation b. Disorientation c. A powerful burst of energy d. A hallucinogenic state Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 24) Compared to snorting cocaine, injecting cocaine is characterized by __________. a. a quicker effect that remains for a longer period of time b. a quicker effect that wears off more quickly c. a slower effect that remains for a longer period of time d. a slower effect that wears off more quickly Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 25) As levels of cocaine diminish, the user may become __________. .

4–21

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. relaxed b. calm c. depressed d. euphoric Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 26) Cocaine is __________. a. an aphrodisiac for both acute and chronic cocaine abusers b. an aphrodisiac for chronic cocaine abusers but not for acute cocaine abusers c. an increasingly potent aphrodisiac as cocaine abuse continues d. a drug whose aphrodisiac properties depends heavily on the expectations of the abuser Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 27) Physiological effects of cocaine can be described as __________. a. parasympathetic activation b. sympathetic inhibition c. sympathetic activation d. sympathetic inhibition followed by activation Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 28) Autonomic effects of cocaine can lead to __________. .

4–22

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. cardiac arrhythmia b. cerebral hemorrhage c. congestive heart failure d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 29) The reason why cocaine has such extreme effects on the heart is due to __________. a. excitation of the sympathetic system b. inhibition of the parasympathetic system c. inhibition of the autonomic system d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 30) Chronic use of cocaine results in __________. a. increased sexual performance b. decreased sexual performance c. loss of sexual desire d. both B and C Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 31) Which characteristic is NOT a physiological effect of cocaine? .

4–23

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. Dilated pupils b. Increased heart rate c. Increased appetite d. Sweatiness and a pale appearance Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 32) Cocaine produces the following physiological effect: __________. a. dilated pupils b. decreased blood pressure c. dryness of the skin d. decreased heart rate Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 33) Which of the following symptoms does cocaine produce? a. Increased heart rate, increased respiration, decreased blood pressure b. Sweating, increased heart rate, increased blood pressure c. Decreased heart rate, decreased respiration d. Constriction of blood vessels, increased blood pressure, increase in appetite Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 34) Chronic cocaine abuse results in __________. .

4–24

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. irritability b. depression c. paranoia d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 35) Acute effects of cocaine can produce dangerous driving behaviours such as __________. a. “diagonal driving” b. holding up traffic due to driving at an excessively slow speed c. driving with the emergency brake on d. excessive application of the brake Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 36) Symptoms of cocaine psychosis include __________. a. formication b. a renewed sense of purpose in life c. a need to live a cocaine-free existence d. fornication Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Report the history of cocaine

.

4–25

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

37) What are “cocaine bugs”? a. Microscopic insects that live in cocaine powder b. Microscopic insects that breed in coca leaves c. Imaginary bugs perceived to be crawling under the skin of cocaine users d. A slang term for cocaine abusers Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 38) As the cocaine wears off, the abuser experiences __________. a. a relaxation of bronchial muscles and dilation of nasal blood vessels b. a contraction of bronchial muscles and dilation of nasal blood vessels c. a relaxation of bronchial muscles and constriction of nasal blood vessels d. a contraction of bronchial muscles and constriction of nasal blood vessels Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 39) The only legitimate medical use of cocaine is as a(n) __________. a. bronchial dilator b. antidepressant c. treatment for congestive heart disease d. local anaesthetic Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine

.

4–26

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

40) As a local anaesthetic, lidocaine __________. a. has a more long-lasting effect than cocaine b. is even more susceptible to abuse than cocaine c. can only rarely be used in dentistry d. has been discontinued from use since 1960 Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 41) Why is cocaine not widely used as a local anaesthetic? a. There is a chance the cocaine will enter the blood stream. b. There is possibility for abuse. c. Since cocaine breaks down quickly, the effects are brief. d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 42) Cocaine enhances the activity of __________. a. glutamate b. dopamine c. GABA d. acetylcholine Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.2 Report how cocaine works in the brain

.

4–27

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

43) One of the synaptic effects of cocaine is to __________. a. speed up the reuptake of dopamine b. speed up the reuptake of GABA c. block the reuptake of dopamine d. block the reuptake of GABA Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.2 Report how cocaine works in the brain 44) Cocaine effects involve changes in the synaptic activity of __________. a. dopamine and serotonin b. dopamine c. dopamine and norepinephrine d. dopamine , norepinephrine, and serotonin Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.2 Report how cocaine works in the brain 45) The euphoric effect associated with cocaine use is directly related to which neurotransmitter? a. Dopamine b. Serotonin c. Norepinephrine d. GABA Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.2 Report how cocaine works in the brain

.

4–28

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

46) Rank the following neurotransmitter transporters from least affinity to most affinity for cocaine. a. Norephinephrine, dopamine, serotonin b. Dopamine, serotonin, norephinephrine c. Serotonin, dopamine, norephinephrine d. Serotonin, norephinephrine, dopamine Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.2 Report how cocaine works in the brain 47) Which statement best describes a drug that reduces the rewarding effect of cocaine? a. The drug acts on neurons in the nucleus accummbens. b. The drug blocks DA transporters on the presynaptic neurons. c. The drug affects both DA and 5-HT systems. d. The drug blocks a conditioned place preference to cocaine.

Answer: d Difficulty: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.2 Report how cocaine works in the brain 48) Cocaine abusers develop a pattern of ________ in motor behaviour and brain excitation. a. desensitization b. tolerance c. sensitization d. irritability Answer: c Diff: 2

.

4–29

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 49) A kindling effect __________. a. is another name for tolerance b. means that an abuser is increasingly less sensitive to a drug c. is essentially a reverse tolerance effect d. occurs only if using cocaine for the first time Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 50) One adverse consequence from a kindling effect is the potential for __________. a. prolonged euphoria followed by depression b. brain seizures c. a degeneration of cells in the lungs d. a feeling of extreme warmth Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 51) Coca paste contains about ______ pure cocaine. a. 2% b. 40% c. 60% d. 99% Answer: c Diff: 3 .

4–30

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse 52) When coca paste is combined with tobacco, it cannot be injected into the bloodstream because __________. a. it is not fat-soluble b. it is not water-soluble c. it cannot be melted down to liquid form d. all of the above Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse 53) Which contains the highest concentration of cocaine? a. Coca leaves b. Coca paste c. Cocaine hydrochloride d. Bazuco-type cocaine Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse 54) Cocaine hydrochloride contains about ______ pure cocaine. a. 2% b. 40% c. 60% d. 99%

.

4–31

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse 55) Which form of cocaine is typically injected? a. Cocaine hydrochloride b. Free-base cocaine c. Crack cocaine d. Coca-leaf powder Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse 56) A speedball contains a combination of __________. a. cocaine and amphetamines b. cocaine and heroin c. amphetamines and heroin d. cocaine and LSD Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse 57) Removal of hydrochloride from the salt form of cocaine is called __________. a. free-base cocaine

.

4–32

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. crack cocaine c. coca paste d. salt cocaine Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse 58) Which type of cocaine carries the increased risk of flammability? a. Cocaine hydrochloride b. Free-base cocaine c. Crack cocaine d. Coca-leaf powder Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse 59) Crack cocaine is the result of a relatively safer chemical method of production than free-base cocaine because of the treatment with __________. a. kerosene b. ether c. alcohol d. baking soda Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse

.

4–33

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

60) According to the text, the effect of cocaine when smoked ______ the effect of cocaine when snorted. a. is greater than b. is less than c. is about equal to d. The effect depends on the user.

Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse 61) The purity of cocaine in crack averages about __________. a. 55% b. 65% c. 75% d. 85% Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse 62) Crack cocaine has been a street drug since which time period? a. Late 1970s b. Mid-1980s c. Early 1970s d. Early 1980s Answer: b

.

4–34

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse 63) Paco, a shortened name for “pasta de cocaine” (cocaine paste) is a major public health problem and social problem in __________. a. Argentina b. Ecuador c. Venezuela d. Chile Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse 64) Which of the following effects is common during the first 24 to 48 hours after stopping cocaine? a. Depression b. Severe headaches c. Sleep disturbances d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse 65) Intensive interventions, medical supervision, and psychological counselling can be best carried out during __________. a. Cocaine Anonymous sessions

.

4–35

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. inpatient treatment in a hospital facility c. outpatient treatment programs d. one-on-one therapy with a cognitive-behavioural therapist Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse 66) An inpatient treatment for cocaine abuse is probably best suited for __________. a. a person with very little money b. a person who is highly motivated to quit cocaine c. an elderly person older than 80 years d. a person in denial about his or her cocaine dependence Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse 67) In Canada, the prevalence rate of cocaine and crack usage has __________. a. decreased since 2004 b. increased since 2004 c. stayed the same as 2004 d. not been measured since 2004 Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse

.

4–36

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

68) A popular self-help support group for cocaine abusers is modelled after __________. a. Alcoholics Anonymous b. several inpatient treatment programs c. a treatment program for cocaine psychosis d. a pre–World War I educational program for immigrants to North America Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse 69) Which experience might induce a craving in a former cocaine abuser? a. Seeing a mound of baby powder b. Seeing a mound of sugar c. Seeing a mound of white sand d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse 70) Analogy: d-amphetamine is to L-amphetamine as __________. a. Adderall is to Dexedrine b. stronger is to weaker c. left-handed form is to right-handed form d. all of the above Answer: b Diff: 3

.

4–37

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 4.6 Describe the history, composition, and physiological effect of amphetamines 71) Which of the following atoms is NOT contained in the molecular structure of amphetamine? a. Carbon b. Oxygen c. Nitrogen d. Hydrogen Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.6 Describe the history, composition, and physiological effect of amphetamines 72) Methamphetamine is stronger than d-amphetamine because __________. a. it can cross the blood–brain barrier more easily b. it is less susceptible to abuse c. it more nearly resembles levoamphetamine d. it bears no resemblance to dopamine or norepinephrine Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.6 Describe the history, composition, and physiological effect of amphetamines 73) In its earliest medical application, the herb from which amphetamines are derived was used as a treatment for __________. a. constipation b. depression c. asthma d. heart failure

.

4–38

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.6 Describe the history, composition, and physiological effect of amphetamines 74) The earliest form of amphetamine was a synthetic form of __________. a. ephedrine b. norepinephrine c. L-amphetamine d. heroin Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.6 Describe the history, composition, and physiological effect of amphetamines 75) Which of the following has been a medical application of amphetamine? a. Treatment for insomnia b. Appetite enhancer c. Bronchial dilator d. CNS depressant Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.6 Describe the history, composition, and physiological effect of amphetamines 76) The stimulant properties of amphetamines were considered superior to those of cocaine because amphetamines __________. a. were less easily absorbed by the bloodstream b. produced effects over a shorter period of time c. could be taken orally d. have higher stimulant properties when taken on a full stomach

.

4–39

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.6 Describe the history, composition, and physiological effect of amphetamines 77) Amphetamines have been taken by all of the following individuals or groups of individuals, EXCEPT for __________. a. long-distance truck drivers b. students studying for exams c. people trying to fall asleep more easily d. people trying to lose weight Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.6 Describe the history, composition, and physiological effect of amphetamines 78) Amphetamine increases levels of which neurotransmitter(s)? a. Only dopamine b. Dopamine and serotonin c. Dopamine and norephinephrine d. Dopamine, serotonin, norephinephrine Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.7 Report how amphetamines work in the brain 79) The euphoric effects of amphetamines result from changes in __________. a. dopamine activity b. serotonin activity c. the reuptake of epinephrine

.

4–40

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. the blood–brain barrier Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.7 Report how amphetamines work in the brain 80) What is a primary difference between the pharmacological mechanisms of cocaine and amphetamine? a. Amphetamine is more easily absorbed into the bloodstream than cocaine. b. Amphetamine, but not cocaine, can be altered by adding a methyl group to the molecule. c. Amphetamine, but not cocaine, reverses the flow of DA molecules through the DA transporter. d. Drugs that affect the GABA system reduce the rewarding effect of cocaine, but not amphetamine.

Answer: c Difficulty: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.7 Report how amphetamines work in the brain

81) Prior to its reemergence in the 1990s, amphetamine use in North America peaked around __________. a. 1955 b. 1961 c. 1967 d. 1970 Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.6 Describe the history, composition, and physiological effect of amphetamines

.

4–41

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

82) The acute effects of amphetamine closely resemble the acute effects of __________. a. heroin b. most CNS depressants c. cocaine d. serotonin-related drugs Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.8 Relate the acute effects of amphetamines; Relate the chronic effects of amphetamines 83) The behavioural features of amphetamine psychosis is highly similar to __________. a. major depression b. paranoid schizophrenia c. panic attack d. mania Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC 4.8 Relate the acute effects of amphetamines; Relate the chronic effects of amphetamines 84) If a person is using speed, they are abusing which drug? a. d-amphetamine b. Methamphetamine c. Levoamphetamine d. Ephedrine Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC

.

4–42

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

4.6 Describe the history, composition, and physiological effect of amphetamines 85) Chronic effects of amphetamine include __________. a. paranoia b. compulsive behaviours fixated on trivial aspects of life c. delusions that insects are lodged underneath the skin d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.8 Relate the acute effects of amphetamines; Relate the chronic effects of amphetamines 86) Heavy methamphetamine users have shown changes in the brain commonly associated with __________. a. schizophrenia b. heroin abuse c. Parkinson’s disease d. narcolepsy Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC 4.8 Relate the acute effects of amphetamines; Relate the chronic effects of amphetamines 87) The primary form of amphetamine abused in recent years is __________. a. d-amphetamine b. L-amphetamine c. dexedrine d. methamphetamine Answer: d

.

4–43

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.9 Discuss the current patterns of methamphetamine abuse; Report the misuse of certain prescription drugs 88) Methamphetamine has recently become a favoured stimulant of abuse among the __________. a. working class b. homeless population c. urban poor d. wealthy Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.9 Discuss the current patterns of methamphetamine abuse; Report the misuse of certain prescription drugs 89) Canada has __________ methamphetamine labs than the United States and its production of methamphetamine is __________. a. fewer; higher b. fewer; lower c. more; higher d. more; lower Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.9 Discuss the current patterns of methamphetamine abuse; Report the misuse of certain prescription drugs 90) Today, methamphetamine users in Canada are mostly __________. a. female Aboriginals b. female street youth

.

4–44

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. male Aboriginals d. male non-Aboriginal street youth Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.9 Discuss the current patterns of methamphetamine abuse; Report the misuse of certain prescription drugs 91) Which of the following is NOT a slang term for methamphetamine? a. meth b. speed c. solid d. crank Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.9 Discuss the current patterns of methamphetamine abuse; Report the misuse of certain prescription drugs 92) Approximately __________ of toxic waste results from every pound of methamphetamine produced. a. 1 pound b. 2 pounds c. 5 pounds d. 10 pounds Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.9 Discuss the current patterns of methamphetamine abuse; Report the misuse of certain prescription drugs

.

4–45

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

93) The Precursor Control Regulations of 2003 were created in response to large-scale trafficking of which drug to the U.S? a. morphine b. Adderall c. Dexedrine d. pseudoepinephrine Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.9 Discuss the current patterns of methamphetamine abuse; Report the misuse of certain prescription drugs 94) Ice is a __________. a. smokable form of methamphetamine b. smokable form of heroin c. smokable form of cocaine, similar to crack d. none of the above Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.9 Discuss the current patterns of methamphetamine abuse; Report the misuse of certain prescription drugs 95) Outbreaks of ice abuse began in the late 1980s in __________. a. San Francisco b. Japan c. South Korea d. Hawaii Answer: d Diff: 2

.

4–46

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 4.9 Discuss the current patterns of methamphetamine abuse; Report the misuse of certain prescription drugs 96) One difference between the effects of amphetamines and the effects of cocaine is that __________. a. the effects of cocaine extend over a longer period of time b. the effects of amphetamine extend over a longer period of time c. cocaine impacts the sympathetic nervous system and amphetamine affects the parasympathetic nervous system d. amphetamines impact the sympathetic nervous system and cocaine affects the parasympathetic nervous system Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.8 Relate the acute effects of amphetamines; Relate the chronic effects of amphetamines 97) Amphetamine withdrawal symptoms include all of the following, except for __________. a. intense depression b. mild euphoria c. agitation d. anxiety Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.9 Discuss the current patterns of methamphetamine abuse; Report the misuse of certain prescription drugs 98) Withdrawal from amphetamines takes approximately __________. a. 2 to 6 hours b. 3 to 6 days

.

4–47

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. 1 to 2 weeks d. 6 to 18 weeks Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.9 Discuss the current patterns of methamphetamine abuse; Report the misuse of certain prescription drugs 99) Analogy: Methamphetamine administration is to cocaine administration as __________. a. day is to evening b. evening is to day c. binge consumption is to consumption every 2 to 4 hours d. both B and C Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.9 Discuss the current patterns of methamphetamine abuse; Report the misuse of certain prescription drugs 100) Adults with a history of ADHD are more likely than other adults to __________. a. be diagnosed with an antisocial personality disorder b. have been institutionalized for delinquency c. be serving a prison sentence d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs

.

4–48

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

101) Two widely prescribed drugs for the treatment of ADHD are __________. a. Methedrine and Dexedrine b. Adderall and Vyvanse c. Ritalin and Dexedrine d. Dexedrine and Ephedrine Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs 102) Adderall, a widely prescribed ADHD treatment drug, contains __________. a. cocaine and amphetamine b. methylphenidate c. dextroamphetamine and the amino acid lysine d. dextroamphetamine and levoamphetamine Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs 103) A disorder characterized by increased motor activity and reduced attention span is called __________. a. amphetamine psychosis b. narcolepsy c. attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder d. activity-enhanced hypoattentional disorder Answer: c Diff: 1

.

4–49

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs 104) ADHD generally affects __________. a. children of lower-than-normal intelligence b. children in gifted and talented programs c. more than 70% of the general population d. more boys than girls Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs 105) The two drugs ________ and ________ have been found to be equally effective for treating ADHD. a. Ritalin; Adderall b. Adderall; Dexedrine c. Ephedrine; Ritalin d. Dexedrine; Ephedrine Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs 106) A major side effect of stimulant medication (e.g., Ritalin) treatment for ADHD is __________. a. suppression of height and weight growth b. suppression of normal speech c. paradoxical movements in the fingers

.

4–50

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. nasal congestion Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs 107) Suppression of height and weight gains caused by stimulant medication (e.g., Ritalin) treatment for ADHD can be compensated for __________. a. by taking a different brand of stimulant medication b. during “drug holidays” when someone is no longer taking the medication c. by increasing the dosage of stimulant medication d. by taking two different kinds of stimulant medication Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs 108) Symptoms such as lethargy, lack of motivation, and, in some cases, depression can occur __________. a. when children are not taking stimulant medication b. when children are taking stimulant medication c. during paradoxical movements in the fingers d. by increasing dosage of stimulant medication Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs

.

4–51

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

109) Atomoxetine (Brand Name: Strattera) reduces ADHD symptoms by __________. a. increasing norepinephrine levels in the brain b. increasing dopamine levels in the brain c. increasing serotonin levels in the brain d. increasing the density of the blood–brain barrier Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs 110) Narcolepsy is __________. a. similar to insomnia in its behavioural features b. a symptom of cocaine psychosis c. a tendency to develop a dependency upon narcotic drugs d. an unpredictable urge to fall asleep Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs 111) Recently, problems have been observed with the recreational abuse of which of the following prescription medications? a. Alertec b. Bath salts c. Adderall d. Penicillin Answer: c Diff: 1

.

4–52

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs 112) Ritalin and similar stimulant medications are _______________ for recreational use. a. crushed and smoked b. taken orally c. inserted anally d. crushed and snorted Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs 113) Modafinil (brand name: Alertec) is a drug that has been approved for treating __________. a. narcolepsy b. cocaine abuse c. ADHD d. insomnia Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs 114) Which of the following disorders is NOT treated by stimulant drugs? a. Narcolepsy b. Epilepsy c. ADHD

.

4–53

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. Nasal decongestion Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs 115) Discontinuation of amphetamine-like drugs used to treat nasal congestion can produce__________. a. profound nasal decongestion b. nasal stuffiness c. repetitive sneezing d. a “euphoria rebound” Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs 116) Which of the following statements is true regarding methylphenidate? a. It increases sustained attention in users. b. Chronic use can lead to psychosis. c. It is a synthetic drug that is often smoked in crystal form. d. It affects both DA and NA systems in the brain.

Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs

.

4–54

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Essay Questions 1) Describe the acute effects of cocaine in terms of its stimulant properties and its relationship to the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system.

LO: 4.2 Report how cocaine works in the brain 2) Describe physical signs of possible cocaine abuse, as well as the chronic effects of cocaine.

LO: 4.3 Describe the acute effects of cocaine; Describe the chronic effects of cocaine 3) Discuss the relationship between raw coca leaves, cocaine hydrochloride, free-base cocaine, and crack cocaine, in terms of the processing necessary to produce all except the raw form of cocaine.

LO: 4.4 Elaborate on the different patterns of cocaine abuse; Report the numeric patterns of cocaine abuse; Identify the different treatment programs for cocaine abuse 4) Describe the major aspects of amphetamine psychosis and its relationship to paranoid schizophrenia.

LO: 4.8 Relate the acute effects of amphetamines; Relate the chronic effects of amphetamines 5) Discuss a possible explanation of why a stimulant drug like Ritalin or dextroamphetamine would be effective as a treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

LO: 4.10 Elaborate on the approved medical applications of amphetamines and similar stimulant drugs

.

4–55

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

CHAPTER 5 OPIOIDS: OPIUM, HEROIN, AND OPIOID PAIN MEDICATIONS True or False Questions 1) The term “narcotic” refers to any illicit psychoactive drug. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 2) Morphine is an example of a natural component of opium. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 3) The yellow California poppy does not have any psychoactive ingredients. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 4) Laudanum originated in Cyprus during the Late Bronze Age, about 1200 B.C. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 5) Egyptians were knowledgeable about the medicinal value of opium. a. True b. False Answer: a

.

5–1

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 6) Laudanum is a form of opium that was typically smoked. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 7) Sydenham’s Laudanum contained opium. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 8) The acceptable form of taking Sydenham’s Laudanum in America and Europe was by smoking the opium. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 9) The Opium War resulted from China’s insistence in exporting opium to other countries of the world. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 10) China invented a novel form of opium use: opium smoking. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs

.

5–2

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

11) Laudanum was very popular in Britain but largely unknown in the United States until about 1945. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 12) During the nineteenth century, children and infants were given medications containing opium. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 13) During the nineteenth century, opium smoking was viewed favourably while opium drinking was not. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 14) The Sears Company advertised and sold products containing opium in the late 1800s. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 15) Morphine is approximately 10 times stronger than raw opium. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs

.

5–3

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

16) Codeine is 10 times stronger than morphine. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 17) Heroin is about three times stronger than morphine. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 18) After the Civil War in the United States, opioid dependence in general was so widespread among returning veterans that the condition was often called the “soldier’s disease.” a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 19) By 1900, opioid dependence was proportionately higher than it is today. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 20) The Opium Act of 1908 made Canada the first Western country to make opiates illegal. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs

.

5–4

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

21) The Opium Act of 1908 eliminated the black market for opiates. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 22) The “French Connection” refers to the manufacture and distribution of heroin in the south of France during the 1970s. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 23) The major source of heroin prior to 1973 was from “the Golden Triangle” region of Asia. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 24) “Black tar” is the name given to a type of Colombian heroin. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 25) During the mid-1980s, synthetic forms of heroin, such as the drug derived from fentanyl, began to appear on the streets. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs

.

5–5

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

26) Chemical modifications of fentanyl known as “China White” were approximately from three to five times (never more than ten times) stronger than heroin. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 27) Physiological changes in the body during heroin use include a release of histamine in the bloodstream, respiratory depression, and increased blood pressure. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 28) An individual’s first experience with heroin is one of extreme euphoria and a physiological state of calm. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 29) Long-term constipation is an effect of heroin use. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 30) Morphine-sensitive receptors exist in the brain. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body

.

5–6

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

31) Opioid antagonists block the effects of morphine. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 32) Naloxone is a pure antagonist to morphine in the brain. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 33) Naloxone only has an effect when morphine is already in the body. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 34) The brain produces its own “opioid-like” substances called endorphins. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 35) Endorphins and naloxone share the same effects on morphine-sensitive receptors in the brain. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 36) Mainlining is a term that refers to snorting heroin.

.

5–7

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 37) If the dose level is low, then tolerance effects will be more dramatic than if the dose level is high. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 38) Diarrhea is one of the symptoms of heroin consumption. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 39) Heroin withdrawal symptoms are often fatal. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 40) Long-term heroin abuse can result in strong conditioned-learning effects having to do with the social setting where the heroin was used. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 41) Heroin can only be administered intravenously. a. True

.

5–8

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: b LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 42) “Needle freaks” often inject needles into their skin and experience heroin-like effects even if no heroin is present. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 43) From a long-term perspective, compared to other drugs, heroin is relatively nontoxic. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 44) Inhaling heated heroin vapours is associated with the development of neurological disease. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 45) If a heroin user takes his regular dose of heroin in an unfamiliar setting, the effect on the user may be different than if he took it in his regular setting. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 46) Chipping is a term referring to the practice of controlled or paced heroin intake. a. True

.

5–9

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: a LO: 5.3 Analyze the issue of controlled heroin intake 47) “Cold turkey” refers to the onset of chills during heroin withdrawal. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 48) The process of controlled, medically supervised heroin withdrawal is called detoxification. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 49) Methadone treatment must be administered in a drug treatment centre. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 50) Many argue that methadone maintenance programs substitute one addiction for another. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 51) Methadone maintenance programs help all heroin abusers. a. True b. False

.

5–10

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 52) Methadone blocks the abuser’s craving to get high. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 53) LAAM is a synthetic opioid that has a longer duration than methadone. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 54) Therapeutic communities treat the physical addiction to heroin and little else. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 55) Heroin is a Schedule III drug. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.5 Explain the uses of opioid pain medications 56) Heroin is available for medical use in Canada. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.5 Explain the uses of opioid pain medications

.

5–11

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

57) Loperamide (brand name: Imodium) effectively controls diarrhea symptoms but does not produce psychoactive effects because the drug cannot cross the blood–brain barrier. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.5 Explain the uses of opioid pain medications 58) Dextromethorphan is a narcotic drug used for antitussive purposes. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.5 Explain the uses of opioid pain medications 59) OxyContin was originally thought to be safe from potential abuse. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.6 Report the current use and abuse of oxycodone, fentanyl, and other opioid pain medications 60) OxyContin taken orally is just as powerful as OxyContin that is crushed into a powder and snorted. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 5.6 Report the current use and abuse of oxycodone, fentanyl, and other opioid pain medications 61) OxyContin is no longer available for medical use in Canada. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.6 Report the current use and abuse of oxycodone, fentanyl, and other opioid pain medications

.

5–12

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

62) In 2012, OxyContin was withdrawn from the market in Canada due to its high potential for abuse. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.6 Report the current use and abuse of oxycodone, fentanyl, and other opioid pain medications 63) Most drug users obtain prescription painkillers for abuse through diversion. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 5.6 Report the current use and abuse of oxycodone, fentanyl, and other opioid pain medications

Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Narcotics are defined as __________. a. any illicit psychoactive drug b. any drug that causes some degree of dependence c. drugs that produce a dream-like effect d. both A and B Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 2) In terms of their psychoactive properties, narcotics include which of the following drug(s)? a. Morphine b. Cocaine

.

5–13

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. Opioids in general d. Both morphine and opioids in general Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 3) The term “narcotic” comes from the Greek word meaning __________. a. stupor b. painlessness c. illegal d. governmental Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 4) The word “analgesic” means __________. a. pain-reducing b. pain-inducing c. sleep-inducing d. dream-inducing Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 5) At one time, which one of the following drugs was inappropriately classified as a narcotic? a. codeine

.

5–14

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. cocaine c. thebaine d. synthetic opioids Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 6) Natural components of opium are usually categorized as __________. a. synthetic opioids b. opium extracts c. thebaine derivatives d. variations of heroin Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 7) Which of the following is NOT a class of opioids? a. Synthetic opioids b. Opiate derivatives c. Endogenous opiates d. Morphine derivatives Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 8) Morphine, codeine, and thebaine are all natural components of __________. a. heroin .

5–15

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. CNS depressants c. opium d. coca leaves Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 9) Synthetic opioids __________. a. are chemically related to morphine b. produce behavioural effects that are different from effects produced by opioids c. are opioid-like in their actions d. have no potential for abuse Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 10) All four categories of narcotic drugs share which following common feature? a. An extreme level of dependence b. A chemical similarity to morphine or its derivatives c. They each represent an illicit street drug. d. An ability to produce analgesia Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 11) Which country is NOT prominent in the world harvesting of opium? a. Finland .

5–16

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. Myanmar (formerly Burma) c. Afghanistan d. Mexico Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 12) Which poppy flower yields opium? a. Opium poppy b. Yellow California poppy c. Red oriental poppy d. White oriental poppy Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 13) Opium poppies are NOT __________. a. white b. pink c. yellow d. purple Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 14) Opium is harvested by __________. a. tapping into the trunk of the opium poppy tree during the springtime .

5–17

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. incising the seed capsule of the poppy, allowing a white juice to ooze out c. grinding up large poppy leaves into a powder d. pressing opium poppy petals into a thick paste Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 15) Opium use dates back to __________. a. the third century B.C.E. b. the second century C.E. c. 1200 B.C.E. or earlier d. the late nineteenth century Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 16) An early Greek physician named Claudius Galen __________. a. was an outspoken opponent of opium abuse b. was strangely uninformed with respect to the medical benefits of opium c. gave only limited approval of opium’s benefits d. prescribed opium for practically everything Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 17) In the 1500s, a medicinal drink was introduced containing opium, wine, and an assortment of spices. This drink became known as __________.

.

5–18

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. heroin b. Paracelsus c. duananum d. laudanum Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 18) Sydenham’s Laudanum was a variation of a drink that had been promoted by ________ about a 100 years earlier. a. Paracelsus b. Galen c. Laudanum d. DeQuincey Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 19) From around 1680 to around 1880, the acceptable form of taking opium among Europeans and North Americans was __________. a. inhaling it b. injecting it c. drinking it d. smoking it Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs

.

5–19

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

20) Opium smoking was invented by __________. a. Paracelsus b. Galen c. the Chinese d. Greek Cypriots Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 21) Prior to the eighteenth century, the Chinese used opium almost exclusively as a treatment for __________. a. constipation b. asthma c. diarrhea and pain d. cocaine withdrawal Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 22) Opium during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century was brought into China chiefly by __________. a. American soldiers and sailors b. Japanese explorers c. Spanish and Portuguese missionaries d. British traders Answer: d Diff: 2

.

5–20

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 23) The British traded opium to China in exchange for what commodity? a. Tea b. Ginseng c. Rice d. Coca leaves Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 24) The importation of opium into China was __________. a. strongly opposed by the British government b. strongly opposed by the Chinese government c. strongly opposed by both the British and the Chinese governments d. supported by both the British and the Chinese governments Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 25) The Opium War was fought between ______ and ______. a. Chinese soldiers; British soldiers b. Indian soldiers; Chinese soldiers c. American soldiers; British soldiers d. Indian soldiers; American soldiers Answer: a Diff: 1 .

5–21

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 26) In Victorian England, the acceptable form of opium use was __________. a. opium smoking b. opium drinking c. opium chewing d. both opium smoking and opium drinking Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 27) An opium den is a term for a place where __________. a. opium could be smoked b. laudanum was purchased and consumed c. a middle-class British family would gather in the evening d. one could get opium for treatment of pain or diarrhea Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 28) The Opium War first began in which year? a. 1839 b. 1842 c. 1858 d. 1860 Answer: a Diff: 2 .

5–22

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 29) Analogy: Opium dens were to Victorian parlours as __________. a. opium snorting was to opium smoking b. opium smoking was to opium drinking c. opium drinking was to opium smoking d. opium drinking was to opium snorting Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 30) Analogy: Opium drinking was to opium smoking as __________. a. the British were to the Chinese b. the Portuguese were to the British c. Chinese immigrants in the United States were to the native Chinese d. inhalation was to oral administration Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 31) Opium was given to infants to treat all but which of the following ailments? a. Teething b. Colic c. Fever reduction d. Pain Answer: c Diff: 2 .

5–23

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 32) Patent medicines in the nineteenth century, such as Mrs. Winslow’s Soothing Syrup, were based upon __________. a. alcohol b. LSD c. opium d. a combination of alcohol and nicotine Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 33) The recreational use of opium was popularized by the book Confessions of an English Opium Eater written by __________. a. Claudius Galen b. Thomas DeQuincey c. Thomas Sears of Sears, Roebuck d. Friedrich Sertürner Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 34) During the late 1800s, patterns of opium consumption in Canada __________. a. were virtually nonexistent b. were restricted to British Columbia c. were similar to those of alcohol among men d. paralleled patterns of consumption in Britain

.

5–24

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 35) In Canada during the 1800s, the dominant recreational drugs of the day were __________. a. alcohol and nicotine b. alcohol, nicotine, and opium c. alcohol, opium, and cocaine d. alcohol, nicotine, opium, and cocaine Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 36) Which statement concerning opium use in the nineteenth century is NOT true? a. Opium-containing products were advertised as treatments for alcoholism. b. Federal laws were made prohibiting opium smoking, only. c. Opium use in Canada was drastically different than use in Britain. d. Products containing opium were available through Sears catalogues.

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 37) Strong opposition in North America toward opium smoking most likely was a result of __________. a. anti-Chinese prejudice b. lobbying efforts by the tobacco industry c. a preference for laudanum drinking

.

5–25

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. lobbying efforts by the railroad industry Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 38) Friedrich Sertürner is credited with being the discoverer of __________. a. heroin b. laudanum c. morphine d. codeine Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 39) The primary active ingredient in opium is __________. a. morphine b. poppy c. codeine d. thebaine Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 40) The order of opioids from strongest to least strong would be which of the following? a. Codeine, heroin, morphine b. Heroin, codeine, morphine c. Morphine, codeine, heroin .

5–26

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. Heroin, morphine, codeine Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 41) Morphine is roughly ____ times stronger than raw opium. a. two b. four c. ten d. fifty Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 42) Order the major opioid products in opium from highest to lowest concentration. a. Codeine, thebaine, morphine b. Thebaine, codeine, morphine c. Morphine, codeine, thebaine d. Morphine, thebaine, codeine Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 43) Of the three major opium derivatives, the strongest effects are observed from the administration of __________. a. codeine b. morphine

.

5–27

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. thebaine d. opium Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 44) The advantage of morphine over opium in the nineteenth century was that it __________. a. could be purchased more cheaply than opium b. was less irritating to the stomach c. could be self-administered d. could be injected into the bloodstream Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 45) What was the “soldier's disease” that was so widespread in the nineteenth century? a. A sexually transmitted infection b. Opioid dependence among Civil War veterans c. Symptoms associated with opium withdrawal d. A term used to describe soldiers infected from their injuries in battle Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 46) Heroin was first introduced commercially by the same people who had marketed __________.

.

5–28

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. Bayer’s Aspirin b. Tylenol c. Sydenham’s Laudanum d. Dover’s Foot Powder Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 47) If you were to order the following from strongest to least strong, the order would be __________. a. morphine, heroin, opium b. morphine, opium, heroin c. heroin, morphine, opium d. heroin, opium, morphine Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 48) Heroin is _____ times stronger than morphine a. two b. three c. five d. ten Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs

.

5–29

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

49) For which purpose(s) was heroin used in the 1890s? a. As a painkiller b. As a cough suppressant c. As a medicine to relieve chest discomfort d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 50) The greater potency of heroin over morphine is due to __________. a. its greater fat solubility b. its ability to dissolve in water c. its ability to be injected d. its greater size Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 51) Which following statement is TRUE? a. Morphine is absorbed into the brain faster than heroin. b. Heroin is absorbed into the brain faster than morphine. c. Heroin and morphine are absorbed equally quickly into the brain. d. Heroin and morphine cannot be absorbed into the brain because neither can pass through the blood–brain barrier.

Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs

.

5–30

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

52) By 1900, opioid dependence in North America was __________. a. virtually nonexistent b. proportionally more extensive than now c. viewed as a social phenomenon without much concern d. on the decline as a result of the Opium Act Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 53) Which was the first Western country to make opiates illegal? a. United States b. Canada c. England d. France Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 54) The impact of the Opium Act was to encourage opioid abusers to __________. a. obtain opioids through pharmacies b. obtain opioids illegally c. obtain opioids through the government d. obtain opioids at reduced discount prices Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs .

5–31

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

55) The Opium Act of 1908 __________. a. banned opium entirely in Canada b. banned all psychoactive drugs in Canada c. banned opium, except for medicinal purposes, in Canada d. required doctors to pay a small fee for the right to prescribe opioid drugs Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 56) In which year was the Opium and Drug Act enacted? a. 1900 b. 1908 c. 1911 d. 1960 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 57) During the 1960s, the prevalence of illegal drug use in middle-class youth was ____________ . a. lower than during the last 50 years b. higher than during the last 50 years c. the same as during the last 50 years d. virtually nonexistent Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC

.

5–32

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 58) A major factor underlying illegal drug use in middle-class youth during the 1960s was the ____________. a. hippie movement b. decreasing drug prices c. increasing potency of drugs d. decreased regulation of drugs Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 59) Prior to 1973, the major source of white powder heroin in Canada was ____________. a. Turkey b. Myanmar (formerly Burma) c. Thailand d. Afghanistan Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 60) During the 1970s, the purity of imported heroin in Canada was about ____________ . a. 5% b. 15% c. 18% d. 60% Answer: a

.

5–33

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 61) During the 1980s, purity of imported heroin in Canada exceeded ____________. a. 5% b. 15% c. 18% d. 60% Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 62) Prior to 1973, the major source of heroin in Canada had not been the “Golden Triangle” region but rather the country of __________. a. Mexico b. Turkey c. Pakistan d. France Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 63) The “Golden Triangle” region included Laos, Thailand, and _________. a. Myanmar (formerly Burma) b. Mexico c. Malaysia d. Malawi

.

5–34

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 64) “Black tar” is the name for __________. a. a type of hallucinogen introduced in 1992 b. a relatively pure and inexpensive form of heroin c. a sticky substance used to induce euphoria d. a form of crack cocaine disguised to avoid detection Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 65) Fentanyl is an example of a(n) __________. a. form of Mexican heroin b. opioid antagonist used in heroin abuse treatment c. synthetic opioid d. drug that masks the symptoms of heroin abuse Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 66) “China White” is __________. a. 10 to 1000 times stronger than heroin b. a chemical modification of fentanyl c. a form of “black tar” d. both A and B

.

5–35

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 67) The leading supplier of white powder heroin to Canada in the late 1990s was __________. a. Myanmar (formerly Burma) b. Turkey c. Afghanistan d. Colombia Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 68) Prior to 1996, fentanyl derivatives were still legal because __________. a. law enforcement did not realize they existed b. they were excluded from current laws due to their chemical form c. they were needed to treat heroin abuse d. their effects were not very powerful Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 69) New forms of heroin in the 1990s __________. a. were considerably weaker than types available in the 1970s b. could be administered orally c. could be snorted or smoked d. could be injected into arteries as well as veins

.

5–36

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 70) While opening the doors to a new population of heroin abusers, heroin smoking avoids the problem of __________. a. overdose b. dependence c. combination with cocaine d. HIV-contaminated needles Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 71) Today, the major supplier of heroin to Canada is __________. a. Myanmar (formerly Burma) b. Turkey c. Afghanistan d. Colombia Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 1) The relationship between oxycodone and morphine is the same as the relationship between which of the following two drugs? a. methadone and meperidine b. oxycodone and OxyContin

.

5–37

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. codeine and opium d. morphine and codeine Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs

72) According to the text, after injecting heroin, immediately the user will feel __________. a. a tingling sensation and feeling of warmth in the lower abdomen b. dizziness and disorientation c. an increase in sexual desire d. extreme hunger Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 73) “On the nod” is a term used to describe __________. a. injecting heroin into the bloodstream b. heroin addicts c. the tranquil drowsiness that heroin induces d. the “rush” of intense euphoria from taking heroin Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 74) The acute effects of heroin can be influenced by __________.

.

5–38

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. whether or not communities are enforcing local drug laws b. how greatly heroin raises the level of testosterone c. the level of tolerance in the user to heroin d. the degree to which hearing loss is produced Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 75) Which of the following will NOT influence the acute effects of heroin? a. The route of administration b. The time since the previous dose c. The user’s level of tolerance to heroin d. The degree to which testosterone is increased Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 76) The decline in sexual desire among male heroin users is attributed to __________. a. a reduction in the levels of testosterone b. an increase in the levels of estrogen c. an increase in the levels of endorphins d. a reduction in the levels of histamine Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 77) According to the text, how long is a heroin user “on the nod” after heroin use? .

5–39

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. 20 to 30 minutes b. 45 to 60 minutes c. 1 to 2 hours d. 3 to 4 hours Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 78) The nausea and vomiting in first-time heroin users are attributed to which part of the brain? a. Medulla b. Hypothalamus c. Cerebellum d. Substantia nigra Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 79) The first-time experience with heroin is typically __________. a. quite pleasant, depending on expectations b. characterized by nausea and vomiting c. disappointing, as no effect is observed at all d. characterized by a sudden increase in sexual interest Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body

.

5–40

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

80) At high doses of heroin, _______ is a major risk factor that can result in death. a. the slowing down of the gastrointestinal tract b. respiratory depression c. pinpoint pupils d. increased blood pressure Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 81) An intense itching of one’s skin and a reddening of the eyes are two acute effects of heroin due to a sudden increase in __________. a. endorphins b. testosterone c. morphine d. histamine Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 82) “Pinpoint pupils” is a term referring to __________. a. an important diagnostic sign for narcotic abuse b. pupillary constriction c. an acute effect of heroin intake d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body

.

5–41

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

83) Heroin causes laboured defecation and long-term constipation because __________. a. it slows down the gastrointestinal tract b. respiratory centres in the medulla are suppressed c. histamine and testosterone levels are affected d. of unknown reasons Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 84) Constipation is a symptom of __________. a. heroin withdrawal b. heroin overdose c. heroin abuse in general d. heroin “criss-crossing” Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 85) Opioid effects in the brain involve __________. a. activity related to acetylcholine b. activity related to GABA c. activity related to norepinephrine and dopamine d. activity related to endogenous endorphins Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body .

5–42

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

86) Analogy: Endogenous is to exogenous as a. made in the body is to made outside the body b. made outside the body is to made in the body c. artificial is to natural d. outside is to inside Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 87) Analogy: Morphine is to naloxone as __________. a. antagonist is to protagonist b. agonist is to antagonist c. dopamine is to norepinephrine d. endorphins is to opioids Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 88) Naloxone has the following relationship to opioid drugs: __________. a. agonistic b. antagonistic c. synergistic d. additive Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body .

5–43

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

89) Narcotic overdose (o.d.) conditions can be reversed by administering __________. a. antianxiety medication b. morphine c. naloxone d. synthetic opioids Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 90) What is the drug naloxone (brand names: Suboxone, Targin) used for? a. Treating narcotic-overdose patients b. Depressing blood pressure c. Enhancing a “heroin high” d. Reducing pain Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 91) In cases of narcotic overdose, which of the following conditions can be fatal? a. Depressed breathing and blood pressure b. Epileptic seizure activity c. Histamine underreactivity d. Dehydration from nausea and vomiting Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body .

5–44

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

92) Where are the morphine-sensitive receptors located in the body? a. Spinal cord b. Limbic system of the brain c. Blood stream d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 93) Morphine-sensitive receptors in the limbic system account for which aspect of the heroin experience? a. Pain reduction b. Constipation and intestinal slowing c. Euphoria d. Respiratory distress Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 94) Morphine-like molecules can be classified as __________. a. serotonin agonists b. endorphins c. agonistic or antagonistic subtypes of dopamine d. naloxone-sensitive or naloxone-insensitive subtypes Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

5–45

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 95) Endorphins are special molecules that function like __________. a. dopamine b. morphine c. amphetamines d. phenylphenols Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 96) Endorphin is a shortened term for __________. a. endogenous phenophins b. endogenous opioid polypherases c. endogenous opioid peptides d. endogenous originate proteins Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 97) Another name for endogenous opioid peptides is __________. a. heroin b. poppy seeds c. epinephrine d. endorphins Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC .

5–46

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 98) Naloxone is able to “undo” the acute effects of opioids like heroin by _________. a. decreasing circulating levels of opioids b. increasing circulating levels of dopamine c. inactivating endorphin receptors by binding to them d. activating reuptake of opioids Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 99) Which of the following is NOT one of the groups of natural morphine-like molecules? a. Alpha-opioids b. Enkephalins c. Beta-endorphins d. Dynorphins Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 100) The morphine-sensitive receptors that are thought to contribute to the processing of pain are located in the_________. a. brain and spinal cord b. limbic system c. medulla d. all of the above Answer: a

.

5–47

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 101) Naltrexone (brand name: ReVia, Relistor) is used as a medication _________. a. to reverse overdose effects of opioids b. to treat heroin abuse c. to treat chronic pain d. to treat any drug addiction Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 102) Mainlining refers to which type of heroin administration? a. Intravenous injection b. Intramuscular injection c. Vaporous inhalation d. Oral or sublingual Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 103) Needles are avoided in which route of administration? a. Subcutaneous b. Intravenous c. Snorting d. none of the above Answer: c .

5–48

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 104) Which effect of heroin is the least likely to show tolerance? a. Pupillary responses b. Constipation and spasms c. Analgesia d. Euphoria Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 105) The most pronounced levels of tolerance to heroin can be observed in the degree of __________. a. analgesia b. euphoria c. respiratory depression d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 106) Tolerance effects in a particular heroin reaction are __________. a. greatest when dose levels are low b. greatest when dose levels are high c. about the same at all dose levels d. lowest when the abuser is younger than 21

.

5–49

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 107) Heroin craving begins __________. a. almost immediately following a previous dose b. approximately 24 hours following a previous dose c. approximately 1 hour following a previous dose d. about 4 to 6 hours following a previous dose Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 108) Most of the symptoms of heroin withdrawal are gone in __________. a. 12 to 24 hours b. 24 to 48 hours c. 5 to 10 days d. 30 to 60 days Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 109) Mild psychological disturbances and blood pressure and heart rate elevation can be observed up to _________ after stopping heroin use. a. 3 hours b. 10 days c. 30 days d. 6 months

.

5–50

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 110) Heroin withdrawal symptoms resemble a moderate-to-intense case of the flu if __________. a. dose levels have been under 10% b. dose levels have been under 50% c. the abuser is quite young d. one is in a heroin-associated environment Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 111) Heroin withdrawal is generally life-threatening __________. a. unless carried out under medical supervision b. for older heroin abusers c. for pregnant women d. on only rare occasions Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 112) If the effect of heroin administration is stupor, then the predictable effect of heroin withdrawal is __________. a. pain and irritability b. insomnia

.

5–51

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. diarrhea d. piloerection (“gooseflesh”) Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 113) What compels heroin abusers to continue taking heroin? a. Fear of withdrawal symptoms b. Craving for heroin’s effects c. Physical and psychological dependence of heroin d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 114) The thrill for a chronic heroin abuser to insert a needle with an empty syringe into the skin is an example of __________. a. needle-freaking rebound b. REM rebound c. conditioned learning d. a reverse placebo effect Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 115) Which statement is true of exogeneous opioids? a. their chemical structure is similar to morphine.

.

5–52

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. they are derivatives of morphine. c. they are agonists at one of the brain opioid receptors. d. they are antagonists at one of the brain opioid receptors.

Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 116) One of the reasons for the potentially acute lethal effects in taking heroin is __________. a. the relatively small LD/ED ratio b. the relatively high LD/ED ratio c. the relatively complex nature of heroin d. the presence of naloxone in typical street heroin Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 129 117) The actual heroin content in a typical street dose can vary __________. a. from 60 to 100% b. according to the experience of the abuser c. according to how long it has been since the previous dose d. from none at all to 90% Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 129 118) A particular heroin dose might have a greater effect on the abuser if __________.

.

5–53

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. the heroin has been “cut” with another substance b. the environment in which the heroin is taken is unfamiliar to the abuser c. the drug dealer is a friend of the abuser d. 12 hours have passed since the previous dose Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 129 119) Which statement is NOT true? a. Many deaths occur because the potency of heroin sold on streets can vary from 0% to 90%. b. Heroin has very negative effects on one’s overall physical health. c. The environmental setting in which heroin is taken has an effect on the user. d. Heroin-related deaths can happen so fast that victims sometimes are found with needles still in their veins.

Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC Page Reference: 129 120) What is criss-crossing? a. A method used to inject heroin into specific veins b. The slang term that refers to the marks needles leave on the skin c. Inhaling alternating lines of heroin and cocaine d. Smoking heroin that is mixed with cocaine Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 129

.

5–54

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

121) Impurities in some forms of synthetic heroin have produced cases of __________. a. Alzheimer’s disease b. Parkinson’s disease c. Hodgkin’s disease d. temporary blindness Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 129 122) Chipping refers to __________. a. the adulteration of heroin with pulverized wood b. the introduction of a young person to heroin abuse c. the practice of controlled or paced heroin abuse d. the technique of gradually reducing the dose of heroin over repeated administrations to avoid symptoms of withdrawal Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.3 Analyze the issue of controlled heroin intake 123) Taking heroin on an occasional basis is called __________. a. heroin compliance b. chipping c. heroin sampling d. tasting Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC

.

5–55

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 5.3 Analyze the issue of controlled heroin intake 124) According to the Zinberg study, many chippers __________. a. can successfully avoid heroin dependence b. frequently sell as well as buy and use heroin c. often use heroin on a binge basis d. have more endorphin-sensitive receptors in their brains Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.3 Analyze the issue of controlled heroin intake 125) “Detox” refers to __________. a. the process of withdrawal from heroin or other dependence-producing drugs b. the residual effects of withdrawal over a long period of time c. the removal of toxins that gradually take over the effects of heroin d. a sleep rebound effect resulting in nightmares Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 126) Two drugs used to reduce the distress of heroin withdrawal are __________. a. fentanyl and methadone b. naloxone and naltrexone c. meperidine (Demerol) and methadone d. morphine combined with a sedative Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC .

5–56

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 127) Methadone is __________. a. legal b. rather expensive c. non-narcotic in its effects d. fast-acting, and its effects are gone in an hour Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 128) The rush of a “heroin high” is avoided with methadone because __________. a. it is taken orally b. it is taken on a daily basis c. it is absorbed slowly and metabolized slowly d. it cannot bind itself to endorphin-sensitive receptors Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 129) In comparison to heroin, methadone __________. a. has longer-lasting effects b. is more expensive c. is often combined with alcohol d. is usually smoked Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC .

5–57

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 130) Methadone maintenance requires __________. a. a daily oral dose of methadone b. a three-times-per-week oral dose of methadone c. a daily injected dose of methadone d. a weekly oral dose of methadone Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 131) Heroin addicts who participate in methadone maintenance for at least a year show __________. a. a lower risk for AIDS b. a lower risk for cancer c. a lower risk for heart disease d. a lower risk for strokes Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 132) A principal benefit from methadone maintenance has been __________. a. the security measures taken to avoid a diversion of methadone to the street b. reduced risk of AIDS from intravenous drug use c. the excellent record in getting individuals off drug abuse in general d. all of the above Answer: b Diff: 2

.

5–58

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 133) According to the text, many methadone maintenance clients become dependent on __________. a. alcohol b. cocaine c. LSD d. marijuana Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 134) Methadone is taken ______ and LAAM is taken ______. a. daily; weekly b. three times a week; monthly c. daily; three times a week d. weekly, three times a week Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 135) The chief advantage of LAAM over methadone is that __________. a. its absorption and distribution totally bypass the brain b. it is a synthetic narcotic, while methadone is not c. it is less dependence-producing than methadone d. it is more long lasting Answer: d

.

5–59

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 136) The abuse potential for buprenorphine is minimized when it is combined with __________. a. LAAM b. naloxone c. naltrexone d. methadone Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 137) Analogy: Buprenorphine (brand name: Butrans) is to methadone as __________. a. nondependence producing is to dependence producing b. sedative-hypnotic is to opioid c. upper is to downer d. downer is to upper Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 138) Buprenorphine treatment is useful because __________. a. it can be administered in methadone maintenance center b. it can be administered on a monthly dosage schedule c. the abuse potential is minimized d. it enhances the effect of methadone

.

5–60

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 139) What is the goal of multimodality programs? a. Getting the heroin out of the system b. Successful reintegration into society c. Coping with withdrawal symptoms d. Inducing a polydrug abuse lifestyle Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 140) Therapeutic communities tend to focus upon __________. a. social aspects of heroin abuse b. physiological aspects of heroin abuse c. medical concerns with regard to heroin abuse d. keeping the environment of the heroin abuse as much the same as possible Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence 141) Heroin is officially classified as a ______ drug. a. Schedule I b. Schedule II c. Schedule III d. Schedule IV

.

5–61

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.5 Explain the uses of opioid pain medications 142) One of the beneficial effects of narcotic drugs is in the treatment of __________. a. persistent constipation b. glaucoma c. persistent coughing d. chronic depression Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.5 Explain the uses of opioid pain medications 143) A disease or disorder for which a narcotic drug is quite helpful as a treatment is __________. a. itching of the skin b. alcohol withdrawal symptoms c. dysentery d. difficulty in defecation Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.5 Explain the uses of opioid pain medications 144) Loperamide (brand name: Imodium), which is available on an over-the-counter basis, effectively controls __________. a. skin itching b. diarrhea c. acute and intense pain

.

5–62

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. nasal congestion Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.5 Explain the uses of opioid pain medications 145) Loperamide (brand name: Imodium), which is available on an over-the-counter basis, does not produce any psychoactive effects if/because __________. a. it is used by heroin addicts b. it is taken in moderation c. it is a licit drug d. it cannot cross the blood–brain barrier Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.5 Explain the uses of opioid pain medications 146) The term “antitussive” refers to a drug’s ability __________. a. to reduce coughing b. to reduce pain c. to reduce contractions during labour and childbirth d. to tighten the muscles around one’s abdomen Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.5 Explain the uses of opioid pain medications 147) Dextromethorphan is a nonaddictive, nonopioid drug, useful as a(n) __________. a. analgesic medication b. paregoric-like antidote to alcohol intoxication

.

5–63

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. antitussive medication d. anticholinergic drug for muscle spasms Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.6 Report the current use and abuse of oxycodone, fentanyl, and other opioid pain medications 148) The cough reflex centre is located in the __________. a. pons b. substantia nigra c. medulla d. forebrain Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.5 Explain the uses of opioid pain medications 149) Cough-suppressant medications with “DM” contain __________. a. dextromethorphan b. dopamine c. dextromorphine d. diluted morphine Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.6 Report the current use and abuse of oxycodone, fentanyl, and other opioid pain medications

.

5–64

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

150) A new public health concern is the recreational use of cough-suppressant medications such as __________. a. dopamine b. dextromethorphan c. demomorphine d. diluted morphine Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.5 Explain the uses of opioid pain medications 151) Intestinal spasms following the taking of opioid medications are due to __________. a. intestinal slowing and a reduction in hydrochloric acid in the stomach b. a rebound from increased endorphin levels c. a combination of antitussive and analgesic effects d. intestinal constriction as food is pushed through faster Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.6 Report the current use and abuse of oxycodone, fentanyl, and other opioid pain medications 152) It was originally thought that oxycodone (brand name: OxyContin) was __________. a. useless for treating pain b. safe from potential abuse c. more addictive than Vicodin d. a useful treatment for skin itching Answer: b Diff: 2

.

5–65

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 5.6 Report the current use and abuse of oxycodone, fentanyl, and other opioid pain medications 153) OxyContin produces an effect similar to heroin __________. a. when inhaled as a powder b. when dissolved into solution and injected c. any time it is taken d. both A and B Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.6 Report the current use and abuse of oxycodone, fentanyl, and other opioid pain medications 154) Which of the following is NOT true regarding OxyNEO? a. OxyNEO was designed to replace OxyContin as a drug therapy. b. OxyNEO can be easily crushed. c. OxyNEO turns into a jelly-like substance when dissolved. d. OxyNEO is difficult to smoke.

Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.6 Report the current use and abuse of oxycodone, fentanyl, and other opioid pain medications 155) What would be a reason that a doctor may prescribe fentanyl rather than morphine? a. doctors can administer morphine, but are not allowed to write prescriptions for morphine. b. fentanyl withdrawal is less intense than morphine withdrawal. c. pain relief from fentanyl is longer lasting than from morphine. d. pain relief from fentanyl is shorter lasting than from morphine.

.

5–66

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 5.6 Report the current use and abuse of oxycodone, fentanyl, and other opioid pain medications

Essay Questions 1) Distinguish between the three main classes of narcotic drugs: opium and its natural components, opioid-derivatives, and synthetic opioids. Give two examples of each category.

LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 2) Discuss the causes and outcomes of the Opium War (1842–1860).

LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs 3) For what reasons were opium-based patent medicines given to infants and children in Britain during the nineteenth century? Describe why these medicines would have been effective for these purposes.

LO: 5.1 Summarize the major events in the history of opium and opioid drugs Answer: Opium-based patent medicines were given to infants and children to treat teething pain and colic as well as to simply quiet children.

Both teething pain and colic would effectively have been treated through the painrelieving properties of opium.

Children would have been calmed following patent medication administration because opium induces a relaxed state/stupor.

4) Describe the principal acute effects of heroin on the mind and the body.

LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 5) Explain how naloxone and endorphins help account for the behavioural effects of heroin and other opioid-derived drugs.

LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body

.

5–67

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

6) Give five physiological changes that result from the administration of heroin or other opioid-derived drugs and five changes that result from its withdrawal.

LO: 5.2 Examine the effects of opioid drugs on the mind, synapses, and body 7) Discuss Zinberg’s study of heroin chipping and studies since then that shed light upon the dependence-producing potential of heroin.

LO: 5.3 Analyze the issue of controlled heroin intake 8) According to the textbook, the “practice of heroin abuse is highly dangerous and potentially lethal.” Summarize the evidence to support this statement.

LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence Answer: Include at least 5 of 8 possible points (2 marks each): -Heroin has a relatively low LD/ED ratio so as a result, death by overdose is an everpresent risk.

-Potency of street heroin can vary enormously (from none at all to 90%), so it can be impossible to determine the actual amount of heroin administered.

-Adverse effects can result from toxic substances added to street heroin to dilute the concentration.

-Synergistic effects can result from polydrug use with stimulants (e.g., cocaine) or depressants (e.g., alcohol).

-Conditioned tolerance can give rise to unpredictable effects if heroin is consumed outside of the typical administration environment.

-Massive releases of histamine following heroin administration or allergic reactions to fillers in the heroin can cause rapid death.

-Intravenous injections can increase the risks of hepatitis, HIV, and bacterial infections.

-Improperly prepared synthetic forms of heroin containing MPTP can destroy dopaminesensitive neurons in the brain and cause symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.

Page Reference: 128–129 9) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of methadone maintenance as a treatment option for heroin abuse. Explain how buprenorphine treatment is different from traditional maintenance programs.

LO: 5.4 Describe short-term and long-term treatment strategies for heroin dependence

.

5–68

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

10) Discuss the three principal medical applications of narcotic drugs today. Give examples where needed.

LO: 5.5 Explain the uses of opioid pain medications 11) In what way does OxyContin treatment for pain present a dilemma in medical practice?

LO: 5.6 Report the current use and abuse of oxycodone, fentanyl, and other opioid pain medications

.

5–69

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

CHAPTER 6 LSD AND OTHER HALLUCINOGENS True or False Questions 1) Approximately 6000 plant species have psychoactive properties. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 6.1 Describe the emotional baggage that is implied by various descriptions of LSD and hallucinogens in general 2) Psychedelic means “mind-reducing.” a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.1 Describe the emotional baggage that is implied by various descriptions of LSD and hallucinogens in general 3) A hallucination is the distorted perception of something that really exists. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.1 Describe the emotional baggage that is implied by various descriptions of LSD and hallucinogens in general 4) Drugs chemically related to dopamine make up one of the three principal categories of hallucinogens. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.2 Identify the four broad classifications of hallucinogenic drugs 5) MDMA (Ecstasy) is a hallucinogen chemically related to norepinephrine.

.

6–1

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 6.2 Identify the four broad classifications of hallucinogenic drugs\ 6) PCP and ketamine are chemically related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.2 Identify the four broad classifications of hallucinogenic drugs 7) The most widely known hallucinogen, LSD, does not exist in nature. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 6.2 Identify the four broad classifications of hallucinogenic drugs 8) Outbreaks of ergotism have been recorded from the Middle Ages to recent times. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 6.2 Identify the four broad classifications of hallucinogenic drugs 9) Albert Hofmann worked for Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert at Harvard University. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.3 Tell the story of LSD through history 10) Timothy Leary’s work with hallucinogens at Harvard University was conducted with the strictest scientific rigour.

.

6–2

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.3 Tell the story of LSD through history 11) LSD was made illegal in Canada in 1966. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: TF LO: 6.3 Tell the story of LSD through history 12) LSD is one of the most powerful psychoactive drugs known. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.3 Tell the story of LSD through history 13) The peak effects of LSD occur about 30 to 60 minutes after oral consumption. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: TF LO: 6.3 Tell the story of LSD through history 14) The toxicity of LSD is low. a. True .

6–3

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: a LO: 6.3 Tell the story of LSD through history 15) Millions of deaths in Canada have been attributed solely to LSD overdose. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects 16) Synesthesia refers to an intermingling of visual and auditory sensations. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects 17) LSD dosage levels are approximately the same as those experienced in the 1960s and the 1970s. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects 18) LSD use is highly likely to result in drug dependence. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects 19) It is virtually impossible to “come down” from LSD at will. a. True

.

6–4

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: a LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 20) Research has shown that LSD panic leads to a more permanent psychiatric breakdown. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 21) LSD mimics the experience of schizophrenic psychosis. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 22) LSD has been documented to increase artistic creativity but not musical creativity. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 23) Research has shown a link between LSD use and high rates of birth defects. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 24) Though there is no scientific evidence to prove it, much of society believes LSD causes genetic damage. a. True b. False

.

6–5

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 25) Flashbacks never occur with someone who has used LSD one time only. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 26) There is a strong relationship between LSD and violent behaviour. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 27) Data indicates that LSD is beneficial for treating alcoholism. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 28) Psilocybin comes from plants native to mountainous regions of northern Asia. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 29) Psilocin is an inactive form of psilocybin. a. True b. False Answer: b .

6–6

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 30) LSD produces more strongly visual hallucinations than psilocybin. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 31) Harmine has been referred to as “the businessman’s LSD.” a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 32) The ayahuasca drink, employed by many South American shamans, contains harmine. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 33) The hallucinogen mescaline is derived from a spineless cactus called peyote. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy 34) LSD and mescaline share a common brain mechanism. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy

.

6–7

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

35) “Ecstasy” is now a street drug, but it has been formerly used in psychiatry, under the name of DOM. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy 36) MDMA is also known as Herbal Ecstasy. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy 37) Since the early 1990s, MDMA has become prominent among the new club drugs. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy 38) The principal acute toxic effect of MDMA is severe hyperthermia. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy 39) Street Ecstasy is much more dangerous than pure MDMA. a. True b. False Answer: a

.

6–8

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy 40) Mandrake contains a combination of atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 6.8 Review the effects of other hallucinogens that are related to acetylcholine 41) Datura plants yield hallucinogens chemically related to serotonin. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.8 Review the effects of other hallucinogens that are related to acetylcholine 42) The active ingredient in Amanita muscaria is muscarine. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 43) Amanita muscaria drugs block the effects of serotonin. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 44) Amanita mushrooms produce heightened aggressive behaviour. a. True b. False

.

6–9

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 45) Phencyclidine (PCP) was once used medically as a surgical anaesthetic. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 46) Previously ingested as a pill, PCP is typically smoked in more recent instances of abuse. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 47) Angel dust is another name for LSD. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 48) The biggest hazard of ketamine is depression of breathing. a. True b. False Answer: a

.

6–10

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 49) The hallucinogen most closely associated with date rape is ketamine. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 50) Salvia is classified as an illicit drug in Canada. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum

Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The actual discoverer of LSD in 1943 was __________. a. Adam Sertürner b. Albert Hofmann c. a Navajo shaman in Arizona d. Richard Alpert Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

6–11

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO 6.1 Describe the emotional baggage that is implied by various descriptions of LSD and hallucinogens in general 2) Hofmann’s first “acid trip” occurred when LSD accidentally __________. a. made contact with his fingertips b. was breathed in as a vapour c. spilled onto Hofmann’s lap d. attached itself to Hofmann’s briefcase Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.1 Describe the emotional baggage that is implied by various descriptions of LSD and hallucinogens in general 3) The first deliberate testing of LSD involved a dosage __________. a. approximately equivalent to levels ingested during the 1970s b. 100 times the typical dose for LSD c. 5 times the typical dose for LSD d. much smaller than the typical dose for LSD Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.1 Describe the emotional baggage that is implied by various descriptions of LSD and hallucinogens in general 4) When first testing LSD, Hofmann __________. a. did not react in any way b. felt the sensation of bugs on his skin c. experienced hallucinations d. fell into a deep sleep for several hours

.

6–12

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.1 Describe the emotional baggage that is implied by various descriptions of LSD and hallucinogens in general 5) One element of early experiences with LSD was __________. a. the intermingling of visual and auditory sensations b. the extreme paranoia that resulted c. the sense of extreme tranquility and peace d. the mild convulsive seizures Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.1 Describe the emotional baggage that is implied by various descriptions of LSD and hallucinogens in general 6) The term “psychedelic” literally means __________. a. mind-dissolving b. mind-disrupting c. mind- and food-oriented d. mind-expanding Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.1 Describe the emotional baggage that is implied by various descriptions of LSD and hallucinogens in general 7) Which of the following terms has NOT been used to define LSD? a. psychomimetic b. psychodysleptic

.

6–13

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. psychodiuretic d. psycholytic Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.1 Describe the emotional baggage that is implied by various descriptions of LSD and hallucinogens in general 8) Which descriptor is the most negative one with regard to hallucinogens? a. psychedelic b. psychotomimetic c. psychodysleptic d. psycholytic Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.1 Describe the emotional baggage that is implied by various descriptions of LSD and hallucinogens in general 9) Which of the following terms is associated with spiritual hallucinations and means “generating the divine within”? a. psychedelic b. psychogenic c. entheogenic d. celestiogenic Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.1 Describe the emotional baggage that is implied by various descriptions of LSD and hallucinogens in general

.

6–14

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

10) Which of the following is an example of a hallucination? a. Seeing an image that is not real b. Hearing a voice that is louder than the voice everyone else hears c. Being able to sense that something will happen before it actually happens d. both A and C Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.1 Describe the emotional baggage that is implied by various descriptions of LSD and hallucinogens in general 11) The experience of ingesting a hallucinogen might be best described as __________. a. hallucinogenic rather than illusionogenic b. illusionogenic rather than hallucinogenic c. psycholytic rather than psychedelic d. schizophrenic rather than normal Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.1 Describe the emotional baggage that is implied by various descriptions of LSD and hallucinogens in general 12) Technically, a drug such as _______ could be classified as a hallucinogen when dose levels are very high. a. heroin b. cocaine c. Valium d. codeine Answer: b Diff: 2

.

6–15

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 6.2 Identify the four broad classifications of hallucinogenic drugs 13) Drugs that closely resemble all of the following neurotransmitters except ______ comprise the three principal categories of hallucinations. a. serotonin b. norepinepherine c. dopamine d. acetylcholine Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.2 Identify the four broad classifications of hallucinogenic drugs 14) LSD, psilocybin, and morning glory seeds are hallucinogens chemically similar to __________. a. serotonin b. norepinephrine c. acetylcholine d. no known neurotransmitters Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.2 Identify the four broad classifications of hallucinogenic drugs 15) A hallucinogen that is chemically similar to norepinephrine is __________. a. LSD b. harmine c. mescaline d. PCP

.

6–16

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.2 Identify the four broad classifications of hallucinogenic drugs 16) Atropine and scopolamine are two hallucinogens that are chemically related to __________. a. serotonin b. norepinephrine c. dopamine d. acetylcholine Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.8 Review the effects of other hallucinogens that are related to acetylcholine 17) PCP and ketamine are two hallucinogens that are chemically related to __________. a. serotonin b. norepinephrine c. acetylcholine d. no known neurotransmitters Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.2 Identify the four broad classifications of hallucinogenic drugs 18) Ergot is a fungus __________. a. found atop desert cactus plants b. in mouldy rye grain c. attached to morning glory seeds d. related to penicillin

.

6–17

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.2 Identify the four broad classifications of hallucinogenic drugs 19) Ingestion of ergot can lead to __________. a. gangrene, burning pain, and loss of limbs b. euphoria and significantly increased energy c. irritability and stupor d. an odd sense of peace and tranquility Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.2 Identify the four broad classifications of hallucinogenic drugs 20) Infected rye grain can result in symptoms of __________. a. panic attack b. intoxication c. ergotism d. mescalinism Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.2 Identify the four broad classifications of hallucinogenic drugs 21) What links the following three drugs: Phencyclidine, Ketamine, and Ibotenic acid? a. They are synthetic derivatives of plant extracts. b. Their primary action is at glutamate receptors. c. They are NMDA receptor antagonists. d. They are NMDA receptor agonists. .

6–18

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.2 Identify the four broad classifications of hallucinogenic drugs 22) LSD was accidentally discovered in a program of research focusing upon efforts to reduce __________. a. schizophrenic symptoms b. the abuse potential of sleeping pills c. bleeding in uterine muscle d. symptoms of heroin withdrawal Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.3 Tell the story of LSD through history 23) LSD-25 was the official name for LSD because __________. a. the year of its discovery was the twenty-fifth anniversary of the laboratory in which it was first isolated b. it was the twenty-fifth variation to be tested c. it was discovered on July 25, 1943 d. it was approximately 25 times more potent than mescaline Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.3 Tell the story of LSD through history 24) LSD was originally researched to be a potential treatment for __________. a. Parkinson’s disease b. schizophrenia

.

6–19

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. Alzheimer’s disease d. panic attacks Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.3 Tell the story of LSD through history 25) Timothy Leary originally was a __________. a. chemist b. sociologist c. writer d. clinical psychologist Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.3 Tell the story of LSD through history 26) Timothy Leary’s first hallucinogenic experience involved the ingestion of __________. a. psilocybin mushrooms b. DOM c. LSD d. peyote seeds Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.3 Tell the story of LSD through history 27) Psilocybin is found in __________. a. mouldy rye grain

.

6–20

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. mushrooms c. tainted water d. gelatin chips Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 28) The earliest hallucinogen sessions at Harvard University __________. a. were not under medical supervision b. involved Leary taking the hallucinogen along with the experimental participants c. were totally unstructured d. had objective observers reporting the responses of the experimental participants Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.3 Tell the story of LSD through history 29) In early research on hallucinogens, Leary and Alpert studied __________. a. first LSD and later psilocybin b. first psilocybin and later LSD c. first prescription hallucinogens and later illicit ones d. first the reactions of other people and later their own Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.3 Tell the story of LSD through history 30) Research at the University of Saskatchewan in the 1950s showed promising results for LSD as a treatment for __________.

.

6–21

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. Parkinson’s disease b. alcoholism c. anorexia d. panic attacks Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.3 Tell the story of LSD through history 31) LSD was added to the Food and Drug Act in Canada in __________, thus carrying penalties for sale and distribution. a. 1953 b. 1966 c. 1967 d. 1970 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.3 Tell the story of LSD through history 32) LSD closely resembles the molecular structure of __________. a. dopamine b. serotonin c. endorphins d. acetylcholine Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects

.

6–22

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

33) If a drug blocks serotonin-2A receptors, then the drug also has the ability to block __________. a. the effects of thorazine in schizophrenic patients b. the effects of hallucinogenic drugs c. the effects of LSD, but not other drugs d. the effects of most psychoactive substances Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects 34) LSD stimulates which receptor subtype? a. 5-HT2A b. 5-HT2D c. 5-HT2 d. 5-HT1A Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects 35) LSD dosages are typically expressed in terms of __________. a. nanograms b. micrograms c. milligrams d. grams Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects

.

6–23

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

36) Street doses of LSD range from __________. a. 20–30 micrograms b. 50–150 micrograms c. 150–250 micrograms d. 1000–2000 micrograms Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects 37) Taken orally, LSD __________. a. is absorbed so rapidly that effects are felt within 60 seconds b. effects can last for up to a week c. effects begin within 30 to 60 minutes d. sometimes fails to produce any effects at all Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects 38) LSD is extremely potent __________. a. but, surprisingly, its toxicity is relatively low b. and, unfortunately, its toxicity is relatively high c. but its effects are over within an hour d. but, when taken orally, none of it reaches the brain Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects .

6–24

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

39) LSD itself (without additives) is __________. a. colourless b. a pale blue c. yellowish d. pinkish Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects 40) Microdots refer to which form of street LSD? a. Gelatin chips b. Powder pellets c. Squares of absorbent paper d. Capsules Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects 41) Analogy: Windowpanes are to blotters as __________. a. powder pellets are to squares of absorbent paper b. squares of absorbent paper are to gelatin chips c. gelatin chips are to squares of absorbent paper d. gelatin chips are to powder pellets Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects .

6–25

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

42) Pictures of cartoon characters and mystical symbols can often be found on which form of street LSD? a. Gelatin chips b. Microdots c. Powder pellets d. Squares of absorbent paper Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects 43) In an LSD experience, __________. a. autonomic changes precede the “psychedelic trip” b. autonomic changes are felt after the “psychedelic trip” c. autonomic changes and the “psychedelic trip” usually coincide in time d. autonomic changes and psychedelic effects alternate with each other every half-hour or so Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects 44) The initial effects of LSD include all but which of the following? a. Decreased heart rate b. Raised body temperature c. Dilated pupils d. Elevated blood pressure Answer: a Diff: 2

.

6–26

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects 45) Psychedelic trips occur between ______ after LSD is taken. a. 10 to 15 minutes b. 20 to 45 minutes c. 30 minutes to 2 hours d. 2 to 4 hours Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects 46) Synesthesia refers to __________. a. an intermingling of senses, particularly sight and hearing b. exaggerated appearances of common objects c. mood swings from mania to depression d. a weird absence of pain Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects 47) Ego disintegration is __________. a. also referred to as synesthesia b. felt as if the passage of time has increased or decreased c. the perception of a multilevel reality d. a separation of one’s mind from one’s body Answer: d Diff: 2 .

6–27

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects 48) Ego disintegration is __________. a. reflected in the ability to see images with the eyes closed b. associated with synesthetic experiences c. an early sign of chronic schizophrenia d. a reaction usually occurring in the later portions of the LSD experience Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects 49) Whether the user will have a “good trip” or a “bad trip” depends on __________. a. the setting the drug is taken in b. the expectations the user has for the drug c. the psychological health of the user d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects 50) The typical LSD dosage today is about _____ the level common in the 1970s. a. one-hundredth b. one-fourth c. twenty times d. the same as Answer: b Diff: 2 .

6–28

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects 51) One reason why LSD is unlikely to create drug dependence is __________. a. its unpredictability b. its pleasant effects c. that it produces little or no tolerance d. its short-acting effects Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 52) Ingestion of LSD __________. a. creates tolerance rapidly b. produces essentially unpredictable reactions c. is a relatively difficult way to get high d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 53) A “bad trip” on LSD __________. a. is avoidable with careful planning as to the dose one is taking b. can be minimized by the companionship/ reassurance of others c. can be avoided by turning off all the lights d. can be minimized by physical restraints Answer: b Diff: 2 .

6–29

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 54) An LSD-induced panic __________. a. is unlikely to lead to a permanent psychiatric condition b. hardly ever occurs c. is linked to the development of schizophrenia d. occurs 80–90% of the time Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 55) Analogy: Schizophrenic hallucinations are to auditory as LSD-induced hallucinations are to __________. a. auditory b. synesthetic c. real d. visual Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 56) What should you do if you are with a person who is having a “bad trip” on LSD? a. Turn out all the lights to create a dark environment. b. Tell the person to remain still and not to move until the trip is over. c. Speak in a relaxed manner and assure the person that the situation is temporary. d. Increase the noise level to “drown out” the trip.

Answer: c

.

6–30

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 57) Impressions of great creativity while under LSD __________. a. are often genuine b. are even greater when LSD has worn off c. usually are not borne out when the LSD has worn off d. have produced some of the great artworks of the 1960s Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 58) Professional artists and musicians under the influence of LSD __________. a. produce better, more creative work b. have more difficulty being creative c. show no significant difference in the quality of their work as compared when they are not under the influence of LSD d. show more of a tendency to later suffer from “writer's block” Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 59) Chromosomal damage from LSD __________. a. is an unfortunate side effect that presents a significant risk b. does not appear to occur c. was a conclusion of all studies carried out prior to 1998 d. was a question not investigated until 1983

.

6–31

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 60) Compared to children born to non-LSD users, children born to LSD users __________. a. are eight times more likely to have low birth weight b. are not more likely to have birth defects c. are six times more likely to have learning disabilities d. are ten times more likely to become LSD users in the future Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 61) Reexperiencing the effects of LSD long after the drug has worn off is referred to as a(n) __________. a. LSD addiction b. LSD overdose c. “bad trip” d. flashback Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 62) Flashbacks following LSD ingestion __________. a. have proved to be largely a myth b. are a consistent feature of the LSD experience c. can occur with “once-only” drug takers as well as experienced ones

.

6–32

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. are most likely to occur the next day Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 63) Flashbacks are more likely to occur when __________. a. the individual is about to go to sleep b. the individual is in a very bright environment c. LSD has been taken numerous times d. the individual experiences a warning sign of an intense, colourful light Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 64) LSD flashbacks __________. a. are roughly similar to flashbacks following cocaine intoxication b. are extremely rare among “once-only” drug takers c. are predictable, occurring on roughly the seventh day following the LSD experience d. are more likely to occur in a darkened room Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 65) Whether or not LSD produces major long-term deficits in the behaviour of the user __________. a. remains largely unknown b. has been decided on the basis of studying psychiatric patients

.

6–33

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. is now clearly understood to be in the negative d. has been answered and understood since the early 1980s Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 66) The relationship between LSD and violent behaviour __________. a. is strong, suggesting that violent behaviour is a great risk after LSD ingestion b. has not been well-established and is thought to be quite weak c. indicates violent behaviour is most likely to occur after one year of using LSD d. indicates people with underlying mental health issues will always become violent on LSD Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 67) In 2012, a meta-analysis of the effects of LSD on alcohol misuse showed __________. a. LSD has no effect on alcohol misuse b. LSD significantly increased alcohol misuse c. LSD significantly decreased alcohol misuse d. LSD increases the negative health impact of alcohol misuse Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 68) Analogy: Psilocybin is to _______ as opium is to ________.

.

6–34

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. mushrooms; leaves b. leaves; mushrooms c. flowers; mushrooms d. mushrooms; flowers Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 69) The source of psilocybin is a family of __________. a. desert cacti b. dark red flowers c. ergot seeds d. mushrooms Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 70) The psychoactive compound in “shrooms” is __________. a. psilocybin b. LSD c. serotonin d. psilocin Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 71) Individuals who are tolerant to LSD __________. .

6–35

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. are more likely to try other hallucinogens b. are also tolerant to psilocin c. show tolerance to opium d. have more intense trips Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 72) Psilocybin is __________. a. more potent than LSD b. less potent than LSD c. not fat soluble like LSD d. both A and C Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 73) Compared to LSD hallucinations, psilocin hallucinations __________. a. are more emotionally intense b. are more strongly visual c. are often accompanied by strong paranoia d. have more panic reactions Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 74) Psilocybin is __________. .

6–36

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. about as potent as LSD b. structurally similar to serotonin c. eventually broken down into a by-product found in urine d. more likely to produce panic attacks than LSD Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 75) “Shrooms” are __________. a. mescaline mushrooms b. environments suitable for an LSD experience c. fungi attached to mouldy rye grain d. psilocybin Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 76) Psilocybin dosages are typically expressed in terms of __________. a. nanograms b. micrograms c. milligrams d. grams Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 77) Ololiuqui are __________. .

6–37

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. morning glory seeds b. fruits c. mushrooms d. tea leaves Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 78) Another name for LAA is __________. a. morning glory seeds b. poppy seeds c. sesame seeds d. rye-grain seeds Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 79) Ted just took a hallucinogenic drug and is experiencing auditory hallucinations.

Which hallucinogen is Ted most likely to have taken? a. LSD b. DMT c. LAA d. psilocybin Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin

.

6–38

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

80) Analogy: LSD is to LAA as __________. a. visual is to auditory b. serotonin-related is to norepinephrine-related c. weak is to strong d. pleasant is to frightening Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 81) Commercial varieties of morning glory seeds are not typically abused because __________. a. they are botanically different from LAA seeds b. they contain an additive that produces nausea if they are eaten c. they provide very mild effects d. they look disgusting Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 82) Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) __________. a. is a long-acting version of psilocybin b. produces safer acute effects than LSD c. is the only hallucinogen that must be injected d. is a short-acting hallucinogenic drug Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin

.

6–39

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

83) Cyanosis is a condition in which __________. a. the skin turns bluish purple b. the whites of the eyes turn purple c. the fingernails turn a dark red d. the lips turn blue and feel very cold Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 84) Cyanosis is a toxic reaction to which of the following? a. LSD b. harmine c. mescaline d. Bufo toads Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 85) Hallucination effects of DMT peak after ___ of taking DMT. a. 10 to 30 seconds b. 3 to 5 minutes c. 10 to 15 minutes d. 30 to 40 minutes Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin .

6–40

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

86) Heather just took a hallucinogenic drug. She experienced hallucinations within 10 minutes, followed by paranoia and anxiety. One hour later, these symptoms were gone.

Which hallucinogen did Heather most likely take? a. DMT b. LAA c. LSD d. harmine Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 87) A hallucinogen with effects that may last approximately one hour is __________. a. psilocybin b. bufotenine c. DMT d. harmine Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 88) A hallucinogen that shamans frequently ingest in their ayahuasca is __________. a. DMT b. harmine c. psilocin d. MDMA Answer: b Diff: 2

.

6–41

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 89) A drink called ayahuasca, sometimes used by shamans in healing rites, contains __________. a. DMT b. atropine and scopolamine c. harmine d. mescaline Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 90) Of all the serotonin-related hallucinogens, the drug mostly likely to put you into a trance is __________. a. DMT b. psilocybin c. mescaline d. harmine Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 91) If an individual already has experience with LSD and then takes psilocybin, what are likely to experience? a. synesthesia b. a good trip c. flashbacks d. visual hallucinations

.

6–42

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 92) Mescaline is derived from __________. a. psilocybin mushrooms b. the bark of a South American tree c. substances created in a laboratory d. the peyote cactus Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy 93) Peyote cactus is the source for __________. a. harmine b. mescaline c. DMT d. LAA Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy 94) Mescaline effects have been shown to be highly similar to the effects of __________. a. LAA b. LSD c. DOM d. DMT .

6–43

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy 95) Relative to LSD, mescaline effects are __________. a. much more pleasant b. more likely to cause nausea and headaches c. easily distinguishable d. less likely to stimulate serotonin-2A receptors Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy 96) In contrast to LSD, mescaline and DOM are __________. a. closely related to serotonin b. closely related to acetylcholine c. closely related to norepinephrine d. similar in their behavioural effects to heroin Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy 97) Religious worship services among Native Americans in Canada and the United States may include the ingestion of __________. a. mescaline b. LSD c. psilocybin

.

6–44

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. morning glory seeds without additives Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy 98) The ritual use of mescaline in religious activity is referred to as __________. a. peyotism b. shamanism c. ayahuasca d. ecstasy: hence a common name for this particular hallucinogen Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy 99) DOM when combined with LSD has been called __________. a. ecstasy b. a speedball c. STP d. POT Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy 100) STP has been the street name given to a combination of __________. a. LSD and DOM b. LSD and mescaline c. LSD and atropine .

6–45

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. LSD and “shrooms” Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy 101) The following hallucinogens are ranked in order of potency (from highest to lowest): a. mescaline, LSD, DOM b. DOM, mescaline, LSD c. LSD, DOM, mescaline d. LSD, mescaline, DOM Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy 102) Relative to LSD, DOM has the reputation of producing __________. a. a shorter but more pleasant trip b. a higher incidence of negative reactions c. the same effects at a higher price d. a greater sense of peace and tranquility Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy 103) A drug often referred to as Ecstasy is __________. a. MDMA b. DOM

.

6–46

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. DMT d. LAW Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy 104) MDMA (Ecstasy) is a designer drug that __________. a. carries relatively little risk b. has been used in psychotherapy c. is structurally related to serotonin d. is also referred to as STP Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy 105) Ecstasy, XTC, Clarity, and Adam are all names that have been used for which hallucinogen? a. LSD b. mescaline c. MDMA d. psilocybin Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy 106) Which of the following is NOT a term for MDMA? a. E

.

6–47

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. Clarity c. Adam d. Herbal Ecstasy Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.8 Review the effects of other hallucinogens that are related to acetylcholine 107) A hallucinogen considered to carry the risk of permanent brain damage is __________. a. DOM b. DMT c. LAW d. none of the above Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.8 Review the effects of other hallucinogens that are related to acetylcholine 108) In 2012, Health Canada approved the use of MDMA in clinical trials for the treatment of __________. a. schizophrenia b. depression c. post-traumatic stress disorder d. all of the above Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy

.

6–48

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

109) Which of the following statements is false regarding MDMA? a. Its effects are dangerous and unpredictable. b. It is a drug classified as having a high abuse potential. c. It encourages feelings of social bonding. d. Its chemical structure is similar to norepinephrine.

Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy 110) Short-term toxicity of MDMA (Ecstasy) involves __________. a. hypothermia b. dehydration c. cognitive impairments and emotional difficulties d. all of the above Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.8 Review the effects of other hallucinogens that are related to acetylcholine 111) In general, who shows the greatest behavioural effects of chronic Ecstasy use? a. Men b. Women c. Native Americans d. Caucasians Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.8 Review the effects of other hallucinogens that are related to acetylcholine

.

6–49

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

112) Ecstasy “stacking” is __________. a. taking multiple Ecstasy tablets at once b. combining Ecstasy with other drugs such as LSD c. taking an Ecstasy tablet with alcohol d. all of the above Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.8 Review the effects of other hallucinogens that are related to acetylcholine 113) Which of the following hallucinogens is NOT related to acetylcholine? a. psilocybin b. hyoscine c. scopolamine d. atropine Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.8 Review the effects of other hallucinogens that are related to acetylcholine 114) Anticholinergic drugs are drugs that __________. a. block the parasympathetic effects of acetylcholine b. enhance the parasympathetic effects of acetylcholine c. block the sympathetic effects of acetylcholine d. block the stimulant effects of cocaine Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.8 Review the effects of other hallucinogens that are related to acetylcholine

.

6–50

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

115) Anticholinergic drugs produce effects that include __________. a. lowering of body temperature b. decreased blood pressure c. constriction of pupils d. reduction of mucus and saliva Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.8 Review the effects of other hallucinogens that are related to acetylcholine 116) An example of an anticholinergic drug is __________. a. LAA b. mescaline c. atropine d. harmine Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.8 Review the effects of other hallucinogens that are related to acetylcholine 117) The principal reason anticholinergic drugs have little or no street appeal is that they produce __________. a. nausea and headaches b. powerful hallucinations c. a feeling of flying out of control d. amnesia Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.8 Review the effects of other hallucinogens that are related to acetylcholine

.

6–51

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

118) A common feature of atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine is that they __________. a. block the parasympathetic effect of acetylcholine b. block the sympathetic effect of norepinephrine c. suppress the activity of endorphins d. stimulate a subclass of dopamine-sensitive receptors Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.8 Review the effects of other hallucinogens that are related to acetylcholine 119) The name “belladonna” derives from the use of atropine for improving a women’s appearance by __________. a. causing a rosy glow on the skin b. dilating the pupils c. increasing general arousal d. softening her skin Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.8 Review the effects of other hallucinogens that are related to acetylcholine 120) Which plant is said to have aphrodisiac properties, relieve anxiety, induce sleep, and cause muscular paralysis? a. atropine b. mandrake c. henbane d. scopolamine Answer: b

.

6–52

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.8 Review the effects of other hallucinogens that are related to acetylcholine 121) The plants mandrake and henbane __________. a. have miraculous powers b. contain anticholinergic drugs c. produce mescaline-like effects d. are sources of amphetamine-like drugs Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.8 Review the effects of other hallucinogens that are related to acetylcholine 122) At low doses, the henbane plant __________. a. is poisonous b. has anaesthetic properties c. increases one’s sense of smell d. has no effects Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.8 Review the effects of other hallucinogens that are related to acetylcholine 123) Jimsonweed seeds or berries are formally known as __________. a. mandrake b. Atropa belladonna c. Amanita muscaria d. Datura stramonium Answer: d .

6–53

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.8 Review the effects of other hallucinogens that are related to acetylcholine 124) It is likely that the image of a witch on a broomstick derives from the practice of ingesting __________. a. a mixture of belladonna, mandrake, and henbane b. datura c. mescaline and psilocybin d. morning glory seeds Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.8 Review the effects of other hallucinogens that are related to acetylcholine 125) Amanita mushrooms __________. a. are one of the world’s oldest intoxicants b. are also called fly agaric c. contain the active ingredient muscimol d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 126) Amanita mushrooms produce all of the following except __________. a. muscular spasms b. vivid hallucinations c. dizziness d. dehydration

.

6–54

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 127) The dancing mushrooms in Disney’s Fantasia were modelled after __________. a. psilocybin mushrooms b. Amanita mushrooms c. morning glory mushrooms d. peyote mushrooms Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 128) Amanita mushrooms yield a hallucinogen related to the neurotransmitter __________. a. acetylcholine b. GABA c. norepinephrine d. serotonin Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 129) Angel dust is a street name that refers to __________. a. LSD

.

6–55

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. LAA c. PCP d. DMT Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 130) Technically, PCP belongs in the _______ category of drugs. a. stimulant b. depressant c. anxiolytic d. antipsychotic Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 131) The anesthetic properties of PCP differ from those of other anesthetics because PCP __________. a. causes heartbeat irregularities b. does not depress respiration or blood pressure c. lasts for a longer period of time d. cannot be injected Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum

.

6–56

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

132) PCP can be administered __________. a. orally b. intravenously c. through smoking d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 133) Which of the following effects is NOT characteristic of phencyclidine (PCP)? a. Increased sensitivity to pain b. Paranoid thinking c. Manic excitement d. Unpredictable behaviour Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 134) A characteristic element of a PCP-induced hallucination is __________. a. a change in one’s body image b. an intense memory of the experience c. an intermingling of sight and sound d. a mystical feeling of “union” with the world Answer: a Diff: 2

.

6–57

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 135) Present-day smoked PCP is sometimes mixed with __________. a. opium b. tobacco and marijuana c. paregoric d. amphetamines Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 136) The present-day picture of PCP abuse is complicated by the fact that __________. a. it can be taken orally now b. it is been abused by a large proportion of pregnant women c. the media is glamorizing PCP abuse d. more than 120 variations of PCP have been developed Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 137) PCP and ketamine can best be described as __________. a. CNS depressants with hallucinogenic properties b. dissociate anaesthetic hallucinogens c. CNS stimulants with analgesic properties d. none of the above

.

6–58

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 138) Ketamine is chemically similar to __________. a. serotonin-related hallucinogens b. MDMA c. PCP d. DOM and DMT Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 139) Ketamine was once used as a(n) __________. a. antidote for heroin overdose b. emergency surgical anaesthetic c. substitute for cocaine d. hallucinogenic treatment in psychotherapy Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 140) The most hazardous side effect of ketamine use is __________. a. depression of breathing

.

6–59

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. intense flashbacks c. amnesia d. an inability to move one’s legs Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 141) Which hallucinogen has been associated recently with cases of date rape? a. ketamine b. mescaline c. morning glory seeds d. ayahuasca Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum 142) Typically, the effects of salvia last __________. a. less than 5 minutes b. less than 15 minutes c. less than 30 minutes d. less than an hour Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum

.

6–60

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

143) When compared to LSD, salvia has __________. a. lower potency and shorter lasting effects b. equal potency and shorter lasting effects c. stronger potency and longer lasting effects d. stronger potency and shorter lasting effects Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum

Essay Questions 1) Discuss the problems in arriving at a term for “hallucination-producing” drugs. Why does the term “psychedelic” carry with it extra meaning?

LO: 6.1 Describe the emotional baggage that is implied by various descriptions of LSD and hallucinogens in general 2) Describe three acute effects of LSD associated with early stages of the experience, and three acute effects associated with later stages.

LO: 6.4 Explain how LSD acts to cause physiological and psychological effects 3) Take one of the six questions regarding LSD discussed in the chapter and answer the question with the available research data.

LO: 6.5 Describe six basic facts and fiction about LSD 4) Compare and contrast the effects of psilocybin and LSD. LO: 6.6 Describe the effects of psilocybin and other hallucinogens related to serotonin 5) Discuss the three major categories of hallucinogens that are related to the particular neurotransmitter systems in the brain. Include one example of a hallucinogenic drug in each.

.

6–61

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy 6) Describe the use of peyote by the Native American Church of North America and any long-lasting health effects of its use. Also summarize the legal status of peyote use for religious practices.

LO: 6.7 Describe the effects of prominent hallucinogens such as mescaline and Ecstasy Answer: Peyote use was not incorporated into the Native American Church until the early twentieth century.

In the Native American Church, life is a choice between two roads. The Profane Road is paved and wide but surrounded by temptations. The Peyote Road is narrow and winding but is the road of sobriety, hard work, caring for one’s family, and brotherly love. It is believed only the Peyote Road leads to salvation.

Church members celebrate this road to salvation in weekly services that last from Saturday night to Sunday afternoon, during which they swallow peyote buttons or drink peyote tea. It is considered sacrilegious to take peyote outside of Church ceremonies.

In 2005, a study found that peyote use among Church members does not result in impairments on tests of memory, attention, or other aspects of cognitive functions.

In Canada, peyote use for religious practices is legal, as is possession of peyote plants and seeds that are not for the purpose of consumption.

7) Describe one example of a “hexing” (i.e., psychoactive) plant, its psychoactive ingredients and their effects on brain chemistry, and its historical importance.

LO: 6.8 Review the effects of other hallucinogens that are related to acetylcholine 8) Discuss the specific dangers of PCP abuse.

LO: 6.9 Report the effects of three other hallucinogens: phencyclidine, ketamine, and Salvia divinorum

.

6–62

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

CHAPTER 7 MARIJUANA True or False Questions 1) At high doses, marijuana can produce hallucinations. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis 2) Marijuana is a stimulant. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis 3) Marijuana is officially classified as a Schedule I drug. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis 4) The terms cannabis and marijuana can be used interchangeably because they mean exactly the same thing. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis 5) Marijuana is the oldest cultivated plant not used for food. a. True b. False Answer: a .

7–1

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis 6) Hemp is obtained from Cannabis stalks, while marijuana is obtained from Cannabis leaves. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis 7) Marijuana is derived from the stalk of the cannabis plant. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis 8) THC stands for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis 9) Hashish oil is a diluted form of hashish and, therefore, weaker than hashish itself. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 10) Hashish was a popular recreational drug in Paris during the nineteenth century. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products

.

7–2

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

11) By 1890, cotton replaced hemp as a major cash crop. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 12) In the 1920s, recreational marijuana users were mostly jazz musicians. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 13) Marijuana smoking in North America during the early decades of the twentieth century was generally associated with immigrants from Venezuela and Colombia. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 14) Marijuana was made illegal in Canada in 1930. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 15) The “pharmacological violence” theory claims that marijuana use will lead to the abuse of heroin, cocaine, or other illicit drugs. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products

.

7–3

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

16) Generally speaking, more THC will be ingested by an experienced smoker than a nonexperienced smoker. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 17) A first-time marijuana smoker will typically feel nauseated by a marijuana cigarette, much in the same way as a first-time heroin abuser. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 18) The aphrodisiac effects of marijuana are remarkably stable across cultures and ethnic groups. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 19) Though creativity is not enhanced by LSD, it is enhanced by marijuana. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 20) Marijuana impairs short-term memory and enhances long-term memory. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana

.

7–4

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

21) Experienced marijuana smokers have the ability to “turn off” their high and behave normally if they really want to. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 22) Marijuana significantly slows down reaction time. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 23) Drivers testing positive for THC are three to seven times more likely to be involved in an automobile accident than drivers testing negative for THC or alcohol. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 24) Emotional problems have been frequently reported as a result of marijuana smoking, even at rather low doses. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 25) High levels of THC in the brain may cause accidental death by asphyxiation. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana

.

7–5

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

26) Anandamide is a naturally occurring substance that produces the same effects as THC in the brain. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 27) The “reverse tolerance” effect of marijuana turns out to be due to variations in the manner in which the drug is ingested. a. True b. False Answer: a Page Reference: 174 28) Repeated marijuana consumption causes sensitization to its effects. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 29) Though consistent tolerance effects of marijuana are found in the laboratory, such effects are not common in real-life settings. a. True b. False Answer: a Page Reference: 174 30) Marijuana never produces physical dependence at any dose level. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana

.

7–6

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

31) Though evidence of marijuana craving exists, it is unclear whether it is due to the marijuana alone or to marijuana in conjunction with other drugs. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 32) There is no evidence that marijuana results in adverse cardiovascular effects on people under 30 years of age. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 33) Marijuana does not contain nicotine, and tobacco does not contain THC. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 34) THC reduces the body’s immune system, making it harder to fight infection and disease. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 35) Though marijuana has adverse effects on users’ reproductive systems, little or no effect on fertility has been observed. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana

.

7–7

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

36) Research shows that students who smoke marijuana perform poorly in school. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 37) The amotivational syndrome predicts a decline in long-range planning in chronic marijuana users. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 38) Cognitive impairment (i.e., problems with attention and memory) are irreversible for long-term marijuana users. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 39) Recent studies indicate that specific brain abnormalities associated with long-term heavy marijuana use have a negative impact on successful information-processing abilities. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 40) Neuroanatomical changes that are associated with long-term heavy marijuana use may not be reversible. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana

.

7–8

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

41) The majority of people who have used drugs such as cocaine and heroin have used marijuana, but the majority of marijuana users have not tried heroin or cocaine. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.5 Analyze the gateway hypothesis 42) The majority of marijuana smokers go on to use other, more powerful drugs. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.5 Analyze the gateway hypothesis 43) The statistical relationship between marijuana smoking and other forms of drugtaking behaviour merely reflects the sequential pattern of drug use among multiple-drug (polydrug) users. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.5 Analyze the gateway hypothesis 44) Polydrug users initiate low-prevalence drugs (such as cocaine or heroin) earlier than they initiate high-prevalence drugs (such as alcohol, tobacco, and/or marijuana). a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.5 Analyze the gateway hypothesis 45) Erich Goode identified two schools of thought for considering a causal link between marijuana smoking and the use of other illicit drugs: the intrinsic argument and the extrinsic argument. a. True b. False

.

7–9

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b LO: 7.5 Analyze the gateway hypothesis 46) Drug abuse field professionals have concluded that early exposure to psychoactive substances will lead to a higher incidence of exposure to psychoactive substances later in life. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.5 Analyze the gateway hypothesis 47) According to the Canadian Drug Use and Monitoring Survey, about 60% of Canadians use marijuana. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.6 Describe the patterns of marijuana smoking 48) Marijuana is the dominant illicit drug in Canadian society today. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.6 Describe the patterns of marijuana smoking 49) The only medical application for marijuana is in the treatment of glaucoma. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 7.8 Elaborate on the medical use of marijuana for the treatment of chronic pain, muscle spasticity, nausea, and weight loss 50) The use of marijuana for medicinal purposes is illegal in Canada. a. True b. False

.

7–10

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b LO: 7.8 Elaborate on the medical use of marijuana for the treatment of chronic pain, muscle spasticity, nausea, and weight loss 51) Decriminalization of marijuana means that possession of small amounts is a civil offence, punishable by a fine. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.9 Analyze the issues of marijuana decriminalization and legalization 52) Drug decriminalization does not imply that a drug is legally available. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 7.9 Analyze the issues of marijuana decriminalization and legalization

Multiple-Choice Questions 1) One of the distinctive characteristics of Cannabis sativa is its __________. a. weak aroma b. resilience c. rarity d. vulnerability to harsh climates Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis 2) Marijuana is a __________. a. stimulant

.

7–11

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. hallucinogen c. sedative d. drug in a league of its own Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis 3) In Canada, marijuana is primarily classified as a __________ drug. a. Schedule I b. Schedule II c. Schedule III d. Schedule IV Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis 4) Marijuana produces effects that might qualify it as a __________. a. hallucinogen b. sedative c. analgesic d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis 5) The plant from which marijuana is derived was originally used for making __________.

.

7–12

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. a bitter-tasting wine b. an aromatic perfume c. rope and twine d. a cinnamon-flavoured drink Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis 6) The key psychoactive factor in Cannabis sativa comes from __________. a. the resin that accumulates on the leaves b. the grainy centre of the stalk c. the leaf itself d. the roots of the plant Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis 7) If there is a relatively large amount of fibre in a Cannabis plant, it is likely that the psychoactive effects __________. a. will be high b. will be low c. will be either high or low, since there is no relationship between fibre content and psychoactive effects d. will be moderate, since there is a curvilinear relationship between fibre content and psychoactive effects Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

7–13

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis 8) Cannabis plants having the highest resin content would most likely grow in the following climate: __________. a. hot and wet b. cool and wet c. hot and dry d. cool and dry Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis 9) Cannabis plants having the highest fibre content would most likely grow in the following climate: __________. a. hot and wet b. cool and wet c. hot and dry d. cool and dry Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis 10) THC is one of 80 or so __________. a. varieties of marijuana b. compounds called cannabinoids c. sinsemillas d. types of hemp plant Answer: b

.

7–14

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis 11) THC concentrations in some strains of sinsemilla may be as high as __________. a. 15% b. 30% c. 60% d. 75% Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis 12) Present-day marijuana contains __________. a. about half the THC of marijuana available during the 1960s and 1970s b. 1–2 % THC c. approximately 10% THC d. in the neighbourhood of 12 to 14% THC Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis 13) The technical name for the cannabis product most familiar to North Americans is __________. a. marijuana b. sinsemilla c. hashish crystals d. hashish oil crystals

.

7–15

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis 14) Which of the following cannabis products are rank-ordered for THC concentration (highest to lowest)? a. Marijuana, sinsemilla, hashish, hashish oil b. Sinsemilla, marijuana, hashish, hashish oil c. Hashish oil, hashish, marijuana, sinsemilla d. Hashish oil, hashish, sinsemilla, marijuana Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis 15) Analogy: Marijuana is to hashish as__________. a. resin is to leaf b. seed plant is to seedless plant c. strong effect is to weak effect d. leaf is to resin Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 16) Why does sinsemilla contain a higher concentration of THC than marijuana? a. The sinsemilla is bushier, and the resin content is higher as a result. b. The sinsemilla has firmer stalks, and the resin content is higher as a result. c. The sinsemilla is bushier, and the resin content is lower as a result. d. The sinsemilla has firmer stalks, and the resin content is lower as a result.

.

7–16

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 17) The highest THC concentrations are achieved in which following cannabis product? a. Sinsemilla b. Hashish c. Hashish oil crystals d. Marijuana Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 18) Hashish oil is produced by __________. a. grinding up marijuana until it forms a powder b. boiling hashish in alcohol and then filtering out the residue c. developing an unusually potent strain of sinsemilla d. grinding up hashish into a paste and then igniting it Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 19) In certain cannabis products, THC concentrations can be as high as __________. a. 60% b. 100% c. 18% d. 9% .

7–17

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 20) The first direct reference to the use of cannabis as a psychoactive agent dates back to __________. a. 2737 B.C.E. b. 1484 C.E. c. 1800 C.E. d. 1920 C.E. Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 21) Bhang is __________. a. a liquid form of cannabis b. a slang term for a marijuana cigarette c. equivalent in potency to a marijuana cigarette d. both A and C Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 22) In India, bhang has a THC concentration approximating __________. a. hashish b. sinsemilla c. hashish oil

.

7–18

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. marijuana Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 23) In Western Europe prior to about 1800, cannabis was __________. a. known only to a small proportion of the population b. as popular as opium c. mixed with tobacco and smoked regularly d. totally unknown Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 24) One reason Western Europe was reintroduced to cannabis after 1800 was __________. a. the rise of realism in European literature b. the return of French soldiers from Egypt c. the negative publicity regarding opium use d. the influx of tobacco products from North America Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 25) The Club des Hachichins in Paris was __________. a. the birthplace of French Impressionism and the home of opium smoking b. a gathering place for consuming hashish

.

7–19

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. a notorious French brothel where marijuana was smoked d. a hospital for wounded Napoleonic soldiers where hashish was smoked Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 26) Hugo, Dumas, Baudelaire, and Balzac were among the prominent artists and intellectuals who regularly attended __________. a. lectures on the proper form of opium smoking b. the Club des Hachichins in Paris c. rallies to foster cannabis use in France d. talks concerning exotic stories of the East Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 27) By 1890, the hemp crop had been replaced by ______ as a major source of farm income in Canada. a. opium b. rice c. cotton d. rye Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products

.

7–20

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

28) Compared to opium or cocaine, the prevalence of products containing marijuana in patent medicines during the nineteenth century was __________. a. much lower b. considerably higher c. about the same d. nonexistent Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 29) According to the text, in the 1920s, a large number of ______ were recreational marijuana users. a. doctors b. jazz musicians c. farmers d. women Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 30) “Tea pads” in the 1920s referred to __________. a. places where marijuana smoking occurred b. small containers where marijuana cigarettes could be kept fresh for later use c. the residue from smoked reefers d. packets of hashish Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

7–21

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 31) According to the text, authorities largely ignored marijuana clubs during the 1920s because __________. a. authorities were focused on looking for cocaine clubs b. marijuana was not viewed as a social threat c. the police did not know about their existence d. marijuana clubs were used mostly for religious ceremonies Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 32) Some historians assert that marijuana would not have become so popular had it not been for __________. a. Prohibition b. songs like “Sweet Marihuana Brown” c. the immigration movement in the early part of the twentieth century d. the widespread use of patent medicines Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 33) The description of marijuana as a “killer weed” dates back to __________. a. the late nineteenth century b. approximately 1750 c. the late 1920s and early 1930s d. the 1960s, immediately after the rerelease of the film Reefer Madness Answer: c

.

7–22

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 34) Leading the antimarijuana crusade in the United States during the 1930s was __________. a. the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN) b. the Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) c. the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) d. Benny Goodman, along with other popular band leaders Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 35) An anti-marijuana movement in Canada during the 1930s was strongly supported by the writings of __________. a. Franklin D. Roosevelt b. Emily Murphy c. Benny Goodman d. Marco Polo Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 36) Analogy: Marijuana smoking is to opium smoking as __________. a. Mexican North Americans were to naturalized citizens b. Mexican North Americans were to Chinese North Americans c. Canada was to the United States d. the nineteenth century was to the twentieth century

.

7–23

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 37) Marijuana was made an illegal substance in Canada in __________. a. 1870 b. 1923 c. 1930 d. 1940 Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 38) Prior to the 1960s, the public believed that marijuana was abused by mostly __________. a. university students b. ethnic and racial minorities c. women d. high school students Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 39) By the mid-1960s, marijuana smoking was suddenly __________. a. affecting a wide cross-section of Canada b. scorned by almost all levels of society c. causing large numbers of deaths due to overdose

.

7–24

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. associated with greater tolerance for authority Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products 40) Maximizing THC absorption into the bloodstream requires __________. a. several short, shallow inhalations b. only a brief inhalation c. not inhaling at all d. long, deep inhalations Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 41) In Canada, THC is usually consumed by __________. a. eating food cooked with added THC b. injection c. snorting d. smoking Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 42) Peak levels of THC in the blood occur about _____ after taking the drug. a. 5 to 15 seconds b. 3 minutes c. 10 minutes .

7–25

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. 30 minutes Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 43) Behavioural/psychological effects of marijuana last ______. a. 30 to 60 minutes b. 45 to 90 minutes c. 1 to 2 hours d. 2 to 3 hours Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 44) With regard to smoked marijuana, __________. a. absorption is fast; excretion is fast b. absorption is fast; excretion is slow c. absorption is slow; excretion is fast d. absorption is slow; excretion is slow Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 45) THC can be detected in the blood for several days after using marijuana due to __________. a. THC bonding to red blood cells b. slow excretion of THC from fatty tissue

.

7–26

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. slow absorption of THC into muscle tissue d. THC molecules bypassing the blood– brain barrier Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 46) Given the same dose of marijuana, who will report the greatest effect? a. An experienced smoker b. An intermittent smoker c. A first-time smoker d. Someone who is also a tobacco smoker Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 47) A drawback of urine testing for the presence of THC is __________. a. the test cannot show exactly when exposure occurred b. the test cannot determine whether the person actually smoked marijuana c. some types of marijuana have an ingredient which counters the effects of THC, resulting in a negative test result d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 48) Metabolites of marijuana are detectable several weeks after marijuana smoking if __________.

.

7–27

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. other drugs are being abused concurrently b. there has been chronic marijuana smoking c. the smoker is younger than 21 years of age d. all of the above Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 49) If a drug test was conducted, which following case could result in a positive reading? a. Someone who smoked marijuana 12 hours ago b. Someone who smoked marijuana for the first time 3 days ago c. Someone who did not actually smoke marijuana but was in the same room with a marijuana smoker d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 50) THC-sensitive receptors in the brain are located in those regions that are important for __________. a. arousal, sleep, and respiration b. short-term memory and motor control c. motor control and emotionality d. heart rate and respiration Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana

.

7–28

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

51) Given that marijuana does not depress respiration, one would expect an absence of THC-sensitive receptors in the __________. a. cerebellum b. cerebral cortex c. medulla d. spinal cord Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 52) Anandamide is another name for __________. a. a THC-sensitive receptor b. a naturally occurring hallucinogen c. naturally occurring THC d. a combination of B and C Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 53) The naturally occurring substance that stimulates the THC-sensitive receptor in the brain is called __________. a. THC b. anandamide c. cannabinoid d. marijuana Answer: b Diff: 2

.

7–29

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 54) Animals will self-administer marijuana __________. a. but the behaviour is not as compulsive as with other drugs b. but they cannot discriminate high-potency from low-potency forms c. but they frequently get nauseous afterward d. but later develop brain tumours Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 55) Self-administration of THC in animals is __________. a. more compulsive in character than with heroin b. less compulsive in character than with heroin c. as compulsive in character as with heroin d. less compulsive in character than with heroin, but more compulsive in character than with cocaine Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 56) The receptor most responsible for the psychoactive effects of THC is __________. a. the CB1 receptor b. the CB2 receptor c. the 2-AG receptor d. all of the above Answer: a

.

7–30

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 57) Receptors responsible for the psychoactive effects of THC are found in __________. a. the brainstem b. the immune system c. the limbic system d. all of the above Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 58) It appears that endocannabinoids mainly exert their effects through __________. a. retrograde signalling b. anterograde signalling c. postsynaptic receptors d. both B anc C Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 59) The lethal dose/effective dose ratio for marijuana is roughly __________. a. 12 b. 20 c. 100 d. 20 000 to 40 000 Answer: d .

7–31

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 60) Which of the following is a physiological effect of marijuana? a. Constriction of blood vessels in the cornea b. Increased salivation c. An increase in heart rate d. A craving for pretzels and other snacks Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 61) After using marijuana, a person’s blood pressure __________. a. increases b. decreases c. remains the same d. depends on whether the person is sitting, standing, or lying down Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 62) An example of a reaction to marijuana that is considered to be culturally based, at least in part, is __________. a. sexual reactivity b. blood pressure changes c. a drying of the mouth d. an urge to drink

.

7–32

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 63) It is likely that whether marijuana smoking enhances sexual desire depends upon __________. a. the dosage of marijuana b. expectations of the user c. cultural factors d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 64) A first-time marijuana smoker is likely to __________. a. feel unusually strong effects b. feel no discernible effects at all c. feel nauseated d. experience very pleasant hallucinations Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 65) Marijuana is the only drug __________. a. that enhances one’s creativity b. that significantly diminishes motor skills c. that takes practice before effects are felt reliably d. with effects that become stronger when combined with alcohol

.

7–33

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 66) As with LSD, marijuana produces __________. a. changes in the sense of time b. a drying of the mouth c. highly variable psychological effects d. considerable withdrawal symptoms Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 67) Symptoms of the marijuana high include __________. a. feelings of euphoria b. feelings of sleepiness c. a sharpened sense of sound d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 68) A decline in memory recall is __________. a. largely a myth with respect to marijuana smoking b. an effect that is limited to chronic marijuana smokers c. a characteristic feature of marijuana smoking d. associated ironically with an improvement in overall memory .

7–34

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 69) As the THC content in marijuana increases, __________. a. memory performance increases as well b. memory performance decreases c. memory performance first decreases then increases d. it is impossible to predict the effect on memory performance Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 70) Concentration difficulties arising from marijuana use __________. a. impair short-term memory b. impair long-term memory c. cause fragmented, disjointed speech d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 71) Driving ability is impaired after marijuana smoking because __________. a. reaction time is longer b. it is more difficult to look straight ahead for long periods of time c. more chances are taken on the road d. it is more difficult to attend to peripheral stimuli .

7–35

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 72) Difficulties in handling sensorimotor tasks while engaged in marijuana smoking __________. a. fortunately are limited to the period of time in which one is feeling high b. are increased as the marijuana high starts to wear off c. are largely a myth, unsupported by research data d. continue even after the effects of marijuana are no longer felt Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 73) Drivers testing positive for THC in their bloodstreams have been shown to be about ____ times more likely to be involved in an accident than drivers testing negative for THC or alcohol. a. 1 to 2 b. 3 to 7 c. 10 to 20 d. 25 to 30 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 74) Among normal individuals, relatively low THC concentrations are fortunately __________. a. not likely to cause acute emotional problems

.

7–36

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. likely to trigger psychotic symptoms in about 10% of them c. more dangerous with respect to acute emotional problems than relatively high THC concentrations d. more likely to trigger psychotic symptoms when smokers are from North America than when they are from Europe Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 75) In which region has marijuana been linked to the greatest number of psychiatric problems? a. Canada b. India and North Africa c. United States d. China Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 76) Which of the following is a correct description of endocannabinoid neurotransmission? a. Release of 2-AG and anandamide from presynaptic terminals blocks calcium, but not potassium, channels. b. Activation of post-synaptic CB1 receptors decreases calcium currents and increases potassium currents. c. Activation of CB1 receptors by 2-AG induces retrograde signaling. d. Endocannabinoids travel from post-synaptic neurons to activate pre-synaptic CB1 receptors.

Answer: d Difficulty: 3

.

7–37

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 77) The consistency of tolerance effects for marijuana smoking inside and outside the laboratory depends upon __________. a. controlling for the age and culture of the individuals studied b. controlling for expectation effects c. controlling for the experience of the smoker d. controlling for the THC content ingested Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 78) Physical withdrawal symptoms after smoking marijuana occur __________. a. in short-term marijuana users b. in long-term marijuana users c. when the amount of marijuana ingested is low d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 79) Physical withdrawal symptoms of marijuana use include ____________________. a. headaches and chills b. irritability and diarrhea c. irritability and anxiety d. increase in appetite Answer: c

.

7–38

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 80) Chronic marijuana users show negative physical withdrawal symptoms that resemble those associated with the chronic use of which drug? a. Alcohol b. Tobacco c. Heroin d. LSD Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 81) Acute effects of marijuana can worsen which medical condition? a. Abnormally low blood pressure b. Clinical obesity c. Arteriosclerosis d. Type A syndrome Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 82) Though THC produces a significant increase in heart rate, there is no conclusive evidence of cardiovascular problems among users who __________. a. are elderly b. are also using other drugs c. already have preexisting disorders (i.e., heart disease) d. are under 35 years of age

.

7–39

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 83) In comparison to a tobacco cigarette, a marijuana joint __________. a. contains less tar b. contains more hydrocarbons c. is more likely to be addictive d. contains about the same levels of nicotine Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 84) Which aspect of marijuana ingestion represents the risk factor for worsening symptoms of asthma? a. the presence of acetone b. the presence of nicotine c. the deep breathing process in marijuana smoking d. the age of the typical marijuana smoker Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 85) Compared to marijuana, tobacco contains higher levels of all but which of the following? a. carbon monoxide b. carbon dioxide

.

7–40

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. acetone d. ammonia Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 86) Analogy: Tobacco cigarettes are to joints as __________. a. nicotine is to THC b. THC is to naphthalene c. carbon dioxide is to carbon monoxide d. nicotine is to toluene Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 87) Molecular abnormalities in the respiratory tracts of heavy marijuana smokers have been identified that resemble the changes found in the respiratory tracts of __________. a. heroin abusers b. cocaine abusers c. advanced alcoholics d. cigarette smokers Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 88) The respiratory effects of a single marijuana joint is equivalent to up to ____ tobacco cigarettes.

.

7–41

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. 2 b. 4 c. 5 d. 10 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 89) Daily smoking of one marijuana joint is equivalent to how many cigarettes in terms of damage to cells lining the airways? a. 10 cigarettes (half a pack) a day b. 5 cigarettes a day c. 40 cigarettes (two packs) a day d. 60 cigarettes (three packs) a day Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 90) Marijuana smoking does not increase the risk of developing _____, while tobacco does. a. emphysema b. asthma c. bronchitis d. obstruction of air flow Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana

.

7–42

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

91) According to the text, one joint has approximately the same amount of tar as ______ cigarettes. a. two b. four c. nine d. sixteen Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 92) Which of the following statements is true? a. Marijuana smoking definitely does not lead to cancer. b. Heavy marijuana users are three times more likely to develop cancer. c. Marijuana is only linked to cancer in users who also smoke cigarettes. d. There is a possibility that stopping marijuana smoking lowers the risk of cancer.

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 93) The extent to which marijuana smoking suppresses the human immune system in a significant way is __________. a. known to be an important risk factor b. higher than any other risk factor associated with marijuana c. an important factor for older individuals d. inconclusive Answer: d Diff: 2

.

7–43

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 94) Marijuana has which of the following effects on the male reproductive system? a. an increase in the level of testosterone b. a decrease in sperm count c. a decrease in the percentage of abnormally formed sperm d. all of the above Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 95) Marijuana has which of the following effects on the female reproductive system? a. A reduction in the level of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion b. A decline in fertility c. An increase in testosterone d. all of the above Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 96) According to the text, smoking approximately ________ following ovulation can suppress levels of luteinizing hormone in women. a. 1 marijuana joint b. 5 marijuana joints c. 10 marijuana joints d. 25 marijuana joints Answer: a

.

7–44

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 97) Marijuana has which of the following reproductive effects? a. A lower sperm count in males b. A lower level of LH secretion in females c. A lower level of testosterone in males d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 98) Which of the following are characteristic of the amotivational syndrome? a. An increase in energy b. Less interest in activities, but no effects on relationships c. Loss of energy d. both B and C Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 99) A decline is one’s grades after a period of regular marijuana smoking supports __________. a. the gateway hypothesis b. the amotivational syndrome c. the anandamide hypothesis d. the maturational hypothesis

.

7–45

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 100) Which of the following is true? a. The amotivational syndrome supports the gateway hypothesis. b. There is a direct causal link between marijuana and lifestyle problems. c. Research shows that high school students who smoke marijuana miss more classes than other students. d. A loss of energy is not characteristic of the amotivational syndrome.

Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 101) Long-term marijuana smokers show cognitive impairment for up to _____ after marijuana smoking. a. 12 hours b. 24 hours c. 2 days d. 3 days Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 102) Long-term marijuana users show impairments involving ______, which are irreversible for long-term marijuana users even after abstaining from marijuana smoking for six months. a. memory b. attention

.

7–46

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. fertility d. none of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 103) The idea that marijuana leads to abusing other drugs is known as _______. a. the sequencing hypothesis b. the amotivational hypothesis c. the gateway hypothesis d. the expectation hypothesis Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.5 Analyze the gateway hypothesis 104) Which of the following is true, relative to nonmarijuana smokers? a. Marijuana smokers are more likely to abuse heroin later in their lives. b. Marijuana smokers are more likely to abuse cocaine later in their lives. c. Marijuana smokers are more likely to abuse hallucinogens later in their lives. d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.5 Analyze the gateway hypothesis 105) The gateway hypothesis predicts that, relative to abstinence from marijuana, __________. a. marijuana smoking will lead to a greater incidence of drug abuse in general

.

7–47

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. marijuana smoking will lower your grades c. marijuana smoking will help you find your way in life d. marijuana smoking will have many adverse psychological and physical consequences Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.5 Analyze the gateway hypothesis 106) A study conducted with twins, cited in the text, found that early marijuana users were __________. a. four times more likely to use cocaine later in life b. five times more likely to use hallucinogens later in life c. two and a half times more likely to use heroin later in life d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.5 Analyze the gateway hypothesis 107) The sequential pattern of drug use among multiple-drug (polydrug) users reveals that they initiate the use of ________ drugs earlier than they initiate the use of ___________ drugs. a. low-prevalence drugs; high-prevalence drugs b. high-prevalence drugs; low-prevalence drugs c. illicit drugs; licit drugs d. licit drugs; illicit drugs Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.5 Analyze the gateway hypothesis

.

7–48

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

108) The idea that drug tolerance is a way of explaining the gateway hypothesis is referred to as the _______ school of thought. a. sociocultural b. expectation c. intrinsic d. conservative Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.5 Analyze the gateway hypothesis 109) The idea that friends and acquaintances provide opportunities for drug experimentation is referred to as the _______ school of thought. a. sociocultural b. expectation c. intrinsic d. conservative Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.5 Analyze the gateway hypothesis 110) A gateway hypothesis with respect to marijuana seems to be equivalently applicable to a gateway hypothesis with respect to __________. a. alcohol and tobacco b. sedative hypnotics and antianxiety drugs c. cocaine and amphetamines d. heroin and other opiates Answer: a

.

7–49

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.5 Analyze the gateway hypothesis 111) There is greater support for a(n) _______ argument than a(n) ______ argument for the data regarding the gateway hypothesis for marijuana. a. intrinsic; sociocultural b. sociocultural; intrinsic c. amotivational; motivational d. pharmacological; psychological Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.5 Analyze the gateway hypothesis 112) Which of the following assertions concerning chronic marijuana abuse is true? a. Chronic exposure to marijuana will impair the immune system. b. Chronic exposure to marijuana will cause the smoker to experiment with “harder” drugs. c. The chances of getting cancer are unaffected by chronic marijuana exposure. d. Marijuana smoking in adolescence will generally be preceded by experimentation with tobacco and alcohol.

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.5 Analyze the gateway hypothesis 113) According to the text, marijuana use among adolescent males increases the risk of __________ late in adolescence. a. not using condoms during sex b. having multiple sexual partners c. having problems with cigarettes and alcohol

.

7–50

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.5 Analyze the gateway hypothesis 114) In general, marijuana smokers __________. a. are more likely to be risk takers b. are more likely to have parents who were marijuana smokers c. are more likely to perceive other drugs as harmful d. are more likely to conform to social norms Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.5 Analyze the gateway hypothesis 115) Which statement is true regarding the gateway hypothesis of drug use? a. It can explain increased use of cocaine and heroin, but not alcohol or nicotine. b. It can be explained by neural adaptations associated with chronic marijuana use. c. It describes a sequence of drug abuse across development. d. It explains why younger people are more likely to use marijuana than older people.

Answer: c Diff: 3 LO: 7.5 Analyze the gateway hypothesis 116) The dominant illicit drug in Canadian society today is __________. a. alcohol b. marijuana c. benzodiazepines d. opiates of various types

.

7–51

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.6 Describe the patterns of marijuana smoking 117) According to the Canadian Drug Use and Monitoring Survey (CADUMS) conducted in 2012, marijuana is used by __________ of Canadians. a. 80.5% b. 41.5% c. 34.8% d. 8.2% Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.6 Describe the patterns of marijuana smoking 118) According to the Canadian Addiction Survey in 2007, _______ of Canadian youth reported having used cannabis at some point in their lifetime. a. 8.2% b. 37% c. 47.2% d. 61% Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.6 Describe the patterns of marijuana smoking 119) According to the Canadian Drug Use and Monitoring Survey (CADUMS) conducted in 2012, _______. a. more females than males have smoked marijuana in their lifetime

.

7–52

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. more males than females have smoked marijuana in their lifetime c. marijuana usage is highest in adults 24–29 years old d. the average age of initiation of marijuana smoking is 20 years old Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.6 Describe the patterns of marijuana smoking 120) According to the Canadian Addiction Survey of 2007, about ____% of youth aged 18 to 19 had smoked marijuana in the last year. a. 27 b. 37 c. 47 d. 57 Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.6 Describe the patterns of marijuana smoking 121) The typical THC concentration in a marijuana joint available today is about __________. a. 1–2% b. up to 28% c. 6–10% d. more than 60% Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.7 Recount the three major causes of concern associated with marijuana consumption

.

7–53

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

122) Psychedelic-era marijuana joints have ______ while present-day marijuana joints have _____. a. 1 to 2% THC; 8% THC, b. 5% THC; 9% THC c. 1 to 2% THC; 6 to 28% THC d. 0.5% THC; 1 to 2% THC Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 7.7 Recount the three major causes of concern associated with marijuana consumption 123) Adulteration __________. a. is fortunately no longer a significant concern for marijuana smokers b. can produce synergistic or other interactive effects in any street drug c. usually weakens the effect of a marijuana joint d. is fortunately less of a concern for marijuana smokers than in the 1970s Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.7 Recount the three major causes of concern associated with marijuana consumption 124) To increase profits, Bob, the neighbourhood drug dealer, decides to mix marijuana with some newly introduced drugs that will weaken the effects of marijuana. This practice is known as __________. a. synchronization b. adulteration c. sensitization d. chipping the pot

.

7–54

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.7 Recount the three major causes of concern associated with marijuana consumption 125) The ability to reduce intraocular pressure results in a potential medical application of marijuana for which of the following disorders? a. Asthma b. Cataract c. Nearsightedness d. Glaucoma Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.8 Elaborate on the medical use of marijuana for the treatment of chronic pain, muscle spasticity, nausea, and weight loss 126) Research has shown that marijuana can be effective in treating all but which of the following conditions? a. Glaucoma b. Asthma c. Epilepsy d. Weight loss Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.8 Elaborate on the medical use of marijuana for the treatment of chronic pain, muscle spasticity, nausea, and weight loss 127) THC has been found to be __________. a. more effective than other treatments for glaucoma

.

7–55

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. more effective than other treatments for asthma c. as effective as other treatments for glaucoma or asthma d. less effective than other treatments for glaucoma or asthma Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.8 Elaborate on the medical use of marijuana for the treatment of chronic pain, muscle spasticity, nausea, and weight loss 128) Marijuana has been used to help alleviate symptoms associated with __________. a. treatment of AIDS b. treatment of cancer through chemotherapy c. treatment of Crohn’s disease d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.8 Elaborate on the medical use of marijuana for the treatment of chronic pain, muscle spasticity, nausea, and weight loss 129) Chemotherapy in the course of cancer treatment frequently produces __________. a. a feeling of euphoria b. a loss of appetite c. weight gain d. a strange craving for marijuana Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.8 Elaborate on the medical use of marijuana for the treatment of chronic pain, muscle spasticity, nausea, and weight loss

.

7–56

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

130) An important application of THC has been as which one of the following? a. Appetite suppressant b. Anti-inflammatory drug c. Antiemetic drug d. Anticholinergic drug Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.8 Elaborate on the medical use of marijuana for the treatment of chronic pain, muscle spasticity, nausea, and weight loss 131) A legal prescription drug containing THC or variations of it is __________. a. CBD b. Marisol c. Anandamiol d. nabilone Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.8 Elaborate on the medical use of marijuana for the treatment of chronic pain, muscle spasticity, nausea, and weight loss 132) In Canada, marijuana has been legal for medical use since __________. a. 1991 b. 2001 c. 2005 d. 2006 Answer: b Diff: 2

.

7–57

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 7.8 Elaborate on the medical use of marijuana for the treatment of chronic pain, muscle spasticity, nausea, and weight loss 133) Sativex is __________. a. a liquid spray medication derived from the cannabis plant b. an oral syrup medication derived from the cannabis plant c. a smokable medication derived from the cannabis plant d. an unapproved treatment for wasting syndrome derived from the cannabis plant Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.8 Elaborate on the medical use of marijuana for the treatment of chronic pain, muscle spasticity, nausea, and weight loss 134) Which statement is true regarding marijuana use in Canadian after Oct. 17 2019? a. Prescriptions for medical marijuana are no longer required. b. Anyone over 19 can possess small amounts (up to 30 g) of marijuana. c. Use of marijuana is decriminalized across the country. d. Only the government or government-licensed stores are allowed to sell marijuana.

Answer: d Diff: 3 LO: 7.8 Elaborate on the medical use of marijuana for the treatment of chronic pain, muscle spasticity, nausea, and weight loss 135) Possession of up to one ounce of marijuana is legal in which two U.S. states? a. New Jersey and Washington b. Washington and Colorado c. California and Colorado d. Hawaii and California

.

7–58

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.9 Analyze the issues of marijuana decriminalization and legalization 136) Which of the following groups has NOT encouraged a shift toward marijuana decriminalization in the United States? a. American Medical Association b. American Bar Association c. National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse d. American Psychological Association Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.9 Analyze the issues of marijuana decriminalization and legalization 137) Decriminalization of marijuana __________. a. imposes heavy jail time on the possession of marijuana for personal use b. considers marijuana possession to be a civil rather than a criminal offense c. is equivalent to legalization d. none of the above Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.9 Analyze the issues of marijuana decriminalization and legalization 138) Decriminalization of possession of marijuana typically applies to __________. a. amounts of 10 ounces or less b. amounts of more than 10 ounces c. amounts less than one ounce or so d. any amount

.

7–59

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.9 Analyze the issues of marijuana decriminalization and legalization 139) Studies show that decriminalization of marijuana in those U.S. states that have enacted such legislation has resulted in __________. a. little or no difference in the incidence of marijuana smoking b. an upturn in the incidence of marijuana smoking c. an increase in positive attitudes toward the smoking of marijuana d. an increase in the criminal prosecution of individuals who have engaged in marijuana smoking Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.9 Analyze the issues of marijuana decriminalization and legalization

Essay Questions 1) Summarize the parts of the Cannabis sativa plant and the uses of those different parts.

Describe which climate would be most suited to growing Cannabis sativa to allow for the optimal use of each of the parts.

LO: 7.1 Differentiate between marijuana and cannabis Answer: Cannabis sativa is composed of stalks, serrated leaves, buds, and flowers. A sticky resin accumulates on the leaves and buds of the plant.

The fibre from the stalks may be used for rope, twine, shoes, sailcloth, or similar materials.

Serrated leaves, buds, and flowers are used to make marijuana, while seedless (unpollinated) portions of the plant can be used to produce sinsemilla. Both marijuana and sinsemilla are smoked for their psychoactive effects.

.

7–60

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Cooler and more humid climates produce plants with strong fibre but low resin content.

Plants grown in this type of climate would be optimal for making rope, twine, or similar products (as described above). Hot and dry climates produce plants with weak fibre but high resin content. Plants grown in this type of climate would maximize the psychoactive effects of marijuana and sinsemilla.

2) Describe the psychoactive products derived from the Cannabis plant. Include a brief description of how they are made and their THC concentration.

LO: 7.2 Recount the history of marijuana and other cannabis products Answer: Marijuana → Consists of dried and shredded leaves, buds and flowers of the Cannabis plant. Today, the THC concentration is about 10%.

Sinsemilla → Consists of unpollinated portion of the Cannabis plant, also dried and shredded. The THC content is about 15%.

Hashish → Consists of resin scraped from the leaves of the Cannabis plant and then dried. The THC concentration is about 24%.

Hashish oil/hashish crystals → Produced by boiling hashish in alcohol (or another solvent) and collecting the residue after the solvent has been filtered out. The THC concentration can range from 15–60%.

3) Explain marijuana’s effect on sexual responsiveness.

LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 4) Discuss the specific adverse effects of marijuana on driving skills. Why are effects still present even after the individual no longer feels high?

LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 5) Define anandamide and describe its role in the brain.

LO: 7.3 Describe the acute effects of marijuana 6) What is the extent of physical and/or psychological dependence with regard to marijuana smoking?

LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 7) Discuss the difficulties in determining whether marijuana has a generalized effect on an individual’s motivation in life.

.

7–61

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 7.4 Discuss the long-term effects of marijuana 8) Discuss the issues surrounding the “gateway hypothesis” with regard to marijuana.

What is the research on the sequencing question, the association question, and the causation question?

LO: 7.5 Analyze the gateway hypothesis 9) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of marijuana as a therapeutic drug.

LO: 7.8 Elaborate on the medical use of marijuana for the treatment of chronic pain, muscle spasticity, nausea, and weight loss

.

7–62

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

CHAPTER 8 ALCOHOL True or False Questions 1) The maximum alcohol content fermentation can produce is 15–16%. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 2) Producing more than 15% alcohol content can kill yeast, which results in stopping the fermentation process. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 3) Distillation produces a higher level of alcohol in a beverage than fermentation. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 4) Any proof is twice the percentage of alcohol. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 5) A 180-proof beverage contains 95% alcohol. a. True b. False Answer: b .

8–1

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 6) The three basic forms of alcoholic beverages are wine, beer, and gin. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 7) Beer was the earliest alcoholic beverage in history. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 8) Early forms of beer resembled bread. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 9) The first alcoholic beverage in history was probably made from honey. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 10) Aqua vitae was the original gin. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history

.

8–2

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

11) In London, infant mortality rose between 1730 and 1749, with only one of four baptized babies surviving to the age of five. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 12) The original goal of the temperance movement was a moderation in alcohol consumption. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 13) The temperance movement has always been a term referring to the prohibition of alcohol. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 14) Moderation is to temperance as complete stoppage is to prohibition. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 15) One 37-mL (1.25oz) shot of 40% liquor is equivalent to about 2 beers. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption

.

8–3

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

16) The average alcohol consumption in Canada is approximately 1.5 standard drinks per day. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 17) Beer drinking is the most problematic form of alcohol consumption in Canada. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 18) In Canada, beer consumption represents 67% of overall alcoholic consumption. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 19) Canadians spend less per year on alcohol than Americans. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 20) Anna-Liese drank three alcoholic beverages in two hours. Anna-Liese was binge drinking. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption

.

8–4

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

21) Binge drinking is defined as consuming four or more alcoholic beverages over a period of two hours for both men and women. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 22) High school students show higher levels of moderate alcohol consumption than university students. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 23) One in five students report that, while intoxicated, they engaged in unplanned sexual activity or unprotected sex. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 24) About two-thirds of university students report that drinking to get drunk is an important reason for drinking. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 25) Alcohol is a very small molecule, moderately soluble in fat and highly soluble in water. a. True b. False Answer: a

.

8–5

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 26) Since alcohol is not soluble in fat, it has a difficult time passing through the blood– brain barrier. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 27) Alcohol is fully digested before being absorbed into the gastrointestinal tract. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 28) Heavy alcohol drinking can produce ulcers and worsen pre-existing ulcers. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 29) Large amounts of alcohol aid in the digestion of small meals. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 30) As the amount of food in the stomach increases, the time it takes to feel intoxicated decreases. a. True

.

8–6

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: b LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 31) The majority of alcohol is excreted through exhalation of air in the lungs. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 32) Approximately 90% of the alcohol in the blood reaches the brain almost immediately. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 33) Acetic acid is a form of alcohol related to citrus fruits. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 34) The oxidation rates of alcohol in women are slower than that of men. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process

.

8–7

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

35) Asians and people of Asian descent have a lower level of acetaminophen in their liver, causing alcohol metabolism to be delayed. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 36) Alcohol is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.5 Examine how alcohol affects the different receptors of the brain 37) Alcohol inhibits the activity of GABA in the brain. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.5 Examine how alcohol affects the different receptors of the brain 38) The LD50/ED50 ratio for alcohol is approximately six. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 39) Alcohol can keep a person warm in freezing weather. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol

.

8–8

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

40) Water retention in hands and feet is common when using alcohol except when alcohol is consumed in conjunction with salty foods. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 41) When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, alcohol levels of the fetus are higher than those of its mother. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 42) Alcohol has a stimulatory effect on REM sleep, resulting in a type of narcolepsy. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 43) Alcohol increases the effects of antidepressant medication. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 44) Though using alcohol in conjunction with illicit drugs can be harmful, using alcohol in conjunction with licit drugs is safe. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol

.

8–9

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

45) A low congener level in an alcoholic beverage will tend to produce fewer hangovers. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 46) In most provinces, new/novice drivers are required to have a zero BAC. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption 47) The peak age of drinking and driving for males is between 18 and 25 years old. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption 48) A technology known as ignition interlock prevents a car from starting when activated by the detection of a minimum BAC level in the breath of the driver. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption 49) Disinhibition theory states that violence is produced because the brain is no longer being inhibited by the medulla and pons. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption

.

8–10

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

50) In a balanced placebo design, the subject is informed of the actual contents of the drug being administered but the experimenter is not. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption 51) People may act and feel drunk when they are told they are drinking an alcoholic beverage even though it has no alcohol content. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption 52) That learned beliefs about alcohol’s effects can facilitate aggressive behaviour is known as the alcohol myopia theory. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption 53) Alcohol has aphrodisiac effects on sexual desire. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption 54) The effect of alcohol on sexual arousal is different for men than for women. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption

.

8–11

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

55) Men who are drunk have less sexual desire and decreased capacity to perform sexually. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption 56) In recent animal studies, a natural substance in red wine known as resveratrol has been identified as a possible factor in explaining the health benefits of drinking red wine. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.8 Analyze how alcohol benefits health 57) Moderate alcohol consumption can lower the risk of rheumatoid arthritis by up to 50%. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.8 Analyze how alcohol benefits health 58) Moderate drinking (no more than one drink a day for women and two drinks a day for men) reduces the risk of dementia. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.8 Analyze how alcohol benefits health 59) Drinking even one drink per day slightly increases a woman’s risk of breast cancer. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.8 Analyze how alcohol benefits health

.

8–12

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

60) One guideline for responsible drinking is never to drink alone. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 8.9 Elaborate on some of the strategies for responsible alcohol consumption

Multiple-Choice Questions 1) One of the problems in considering alcohol abuse is the frequently held idea that __________. a. alcohol is really not a drug b. alcohol abuse is not as bad as drug abuse c. alcohol abuse is not the same as drug abuse d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 2) _________ is the process of creating alcohol. a. Fermentation b. Permutation c. Condensation d. Extraction Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 3) Fermentation typically produces __________.

.

8–13

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. sugar b. carbon dioxide c. ethyl alcohol d. both B and C Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 4) What is necessary for a substance to undergo fermentation? a. An alcoholic content b. A sugar content c. A grain of some type d. A carbon dioxide content Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 5) Fermentation is produced by the action of ______ on ______. a. yeast; sugar b. carbon dioxide; carbon monoxide c. sugar; alcohol d. yeast; starch Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages

.

8–14

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

6) During fermentation, as yeast cells consume sugar molecules, _______ are left as waste. a. oxygen and alcohol b. carbon monoxide and alcohol c. carbon dioxide and alcohol d. nitrogen and alcohol Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 7) During fermentation, ______ cells consume the sugar content of organic material. a. yeast b. starch c. carbon dioxide d. alcohol Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 8) In considering issues related to alcoholic beverages, the term alcohol specifically refers to __________. a. isopropyl alcohol b. ethyl alcohol c. methyl alcohol d. none of the above Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

8–15

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 9) As a result of fermentation, for every one sugar molecule, ____ molecule(s) of alcohol and _____ molecule(s) of carbon dioxide is (are) left behind. a. one; two b. two; two c. one; one d. ten; five Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 10) Basic fermentation achieves an alcohol content of _________%. a. between 5 and 10 b. between 12 and 16 c. between 18 and 20 d. between 50 and 60 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 11) Analogy: Fermentation is to standard grape wine as brewing is to __________. a. coffee b. beer c. vodka d. rum Answer: b Diff: 1

.

8–16

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 12) Barley malt and mash are products that are involved in __________. a. the fermentation process b. the making of malt varieties of beer c. the distillation of alcohol d. the making of beer Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 13) The characteristic flavouring and aroma of beer are a result of adding __________. a. hops b. barley malt c. mash d. fermented alcohol Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 14) Fermentation in the making of beer results in a maximum alcohol content of ______. a. 8 to 10% b. 12 to 14% c. 15 to 16% d. 18 to 19% Answer: c Diff: 2 .

8–17

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 15) Alcohol having a lower boiling temperature than water is important to the process of __________. a. fermentation b. brewing c. distillation d. extracting the starch from grain products Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 16) Sake is a wine-like variation based upon the fermentation of __________. a. corn b. rice c. a mixture of several grains d. juniper berries Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 17) Champagne is bubbly because __________. a. carbon dioxide is pumped into the bottle b. the wine is bottled before the yeast is gone c. brandy is added d. the wine goes through a further distillation process following fermentation Answer: b

.

8–18

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 18) Distilled spirits is another name for __________. a. beer with alcohol content above 4% b. a fortified wine c. liquor of any type d. liquor with an alcohol content approximating 95% Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 19) Analogy: Fermentation is to 12–16% alcohol content as distillation is to _____ alcohol content. a. 15–16% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75% Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 20) Distillation can achieve an alcohol content as high as __________. a. 15–16% b. 40–60% c. 95% d. no specific limit

.

8–19

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 21) The proof of a distilled spirit beverage is __________. a. twice the alcohol content percentage b. one-half the alcohol content percentage c. another name for the alcohol content d. calculated by subtracting 10% from the alcohol content Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 22) If the alcohol content of a beverage is 60%, then the designated proof is __________. a. 60 proof b. 30 proof c. 120 proof d. 80-90 proof Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 23) An alcohol beverage is 120 proof. This means it contains _____ alcohol. a. 20% b. 30% c. 60% d. 120%

.

8–20

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 24) Which of the following is a basic form of alcoholic beverage? a. Wine b. Beer c. Distilled spirits d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 25) Which process yields the highest concentration of alcohol in a beverage? a. distillation. b. fermentation. c. brewing. d. the concentration of alcohol in a beverage depends on the ingredients, not the process.

Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages

26) The original alcoholic beverage (from approximately 8000 B.C.E.) was __________. a. wine b. mead c. champagne d. beer .

8–21

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 27) Mead is a fermented beverage made from __________. a. corn b. rye and barley c. grapes d. honey Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 28) Of all the alcoholic beverages, the earliest known example is __________. a. Egyptian beer b. wine c. mead d. aqua vitae (the “water of life”) Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 29) The first official brewery was established by the __________. a. Egyptians b. Babylonians c. Dutch d. Germans .

8–22

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 30) Aqua vitae is the name given to the first recorded __________. a. brandy b. beer product c. wine d. gin Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 31) The first documented distillation of alcohol produced __________. a. brandy b. gin c. whisky d. vodka Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 32) ______ was the primary distilled liquor in Europe until the middle of the seventeenth century. a. Brandy b. Gin c. Beer

.

8–23

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. Vodka Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 33) Taking distilled spirits and adding juniper berries for flavouring turns the beverage into __________. a. gin b. vodka c. brandy d. mead Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 34) Analogy: Beer is to distilled spirits as __________. a. ale is to brandy b. gin is to vodka c. modern-day beer is to ancient Egyptian beer d. honey is to juniper Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 35) Gin drinking created especially adverse social consequences in eighteenth-century __________. a. Amsterdam and Brussels

.

8–24

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. Rome and Florence c. New York and Philadelphia d. London and other English cities Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 36) The gin epidemic in the eighteenth century has been compared by sociologists to the introduction of ________ in the twentieth century. a. tobacco b. crack cocaine c. hallucinogens d. marijuana Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 37) In North America in 1830, the average per capita intake was ____ drinks per day. a. two b. three c. five d. six Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 38) Taverns in North America during the nineteenth century __________.

.

8–25

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. were often used as churches b. served as voting places during elections c. were revered by all levels of society d. all of the above Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 39) During the early nineteenth century in North America, the favourite distilled-spirit beverages were __________. a. rum and whisky b. whisky and brandy c. gin and brandy d. brandy and rum Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 40) The temperance movement originally concentrated on the __________. a. prohibition of wine and beer b. moderation of alcohol consumption c. beer industry d. prohibition of distilled spirits, but not of beer or wine Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history

.

8–26

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

41) The goal of the temperance movement was __________. a. prohibiting all forms of alcohol b. lowering the number of alcohol-related fatalities by 75 percent c. the moderation of alcohol consumption d. to create a system for testing blood alcohol levels Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 42) The anti-alcohol movement in the United States and Canada eventually moved from a philosophy of __________. a. prohibition to temperance b. decriminalization to legalization c. liberalism to conservatism d. temperance to prohibition Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 43) The peak in alcohol consumption in North America was reached in about __________. a. 1850 b. 1830 c. 1927 d. 1919 Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC

.

8–27

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 44) A decline in alcohol consumption in Canada and the United States coincided with the __________. a. taxing of alcohol b. growing influence of the temperance movement c. the beginning of the twentieth century d. the advent of World War II Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 45) The first province to institute prohibition was __________. a. Quebec b. Prince Edward Island c. Ontario d. British Columbia Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 46) The Canada Temperance Act __________. a. prohibited the sale of any form of alcohol in Canada b. prohibited the sale of liquor in Canada c. allowed individual communities to prohibit the sale of liquor d. instituted heavy taxes on the purchase of alcohol in Canada Answer: c Diff: 2

.

8–28

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 47) The final Canadian province to repeal Prohibition did so in __________. a. 1921 b. 1924 c. 1927 d. 1948 Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history 48) Canadians spend_____ on the purchase of alcoholic beverages per year. a. $1.8 million b. $500 million c. $1.2 billion d. $18 billion Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 49) Based on 2007 statistics, which province showed the highest per capita consumption of alcoholic beverages? a. Newfoundland b. Yukon c. Ontario d. Quebec Answer: b

.

8–29

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 50) Which of the following is considered a “standard drink”? a. a 237-mL (8-oz) glass of wine b. a 591-mL (20-oz) bottle of beer c. a 43-mL (1.5-oz) shot of 40% liquor d. a 74-mL (2.5-oz) shot of 45% liquor Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 51) Currently, Canadian per capita consumption of alcohol is approximately ____ portions of a “standard” alcoholic beverage each day. a. 1.5 b. 2.5 c. 3.1 d. 1.1 Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 52) Canadians consume __________ alcohol per capita than Americans, and spend __________ on alcohol per year. a. less; less b. less; more c. more; less d. more; more

.

8–30

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 53) Which of the following beverages contains the most alcohol? a. One 142-mL (5-oz) glass of wine b. One 341-mL (12-oz) bottle or can of beer c. One 43-mL (1.5-oz) shot of 40% liquor d. Two 341-mL (12-oz) bottles of wine cooler Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 54) According to the text, ______ is the most problematic form of alcohol consumption in Canada. a. vodka b. wine c. beer d. tequila Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 55) Beer consumption represents about __________ of overall alcohol consumption in Canada. a. 49% b. 59%

.

8–31

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. 69% d. 79% Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 56) Binge drinking for men is generally defined as __________. a. 2 drinks in 2 minutes b. consumption of beer combined with liquor c. 8 or more drinks in 2 hours d. 5 or more drinks in 2 hours Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 57) Which of the following men would be defined as having engaged in binge drinking? a. A man who consumed five drinks in 2 hours b. A man who consumed four drinks in 2 hours c. A man who consumed three drinks in 2 hours d. all of the above Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 58) Which of the following is an example of binge drinking? a. Mr. Jones drinks four beers in 2 hours. b. Mrs. Jones drinks four beers in 2 hours. .

8–32

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. Mrs. Anderson drinks 2 beers at 1 p.m. and 3 beers at 6 p.m. d. Mr. Anderson drinking 4 beers at 1 p.m. and 4 beers at 6 p.m.

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 59) Which of the following is an alcohol-related problem that university students experience? a. Lower grades b. Failure to practise safe sex c. Missing a class d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 60) In Canada, it is estimated that just under __________ of university students consume alcohol regularly. a. 60% b. 70% c. 80% d. 90% Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 61) Second-hand drinking refers to __________.

.

8–33

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. alcohol-related problems experienced by a nondrinker b. taking two drinks, one in each hand c. sharing a drink with a friend d. associated problems from binge drinking Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 62) Analogy: Second-hand smoking is to second-hand drinking as __________. a. drinking is to smoking b. not smoking is to not drinking c. smoking is to not smoking d. not drinking is to drinking Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 63) Alcohol is __________. a. highly soluble in water b. moderately soluble in fat c. a very small molecule d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process

.

8–34

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

64) The molecule of alcohol can be considered __________. a. rather large b. insoluble in fat c. moderately soluble in fat d. relatively hard to absorb in the gastrointestinal tract Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 65) Most of the alcohol consumed is absorbed by __________. a. the stomach b. the small intestine c. the liver d. the large intestine Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 66) In the stomach, alcohol increases the flow of __________. a. hydrochloric acid b. alcohol dehydrogenase c. serotonin d. acetic acid Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

8–35

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 67) Small amounts of alcohol __________. a. decrease the flow of hydrochloric acid and pepsin b. can help digest a meal c. always irritate the stomach lining d. both A and C Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 68) Chronic alcohol consumption can result in __________. a. ulcers b. inflammation of the pancreas c. inflammation of the stomach d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 69) As the amount of food in the stomach ______ the time it takes to feel intoxicated______. a. increases; decreases b. increases; increases c. decreases; decreases d. There is no relationship between the amount of food in the stomach and the time it takes to feel intoxicated.

.

8–36

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 70) Becoming intoxicated more easily on an empty stomach than on a full stomach is due to __________. a. the release of hydrochloric acid in the small intestine b. the stimulation of acetic acid c. irritating effect on the stomach wall d. the speed with which alcohol passes into the small intestine Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 71) All other factors being equal, which type of liquor will show intoxicating effects the fastest? a. 40 proof b. 60 proof c. 90 proof d. 130 proof Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 72) As the concentration of alcohol increases, __________.

.

8–37

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. the effect of the alcohol will be felt more slowly, but ultimately more powerfully b. the effect of the alcohol will be felt more quickly and powerfully c. the less likely alcohol will be water soluble d. the more likely alcohol will be water soluble Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 73) The intoxicating effects of a carbonated alcoholic beverage will be felt relatively quickly because __________. a. the stomach will slow down its emptying of its contents into the small intestine b. the stomach will speed up its emptying of its contents into the small intestine c. the effects of alcohol dehydrogenase will increase d. the effects of alcohol dehydrogenase will decrease Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 74) A larger person requires more alcohol to attain the same blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) levels because __________. a. there is a greater opportunity to urinate b. there are more bodily fluids to absorb the alcohol c. there is a larger liver to metabolize the alcohol d. a bigger person tends to drink more in the first place Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

8–38

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 75) Breathalyzers work on the principle that some of the alcohol __________. a. is being excreted through the urine b. is water soluble c. is being excreted from the lungs d. that is breathed out is flammable Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 76) The chief way for alcohol to be excreted is through __________. a. the urine b. the exhalation of air from the lungs c. the combination with digested food d. the blood–brain barrier Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 77) About ____% of alcohol is excreted in the urine. a. 10 b. 25 c. 60 d. 95

.

8–39

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 78) Alcohol is excreted in the urine after being biodegraded (broken down) into __________. a. uric acid and proteins b. carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide c. carbon dioxide and water d. acetic acid and water Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 79) ______% of alcohol in the blood reaches the brain immediately. a. 25 b. 68 c. 79 d. 90 Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 80) The ability for alcohol to pass through the blood–brain barrier easily is due to __________. a. its water solubility

.

8–40

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. its fat solubility c. its tendency to be excreted in the urine d. its tendency to be metabolized in the liver Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 81) Easy passage through the blood-brain barrier implies __________. a. easy passage through the blood–placental barrier b. difficulty in passing through the blood–placental barrier c. nothing about the extent to which it passes through the blood–placental barrier d. first easy passage and then difficulty in passing through the blood–placental barrier Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 82) When a pregnant woman drinks alcoholic beverages, the fetal alcohol levels __________. a. are lower than those of the mother b. are higher than those of the mother c. are the same as those of the mother d. Since alcohol does not pass through the placenta, the fetus does not have an alcohol level.

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

8–41

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 83) Some of the alcohol is biodegraded before it is absorbed into the blood by the action of enzymes in the __________. a. liver b. stomach c. small intestines d. bladder Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 84) Alcohol requires __________. a. a special enzyme in order for it to be digested b. a relatively long time to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract c. special enzymes in the liver in order to be metabolized d. initial excretion through the bladder Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 85) If alcohol is entering the body rapidly, __________. a. the liver is unable to keep up b. absorption through the small intestine goes down c. more carbon dioxide will be ingested d. absorption in the stomach will shut down

.

8–42

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 86) Oxidation by alcohol dehydrogenase occurs ______ oxidation by aldehyde dehydrogenase. a. before b. after c. at the same time as d. sometimes before, sometimes after (depending upon the level of alcohol) Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 87) Alcohol dehydrogenase breaks alcohol down into __________. a. acetic acid b. oxygen and carbon dioxide c. carbon dioxide and water d. acetaldehyde Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 88) The greater proportion of oxidation occurs in the __________. a. stomach b. small intestine

.

8–43

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. liver d. pancreas Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 89) Analogy: Alcohol dehydrogenase is to acetaldehyde as __________. a. aldehyde dehydrogenase is to acetic acid b. the liver is to the stomach c. oxygen is to carbon dioxide d. later is to earlier Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 90) Alcohol breakdown is determined by the speed with which __________ does its work. a. the stomach b. the small intestine c. acetaldehyde dehydrogenase d. alcohol dehydrogenase Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process

.

8–44

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

91) Acetic acid is a product of oxidation by which enzyme? a. alcohol dehydrogenase b. dopamine dehydrogenase c. acetaldehyde d. acetaldehyde dehydrogenase Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 92) The hourly rate of the alcohol breakdown is __________. a. 10 milligrams of alcohol per kilogram of body weight b. 100 milligrams of alcohol per kilogram of body weight c. variable and difficult to calculate in general d. basically unknown Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 93) If you consumed a one-third to one-half ounce of pure alcohol steadily per hour, __________. a. you would pass out after the fourth hour b. you would feel intoxicated by the third hour c. you would not feel intoxicated d. you would be intoxicated by the sixth hour Answer: c Diff: 2

.

8–45

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 94) The elimination of alcohol occurs __________ and is known as __________. a. at a constant rate; zero-order kinetics b. in an exponential way; zero-order kinetics c. in an exponential way; first-order kinetics d. at a constant rate; first-order kinetics Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 95) Consumption of alcohol tends to encourage __________. a. greater fat storage b. greater protein excretion c. faster oxidation acetic acid d. abstinence from other drugs Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 96) Blood-alcohol concentration allows for variations in __________. a. the body weight of the drinker b. type of alcohol being ingested c. the condition of the liver d. racial or ethnic type

.

8–46

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 97) A factor in calculating the blood-alcohol concentration is not only the alcohol content but also the __________. a. body weight of the drinker and the time elapsed since the last drink b. body weight of the drinker c. time elapsed since the last drink only d. racial or ethnic category of the drinker Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 98) BAC stands for __________. a. blood-alcohol consumption b. blood-alcohol concentration c. body-assay control d. blood-acetic co-oxidation Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 99) Women tend to become more intoxicated than men because __________. a. they have 60% more alcohol dehydrogenase

.

8–47

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. they have 60% less alcohol dehydrogenase c. their body weight is always less d. they drink alcohol at a faster rate Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 100) About half of all Asians and people of Asian descent have a greater level of accumulated acetaldehyde because they have __________. a. less alcohol dehydrogenase b. more acetic acid c. less acetaldehyde dehydrogenase d. a smaller liver Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 101) The accumulation of acetaldehyde produces __________. a. intoxication and euphoria b. facial flushing and nausea c. a feeling of flying through the air d. feelings of intense depression Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process

.

8–48

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

102) The blood-alcohol concentration of _____ defines being legally drunk in Canada and the United States. a. 0.05% b. 0.06% c. 0.08% d. 0.10% Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 103) With a blood-alcohol concentration between 0.05 and 0.08, you would be classified as _____. a. being in the caution zone b. legally drunk c. driving impaired d. sober Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 104) Which is the most accurate description of alcohol pharmacology? a. Stomach enzymes follow principles of first-order kinetics in breaking down alcohol. b. Alcohol is converted to acetic acid in the liver. c. Oxidation converts acetaldehyde to acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. d. Breathalyzers measure ~5% of alcohol that is eliminated through exhalation.

Answer: b

.

8–49

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process

105) The primary effect of alcohol on the brain is __________. a. stimulation b. dissociation c. depression d. activation Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.5 Examine how alcohol affects the different receptors of the brain 106) Acute alcoholic poisoning becomes lethal through __________. a. epileptic seizures b. extreme dehydration c. cardiac arrest d. asphyxiation Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.5 Examine how alcohol affects the different receptors of the brain 107) Which receptor is a key factor in understanding the effect of alcohol in the brain? a. GABA receptor b. adenosine receptor c. THC-sensitive receptor d. serotonin receptor

.

8–50

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.5 Examine how alcohol affects the different receptors of the brain 108) The craving for alcohol during psychological dependence is related to the action of __________. a. dopamine in the nucleus accumbens b. dopamine in the cerebral cortex c. serotonin in the reticular formation d. acetylcholine in the spinal cord Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.5 Examine how alcohol affects the different receptors of the brain 109) Which of the following neurotransmitters does NOT play a role in how alcohol works in the brain? a. acetylcholine b. GABA c. serotonin d. glutamate Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.5 Examine how alcohol affects the different receptors of the brain 110) On which of the following receptor subtypes does alcohol have the greatest impact? a. NMDA b. AMPA

.

8–51

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. Kainate d. Alcohol impacts all of these receptors equally.

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.5 Examine how alcohol affects the different receptors of the brain 111) What is the outcome of alcohol acting on different receptors in the brain? a. The likelihood of toxic reactions to alcohol is increased. b. The addictive potential of alcohol is increased. c. Antidiuresis is more likely to occur. d. Alcohol produces multiple behavioral effects.

Answer: d Difficulty: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.5 Examine how alcohol affects the different receptors of the brain 112) The average LD50 blood-alcohol concentration level is __________. a. 0.15% b. 0.25% c. 0.50% d. 0.75% Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 113) The LD50/ED50 ratio for alcohol is about a. 4 b. 6 .

8–52

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. 10 d. 14 Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 114) Toxic reactions to alcohol occur less often than they ordinarily would, due to a tendency __________. a. toward nausea and vomiting b. toward passing out c. toward decreased body temperature d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 115) The impression that alcohol warms the body comes from __________. a. its ability to be a peripheral vasodilator b. its ability to be a peripheral vasoconstrictor c. its ability to produce a pale skin d. public relations agents for St. Bernard dogs around the world Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 116) Since alcohol is a peripheral dilator, it __________. a. makes blood vessels near the skin surface enlarge, causing skin to be red

.

8–53

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. warms the body in freezing temperature c. causes nausea and vomiting d. both A and B Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 117) What should someone do in a situation involving acute alcohol intoxication? a. Give the person strong black coffee b. Have the person take a cold shower c. Have the person lie on his or her side with his or her head lower than the rest of the body d. Induce vomiting as soon as possible Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 118) Antidiuretic hormone is inhibited by alcohol, leading to a tendency toward __________. a. nausea and vomiting b. increased reabsorption of water in the kidneys c. more concentrated urine d. greater amounts of urine excreted Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol

.

8–54

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

119) Once BAC levels have peaked after a period of intense drinking, there tends to be __________. a. dehydration b. antidiuresis c. increased defecation d. reddened ears and reddened nose Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 120) The most ill-advised suggestion to a marathoner is to celebrate after a race with a __________. a. double scotch b. can of nonalcoholic beer c. Gatorade drink d. glass of water Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 121) One of the major effects of alcohol on sleep is __________. a. suppression of tossing and turning b. suppression of REM sleep c. suppression of nightmares d. suppression of water reabsorption Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

8–55

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 122) When alcohol is withdrawn after being ingested before bedtime for a series of nights, there is a tendency to __________. a. experience nightmares b. experience bedwetting c. experience nocturnal hallucinations d. experience a strange feeling of euphoria Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 123) One of the most dangerous physiological aspects of drinking alcohol is __________. a. the tendency toward REM sleep suppression b. the tendency toward antidiuresis c. the tendency for alcohol to interact with other drugs being taken d. the tendency for vasodilation in the skin Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 124) Data from 2010 and 2011 indicate that about ___% of pregnant women consume alcohol, exposing fetuses to alcohol in utero. a. 8 b. 9 c. 12 d. 18 Answer: b

.

8–56

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 125) After a 10- to 15-minute counselling session at a walk-in centre, women were ___ times more likely to have abstained from drinking by the third trimester of pregnancy, relative to controls. a. 3 b. 5 c. 8 d. 12 Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 126) The following drug(s) have weakened effects when combined with alcohol: __________. a. anticonvulsants (antiepileptic medications) b. marijuana c. depressant drugs of all types d. sedative-hypnotic drugs Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 127) A typical hangover occurs _______ after extensive consumption of alcohol. a. one-half hour b. three hours c. four to twelve hours

.

8–57

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. sixteen to twenty-four hours Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 128) A hangover produces symptoms such as ______. a. headaches b. fatigue c. thirst d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 129) One theory about the likelihood of getting a hangover after extensive drinking centres on the amount of _____ in the alcohol. a. acetic acid b. congeners c. antidiuretic hormone d. alcohol dehydrogenase Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 130) If a particular type of distilled spirit has a relatively high level of congeners in it, then the following prediction holds regarding the likelihood of getting a hangover. a. It is unlikely that a hangover will occur.

.

8–58

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. It is likely that a hangover will occur. c. It is impossible to predict the outcome. d. Only moderate amounts of congeners will increase its likelihood.

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 131) One reason for the headache associated with a hangover may relate to __________. a. the feeling of irritation in the stomach b. the feeling that the world has ended c. the feeling of intense urination d. the feeling of swollenness Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.6 Describe the acute physiological effects of alcohol 132) Which of the following is an example of a blackout? a. Fainting from drinking too much alcohol b. Losing consciousness the day after being drunk c. Failure to remember an event that occurred while being drunk d. Remembering an event that occurred while being drunk Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption 133) If you had an alcoholic blackout, __________. a. you would have been unconscious at the time .

8–59

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. you would have been aware that you had forgotten information c. you would have remembered events during the period of intoxication, but failed to process them emotionally d. you would have failed to remember events during the period of intoxication Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption 134) A blackout is most likely to occur when the alcoholic drinks are __________. a. spaced out over a period of time b. consumed rapidly c. drunk with a mixture of beers and distilled spirits d. drunk alone instead of with companions Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption 135) According to the text, approximately __% of all traffic fatalities involves alcohol or drugs. a. 25 b. 40 c. 55 d. 60 Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption

.

8–60

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

136) Which of the following is NOT a proposal for change that MADD has set? a. Lowering the criterion for driving to .00% BAC in all provinces and U.S. states b. Raising the legal drinking age to 25 years of age c. Mandatory drug testing for all traffic crashes involving fatalities d. Suspending drivers’ licences of those who are underage and are convicted of purchasing or possession of alcoholic beverages Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption 137) Males outnumber females in alcohol-related accidents by __________. a. 2 to 1 b. 3 to 1 c. 4 to 1 d. Males don’t outnumber females in alcohol-related accidents.

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption 138) Alcoholic impairment of cortical mechanisms that inhibit our behavior is referred to as __________. a. the cognitive-expectation theory b. the cortical release theory c. the disinhibition theory d. the pharmacological paradox theory Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

8–61

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption 139) The balanced placebo design in drug research examines the relative influence of __________. a. a pharmacological effect and an expectation effect b. an expectations effect and gender c. a pharmacological effect and the time of day d. the time of day and gender Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption 140) The balanced placebo design begins to be ineffective at the following BAC level: __________. a. 0.025% b. 0.034% c. 0.035% d. 0.041% Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption 141) Low levels of alcohol make men feel sexy __________. a. because of a pharmacological effect b. because of an expectation effect c. only when they are in mixed company d. because of a combination of A and B Answer: b

.

8–62

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption 142) Women show decreased physiological signs of sexual arousal __________. a. as alcohol levels rise, regardless of their expectations b. as alcohol levels rise, especially when they expect to be sexually aroused c. as alcohol levels decline d. as their expectations toward sexual arousal goes up Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption 143) Moderate consumption of alcohol can be beneficial by __________. a. increasing HDL cholesterol levels b. decreasing HDL cholesterol levels c. increasing LDL cholesterol levels d. increasing LDL cholesterol and decreasing HDL cholesterol levels Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.8 Analyze how alcohol benefits health 144) The “French paradox” refers to the observation that __________. a. the French seldom get intoxicated from alcohol b. the French do not exhibit high rates of coronary heart disease c. the French traditionally have a very low-fat diet d. the French have an unusually strong gastric reaction to alcohol Answer: b .

8–63

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.8 Analyze how alcohol benefits health 145) According to the text, alcohol is “the sharpest double-edged sword in medicine” because __________. a. moderate forms of alcohol are beneficial for men but not women b. moderate forms of only certain types of alcohol can be beneficial and most of the public do not know which forms are beneficial and which are not c. moderate forms of alcohol only show medical benefits for older people d. moderate forms of alcohol can save your life, but immoderate amounts can destroy it Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption 146) Drinking no more than two drinks a day for men (one drink a day for women) lowers the risk of a. coronary heart disease b. stroke c. dementia d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.8 Analyze how alcohol benefits health 147) High quantities of a natural substance in red wine known as resveratrol caused mice to __________. a. experience fatigue more quickly than usual b. to be less susceptible to the elevations in glucose and insulin that normally result from eating a high-fat diet

.

8–64

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. experience extreme liver toxicity d. experience lowered cognitive functioning Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.8 Analyze how alcohol benefits health 148) Drinking one drink per day slightly increases a woman’s risk of __________. a. ovarian cancer b. breast cancer c. type 2 diabetes d. cervical cancer Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.8 Analyze how alcohol benefits health 149) One of the guidelines for responsible drinking is to __________. a. eat something salty to slow down alcohol metabolism b. choose wine over beer, since it will make you feel less full c. drink when you are uptight, since it will slow down alcohol metabolism d. drink with friends instead of alone Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.9 Elaborate on some of the strategies for responsible alcohol consumption 150) According to the guidelines for responsible drinking, what should a person eat before or while drinking alcohol? a. foods high in protein

.

8–65

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. salty foods c. foods high in fat d. foods high in sugar Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.9 Elaborate on some of the strategies for responsible alcohol consumption 151) BACCHUS is an organization that concerns itself with issues related to __________. a. drunk driving b. alcohol consumption on college and university campuses c. alcohol dependence d. underage drinking Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.9 Elaborate on some of the strategies for responsible alcohol consumption

Essay Questions 1) Describe the differences between fermented beverages and distilled spirits.

LO: 8.1 Describe the processes of the production of alcoholic beverages 2) Summarize the history of the temperance movement and Prohibition in Canada.

LO: 8.2 Recount the use of alcohol through history Answer: Alcohol consumption in North America peaked in 1830. About this time (late 1700s/early 1800s), physicians, writers, and scientists began to consider the adverse effects of alcohol consumption and tried to formulate social reform to mitigate them. Similarly, at this time

.

8–66

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

political and religious groups viewed drunkenness as leading to poverty, a disorderly society, and civil disobedience.

These views inspired the temperance movement, which was directed at reducing the consumption of distilled spirits (liquor) alone. By 1850, two Canadian provinces had legislation forbidding the sale of distilled spirits.

Anti-alcohol views strengthened in the late 1800s/early 1900s. In 1864, the Canadian Temperance Act was passed, which allowed individual communities to prohibit the sale of liquor.

The first province to enact prohibition was Prince Edward Island in 1901. This was followed by every other province, other than Quebec, between 1915–17. Quebec finally brought in prohibition in 1919. However, social and political pressures led to the removal of prohibition, first in Quebec and British Columbia, in 1921, then in Manitoba (1923), Alberta and Saskatchewan (1924), and Ontario (1927). The last province to remove prohibition was Prince Edward Island, in 1948.

3) Discuss the alcohol equivalencies among servings of wine, beer, 80-proof liquor, or wine coolers.

LO: 8.3 Discuss the different patterns of alcohol consumption 4) Describe the metabolic changes that occur as alcohol is passed through the liver.

LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 5) Discuss two individual factors that influence the rate or character of alcohol metabolism in the body.

LO: 8.4 Explain how alcohol is absorbed by the body and the overall pharmacology of the process 6) Whether alcohol has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on sexual arousal depends upon the dosage level, the gender of the individual, and whether one is measuring a psychological or physiological effect. Explain.

LO: 8.7 Discuss some of the acute behavioural effects of alcohol consumption 7) Discuss four suggestions that promote the responsible drinking of alcoholic beverages.

LO: 8.9 Elaborate on some of the strategies for responsible alcohol consumption

.

8–67

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

CHAPTER 9 CHRONIC ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM True or False Questions 1) The image of a homeless male with deteriorating health as a typical alcoholic fits about 50 percent of all alcoholics. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.1 Examine the need of monitoring the signs, symptoms, and behaviours that constitute problematic drinking to define alcoholism 2) When alcohol is viewed as a beverage for reducing anxiety, then alcohol consumption is considered symptomatic drinking. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.1 Examine the need of monitoring the signs, symptoms, and behaviours that constitute problematic drinking to define alcoholism 3) More Canadian women than men exceed the Low-Risk Drinking Guideline for chronic drinking. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.1 Examine the need of monitoring the signs, symptoms, and behaviours that constitute problematic drinking to define alcoholism 4) Alcoholism always involves the drinking of large quantities of alcohol. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.1 Examine the need of monitoring the signs, symptoms, and behaviours that constitute problematic drinking to define alcoholism

.

9–1

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

5) It is possible for someone who only becomes grossly intoxicated on occasion to be an alcoholic. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.1 Examine the need of monitoring the signs, symptoms, and behaviours that constitute problematic drinking to define alcoholism 6) Alcoholics are no more likely than others in the general population to have suffered an episode of major depression. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.1 Examine the need of monitoring the signs, symptoms, and behaviours that constitute problematic drinking to define alcoholism 7) Depression produces alcoholism more often than alcoholism produces depression. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.1 Examine the need of monitoring the signs, symptoms, and behaviours that constitute problematic drinking to define alcoholism 8) Many studies found that alcoholics have increased domestic instability in their lives. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.1 Examine the need of monitoring the signs, symptoms, and behaviours that constitute problematic drinking to define alcoholism 9) Enablers may unconsciously support continued drinking in an alcoholic. a. True b. False

.

9–2

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 10) With regard to the two former syndromes, alcohol abuse is more severe than alcohol dependence. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 11) The DSM-5 combines two former syndromes, alcohol abuse and alcoholism, into one diagnosis. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 12) Craving for alcohol was not previously included as a diagnostic criterion for problem drinking. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 13) In the DSM-5, alcohol use disorder includes the mild, moderate, and severe subcategories. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 14) An intoxicated person overestimates his or her driving ability. a. True b. False

.

9–3

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a

15) The process of alcohol tolerance can be observed at the level of the brain, but not the liver. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 16) Delirium tremens (DTs) symptoms include frightening hallucinations. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 17) The three types of liver disease are alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis, and delirium tremens. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 18) In alcoholic cirrhosis, the liver enlarges and then later shrinks due to degeneration of liver cells. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 19) Alcoholic cirrhosis is reversible by abstinence from alcohol, while alcoholic hepatitis is not. a. True b. False

.

9–4

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 20) Alcohol is toxic to the liver only when nutritional deficiencies exist. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 21) Acetaldehyde is involved in the process of alcohol breakdown. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 22) Most patients with alcoholic cirrhosis are binge drinkers. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 23) Alcohol consumption has been linked to breast cancer in women. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 24) Alcohol is a recognized carcinogen, owing to the increased risk of cancer after years of chronic alcohol abuse. a. True b. False Answer: b

.

9–5

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

25) In alcoholic dementia, there is a significant shrinking of brain ventricles. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 26) Twenty percent of those admitted to mental hospitals shows signs of alcohol dementia. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 27) Abstaining from alcohol can reverse some abnormalities in the brain in patients with alcohol dementia. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 28) Wernicke’s disease occurs as a result of a deficiency of Vitamin B1. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 29) Confabulation is a symptom associated with Korsakoff’s psychosis. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse

.

9–6

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

30) When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, her fetus breaks down alcohol faster than she does. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 31) The risk of FASD is greater when the mother is a binge drinker than if she drinks at a constant level all the time. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 32) The greatest risk of using alcohol is in the first trimester of pregnancy, especially the third week of gestation. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 33) There is no “safe level” of drinking alcohol during pregnancy. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 34) FASD is the third leading cause of mental retardation in North America. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse

.

9–7

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

35) TWEAK is a questionnaire that directly asks drinkers about their drinking problems. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 36) More women than men suffer from alcohol-related organ damage. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 37) Elderly people who have no spouse frequently complain of social difficulties associated with alcohol. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 38) Wernicke-Korsakoff symptoms can be misdiagnosed as Alzheimer’s disease among the elderly. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 39) Codependency is believed to be an innate trait related to high levels of self-worth from internal sources. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse

.

9–8

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

40) All alcoholics have some family history of alcohol abuse. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 41) The majority of children of alcoholics become alcoholics themselves in adulthood. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 42) Type 2 alcoholics show a higher genetic inheritance from one or both parents with respect to alcoholism than do Type 1 alcoholics. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.5 Examine the genetic and environmental influences in alcoholism 43) Those with Type 2 alcoholism often have a novelty-seeking personality. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.5 Examine the genetic and environmental influences in alcoholism 44) Those with Type 2 alcoholism often have a high tendency to use alcohol to escape negative feelings. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.5 Examine the genetic and environmental influences in alcoholism 45) Serotonin abnormalities in the brain are often present in Type 1 alcoholics.

.

9–9

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.5 Examine the genetic and environmental influences in alcoholism 46) The concordance rate for alcoholism in identical twins has been found to be significantly lower than the concordance rate for fraternal twins. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.5 Examine the genetic and environmental influences in alcoholism 47) The concordance rate of alcoholism among twins shows evidence that alcoholism is not entirely genetic. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.5 Examine the genetic and environmental influences in alcoholism 48) E. M. Jellinek was the first to view alcohol as a disease. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.6 Examine the concept of alcoholism as a disease 49) The American Medical Association recognizes alcoholism as a disease. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.6 Examine the concept of alcoholism as a disease 50) The large majority of physicians feel that they are unprepared to diagnose alcoholism. a. True

.

9–10

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: a LO: 9.6 Examine the concept of alcoholism as a disease 51) Disulfiram (brand name: Antabuse) is designed to reduce the craving for alcohol during the process of recovery from alcoholism. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 52) Studies show that the use of the drug disulfiram, without any other drug treatment, reduces cravings for alcohol. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 53) Approved drug treatments for alcoholism are more limited in Canada than in other countries. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 54) Topiramate (brand name: Topamax), an antiepileptic and migraine-alleviating medication, is useful for treating alcohol dependence. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics

.

9–11

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

55) Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) uses a twelve-step program to aid in the recovery of its members. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 56) Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is founded on the principle that one is never cured of alcoholism. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 57) Alcoholics Anonymous members believe they can relapse at any moment, even if they have not had an alcoholic drink in many years. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 58) A heightened sense of spirituality has been shown to be effective in preventing relapse in alcohol abuse. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 59) About 25% of alcoholics are able to achieve controlled drinking. a. True

.

9–12

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: b LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 60) SMART Recovery is an organization founded, in part, by individuals who objected to references in Alcoholics Anonymous to a “power greater than ourselves.” a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 61) SMART Recovery program uses the 12 steps to treat alcoholics. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 62) Unlike AA, SMART Recovery discourages labelling in general; a person is not required to call himself or herself an alcoholic to achieve success in recovery. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 63) The prevalence rates of alcohol impairment at the workplace are higher among women than men. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.8 Report chronic alcohol abuse in the workplace and the ways to deal with it

.

9–13

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

64) The prevalence rates of alcohol impairment at the workplace are higher for white employees than racial minority employees. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.8 Report chronic alcohol abuse in the workplace and the ways to deal with it

65) EAPs have been established as a way of increasing the productivity of the organization, whereas MAPs are oriented toward enhancing the welfare of the individual. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 9.8 Report chronic alcohol abuse in the workplace and the ways to deal with it

66) MAPs have been established as a way of increasing productivity of the organization, whereas EAPs are oriented toward enhancing the welfare of the individual. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 9.8 Report chronic alcohol abuse in the workplace and the ways to deal with it

Multiple-Choice Questions 1) With regard to Health Canada’s Low Risk Drinking Guidelines, Guideline 1 refers to __________ patterns of drinking and Guideline 2 to __________ patterns of drinking. a. chronic; acute b. chronic; chronic c. acute; chronic d. acute; acute Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

9–14

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 9.1 Examine the need of monitoring the signs, symptoms, and behaviours that constitute problematic drinking to define alcoholism 2) Currently, about _____% of Canadians exceed the Low-Risk Drinking Guideline 1 and about _____% of Canadians exceed the Low-Risk Drinking Guideline 2. a. 14; 10 b. 5; 10 c. 10; 14 d. 14; 5 Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.1 Examine the need of monitoring the signs, symptoms, and behaviours that constitute problematic drinking to define alcoholism 3) For each person with an alcohol addiction, it is estimated that __________ family members are directly affected. a. two b. four c. five d. six Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.1 Examine the need of monitoring the signs, symptoms, and behaviours that constitute problematic drinking to define alcoholism 4) Alcoholics tend to be stereotyped on the dimension of __________. a. age b. gender c. socioeconomic level d. all of the above

.

9–15

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.1 Examine the need of monitoring the signs, symptoms, and behaviours that constitute problematic drinking to define alcoholism 5) Alcoholism is diagnosed by __________. a. breathalyzer tests b. a collection of signs, symptoms, and behaviours c. urine analysis d. a throat swab Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 6) A preoccupation with drinking would be an example of the _______ component of the criteria used to define alcoholism. a. psychological-behavioural b. social c. physical d. cultural Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.1 Examine the need of monitoring the signs, symptoms, and behaviours that constitute problematic drinking to define alcoholism 7) Symptomatic drinking is indicated by __________. a. drinking as a way of enjoying good friends

.

9–16

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. drinking as a way of relieving tension c. drinking as a way of quickly passing out d. drinking as a way of making friends Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.1 Examine the need of monitoring the signs, symptoms, and behaviours that constitute problematic drinking to define alcoholism 8) Craving for alcohol means that alcoholism has which characteristic? a. physical dependence b. psychological dependence c. a combination of physical and psychological dependence d. a combination of occasional and spree drinking Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 9) Out-of-control drinking would be indicated by __________. a. intense craving for alcohol b. domestic violence c. hanging out at bars d. depression Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder

.

9–17

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

10) An example of a social component of the criteria used to define alcoholism is __________. a. binge drinking b. symptomatic drinking c. domestic instability d. stockpiling alcohol Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.1 Examine the need of monitoring the signs, symptoms, and behaviours that constitute problematic drinking to define alcoholism 11) Which of the following behaviours would not be classified as a psychologicalbehavioural component of the criteria used to define alcoholism? a. Spree or binge drinking b. Symptomatic drinking c. Spousal abuse d. A craving for alcohol Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.1 Examine the need of monitoring the signs, symptoms, and behaviours that constitute problematic drinking to define alcoholism 12) Alcoholics Anonymous is based upon the idea of __________. a. absolute devotion to its ideals b. absolute abstinence c. absolute commitment toward responsible drinking d. absolute allegiance to one’s country Answer: b Diff: 2

.

9–18

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 9.1 Examine the need of monitoring the signs, symptoms, and behaviours that constitute problematic drinking to define alcoholism 13) Chronic alcohol intake results in __________. a. domestic tranquility b. symptoms of depression c. heart failure d. symptoms of psychosis Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.1 Examine the need of monitoring the signs, symptoms, and behaviours that constitute problematic drinking to define alcoholism 14) Alcohol is a depressant drug __________. a. and one-half of all alcoholics have previously shown signs of depression b. but relatively few alcoholics have previously shown signs of depression c. but the effects of alcohol reduce the likelihood of clinical depression d. and depressive symptoms in alcoholics are likely to be alcohol-induced Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.1 Examine the need of monitoring the signs, symptoms, and behaviours that constitute problematic drinking to define alcoholism 15) Which area(s) of the brain are most affected by heavy drinking? a. Cerebral cortex and forebrain b. Forebrain and medulla c. Cerebellum and cerebral cortex d. Pons and thalamus

.

9–19

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 16) Neuroimaging procedures such as CT and MRI scans show a link between heavy drinking and destructive effects __________. a. in the liver b. in the kidney c. in the brain d. in the pancreas Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 17) CT and MRI scans show a link between heavy drinking and shrinkage of __________. a. the testes b. the colon c. the thyroid gland d. brain matter Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 18) A sensitivity to the mere mention of a possible drinking problem is referred to as __________. a. symptomatic drinking

.

9–20

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. enabling c. denial d. a combination of symptomatic drinking and enabling Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 19) Which of the following people is an enabler? a. A man checking himself into a rehabilitation facility b. A woman taking her brother to an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting c. A father giving his son money to pay rent when his son spent his paycheque on alcohol d. A mother kicking her daughter out of the house due to her alcoholism Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 20) Enablers __________. a. can be helpful in treatment and rehabilitation b. make it possible for alcoholics to get help c. inadvertently delay the onset of treatment d. are typically not members of the family Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 21) According to the text, _____ most often delay(s) the onset of treatment for alcohol abuse.

.

9–21

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. denial b. enabling c. financial problems d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 22) In the DSM-5, a new diagnostic category for alcohol-related problems combines two previously separate syndromes: __________. a. alcohol abuse and alcoholism b. alcohol dependence and alcoholism c. alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence d. alcohol addiction syndrome and alcohol abuse Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 23) According to previous DSM-IV criteria, __________. a. alcohol abuse is more severe than alcoholism b. alcohol dependence is more severe than alcohol abuse c. alcohol abuse is more severe than alcohol dependence d. alcohol dependence is more severe than alcoholism Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder

.

9–22

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

24) Which of the following is NOT a previous DSM-IV diagnosis now combined under alcohol use disorder in the DSM-5? a. Alcohol abuse b. Alcohol dependence c. Symptomatic drinking d. all of the above Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 25) Sara has been drinking alcohol for two months. She even drives her friends home on weekends when she has been drinking heavily. According to the DSM-5, Sara meets one of the criteria for __________. a. alcohol abuse b. alcohol dependence c. systematic drinking d. alcohol use disorder Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 26) Steven has been drinking alcohol for two months. He finds himself drinking even though he has attempted to stop many times. Last time he tried, he felt he had to drink just to stop his massive headache. He ended up drinking so much that night that the next day he overslept and missed work. According to the DSM-5, Steven meets one of the criteria for __________. a. alcohol abuse b. alcohol dependence c. systematic drinking d. alcohol use disorder

.

9–23

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 27) According to the DSM-5, a persistent desire or one or more unsuccessful attempts to cut down or control drinking is one of the criteria for __________. a. alcoholism b. alcohol use disorder c. alcohol abuse d. alcohol dependence Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 28) According to the DSM-5, how many criteria does an individual need to meet in order to receive a diagnosis of alcohol use disorder? a. two b. four c. six d. eight Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 29) The sub-classifications of alcohol use disorder in the DSM-5 are __________. a. mild, moderate, and severe b. alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence c. alcoholism and alcohol abuse

.

9–24

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. moderate, severe and extreme Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 30) Which of the following criteria is no longer included in the DSM-5? a. Recurrent alcohol-related legal problems b. Craving or strong desire to use alcohol c. Recurrent alcohol use in situations where it is physically hazardous d. Persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control alcohol use Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 31) Which of the following criteria is a new addition to the DSM-5? a. recurrent alcohol-related legal problems b. craving or strong desire to use alcohol c. recurrent alcohol use in situations where it is physically hazardous d. persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control alcohol use Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder 32) Kelly tells a therapist that their drinking has increased, but is finding it harder and harder to cut down. This has led to a number of arguments with friends and colleagues at social gatherings and Kelly was arrested twice in the last year after leaving a party while intoxicated. Based on this evidence, what diagnosis is Kelly likely to receive? a. mild alcohol use disorder.

.

9–25

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. moderate alcohol use disorder c. severe alcohol use disorder. d. alcohol dependence.

Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder

33) During chronic alcohol consumption, tolerance occurs because __________. a. alcohol dehydrogenase levels are higher b. the brain is less sensitive to alcohol c. of a combination of A and B d. Neither A nor B is a reason for tolerance.

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 34) An alcohol-tolerant drinker may feel the intoxication level equivalent to a BAC of ____ while actually having a BAC of _____. a. 0.10%;0.05% b. 0.08%; 0.18% c. 0.10%; 0.10% d. 0.25%; 0.10% Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse

.

9–26

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

35) An alcohol-tolerant drinker will feel _____ when actually he or she is _____ (by behavioural standards). a. sober; drunk b. drunk; sober c. sober; sober d. drunk; drunk Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 36) Jason is an alcohol-dependent individual. He drank 10 shots of tequila. His last drink was at 2 a.m. He should expect withdrawal symptoms to begin at about __________. a. 2:45 a.m. b. 3:15 a.m. c. 4:30 a.m. d. 8:00 a.m.

Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 37) Physical withdrawal symptoms in an alcohol-dependent individual occur at a prevalence rate of about __________. a. 1 to 2% b. 5 to 18% c. 50 to 60% d. 95 to 100% Answer: b Diff: 3

.

9–27

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 38) The most commonly observed group of symptoms associated with alcohol withdrawal is referred to as __________. a. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome b. Tourette syndrome c. alcohol withdrawal syndrome d. delirium tremens Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 39) Heather began having physical withdrawal symptoms about 24 hours after she stopped drinking. She kept waking up from vivid dreams. She was trembling and sweating. Her heart rate was rapid, and she felt nauseated. Heather is suffering from __________. a. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome b. Tourette’s syndrome c. alcohol withdrawal syndrome d. delirium tremens Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 40) Which of the following physical withdrawal symptom pertains to both clusters of physical withdrawal effects? a. Fever b. Hallucinations c. Sweating

.

9–28

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. Vomiting Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 41) Life-threatening events (e.g., heart failure, dehydration) are common with _____. a. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome b. alcohol withdrawal syndrome c. fatty liver d. delirium tremens Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 42) Timon is having physical withdrawal symptoms from alcohol. He started feeling confused and feverish. He is sweating and hallucinating. Timon is most likely suffering from __________. a. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome b. Tourette syndrome c. alcoholic cirrhosis d. delirium tremens Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 43) Which of the following is NOT one of the three forms of liver disease caused by chronic alcohol consumption?

.

9–29

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. Fatty liver b. Alcoholic hepatitis c. Alcoholic cirrhosis d. Delirium tremens Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 44) Extreme disorientation and confusion are two symptoms of __________. a. Tourette’s syndrome b. delirium tremens c. cirrhosis of the liver d. alcoholic hepatitis Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 45) Which form of liver disease is characterized by inflammation of liver tissue, jaundice, and abdominal pain? a. fatty liver b. alcoholic hepatitis c. alcoholic cirrhosis d. delirium tremens Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse

.

9–30

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

46) Of the three types of alcohol-related liver diseases, the least severe of them is __________. a. fatty liver b. alcoholic hepatitis c. alcoholic cirrhosis d. jaundice Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 47) A yellowing of the skin is referred to as __________. a. delirium tremens b. cyanosis c. jaundice d. cirrhosis Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 48) The form of liver disease that chokes off blood vessels and interferes with utilization of oxygen is __________. a. fatty liver b. alcoholic hepatitis c. alcoholic cirrhosis d. delirium tremens Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

9–31

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 49) The liver disease characterized by liver enlargement due to fat accumulation followed by liver shrinkage due to cell loss is __________. a. fatty liver b. alcoholic hepatitis c. alcoholic cirrhosis d. delirium tremens Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 50) The degeneration of liver cells is characteristic of which liver disease? a. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome b. Fatty liver c. Alcoholic hepatitis d. Alcoholic cirrhosis Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 51) Of the three types of alcohol-related liver diseases, the only one that is not reversible at least in part by abstinence from alcohol is __________. a. fatty liver b. alcoholic hepatitis c. alcoholic cirrhosis d. delirium tremens Answer: c

.

9–32

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 52) Liver transplantation surgery is the only option that can successfully reverse __________. a. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome b. fatty liver c. alcoholic hepatitis d. alcoholic cirrhosis Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 53) The percentage of heavy drinkers who eventually develop alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver is __________. a. 1 to 2% b. 10 to 20% c. 50 to 60% d. 90 to 100% Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 54) Most deaths from alcohol cirrhosis occur in those who are __________. a. 20 to 28 years old b. 29 to 39 years old c. 40 to 65 years old d. over 65 years old

.

9–33

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 55) Analogy: Alcohol-induced chest pain is to the heart as alcohol-induced cirrhosis is to __________. a. the brain b. the spleen and pancreas c. the liver d. the lungs Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 56) Cardiovascular problems __________. a. can occur among alcoholics b. have not been linked to alcoholism at all c. appear to be improved among those engaged in chronic alcohol abuse d. among alcoholics are indicated by the appearance of jaundice Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 57) Chronic alcohol abuse increases the risk of the cancer in the following organs, EXCEPT for __________. a. breast b. pharynx

.

9–34

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. larynx d. All cancers listed above are associated with chronic alcohol use.

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 58) Alcohol __________. a. is a known carcinogen b. is technically not a carcinogen c. is linked with significantly increased risk of lung and stomach cancer d. does not increase the risk of laryngeal cancer Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 59) Explanations for why chronic alcohol abuse carries an increased risk for certain cancers include __________. a. the carcinogenic character of alcohol b. the enhancement of the carcinogenic effect of nonalcoholic chemicals c. the depression of the immune system d. both B and C Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 60) Dementia is a term that refers to __________. a. a cognitive deficit

.

9–35

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. an abnormality in the brain c. a decrease in alcohol dehydrogenase d. a tendency toward violent behaviour Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 61) Alcoholic dementia has been linked to __________. a. enlargement of brain ventricles b. a widening of cortical fissures c. a loss of acetylcholine-sensitive receptors d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 62) Which of the following effects of chronic alcohol can be measured by CT and MRI scans? a. A reduction in the way the individual remembers information b. A reduction in overall intelligence c. A decrease in brain mass d. A deficiency in short-term memory Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 63) There is a correlation between a decline in overall intelligence and __________.

.

9–36

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. occupational status b. the type of alcohol consumed (beer versus distilled spirits) c. enlargement of brain ventricles d. the development of laryngeal cancer Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 64) Alcoholic dementia affects __________. a. the heart b. the spinal cord c. the liver d. the brain Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 65) In general, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is ________ alcoholic dementia. a. less severe than b. more severe than c. a more general category that includes d. unrelated to alcoholism, unlike Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse

.

9–37

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

66) A secondary symptom of Wernicke’s disease other than confusion and disorientation is __________. a. confabulation b. lack of motor coordination c. fetal alcohol syndrome d. a marked deficiency in Vitamin A Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 67) The vitamin deficiency implicated in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is __________. a. Vitamin A b. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) c. Vitamin C d. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 68) Thiamine deficiency has important consequences because __________. a. thiamine supplies nutrients to the heart b. thiamine functions as an important liver enzyme c. thiamine is necessary for glucose consumption in the brain d. thiamine is critical for protecting internal organs from the development of cancerous tumours Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

9–38

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 69) Thiamine deficiency is linked to __________. a. Wernicke’s disease only b. Korsakoff’s psychosis only c. both Wernicke’s disease and Korsakoff’s psychosis d. neither Wernicke’s disease nor Korsakoff’s psychosis Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 70) Confabulation is a behaviour related to __________. a. a deficiency in memory b. domestic violence c. alcohol-induced liver disease d. an exaggerated emotional response to common events Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 71) John has been an alcoholic for many years. He is having trouble remembering information that he has just been given. When talking about the past, he often elaborates on a few details to make it appear as though he remembers past situations clearly. John is most likely suffering from ________________. a. Wernicke’s encephalopathy b. Wernicke’s disease c. Korsakoff’s psychosis d. Korsakoff’s encephalopathy

.

9–39

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 72) Most patients who require chronic institutionalization from Korsakoff’s psychosis are __________. a. elderly b. those with the longest histories of alcohol consumption c. frequent binge drinkers d. patients who participate in confabulation Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 73) According to the text, alcohol stays in a fetus’s system longer than the mother’s because __________. a. of the body weight difference between the fetus and the mother b. of insufficient levels of alcohol breakdown in the fetus c. of the difference in oxygen levels of the fetus and the mother d. the excretion process for a fetus takes longer Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 74) The fetus has a lower level of _______ than the adult. a. alcohol dehydrogenase b. hepatic factor B c. Vitamin A

.

9–40

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. thiamine Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 75) Fetal alcohol syndrome was first officially established as a medical condition in __________. a. 1953 b. 1973 c. 1983 d. 1993 Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 76) Because of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), alcohol can be classified as __________. a. carcinogenic b. a coronary heart disease factor c. teratogenic d. biogenic Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 77) Currently, a diagnosis of FAS is made through observations of ______. a. increased blood alcohol levels in the mother b. specific facial characteristics

.

9–41

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. CNS abnormalities and low body weight d. both B and C Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 78) Mariah, an alcoholic, gave birth to a baby girl. The baby was born with a small skull and drooping eyelids. The groove between her mouth and nose is flattened. She had a normal birth weight and no apparent CNS abnormalities. According to the text, it is most likely that Mariah’s daughter was born with __________. a. partial fetal alcohol syndrome b. Wernicke’s disease c. fetal alcohol syndrome d. Wernicke’s encephalopathy Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 79) Which of the following is NOT a criterion for FAS? a. growth retardation b. hepatitis or other liver disease c. CNS abnormalities or mental retardation d. characteristic skull and facial appearance Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse

.

9–42

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

80) FAS children show deficits in __________________. a. short-term memory b. attentiveness c. long-term memory d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 81) Tina and Jane each consumed eight alcoholic beverages during their pregnancies.

Tina drank two alcoholic beverages per week during the first month of her pregnancy.

Jane drank all eight beverages on the same weekend during the first month of her pregnancy. From this information, it is reasonable to conclude that __________. a. both Tina and Jane will have babies with FAS b. Tina’s baby has a greater risk of FAS c. Jane’s baby has a greater risk of FAS d. Tina and Jane each have an equal risk of giving birth to a child with FAS Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 82) The greatest risk for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders is associated with drinking__________. a. during the last two weeks of pregnancy b. during the last three months of pregnancy c. throughout one’s pregnancy d. during the first trimester of pregnancy Answer: d Diff: 2

.

9–43

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 83) Within the first trimester of pregnancy, the greatest risk for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders is associated with drinking during __________. a. the first week b. the second week c. the third week d. the ninth week Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 84) The greatest risk for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders is associated with __________. a. consuming one drink per day during the third week of pregnancy b. consuming eight drinks over a weekend during the final four weeks of pregnancy c. consuming one drink per day during the final four weeks of pregnancy d. consuming eight drinks over a weekend during the third week of pregnancy Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 85) Health researchers have established that __________. a. one drink per week is okay during pregnancy b. one drink every other week is okay during pregnancy c. one drink per month is okay during pregnancy d. there is no safe level of drinking during pregnancy

.

9–44

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 86) In Canada, the number of warning messages about the risks of consuming alcohol during pregnancy that are required on alcoholic beverage containers is __________. a. zero b. one c. two d. three Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 87) Despite the fact that about 90% of women are aware of the potential harm of consuming alcohol during pregnancy, ___% of pregnant women nationwide continue to consume alcohol. a. 2 b. 4 c. 9 d. 12 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 88) Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders are exceeded _________ as the leading cause of mental retardation in the entire Western world. a. only by Down syndrome b. only by spina bifida

.

9–45

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. only by Down syndrome and spina bifida d. by no other condition (it is number one) Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 89) TWEAK refers to __________. a. a rehabilitation program for alcoholics b. a generic drug used to treat hangovers c. an institute for alcohol research d. a screening questionnaire for pregnant women Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 90) The goal of administering TWEAK is to __________. a. eliminate alcoholic beverages in Canada b. identify pregnant women who put their fetuses at risk for FAS c. prohibit the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors d. educate minors about the dangers of alcohol abuse Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 91) The relationship between alcohol withdrawal syndrome and delirium tremens is that same as which of the following? a. alcoholic cirrhosis and fatty liver disease.

.

9–46

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and confabulation. c. fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. d. fatty liver disease and alcoholic hepatitis.

Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse

92) In Canada, the direct and indirect costs of chronic alcohol abuse are estimated to be about __________ annually. a. $1 million b. $10 million c. $100 million d. $15 billion Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 93) Among persons aged 18 or older, men outnumber women three to one in __________. a. the incidence of heavy alcohol use b. the incidence of alcohol-related cancer c. the incidence of binge drinking d. the incidence of alcohol-related heart attacks Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse

.

9–47

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

94) Among persons aged 18 or older, men outnumber women two to one in __________. a. the incidence of heavy alcohol use b. the incidence of alcohol-related cancer c. the incidence of binge drinking d. the incidence of alcohol-related heart attacks Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 95) Women are more likely than men to __________. a. become an alcoholic b. have alcohol-related organ damage c. be consistent with their drinking habits d. metabolize alcohol faster Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 96) An underreported group with respect to alcoholism is __________. a. women b. the Asian population c. individuals under 18 years of age d. the elderly Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse .

9–48

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

97) John, 81, and his grandson Peter, 21, each consume four beers at a family party.

According to the text, __________. a. Peter would get drunk faster b. both would get drunk at the same rate c. John will feel and act as if he had consumed more beer than Peter d. both A and C Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 98) Symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in an elderly person are often masked by symptoms of __________. a. joviality b. senility c. excessive anxiety d. false modesty Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 99) According to the text, on average, for every one person with alcohol problems, how many other people are affected on a regular basis? a. 1 b. 10 c. 30 d. 4 Answer: d

.

9–49

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 100) Looking at how families of alcoholics interact is often referred to as __________. a. a systems approach b. the family-medication approach c. the Families R Us approach d. group therapy Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 101) Which of the following concepts is based on a systems approach to alcoholism? a. enabling b. codependency c. denial d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 102) Codependency refers to certain behaviours __________. a. such as denial on the part of the alcoholic b. that coincide with loss of brain mass c. which can lead to domestic violence d. on the part of family members of an alcoholic Answer: d .

9–50

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 103) Janet and her alcoholic husband Jeff have an argument. Jeff then drinks eight beers.

Janet blames herself for Jeff’s drinking. Janet is __________. a. an enabler b. a codependent c. a COA d. interdependent Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 104) The most effective therapy for codependency involves __________. a. medication b. institutionalization/ rehabilitation facilities c. emotional detachment from the alcoholic d. counselling of the alcoholic only Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 105) A need to seek external sources of self-worth is one of the characteristics of __________. a. denial b. enabling c. codependency

.

9–51

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. successful psychotherapy Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 106) Children of alcoholics __________. a. have a greater risk of being alcoholics b. are more likely to resist alcohol c. are less likely to develop health problems associated with alcohol consumption d. are more likely to be binge drinkers Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 107) One criticism of the concept of codependency is that __________. a. it makes the person feel like a victim b. it makes the person seek help before he or she is ready to accept it c. it makes the alcoholic feel extremely guilty d. it makes the world go round Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 108) The acronym COAs refers to __________. a. molecules of coenzyme A b. repeated applications of coefficient alpha c. children organized in Al-anon .

9–52

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. children of alcoholics Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 109) A low response to alcohol is a risk factor for __________. a. hepatitis b. becoming an alcoholic c. becoming demented in old age d. fetal alcohol syndrome Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 110) Sons of alcoholics who have a low response to alcohol __________. a. are certain to be alcoholics as adults b. have a 60% chance of becoming alcoholics as adults c. have nearly zero chance of becoming alcoholics as adults d. have a better chance of remaining sober than do nonalcoholics Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 111) The research shows that a majority of COAs __________. a. require basic psychotherapy to help them with their adult problems b. do not develop serious adult problems c. grow up to be alcoholics themselves .

9–53

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. need periodic supervision to avoid becoming alcoholics as adults Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 112) Which of the following examples brings with it the highest risk for becoming an alcoholic? a. family history of alcoholism b. high response to alcohol c. low response to alcohol d. both A and C Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 113) Who carries the highest risk for becoming an alcoholic? a. an individual with a low response to alcohol who has an alcoholic parent b. an individual with a high response to alcohol who has an alcoholic parent c. any individual with a low response to alcohol d. any individual who has an alcoholic parent Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 114) Research on adopted children shows that biological children of alcoholics being raised by nonalcoholic adoptive parents __________. a. have a greater risk for becoming alcoholic

.

9–54

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. have a lower risk of becoming alcoholic c. develop drug problems d. have a lower tolerance to alcohol Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.5 Examine the genetic and environmental influences in alcoholism 115) Type 2 alcoholics had __________. a. low socioeconomic status b. low body size c. significant antisocial patterns of behaviour d. poor relationships with the opposite sex Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.5 Examine the genetic and environmental influences in alcoholism 116) Type 1 alcoholics tend to develop alcoholism __________. a. early in life b. later in life c. after developing some form of disease d. as a result of an underlying depression Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.5 Examine the genetic and environmental influences in alcoholism 117) Type 2 alcoholics tend to develop alcoholism __________. a. early in life .

9–55

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. as a result of primarily environmental factors c. after developing some form of disease d. as a result of an underlying depression Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.5 Examine the genetic and environmental influences in alcoholism 118) In Type 1 alcoholics, _______ tended to play a role in the development of alcoholism. a. gender b. an absence of guilt and fear about alcoholism c. environmental influences d. serotonin abnormalities Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.5 Examine the genetic and environmental influences in alcoholism 119) Type 1 alcoholics can be either male or female, while Type 2 alcoholics are principally __________. a. females only b. people over 25 only c. people living in urban environments d. males only Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.5 Examine the genetic and environmental influences in alcoholism

.

9–56

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

120) Type 1 alcoholics have a __________. a. tendency to fight and resist arrest b. tendency to seek out novel situations c. tendency to use alcohol to achieve positive feelings d. tendency to use alcohol to escape negative feelings Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.5 Examine the genetic and environmental influences in alcoholism 121) Which of the following is most characteristic of Type 1 alcoholics? a. inability to abstain from alcohol b. psychological dependence (“loss of control”) c. feelings of guilt and fear about alcoholism d. serotonin abnormalities in the brain Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.5 Examine the genetic and environmental influences in alcoholism 122) Which of the following is characteristic of Type 2 alcoholics? a. high tendency to use alcohol to achieve positive feelings b. environmental factors having the greatest influence c. fighting when drinking d. onset of alcohol problems after age 25 Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.5 Examine the genetic and environmental influences in alcoholism

.

9–57

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

123) The concordance rate is used to determine __________. a. the extent to which alcoholics agree with each other on a topic b. the degree of confabulation exhibited c. the extent of genetic influence in inheritance d. the extent of environmental influence on development of a disorder Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.5 Examine the genetic and environmental influences in alcoholism 124) The idea that alcoholism could be viewed as a disease was first proposed in writings of __________. a. Benjamin Rush b. Dr. Bob and Bill W. c. Robert Cloninger d. E. M. Jellinek Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.6 Examine the concept of alcoholism as a disease 125) According to the text, in 1957, the American Medical Association __________. a. began to sponsor Alcoholics Anonymous meetings b. officially recognized alcoholism as a disease c. reported a decline in alcoholism cases in the United States d. prohibited treatment of alcoholics by medical professionals Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.6 Examine the concept of alcoholism as a disease

.

9–58

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

126) The best way to treat alcoholism is __________. a. using biologically based treatments b. psychosocial interventions c. Alcoholics Anonymous d. No one treatment is best.

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in

alcoholics

127) Disulfiram (Antabuse) is __________. a. designed to replace alcohol as a relaxant b. a biologically based treatment for alcoholism c. a drug that counteracts the effects of alcohol d. a drug that blocks the development of acetic acid Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 128) Which form of alcohol treatment is based on the concept of aversion therapy? a. Alcoholics Anonymous b. treatment using the drug naltrexone c. treatment using the drug disulfiram d. treatment using the drug nalmefene Answer: c Diff: 2

.

9–59

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 129) Combining alcohol with disulfiram (Antabuse) produces __________. a. a flushed face and nausea b. essentially nothing, since they are antagonists c. a heightened feeling of drunkenness d. an immunological protection against hepatitis Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 130) Aftershave lotions can produce adverse effects on a person taking disulfiram (Antabuse) because __________. a. the preservatives interact with the drug b. some aftershave lotions contain alcohol c. disulfiram interacts with the fragrances in many aftershave lotions d. some people ingest these products orally to get high Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 131) A major problem or problems with disulfiram (Antabuse) treatment is the __________. a. abuse potential of disulfiram as a street drug b. need to ingest nicotine at the same time c. compliance of the alcoholic in taking the medication regularly

.

9–60

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. cost of the medication Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 132) It has been found that _______ can reduce the craving for alcohol. a. naltrexone b. disulfiram c. endorphins d. thiamine supplements Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 133) The success of naltrexone treatment in alcoholism is based on alcohol influencing levels of which neurotransmitter? a. GABA b. acetylcholine c. serotonin d. dopamine Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics

.

9–61

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

134) Naltrexone is available to treat alcoholics under the following brand name: __________. a. Motrin b. ReVia c. Antabuse d. Haldol Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 135) A medication related to naltrexone (ReVia) for the treatment of alcoholism is __________. a. Antabuse b. GABA c. nalmefene d. sobriety-inducing hormone (SIH) Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 136) Not yet approved for use in Canada, an extended-release injectable form of ______ (brand name: Vivitrol), administered on a monthly basis, would eliminate problems associated with skipping one’s medication. a. ondansetron b. acamprosate c. nalmefene d. naltrexone

.

9–62

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 137) Which of the following is a GABA-related drug used to treat alcoholism? a. disulfiram b. naltrexone c. acamprosate d. ondansetron Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 138) Type 2 alcoholics can be helped by new medications that reduce levels of __________. a. opium b. dopamine c. serotonin d. acetic acid Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 139) Alcoholics Anonymous is famous for a program of recovery known as __________. a. the road to recovery (RR) b. the Twelve Steps

.

9–63

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. Women for Sobriety (WFS) d. God’s way for recovering Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 140) According to Alcoholics Anonymous, __________. a. an alcoholic is never cured b. every recovering alcoholic needs a sponsor c. the process of recovery never ends d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 141) Controlled-drinking studies have shown that __________. a. an alcoholic never can drink again b. controlled drinking is possible for most alcoholics as long as they are carefully supervised by a family member c. controlled drinking is possible for relatively few alcoholics d. controlled drinking is a myth Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics

.

9–64

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

142) The 12-step program established by Alcoholics Anonymous has also been used to treat __________. a. gamblers b. drug addicts c. compulsive eaters d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 143) One of the problems in assessing the effectiveness of AA is that __________. a. everyone wants to stay anonymous b. state law prohibits any assessment research c. AA conducts its own research on this question d. no one has the funds to conduct research on such a large scale Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 144) Alateen is __________. a. an organization for teenage alcoholics b. a teenage alcoholic c. an organization for teenagers living with an alcoholic family member d. a halfway house for abused teenagers Answer: c Diff: 1

.

9–65

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 145) Which of the following is (are) among the factors employed by AA? a. the imposition of external supervision b. a heightened sense of spirituality c. the development of caring relationships d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 146) Which of the following are differences seen in SMART Recovery but not in AA? a. the use of a religious approach b. the involvement of a professional advisor c. the encouragement of labelling oneself as an alcoholic d. all of the above Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 147) SMART Recovery is different from AA in that __________. a. it does not believe that the addict is powerless over alcohol b. it does not believe that a higher power needs to be invoked c. the presence of a trained professional is required at its sessions d. all of the above

.

9–66

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics–241 148) The alcoholism treatment program known as SMART Recovery is based upon __________. a. rational Republicanism b. rational emotive behaviour therapy c. rational living d. rationing one’s alcohol over the course of the week Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 149) NHP in the SMART Recovery program refers to __________. a. no hype or publicity b. nonhumanistic program c. no higher power d. none of the above Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 150) Which of the following statements is true?

.

9–67

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. Alcoholics Anonymous is the most effective psychosocial approach to treating alcoholism. b. naltrexone and disulfiram reduce alcohol intake through similar mechanisms. c. reducing brain 5-HT levels reduces drinking in Type 2 alcoholics. d. SMART recovery for alcohol abuse is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy.

Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics

151) The prevalence rates of alcohol impairment at the workplace are higher among _____ than ______. a. minority employees; white employees b. older employees; younger employees c. men; women d. married employees; unmarried employees Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 9.8 Report chronic alcohol abuse in the workplace and the ways to deal with it

152) Which of the following organizations would benefit from an employee assistance program with a focus on alcohol? a. corporations b. hospitals c. the armed services d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 1

.

9–68

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 9.8 Report chronic alcohol abuse in the workplace and the ways to deal with it

153) Workplace-based programs that help people with alcohol and other drug problems in an effort to increase the productivity of the organization are called __________. a. EAPs b. ERAs c. AA or SMART Recovery programs d. Workers United programs Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.8 Report chronic alcohol abuse in the workplace and the ways to deal with it

154) Employee assistance programs (EAPs) are set up to help workers with __________. a. financial hardships related to alcohol- or drug-abuse problems b. problems of alcohol abuse unrelated to other drug-abuse problems c. drug abuse problems unrelated to problems of alcohol abuse d. problems related to alcohol and other drug-abuse problems Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.8 Report chronic alcohol abuse in the workplace and the ways to deal with it

155) A workplace-based program to help people with alcohol and other drug problems in an effort to enhance the welfare of the individual worker is known as______. a. employee assistance programs (EAPs) b. member assistance programs (MAPs) c. AA or SMART Recovery programs d. Workers United programs

.

9–69

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.8 Report chronic alcohol abuse in the workplace and the ways to deal with it

Essay Questions 1) Describe an example of each of the components of alcoholism: a preoccupation with drinking, emotional problems, vocational, social, and family problems, and physical problems.

LO: 9.1 Examine the need of monitoring the signs, symptoms, and behaviours that constitute problematic drinking to define alcoholism 2) Explain how denial and enabling can delay the recovery process in alcoholism.

LO: 9.1 Examine the need of monitoring the signs, symptoms, and behaviours that constitute problematic drinking to define alcoholism 3) Compare and contrast how diagnosis of problem drinking has changed between the DSM-IV-TR and the DSM-5 of the American Psychiatric Association.

LO: 9.2 Describe the characteristics of alcohol use disorder Answer: Both the DSM-IV-TR and the DSM-5 require individuals to meet a particular number of diagnostic criteria in order to be diagnosed with problem drinking. However, the number of syndromes, the number of diagnostic criteria as well as some of the actual criteria themselves have changed between versions of the manual.

DSM-IV-TR included two syndromes: alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence. Diagnosis of alcohol abuse syndrome required meeting any one of the four specific criteria while alcohol dependence required meeting criteria for alcohol abuse plus an additional 3 of the 7 criteria for alcohol dependence. As such, alcohol dependence is a more severe diagnosis.

The DSM-5 includes one syndrome: alcohol use disorder. Alcohol use disorder requires meeting at least 2 of 11 possible diagnostic criteria. The severity of alcohol use disorder (mild, moderate, or severe) is also determined by the number of criteria as increasing severity is represented by meeting more of the 11 criteria.

The majority of diagnostic criteria between the DSM-5 and the DSM-IV have not changed (e.g., persistent desire or unsuccessful attempts to cut down or control alcohol use, recurrent alcohol use resulting in a failure to fulfill major obligations). However, one

.

9–70

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

criterion has been removed from the DSM-IV-TR: recurrent alcohol-related legal problems; and one criterion has been added to the DSM-5: craving or a strong desire or urge to use alcohol.

4) Describe the two-part series of symptoms that are associated with the withdrawal from chronic alcohol abuse.

LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 5) Describe the three major liver diseases that can result from chronic alcohol abuse and the distinctions among them.

LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 6) Summarize the relationship between chronic alcohol abuse and cancer.

LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse Answer: Chronic alcohol abuse is associated with the increased risk of several types of cancers.

In particular, cancers of the pharynx and larynx and liver are associated with heavy drinking. Breast cancer in women is also associated with alcohol consumption.

Despite these associations, alcohol is not technically considered a carcinogen. It is hypothesized that the increased risk may be mediated by alcohol increasing the carcinogenic effects of other chemicals or by alcohol depressing the immune system.

7) Describe the two components of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Discuss the role of thiamine in your answer.

LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 8) Describe the symptoms and the circumstances that produce fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

LO: 9.3 Express the physiological effects of chronic alcohol abuse 9) Discuss the reasons why it is often difficult to assess the extent of alcoholism among the elderly.

LO: 9.4 Elaborate on the enormous price paid for chronic alcohol abuse 10) Distinguish the features and characteristics of Type 1 versus Type 2 alcoholics.

LO: 9.5 Examine the genetic and environmental influences in alcoholism .

9–71

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

11) Discuss the physiological rationale behind giving naltrexone (brand name: ReVia) to recovering alcoholics to reduce their craving for alcohol.

LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics 12) Contrast the philosophies of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and SMART Recovery with regard to alcoholism treatment.

LO: 9.7 Describe the approaches to treatment of alcoholism based on characteristics visible in alcoholics

.

9–72

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

CHAPTER 10 NICOTINE AND TOBACCO USE True or False Questions 1) The first European to observe tobacco smoking was Sir Walter Raleigh in 1603. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 2) King James I of England was an early spokesman in opposition to tobacco use. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 3) The French practice of snuffing involved the placing of tobacco into the nose. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 4) Chewing tobacco began in Canada in or around 1850. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 5) Tuberculosis can be spread through tobacco spitting. a. True b. False Answer: a

.

10–1

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 6) Pioneers heading west could indulge in foot-long cigars called “stogies,” named after the Conestoga wagons that they rode in during the long and tedious journey. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 7) Tobacco remains a very popular farm crop in Canada today. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 8) In order to protect the future of its business, cigar companies during the late 1800s did not discourage unfounded rumours that cigarette ingredients were soiled and contaminated. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 9) In the early 1900s, cigarette smoking was viewed as being “not masculine.” a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 10) The wrapping of cigars is the same as the wrapping of cigarettes, only larger. a. True b. False Answer: b

.

10–2

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 11) The Bonsack machine greatly increased the output potential of manufacturing cigarettes. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 12) The Tobacco Restraint Act of 1908 made it illegal to sell tobacco products to those under the age of 19. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 13) Prior to 1988, it was legal to smoke while travelling on airplane, bus, or in a taxi. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.2 Describe how the Government of Canada regulates smoking 14) Warning labels on tobacco products were first required in 2000. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.2 Describe how the Government of Canada regulates smoking 15) Surgeon general reports assert that tar and nicotine cause increased health risks. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.2 Describe how the Government of Canada regulates smoking

.

10–3

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

16) The labels “light” and “mild” refer to cigarettes that are low in tar and nicotine. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.2 Describe how the Government of Canada regulates smoking 17) Cigarette manufacturers increased the nicotine concentrations in tobacco from 1997 to 2005 by 11 percent, and in the “medium/mild” category, nicotine levels more than doubled. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.2 Describe how the Government of Canada regulates smoking 18) Another name for mainstream smoke is environmental tobacco smoke. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.2 Describe how the Government of Canada regulates smoking 19) The sale of American-brand cigarettes in other countries of the world helps keep the U.S. trade deficit down. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.2 Describe how the Government of Canada regulates smoking 20) More unburned particles are contained in sidestream smoke as compared to mainstream smoke. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.2 Describe how the Government of Canada regulates smoking

.

10–4

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

21) The smoke that a smoker primarily inhales is called sidestream smoke. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.2 Describe how the Government of Canada regulates smoking 22) Carbon monoxide is an extremely toxic gas in cigarette smoke. a. True b. False Answer: a Page Reference: 254 23) The quantity of tar in a cigarette varies from levels of 12 to 16 mg per cigarette to less than 6 mg. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 24) Tar is classified as a component of the particulate phase in tobacco smoke. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 25) Nicotine is odourless and colourless. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 26) A few drops of pure nicotine on the tongue can kill an adult.

.

10–5

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 27) Ammonia added to tobacco speeds up the absorption of nicotine. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 28) Nearly all of the nicotine in a cigarette is eventually inhaled and reaches the bloodstream. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 29) Nicotine reaches the brain in a matter of seconds. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 30) Nicotine reduces muscle tone, making muscles feel more relaxed. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 31) Nicotine speeds up activity in the gastrointestinal system. a. True b. False

.

10–6

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 32) Nicotine improves short-term memory. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 33) According to the titration hypothesis, a smaller number of low-nicotine cigarettes will be smoked by an individual who has been accustomed to having smoked cigarettes with a high level of nicotine. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.4 Examine the effect that nicotine has on smoking dependence 34) When given nicotine gum, smokers smoke fewer cigarettes per day, even when they have not been told whether the gum contains nicotine or a placebo. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.4 Examine the effect that nicotine has on smoking dependence 35) About one in three smokers who are also in drug-abuse treatment programs feel that quitting smoking is “much harder” than quitting harder drugs. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.4 Examine the effect that nicotine has on smoking dependence 36) Every day, at least 100 Canadians die from a smoking-related death. a. True b. False

.

10–7

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 37) As with alcohol, when tobacco is consumed in moderation, it produces no significant health hazards. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 38) About 10 percent of all Canadians now alive may die prematurely from some form of heart disease as a result of their smoking behaviour. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 39) With the exception of a rare genetic defect, the only established cause of clinically significant COPD is cigarette smoking. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 40) The major contributing factor in tobacco for coronary heart disease is tar. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 41) Female adolescent smokers have a greater loss of pulmonary function than male adolescent smokers do. a. True b. False

.

10–8

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 42) At the beginning of the twentieth century, lung cancer was a rare disease. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 43) Present-day lung cancer can be considered almost exclusively a “man's disease.” a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 44) Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death among women. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 45) The carcinogenic compound benzopyrene causes gene mutations identical to those observed in patients with carcinomas in their lungs. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 46) Lung cancer surpasses prostate cancer as a cause of death in men. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking

.

10–9

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

47) Lung cancer is the only form of cancer for which cigarette smokers are at higher risk. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 48) One of the forms of cancer for which smokers carry an increased risk is cancer of the larynx. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 49) Surprisingly, cigarette smoking reduces the risk of bladder cancer. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 50) Smokeless tobacco use reduces the risk of lip cancer, as opposed to smoking cigarettes. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 51) Leukoplakia refers to red spots that result from precancerous cell changes in the mouth and nasal cavity. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking

.

10–10

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

52) Smokeless tobacco is a safe alternative to cigarette smoking, with respect to health consequences. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 53) Women smokers using birth control pills have a much greater risk of dying from a stroke than do women smokers who do not use birth control pills. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 54) When mothers smoke during pregnancy, a newborn has a higher risk of low birth weight and physical defects. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 55) N-nitrosamine is more concentrated in sidestream smoke than it is in mainstream smoke. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 56) Second-hand tobacco smoke is not a significant health hazard. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking

.

10–11

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

57) In 2010–11, about 16 percent of grade 6 to 9 students and 40 percent of grade 10 to 12 students reported that they had tried cigarettes during their lifetime. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 58) In general, young people have become more accepting of cigarette smoking. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 59) In the past decade, there has been an increase in the rate of smoking. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 60) Recent evidence indicates that the disinclination among adolescents toward dating smokers is observed equally for males and females. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 61) The province of Quebec shows the highest rate of smoking in Canada. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada

.

10–12

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

62) Moist snuff is generally chewed. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 63) The current prevalence rate for smokeless tobacco use is approximately the same as that of cigarette smoking. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 64) Snus is a popular moist snuff product. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 65) When smokeless tobacco is swallowed, there becomes a risk for stomach cancer and urinary tract cancer. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 66) Though smokeless tobacco has its own set of adverse health consequences, it does not have the consequences of ingesting nicotine through cigarette smoking. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada

.

10–13

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

67) There was a resurgence in the popularity of cigars during the 1990s. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 68) In China and South Korea, more than 60% of all adult men smoke cigarettes. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 69) Prevalence rates for smoking in Canada are roughly equivalent to the prevalence rates in most Asian countries. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 70) According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 5.4 million people worldwide die each year from tobacco-related diseases. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 71) Within five to ten years of quitting smoking, the risk of stroke is the same for the abstinent smoker as for nonsmokers. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.7 Examine the pros and the cons of the process of trying to quit smoking

.

10–14

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

72) Half of all smokers eventually manage long-term abstinence from cigarette smoking. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.7 Examine the pros and the cons of the process of trying to quit smoking 73) Champix and Zyban are two medications used in smoking-cessation programs. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.7 Examine the pros and the cons of the process of trying to quit smoking 74) The “Five A’s” are different smoking cessation programs. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 10.7 Examine the pros and the cons of the process of trying to quit smoking 75) A recent study suggests that when physicians tell smokers their “lung age” as determined by the age of an average healthy nonsmoker with a comparable level of breathing strength, smokers are twice as likely to quit. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.7 Examine the pros and the cons of the process of trying to quit smoking 76) It has been estimated that as many as 42 000 additional lives in Canada would be saved each year if 90 percent of smokers were advised by a health professional to quit and were offered medication or other assistance to do so. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 10.7 Examine the pros and the cons of the process of trying to quit smoking

.

10–15

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Multiple-Choice Questions 1) A cigarette was an unquestioned sign of sophistication in our society until around __________. a. the mid-1960s b. the mid-1970s c. the mid-1980s d. 2001 Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 2) The major dependence-producing drug(s) in tobacco products is (are) __________. a. nicotine b. nicotine and tar c. carbon monoxide d. carbon monoxide and tar Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 3) The first European to encounter tobacco plants was __________. a. Sir Walter Raleigh b. Sir Francis Drake c. King Philip II of Spain d. Christopher Columbus Answer: d

.

10–16

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 4) Tobacco was officially introduced to Europe in __________. a. 1492 b. 1559 c. 1602 d. 1650 Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 5) In the 1600s, European aristocracy used tobacco primarily through the practice of __________. a. snuffing b. smoking c. snorting d. chewing Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 6) An early monarch who denounced the practice of tobacco smoking was __________. a. Queen Isabella of Spain b. King Philip II of Spain c. King James I of England d. King Ferdinand of Spain

.

10–17

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 7) All but which one of the following countries has at one time punished smoking by whipping, public torture, or death? a. Japan b. Russia c. Turkey d. Canada Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 8) The dominant form of European tobacco use in the late 1700s was __________. a. smoking in a cigarette form b. smoking in a pipe c. snuffing d. chewing Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 9) Snuff is __________. a. coarse leaf tobacco stuffed into one’s nose b. a fine powder made of ground tobacco c. a very mild form of pipe tobacco d. a key factor in tobacco dependence

.

10–18

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 10) Which now U.S. state and former British colony dominated the rapidly expanding tobacco market in the 1700s? a. Virginia b. Florida c. New England d. Georgia Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 11) When snuffing tobacco fell out of favour in Canada, it was replaced with __________. a. chewing b. injecting c. pipe-smoking d. cigarette smoking Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 12) Tobacco chewing was first observed in North America at which time? a. about 1800 b. about 1850

.

10–19

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. about 1910 d. none of the above Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 13) Tobacco spitting can be a factor in the spread of which one of the following diseases? a. tuberculosis b. bronchitis c. hay fever d. pharyngitis Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 14) Cigarettes began to be introduced in Canada when which form of tobacco use was at its height? a. cigars b. pipes c. snuff d. cigarillos Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 15) ________ are tight rolls of dried tobacco leaves. a. Snuffs

.

10–20

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. Cigars c. Chewing tobaccos d. Cigarettes Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 16) ______are rolls of shredded tobacco wrapped in paper. a. Snuffs b. Cigars c. Chewing tobaccos d. Cigarettes Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 17) Cigarette smoking was a practice initially adopted from the ______ by British soldiers. a. Turks b. Russians c. Native Americans d. French Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history

.

10–21

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

18) Pioneers heading west could indulge in foot-long cigars called _____, named after the Conestoga wagons that they rode in during the long and tedious journey. a. seegars b. snuffs c. joints d. stogies Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 19) The primary negative factor in early marketing of cigarette smoking was that __________. a. it could be a fire hazard b. it was considered “feminine” to smoke cigarettes c. it was an ordinary thing to do d. it was too expensive to buy cigarettes Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 20) The first automated cigarette-making machine was invented by __________. a. Rodrigo de Jerez b. James B. Duke c. Thomas Edison d. James Bonsack Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

10–22

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 21) The advantage of cigarettes over cigars in the late 1800s and early 1900s was that __________. a. cigarettes were less expensive b. cigarettes were viewed as being safer to your health c. cigars were rumored to contain contaminating ingredients d. smoking cigarettes was viewed as being tough and rugged Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 22) In the late 1800s, the price of cigarettes was __________. a. 10 for a quarter b. 20 for a nickel c. 30 for a dime d. a penny each Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 23) A Bonsack machine was used __________. a. to evaluate the toxicity of cigarettes b. to produce a large quantity of cigarettes c. to dry out tobacco leaves quickly d. to shred tobacco in an efficient manner Answer: b Diff: 2

.

10–23

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 24) One of the strategies in marketing cigarettes to women was the claim that they could be __________. a. an alternative to common housecleaning products b. a weight-control aid c. excellent for household pest control d. useful as a laxative Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 25) Two primary factors for the emergence of cigarettes as the dominant form of tobacco use were __________. a. smoking among women and World War II b. smoking among women and World War I c. World War I and Prohibition d. Prohibition and the popularity of cigars Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 26) The Tobacco Restraint Act of 1908 made it illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of __________. a. 14 b. 16 c. 18 d. 20

.

10–24

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 27) After the Tobacco Sales to Young Persons Act (TSYPA) passed in 1988, the legal smoking age became __________. a. 14 b. 16 c. 18 d. 20 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 28) In Canada, it was legal to smoke while travelling on an airplane until __________. a. 1960 b. 1988 c. 1989 d. 2000 Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 29) The first warning labels on tobacco products included warnings that were related to the __________ effects of smoking. a. health b. addictive

.

10–25

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. financial d. second-hand Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 30) In 2000, warnings on tobacco products were changed to __________. a. cover at least half of the package b. be graphic c. include more of the detrimental effects of smoking d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 31) A low T/N cigarette refers to a cigarette with __________. a. a low ratio of tobacco to nontobacco b. a low amount of tar and nicotine c. a low ratio of toxins to nontoxins d. a large amount of carbon monoxide Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.2 Describe how the Government of Canada regulates smoking 32) T/N cigarettes do not lessen the adverse health consequences of smoking because __________ when smoking T/N cigarettes compared to regular cigarettes. a. smokers tend to inhale more deeply

.

10–26

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. smokers tend to take more puffs c. smokers tend to smoke more cigarettes d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.2 Describe how the Government of Canada regulates smoking 33) From 1997 to 2005, cigarette manufacturers had increased the nicotine concentrations in tobacco by ___ percent. a. 5 b. 11 c. 16 d. 27 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.2 Describe how the Government of Canada regulates smoking 34) From 1998 to 2005, nicotine levels in “medium/mild” cigarettes __________. a. doubled b. tripled c. decreased d. did not change Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.2 Describe how the Government of Canada regulates smoking

.

10–27

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

35) By ________, the tobacco industry has been less affected by the loss of profits than other businesses in the United States. a. taking advantage of global markets b. laying off 15 percent of its domestic workforce c. raising the amounts of tobacco imported into the United States d. decreasing the amount of money allocated for advertisement globally by 25 percent Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.2 Describe how the Government of Canada regulates smoking 36) The exportation of U.S. tobacco products to other countries has been __________. a. a major factor in the balance of U.S. trade b. a major element in U.S. foreign policy c. a component of U.S. foreign aid to developing nations d. a major source of goodwill Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.2 Describe how the Government of Canada regulates smoking 37) Analogy: Mainstream smoke is to cigarette smokers as sidestream smoke is to __________. a. nonsmokers b. an increased probability of cancer c. adolescent smokers d. cigar smokers Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC

.

10–28

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 10.2 Describe how the Government of Canada regulates smoking 38) Another name for sidestream smoke is __________. a. sedentary smoke b. ecological smoke c. environmental tobacco smoke d. free-floating tobacco smoke Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.2 Describe how the Government of Canada regulates smoking 39) Another name for second-hand smoke is __________. a. mainstream smoke b. sidestream smoke c. particulate smoke d. filtered smoke Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.2 Describe how the Government of Canada regulates smoking 40) Which of the following were included in the 1988 changes to Canadian regulations regarding tobacco use? a. a warning label had to cover at least 75% of tobacco packaging. b. vaping products were added to the list of restricted smoking products. c. smoking was no longer allowed in bars and taverns. d. the legal age of smoking was increased to 18 years of age.

Answer: d

.

10–29

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.2 Describe how the Government of Canada regulates smoking 41) The temperature at the tip of a cigarette when the smoker inhales is approximately __________ Celsius. a. 100 degrees b. 450 degrees c. 925 degrees d. 1500 degrees Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 42) The principal reason a lit cigarette gets so hot is because __________. a. of the flammability of the paper wrapping b. of the particular blend of tobacco used c. of the oxygen being drawn through the cigarette d. of the nontobacco additives in the cigarette Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 43) Mainstream smoke from a filtered cigarette __________. a. is inhaled by the smoker through the filter and cigarette paper b. is more acidic than sidestream smoke c. is inhaled by nonsmokers as well d. consists of a gaseous phase only

.

10–30

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 44) A component in tobacco smoke that is not classified as part of the particulate phase is __________. a. tar b. acetone c. water droplets d. nicotine Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 45) The primary source of carcinogenic compounds in tobacco is the __________. a. gaseous phase b. carbon monoxide c. nicotine d. tar Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 46) Tobacco smoke contains more than __________ separate compounds. a. 50 b. 100 c. 1000 d. 4000

.

10–31

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 47) Analogy: Particulate phase is to nicotine as gaseous phase is to __________. a. tar b. carbon monoxide c. small particles suspended in smoke d. water droplets Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant–255 48) Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are __________. a. toxic substances in tobacco smoke b. within the category of the particulate phase c. within the category of the gaseous phase d. classified in a third category Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 49) Among the gases of tobacco smoke, the most toxic is __________. a. carbon monoxide b. acetone c. ammonia d. carbon dioxide .

10–32

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 50) Carbon monoxide is __________. a. flavourless b. odourless c. colourless d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 51) The toxic nature of carbon monoxide is such that it attaches itself easily to __________. a. air sacs in the lungs b. esophageal cells c. hemoglobin d. cardiac muscle Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 52) Carbon monoxide is typically measured in terms of __________. a. parts per million blood components (p.p.m.) b. milligrams per cigarette (m.p.c.) c. micrograms per inhalation (m.p.i.)

.

10–33

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. milligrams per kilogram of body weight (m.p.k.)

Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 53) According to the text, the primary cause of cardiovascular disease among smokers is __________. a. carbon monoxide b. carbon dioxide c. tar d. nicotine Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 54) The reason carbon monoxide is so dangerous is because __________. a. it causes abnormal cell development b. it interferes with the transport of oxygen c. it accumulates in the liver d. it disrupts cognitive functioning Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 55) Carbon monoxide levels in smokers are highest __________. a. first thing in the morning b. while smoking

.

10–34

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. immediately after finishing a cigarette d. consistently. CO levels do not change in a smoker.

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 56) Fifty percent of the total tar in a cigarette is found __________. a. in the first two-thirds of the cigarette b. in the last third of the cigarette c. in the first third of the cigarette d. evenly distributed throughout the cigarette Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 57) Tar in cigarettes disrupts a process called __________. a. mucociliary cleansing b. mucociliary declination c. the mucociliary escalator d. respiratory expunging Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 58) The mucociliary escalator allows unwanted particles to be swept __________. a. downward into the lungs b. into the bloodstream .

10–35

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. out into the environment when the smoker exhales d. upward to the throat, where they are usually swallowed Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 59) Tar allows __________. a. carcinogens to attack the immune system b. carcinogens to stick to pulmonary cells c. carcinogens to multiply in the liver d. carcinogens to multiply in the brain Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 60) Cells lining the airways have hair-like protrusions called __________. a. cilia b. epithelium c. mucus d. hair cells Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 61) Nicotine is found as a natural component of __________. a. tobacco exclusively b. leafy plants of many types .

10–36

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. marijuana as well as tobacco d. tobacco once it has been shredded and ground up Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 62) About 60 milligrams of nicotine __________. a. can quickly kill a healthy human adult b. are found in approximately a half-pack of cigarettes c. would be ingested from two or three cigarettes d. is the minimal effective dose for relaxation Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 63) What is the psychoactive drug found in tobacco? a. carbon monoxide b. tar c. nicotine d. all of the above Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 64) Which ingredient found in cigarettes is also used as a pesticide? a. tar b. nicotine .

10–37

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. carbon monoxide d. tobacco Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 65) About ______of the nicotine in a cigarette is actually inhaled and reaches the bloodstream. a. 1 percent b. 5 percent c. 20 percent d. 70 percent Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 66) Jeff smokes one pack of cigarettes per day. This means that he ingests ___ mg of nicotine per day. a. 0.5–1.5 b. 2–8 c. 8.5–10 d. 12–18 Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 67) The elimination half-life of nicotine is about __________.

.

10–38

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. 36 minutes to 1hour b. 2 to 3 hours c. 4 to 5 hours d. 6 to 10 hours Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 68) Inhaled nicotine is __________. a. absorbed rapidly and excreted slowly b. absorbed slowly and excreted rapidly c. absorbed and excreted slowly d. absorbed and excreted rapidly Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 69) Inhaled nicotine passes through the blood–brain barrier within ____. a. a few seconds b. a few minutes c. a few hours d. a few days Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 70) The nicotine effect of a cigarette is over in __________. .

10–39

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. a few seconds b. a few minutes c. a few hours d. a few days Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 71) The additive _______ in tobacco speeds the nicotine absorption in smokers. a. tar b. hydrogen cyanide c. acetaldehyde d. ammonia Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 72) Ammonia was introduced into the manufacture of cigarette tobacco in __________. a. the 1930s b. the 1950s c. the 1970s d. the 1990s Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 73) Nicotine stimulates _______ receptors in the CNS. .

10–40

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. endorphin-sensitive b. nicotinic acetylcholine c. serotonin-sensitive d. GABA-sensitive Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 74) When nicotine receptors are activated, __________. a. blood pressure becomes unstable b. activity in the gastrointestinal tract speeds up c. fingers start to tingle d. heart rate increases Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 75) One of the effects of the stimulation of receptors in the CNS by nicotine is that they __________. a. release acetaldehyde b. release adrenalin c. release gastric juices d. release cortical inhibition Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant

.

10–41

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

76) A smoker feels more relaxed after a cigarette partly because __________. a. of an intense placebo effect b. blood pressure and heart rate have gone up c. muscle tone has been reduced d. gastrointestinal activity has been inhibited Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 77) Research has shown that cigarette smoking helps to sustain performance on a. monotonous tasks b. complicated tasks c. long-term memory d. distributed memory Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 78) Nicotine stimulates the ventral tegmental area to increase the release of ________ in the nucleus accumbens. a. GABA b. serotonin c. dopamine d. norepinephrine Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant

.

10–42

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

79) In the brain, nicotinic receptors are located in areas related to __________. a. sleep and relaxation b. emotions c. motor functioning d. learning and attention Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 80) How does the psychoactive ingredient in tobacco produce its primary effects? a. By activating cholinergic receptors in the brain. b. By activating nicotinic receptors in the blood. c. By increasing the particular phase of tobacco metabolism. d. By increasing the transmission of nicotine through the blood brain barrier.

Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 81) Nicotine reaches the brain in ________. a. 1 to 2 seconds b. 5 to 8 seconds c. 20 to 25 seconds d. 35 to 40 seconds Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.4 Examine the effect that nicotine has on smoking dependence .

10–43

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

82) The titration hypothesis refers to the way in which __________. a. cigarette brands are marketed from season to season b. the particulate phase is metabolized into the gaseous phase c. cigarettes are smoked so as to maintain a level of nicotine into the body d. nicotine is allowed to be excreted from the body Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.4 Examine the effect that nicotine has on smoking dependence 83) According to the titration hypothesis, an experienced smoker, when presented with a pack of low-nicotine cigarettes, will __________. a. inhale more deeply b. take more puffs per cigarette c. smoke more of them d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.4 Examine the effect that nicotine has on smoking dependence 84) Adjusting the style of tobacco smoking to maintain the intake of steady levels of nicotine is referred to as __________. a. the titration hypothesis b. conditioned smoking c. nicotine maintenance d. the secondary smoke effect Answer: a Diff: 1

.

10–44

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 10.4 Examine the effect that nicotine has on smoking dependence 85) David has been a smoker for many years. Today he was given nicotine gum.

According to titration hypothesis, as David chews the gum, throughout the day ___________. a. he will smoke cigarettes more rapidly b. he will smoke fewer cigarettes c. he will abstain from cigarettes d. he will take more puffs per cigarette Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.4 Examine the effect that nicotine has on smoking dependence 86) The current view of the titration hypothesis is that compensation is greatest when __________. a. switching from unfiltered to filtered cigarettes b. switching from higher to lower levels of nicotine c. switching from lower to higher levels of nicotine d. when a smoker is trying to quit Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.4 Examine the effect that nicotine has on smoking dependence 87) A first-time smoker will frequently __________. a. show few if any physiological reactions b. feel nauseated c. inhibit the vomiting centre in the medulla d. experience intense heart palpitations

.

10–45

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.4 Examine the effect that nicotine has on smoking dependence 88) John is a smoker. He just finished his last cigarette about six hours ago. Which of the following symptoms is John most likely to encounter? a. stomach cramps b. increased blood pressure c. decreased heart rate d. increased ability to concentrate Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.4 Examine the effect that nicotine has on smoking dependence 89) The craving for a cigarette by an ex-smoker __________. a. is typically the strongest on the first anniversary of quitting b. can continue for a month or more c. can continue for years d. is typically over by six months Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.4 Examine the effect that nicotine has on smoking dependence 90) In a study of people who smoked and were also in drug-abuse treatment, one in three people indicated that __________. a. it was easier to quit smoking after quitting another drug b. quitting smoking was just as hard as quitting another drug

.

10–46

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. it was best to quit smoking at the same time as the other drug d. it was harder to quit smoking as compared to other drugs Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.4 Examine the effect that nicotine has on smoking dependence 91) The first U.S. Surgeon General’s report on smoking and health was issued in _________. a. 1958 b. 1964 c. 1976 d. 1993 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 92) Each day, _____ people in Canada die as a result of cigarette smoking. a. 20 b. 50 c. 100 d. 200 Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 93) Smoking one cigarette shortens one’s lifespan by __________. a. 12 seconds

.

10–47

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. 40 seconds c. 4 minutes d. 14 minutes Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 94) Smoking two packs of cigarettes a day for 20 years reduces one’s lifespan by __________. a. 2 years b. 3 years c. 5 years d. 8 years Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 95) Every year, cigarette smoking accounts for about __________ of deaths in Canada a. 7 percent b. 10 percent c. 17 percent d. 27 percent Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking

.

10–48

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

96) A condition in which fatty deposits accumulate inside arteries and restrict the flow of blood is called __________. a. arteriosclerosis b. atherosclerosis c. stroke d. migraine neuralgia Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 97) A condition where blood flow to the brain is interrupted or reduced is known as __________. a. arteriosclerosis b. atherosclerosis c. ischemic stroke d. emphysema Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 98) A condition in which the walls of arteries harden and lose elasticity is __________. a. arteriosclerosis b. atherosclerosis c. stroke d. migraine neuralgia Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

10–49

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 99) The major cause(s) of tobacco-related cardiovascular disease is (are) __________. a. nicotine b. carbon monoxide c. tar d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 100) We now know that smoking is responsible for approximately ____ percent of all coronary heart disease deaths. a. 30 b. 40 c. 50 d. 60 Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 101) _______ result(s) from platelet adhesiveness in the blood. a. Blood clots b. Headaches c. Arteriosclerosis d. Emphysema Answer: a Diff: 3

.

10–50

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 102) An increase in the body’s serum cholesterol level can be due to the effects of __________. a. nicotine b. tar c. carbon monoxide d. carbon dioxide Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 103) Research from the United States shows that although only ___ percent of smokers develop COPD, _____ percent of all COPD cases are the result of smoking. a. 10; 50 to 60 b. 10; 80 to 90 c. 20; 80 to 90 d. 20; 20 to 30 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 104) A buildup of mucus in air passages leading to inflammation of bronchial tissue is referred to as __________. a. chronic bronchitis b. emphysema c. ciliary escalator deficit d. pulmonary obstruction disease (POD)

.

10–51

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 105) COPD refers to __________. a. chronic obstructive peripheral disease b. chronic overt pulmonary disease c. chronic osteo pulmonary disease d. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 106) Abnormal enlargement of air sacs in the lungs can lead to which condition? a. Chronic bronchitis b. Pneumonia c. Pulmonary distress syndrome (PDS) d. Emphysema Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 107) Advanced emphysema results in ______ of one’s energy being used just to breathe. a. 25 percent b. 42 percent c. 58 percent d. 80 percent .

10–52

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 108) Adolescents who smoke are more likely to develop __________. a. asthma b. wheezing c. airway obstruction d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 109) Prior to 1900, lung cancer was __________. a. at about twice as prevalent as it is today b. a rare disease c. observed in more women than men d. more common than heart attacks Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 110) Female smokers are about ____ times more likely to develop lung cancer than nonsmokers. a. 10 b. 13 c. 18

.

10–53

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. 23 Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 111) About ____ of all lung cancers are caused by smoking. a. 25 percent b. 45 percent c. 65 percent d. 85 percent Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 112) Carcinomas refer to __________. a. cancerous growths in general b. cancerous growths on the skin c. cancerous growths on the surface of the lungs d. cancerous growths on the kidney and pancreas Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 113) Lung cancer has surpassed __________ as the leading cause of cancer deaths among women. a. breast cancer b. ovarian cancer

.

10–54

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. lymphoma d. skin cancer Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 114) Analogy: Leukoplakia is to white spots in the mouth as erythroplakia is to __________. a. white spots in the nasal cavity b. red spots in the mouth c. lumps in the jaw or neck area d. a decline in red blood cells Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 115) Leukoplakia and erythroplakia are symptoms indicating __________. a. terminal stages of cancer b. early stages of emphysema c. precancerous tissue d. premature eruption of acne Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 116) In Canada, __________ of all cancer deaths have been linked to smoking. a. 20 percent

.

10–55

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. 30 percent c. 40 percent d. 50 percent Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 117) Nitrosamines are __________. a. carcinogens found in tobacco b. breakdown products in nicotine metabolism c. similar to acetic acid in alcohol metabolism d. stimulant drugs for heart patients Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 118) Smokeless tobacco __________. a. is a safe alternative to cigarette smoking b. increases the risk for emphysema c. increases the risk of cancer d. increases the risk for chronic bronchitis Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 119) Female smokers are at increased risk of developing a brain hemorrhage or heart attack if __________.

.

10–56

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. they also drink alcohol and are pregnant b. they also are using birth control pills c. they are between the ages of 17 and 25 d. they are Asians or of Asian descent Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 120) Women who smoke are at an even greater risk of stroke if they are also __________. a. using birth control pills b. abstaining from all other forms of drug-taking behaviour c. sexually active d. living in urban communities Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 121) Women who smoke during pregnancy have newborns with a higher risk for __________. a. low birth weight b. physical defects c. elevated systolic blood pressure d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking

.

10–57

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

122) Second-hand tobacco smoke __________. a. affects anyone in the presence of a smoker b. fails to affect nonsmokers c. contains one-half of the nicotine in cigarettes d. is also called mainstream smoke Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 123) N-nitrosamine is more concentrated __________. a. in cigarettes than in smokeless tobacco b. in cigars than cigarettes c. in sidestream smoke than in mainstream smoke d. in the lungs of men than in those of women Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 124) The evidence indicating that environmental tobacco smoke can be dangerous is __________. a. weakening as more recent studies are conducted b. weak and always has been c. supported, surprisingly, by research financed by the tobacco industry d. substantial Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

10–58

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 125) In the past decade, the rate of smoking has __________. a. decreased b. increased c. stayed the same d. decreased, but only in females Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 126) In Canada, the smoking rate in 2012 was __________. a. 12 percent b. 16 percent c. 21 percent d. 25 percent Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 127) In the Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey, “Ever Smokers” are those who __________. a. have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their life b. have smoked at least 1000 cigarettes in their life c. still smoking d. smoked before the age of 25 Answer: a Diff: 2

.

10–59

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 128) Since 1999, there has been an increase in the number of __________ on the Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey. a. Ever Smokers b. Never Smokers c. Current Smokers d. all of the above Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 129) The peak age for starting to smoke in Canada is __________ years old. a. 11.3 b. 12.0 c. 13.4 d. 16.9 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 130) About __________ of grade 10 to 12 students reported that they had tried cigarettes in their lifetime. a. 9 percent b. 16 percent c. 24 percent d. 40 percent

.

10–60

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 131) The route of administration for smokeless tobacco can be best described as __________. a. oral b. absorption through membranes c. inhalation into the lungs d. subcutaneous Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 132) Loose leaf, plug, and twist describe different forms of __________. a. snuff in general b. chewing tobacco c. cigars d. moist snuff Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 133) An example of a brand name of moist snuff is __________. a. Red Man b. Chaw c. Beech Nut d. Copenhagen

.

10–61

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 134) The present-day manner of using snuff is by __________. a. smoking it b. sniffing into the nose c. placing it inside the cheek d. chewing it Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 135) The practice of _______ helps tobacco products not get stuck in the teeth. a. moist snuffing b. dipping c. loose-leaf chewing d. none of the above Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 136) Dipping is an expression for the use of __________. a. snuff b. unfiltered cigarettes c. Copenhagen as opposed to other smokeless tobacco brands d. blending cigarettes with marijuana .

10–62

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 137) Smokeless tobacco increases the risk of all of the following, EXCEPT __________. a. cancer b. gum disease c. tooth loss d. emphysema Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 138) Smokeless tobacco __________. a. is a safe alternative to cigarette smoking b. increases the risk for emphysema c. increases the risk of cancer d. increases the risk for chronic bronchitis Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 139) During the 1990s, __________. a. cigars overtook cigarettes in popularity and have remained more popular ever since b. cigars achieved a brief period of celebrity status c. cigars were determined by the Surgeon General to be far safer than cigarettes d. cigars were suddenly extremely unpopular .

10–63

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 140) Compared to cigarette smoke, cigar smoke __________. a. is more alkaline b. is a safe alternative c. is more closely associated with lung cancer d. contains fewer carcinogens Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 141) The World Health Organization predicts that in the year 2030, ________will die from tobacco-related illnesses, if current trends continue. a. 1 million b. 4.9 million c. 8.5 million d. 810 million Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 142) Approximately ___ percent of countries in the world still allow smoking in hospitals and schools; only ___ percent of the world’s population live in a country that imposes a comprehensive national ban on tobacco advertising, and in which full services to treat tobacco dependence are widely available. a. 40; 5

.

10–64

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. 40; 10 c. 20; 5 d. 20; 10 Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 143) What is the most common form of smokeless tobacco in Canada today? a. E-cigarettes b. snuff c. moist snuff d. cigars Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada 144) The chances of a heart attack decrease after ________ of quitting smoking. a. 24 hours b. 3 months c. 9 months d. 5 to 10 years Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.7 Examine the pros and the cons of the process of trying to quit smoking 145) Smoking cessation lowers the risk of coronary heart disease to about that of nonsmokers within __________.

.

10–65

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. a month of not smoking b. 15 years of abstinence c. 1 or 2 years of abstinence d. 4 year of abstinence Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.7 Examine the pros and the cons of the process of trying to quit smoking 146) Smoking cessation __________. a. results in a further deterioration of one’s health status b. results in essentially no change in one’s health status c. results in a recovery of several aspects of one’s health status d. results in a complete recovery of one’s health status within a matter of days Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.7 Examine the pros and the cons of the process of trying to quit smoking 147) Almost __________ of Canadians who smoked at some point in their lives have now quit. a. one quarter b. one third c. one half d. two thirds Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.7 Examine the pros and the cons of the process of trying to quit smoking

.

10–66

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

148) As education level _______, the level of smoking _______. a. decreases; decreases b. decreases; increases c. increases; remains the same d. increases; increases Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.7 Examine the pros and the cons of the process of trying to quit smoking 149) Which of the following is a non-nicotine drug to help reduce nicotine craving? a. Redia b. Zyban c. Nicotrol d. Nicotine-inhibiting hormone (NIH) Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.7 Examine the pros and the cons of the process of trying to quit smoking 150) Zyban was originally used to treat __________. a. depression b. obesity c. cocaine anxiety d. anxiety Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.7 Examine the pros and the cons of the process of trying to quit smoking

.

10–67

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

151) The most commonly used form of smoking cessation assistance in Canada is __________. a. nicotine-replacement therapy b. pharmacotherapy c. social support groups d. acupuncture Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.7 Examine the pros and the cons of the process of trying to quit smoking 152) Nicorette is a brand name for __________. a. a type of moist snuff b. an anticraving medication for nicotine and alcohol withdrawal c. a transdermal nicotine patch d. a prescription nicotine chewing gum Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.7 Examine the pros and the cons of the process of trying to quit smoking 153) A recent study suggests that when physicians tell smokers their “lung age” as determined by the age of an average healthy nonsmoker with a comparable level of breathing strength, smokers __________. a. are twice as likely to quit b. are half as likely to quit c. are four times more likely to quit d. none of the above Answer: a Diff: 2

.

10–68

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 10.7 Examine the pros and the cons of the process of trying to quit smoking 154) It is estimated that as many as 42 000 additional lives in Canada would be saved each year if ___ percent of smokers were advised by a health care professional to quit and were offered medication or assistance to do so, but presently only ___ percent of smokers receive such services. a. 90; 51 b. 90; 28 c. 75; 51 d. 75; 28 Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 10.7 Examine the pros and the cons of the process of trying to quit smoking

Essay Questions 1) Describe the different forms of tobacco products and how they are used to allow the administration of nicotine.

LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history Answer: Snuff → finely shredded or powdered tobacco available in dry or moist forms. Snuff is placed into the nose, inside the cheeks, or under the lips, to allow nicotine to be absorbed through the membranes.

Chewing tobacco → leaf tobacco in a variety of forms (loose-leaf, fine-cut, plug and twist) that is held in the mouth between the cheek and jaw. Nicotine is absorbed through membranes of mouth.

Cigars → tight rolls of tobacco leaves that are lit and smoked. Nicotine is absorbed through tissues in mouth and not inhaled into lungs.

Cigarettes → shredded tobacco wrapped in paper rolls and smoked. Nicotine is inhaled through lungs.

.

10–69

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

2) Describe how cigarette makers in the nineteenth century overcame the dominance of cigars to emerge as the dominant form of tobacco smoking in the twentieth century.

LO: 10.1 Recount the story of tobacco usage through history 3) Describe the contents of smoked tobacco in terms of the particulate and gaseous phases.

LO: 10.3 Analyze the components of tobacco and how nicotine acts as a stimulant 4) What is the relationship between the titration hypothesis and the dependence potential of nicotine?

LO: 10.4 Examine the effect that nicotine has on smoking dependence 5) Explain the basic ways that nicotine and carbon monoxide contribute to the development of coronary heart disease (CHD).

LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 6) Discuss the relationship between nitrosamines and the development of leukoplakia and erythroplakia.

LO: 10.5 Describe the three broad adverse health consequences of smoking 7) How does the prevalence rate of smoking in Canada compare with rates in Japan and other Asian countries? Provide examples (at least two) of reduced social concern in Asian countries regarding the health consequences of smoking.

LO: 10.6 Analyze the patterns of tobacco usage in Canada Answer: -In Canada, the rate of smoking is much lower than in Japan and other Asian countries.

-Examples of reduced social concern include the following: 1) Smoking is permitted in schools and hospitals.

2) Outdoor cigarette-vending machines are still common.

3) Nonsmoking sections in restaurants are rare.

4) Treatments for tobacco dependence are rare.

8) Discuss three positive consequences to you if you were to stop smoking (assuming that you are smoking now).

LO: 10.7 Examine the pros and the cons of the process of trying to quit smoking

.

10–70

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

CHAPTER 11 CAFFEINE True or False Questions 1) Caffeine can be a dependence-producing drug. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 2) Theobromine and theophylline are two examples of xanthines. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 3) Tea is known as “the wine of Islam.” a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 4) The expression “penny universities” refers to English coffee houses in the 1700s. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 5) Canada is the world’s top importer of coffee.

.

11–1

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 6) Canada ranks number nine in the world for coffee consumption per capita. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 7) The United States is the nation with the highest per capita consumption of coffee in the world. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 8) Coffea robusta beans represent the majority of the world’s coffee production. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 9) Coffea robusta beans have twice the amount of caffeine as Coffea arabica beans. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines

.

11–2

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

10) Robusta coffee beans are generally more expensive than arabica coffee beans. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 11) The caffeine content in a “standard” 148-mL (five-ounce) cup of coffee is estimated to be about 100 mg. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 12) Roughly speaking, there are about 200 mg of caffeine in a 148-mL (5-ounce) cup of coffee. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 13) Instant coffee contains the same amount of caffeine as brewed coffee. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 14) The preferred amount of coffee is often a 355- to 710-mL cup, while the standard cup is only about 148mL. a. True b. False

.

11–3

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 15) Contact with xanthine-containing plants causes insects to become overstimulated and die. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 16) On the basis of historical records, coffee is the world’s oldest caffeine-containing beverage. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 17) On average, a 148-mL cup of tea contains about 60 mg of caffeine. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.2 Discuss the chemical composition of tea 18) There is more caffeine in a 148-mL (5-ounce) cup of tea then there is in a 148-mL cup of coffee. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.2 Discuss the chemical composition of tea 19) Polyphenols in tea are used to treat asthma and other respiratory problems.

.

11–4

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.2 Discuss the chemical composition of tea 20) Cocoa bean pods are botanically and pharmacologically related to coca leaves. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.3 Elaborate on the xanthine content in chocolate 21) The first European to have tasted chocolate in any form was Hernando Cortés during his conquest of Mexico. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.3 Elaborate on the xanthine content in chocolate 22) According to the text, recent evidence shows that chocolate may protect arteries from disease. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.3 Elaborate on the xanthine content in chocolate 23) Baking chocolate is the hardened form of cocoa butter. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.3 Elaborate on the xanthine content in chocolate 24) Chocolate has a smaller amount of caffeine in it than coffee, but a larger amount than tea.

.

11–5

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.3 Elaborate on the xanthine content in chocolate 25) The majority of the caffeine in caffeinated cola drinks is added during the manufacturing of the product. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.4 Examine the caffeine content of soft drinks 26) The average Canadian consumes as many soft drinks annually as does the average American. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.4 Examine the caffeine content of soft drinks 27) Caffeinated medications frequently have caffeine levels equivalent to four or five cups of coffee. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.5 Recount the availability of caffeine in over-the-counter (OTC) drugs and in other products 28) When ingested orally, caffeine is absorbed within five minutes. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 29) The immediate “buzz” one gets after drinking coffee is due to the caffeine content.

.

11–6

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 30) Nonsmokers eliminate caffeine faster than smokers. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 31) Smokers, on average, experience the effects of caffeine for a longer period of time than do nonsmokers. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 32) Caffeine has a bronchodilating effect on air passages. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 33) Xanthines inhibit the neurotransmitter adenosine. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 34) The major effect of caffeine is to excite neuronal activity in the brain. a. True b. False

.

11–7

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 35) In a recent study of possible performance-enhancing effects among competitive cyclists, it was found that caffeine administration increased their performance during timed trials overall, but the effect was greater when the cyclists were (falsely) informed that they had not ingested it. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 36) People who are engaged in boring, repetitive tasks find that caffeine improves their performance. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 37) Caffeine can sober up a person who is drunk. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 38) The ingestion of highly caffeinated energy drinks as mixers with alcohol will reduce alcohol intoxication. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 39) The combination of alcohol and highly caffeinated energy drinks reduces a person’s perception of intoxication, leading them to believe that they are more in control than they really are.

.

11–8

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 40) Recent studies indicate that caffeine reduces the risk of Parkinson’s disease in men. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 41) In most recent studies, caffeine has been found to significantly increase one’s risk of a heart attack. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 42) Caffeine consumption has not been linked to an increased risk of osteoporosis. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 43) Recent studies show a link between caffeine and fibrocystic lesions in breasts. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption

.

11–9

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

44) Recent studies have shown that individuals break down caffeine at different speeds depending on their particular sequence of related genes. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 45) Low birth weight in the newborn has been associated with caffeine consumption of the mother during the first three months of pregnancy. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 46) Health Canada advises that women should consume less than 500 mg of caffeine per day during pregnancy. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 47) Increases in heart rate and blood pressure last more than 72 hours following an administration of caffeine. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 48) Symptoms of caffeine withdrawal include headache, irritability, and drowsiness. a. True b. False

.

11–10

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 49) There is substantial evidence that physical dependence develops from chronic caffeine consumption. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 50) Caffeinism is officially recognized as a psychological disorder by the American Psychiatric Association. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 51) The lethal dose of caffeine is roughly equivalent to between 50 and 100 cups of coffee. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.8 Report dependence, acute toxicity, and some medical applications of caffeine 52) The physiological and behavioural effects of caffeine are greater in children than in adults. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.9 Describe the effects of caffeine on children and adolescents

.

11–11

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

53) Soft-drink consumption and the substantial calorie intake associated with it have no significant adverse metabolic effects, and have not been found to result in obesity. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 11.9 Describe the effects of caffeine on children and adolescents 54) Moderate amounts of caffeine can act in a similar way to Ritalin in the treatment of attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 11.9 Describe the effects of caffeine on children and adolescents

Multiple-Choice Questions 1) _______ constitute the family of stimulant compounds in which caffeine belongs. a. Xanthines b. Theobromines c. Theophyllines d. Cocaine and amphetamine Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 2) Which of the following has the weakest stimulatory effect? a. Caffeine b. Theobromine c. Theophylline

.

11–12

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. Xanthines Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 3) Which of the following is NOT a natural source of caffeine? a. Tea b. Coffee c. Chocolate d. Sugar Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 4) The best way of describing caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline is to call them __________. a. CNS depressants b. trichloroethylenes c. xanthines d. theothixines Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 5) Analogy: Coffee is to caffeine as __________.

.

11–13

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. tea is to theophylline and caffeine b. chocolate is to coffee c. tea is to theobromine d. chocolate is to theophylline Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 6) The stimulating effect is approximately the same with equal amounts of __________. a. caffeine and theobromine b. caffeine and theophylline c. theobromine and theophylline d. caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 7) Analogy: Tea is to China as coffee is to __________. a. Indonesia b. the United States c. England d. Arabia Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC

.

11–14

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 8) The first recorded use of coffee beans came from __________. a. South Africa b. Indonesia c. Ceylon d. the Arab world Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 9) The first application of coffee beans was as __________. a. the basis for a good-tasting drink b. the basis for a good-tasting, paste-like dessert c. a stimulant d. a cosmetic to soften the skin Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 10) The “gin epidemic” in England is considered to have been moderated by the popularity of __________. a. coffee houses b. opium c. chocolate d. pharmacies that marketed xanthines

.

11–15

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 11) Coffee houses in eighteenth-century England were popular with __________. a. drunkards and prostitutes b. intellectuals c. women looking for an alternative to gin and other alcoholic beverages d. university students seeking a good time Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 12) During the 1700s, ____ helped moderate the widespread drunkenness in England. a. tea production b. coffee houses c. taverns d. none of the above Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 13) Coffee became the American national drink in the nineteenth century, especially after 1830, because __________. a. alcohol consumption was on the decline b. Presidents Jackson and Van Buren favoured coffee over any other beverage

.

11–16

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. the development of the American West encouraged sobriety among pioneers heading west d. the growing friction between North and South made coffee drinking necessary Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 14) The current per capita consumption of coffee in Canada __________. a. is the highest in the world b. ranks in the top 10 among countries in the world c. ranks below most European countries d. is equal to that of the United States Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 15) The major coffee franchise in Canada is __________. a. Starbucks b. Tim Hortons c. Dunkin’ Donuts d. Country Style Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines

.

11–17

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

16) Which one of the following nations is a major importer of coffee? a. Brazil b. Western Europe c. China d. United States Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 17) The original coffee bean plant, as far as Westerners are concerned, is called __________. a. Coffea arabica b. Coffea americana c. Coffea robusta d. Camellia sinensis Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 18) Approximately 80 percent of the world’s coffee comes from __________. a. Coffea arabica b. Coffea americana c. Coffea robusta d. Camellia sinensis Answer: a Diff: 3

.

11–18

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 19) Today, Coffea arabica is grown mostly in __________. a. Brazil and Columbia b. Vietnam and Brazil c. Indonesia and Vietnam d. Brazil and India Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 20) The phrase “a cup of java” comes from the fact that __________. a. Java means “caffeine” in Italian b. Java remains to this day the dominant source of coffee in the world c. Java was the original source for the robusta species of coffee bean d. Java is a word meaning “coffee” in Arabic Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 21) Robusta beans __________. a. are harsher than arabica beans b. are cheaper than arabica beans c. have twice the caffeine content as arabica beans d. all of the above

.

11–19

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 22) The caffeine content of a 148-mL (5-ounce) cup of coffee is in the neighbourhood of______ milligrams, with instant coffee having ______. a. 100; more b. 100; less c. 200; more d. 200; less Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 23) Typically, instant coffee contains about ____mg of caffeine per standard cup. a. 60 b. 70 c. 80 d. 100 Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 24) Strangely enough, xanthines act upon plants as a natural __________. a. intoxicant

.

11–20

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. extra-strength fertilizer c. agent for chlorophyll production d. insecticide Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 25) Xanthines increase levels of the chemical __________ in invertebrates, leading to overstimulation and death. a. octopamine b. dopamine c. serotonin d. norepinephrine Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 26) By the standard of historical records, the world’s oldest caffeine-containing beverage is __________. a. coffee b. tea c. cola drinks d. hot chocolate Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.2 Discuss the chemical composition of tea

.

11–21

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

27) Chinese records indicate that the discoverer of tea was the same individual who __________. a. discovered ephedrine and cocaine b. discovered ephedrine and marijuana c. sold ephedrine and opium to the British d. became dependent on ephedrine and chloral hydrate Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.2 Discuss the chemical composition of tea 28) The tea plant is referred to as __________. a. Coffea arabica b. Atropa belladonna c. Camellia sinensis d. Amanita muscaria Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.2 Discuss the chemical composition of tea 29) In the 1600s, drinking tea became a national pastime of the __________. a. Russians b. French c. Germans d. Americans Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

11–22

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 11.2 Discuss the chemical composition of tea 30) A 148-mL (5-ounce) cup of medium brewed tea contains approximately _____ milligrams of caffeine with a ________ amount of theophylline. a. 60; relatively larger b. 150; relatively larger c. 150; relatively smaller d. 60; relatively smaller Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.2 Discuss the chemical composition of tea 31) According to the textbook, which of the following has the highest caffeine content? a. Folger’s instant coffee b. Lipton’s green tea c. Twining’s English Breakfast tea d. Maxwell House instant coffee Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.2 Discuss the chemical composition of tea 32) A 148-mL (5-ounce) cup of medium brewed tea contains approximately _____ milligrams of caffeine. a. 60 b. 70 c. 80 d. 100 Answer: a

.

11–23

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.2 Discuss the chemical composition of tea 33) The xanthine(s) in tea include(s) __________. a. caffeine and theophylline b. caffeine c. caffeine and theobromine d. theophylline and theobromine Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.2 Discuss the chemical composition of tea 34) According to the text, polyphenols may help prevent __________. a. certain forms of cancer b. heart disease c. inflammatory disorders d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.2 Discuss the chemical composition of tea 35) Polyphenols are __________. a. plentiful in green tea and, to a lesser degree, black or pekoe tea b. extremely dangerous by-products of chocolate c. another name for xanthines d. similar to heroin, since they stimulate endorphin-sensitive receptors Answer: a .

11–24

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 11.2 Discuss the chemical composition of tea 36) Polyphenols are more plentiful in __________. a. black tea compared to green tea b. green tea compared to black tea c. instant coffee compared to black tea d. coffee compared to black tea Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.2 Discuss the chemical composition of tea 37) Polyphenols are lower in some types of tea because __________. a. of the type of plant they come from b. of when they are harvested c. of the fermentation process d. of the drying process Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.2 Discuss the chemical composition of tea 38) Analogy: Cocoa bean pods are to chocolate as coca leaves are to __________. a. cola b. caffeine c. theobromine d. cocaine Answer: d .

11–25

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Elaborate on the xanthine content in chocolate 39) Which of the following nations is a leading exporter of cocoa beans to North America? a. Mexico b. Indonesia c. South Africa d. Kenya Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Elaborate on the xanthine content in chocolate 40) The first European to be introduced to chocolate was __________. a. Hernando Cortés b. Christopher Columbus c. Sir Walter Raleigh d. Emperor Charles V of Spain Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Elaborate on the xanthine content in chocolate 41) The major difference between chocolate preparations made by Aztecs in 1500 and chocolate preparations made by Europeans shortly after being introduced to it, was the addition of __________. a. milk b. butterfat c. sugar

.

11–26

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. caffeine Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Elaborate on the xanthine content in chocolate 42) Chocolate liquor is made up of __________. a. melted cocoa butter b. milk and sugar c. melted milk chocolate d. sugar Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Elaborate on the xanthine content in chocolate 43) “Darker” chocolates are defined by higher levels of __________ than less “dark” varieties. a. cocoa liquor b. milk c. sugar d. cocoa butter Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Elaborate on the xanthine content in chocolate 44) Milk chocolate is made by combining __________. a. cocoa butter, cocoa liquor, milk, sugar, and vanilla b. cocoa butter with milk, sugar, and vanilla

.

11–27

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. baking chocolate with water d. cocoa liquor with coffee beans Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Elaborate on the xanthine content in chocolate 45) Cocoa butter can separate from a milk chocolate mixture __________. a. as it goes rancid (spoils) b. as it gets sweeter c. but it is safe to eat d. and turn back into baking chocolate Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Elaborate on the xanthine content in chocolate 46) Together, the Hershey Company and Mars Incorporated make up __________ of domestic chocolate sales in Canada. a. 55 percent b. 65 percent c. 75 percent d. 85 percent Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Elaborate on the xanthine content in chocolate 47) The nation having the highest per capita chocolate consumption is __________. a. France

.

11–28

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. Canada c. Switzerland d. the United States Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Elaborate on the xanthine content in chocolate 48) A 28-gram (one-ounce) piece of milk chocolate contains about ____ milligrams of caffeine and 40 milligrams of ______. a. 4; theophylline b. 6–8; theobromine c. 6–8; theophylline d. 10; theobromine Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Elaborate on the xanthine content in chocolate 49) The total xanthine content of a 28-gram (one-ounce) piece of chocolate is roughly equivalent to __________. a. a 148-mL (5-ounce) cup of instant coffee b. a 148-mL (5-ounce) of medium brewed tea c. a 355-mL (12-ounce) can of Coca-Cola d. 10 milligrams of caffeine Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Elaborate on the xanthine content in chocolate

.

11–29

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

50) The major component of cocoa butter is a fatty acid called __________. a. stearic acid b. acetic acid c. gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) d. maleic acid Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Elaborate on the xanthine content in chocolate 51) Potentially beneficial antioxidants in chocolate are called __________. a. polyphenols b. flavanoids c. xanthines d. carotenoids Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Elaborate on the xanthine content in chocolate 52) Assuming that you only had one product, what did you likely eat or drink if you consumed 5 times as much theobromine as caffeine? a. a piece of chocolate b. a cup of tea c. a cup of coffee d. a can of Coke Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Elaborate on the xanthine content in chocolate

.

11–30

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

53) Assuming that you only had one product, what did you likely eat or drink if you consumed 5 times as much theobromine as caffeine? a. a piece of chocolate b. a cup of tea c. a cup of coffee d. a can of Coke Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Elaborate on the xanthine content in chocolate 54) Caffeine in caffeinated soft drinks is __________. a. a by-product of the coca in these beverages b. removed from the product during manufacturing c. primarily added by the manufacturer during production d. mixed with theobromine and theophylline Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.4 Examine the caffeine content of soft drinks 55) An example of a caffeinated noncola soft drink is __________. a. Mountain Dew b. Sprite c. Diet Coke d. all of the above Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC

.

11–31

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 11.4 Examine the caffeine content of soft drinks 56) ______ is the nation with the world’s highest per capita consumption of soft drinks. a. The United States b. England c. France d. Canada Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.4 Examine the caffeine content of soft drinks 57) The fastest-growing segment of the soft drink market has been __________. a. major cola brands, such as Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola b. highly caffeinated soft-drinks, such as Red Bull and Monster Energy c. noncaffeinated soft drinks in general d. beverages, such as Sprite and 7-Up Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 11.4 Examine the caffeine content of soft drinks 58) Over-the-counter caffeine medications sold as stimulants contain caffeine levels roughly equivalent to __________. a. three to four cups of regular coffee b. four to six cups of regular coffee c. one-third cup to two cups of regular coffee d. one-eighth to one-fourth cup of regular coffee Answer: c Diff: 3

.

11–32

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 11.5 Recount the availability of caffeine in over-the-counter (OTC) drugs and in other products 59) Caffeine from a cup of coffee or tea is absorbed __________. a. almost immediately upon drinking the beverage b. 5 to 10 minutes after drinking c. 30 to 60 minutes after drinking d. 1 to 2 hours after drinking Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 60) Three to seven hours after drinking coffee, __________. a. approximately half of it still remains in the bloodstream b. blood pressure decreases c. caffeine is eliminated from the body d. pupils in the eyes dilate Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 61) Caffeine levels peak in the bloodstream in __ hour(s), and reactions in the central nervous system peak in about __ hour(s). a. two; one b. one; two c. three; seven d. seven; three

.

11–33

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 62) Women in late stages of pregnancy eliminate caffeine from their systems __________. a. more quickly than normal b. more slowly than normal c. more erratically than normal d. no differently from normal Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 63) Smokers eliminate caffeine ____ percent faster than nonsmokers. a. 25 b. 32 c. 68 d. 100 Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 64) According to the text, caffeine is a(n) _________ inhibitor. a. adenosine b. serotonin c. theophylline d. acetylcholine

.

11–34

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 65) Adenosine is __________. a. a breakdown product from caffeine metabolism b. an inhibitory neurotransmitter c. a neurotransmitter stimulated by caffeine d. a component of some bronchial dilators Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 66) Adenosine produces all of the following effects except __________. a. lowered heart rate b. sleepiness c. slowing down of the body’s reaction to stress d. dilation of bronchial passageways Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 67) Adenosine is a(n) _________ neurotransmitter. a. inhibitory b. excitatory c. stimulant-acting d. toxic .

11–35

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 68) In effect, xanthines produce effects that __________. a. are the same as the effects of adenosine b. are the opposite of the effects of adenosine c. result in widespread CNS depression d. are consistent with benzodiazepines Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 69) Theophylline is a preferred antiasthma medication to caffeine because __________. a. it has a stronger bronchodilating effect b. it can be prescribed at higher doses c. the side effect of “jitteriness” is more pronounced d. people react better to tea as medication than to coffee Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 70) The effects of caffeine on the brain begin at the level of the__________. a. cerebellum b. medulla c. cerebral cortex d. limbic system .

11–36

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 71) The most striking cases in which caffeine improves performance are in tasks __________. a. that are exciting and challenging b. taken on in the morning c. that involve verbal skills d. that are boring and repetitive Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 72) Typical doses of caffeine can sometimes be disruptive to users __________. a. in tasks that are perceived as boring b. in tasks that involve a quick response to visual signals c. in tasks that require motor coordination d. who are already fatigued Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 73) Tony has been drinking heavily at the bar and is drunk. Before going home, his friends give him a big cup of strong black coffee. After drinking the coffee, Tony can expect __________. a. to get sober faster

.

11–37

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. the behavioural effects of alcohol to possibly worsen c. to perform decision-making tasks effectively d. to have increased motor coordination Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 74) Which mechanism likely explains increased anxiety with high doses of caffeine? a. excitation of the CNS b. activation of adenosine A2 receptors c. increased glutamate release d. increased motor activity Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.6 Evaluate how caffeine works as a drug 75) In general, what is NOT related to the ingestion of caffeine? a. The formation of fibrocystic lesions in the breast b. The risk of cardiovascular disease c. The risk of osteoporosis d. Performance of boring or repetitive tasks Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption

.

11–38

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

76) Recently, caffeine consumption in men has been linked to a lower risk of developing __________. a. Parkinson’s disease b. cardiovascular disease c. osteoporosis d. Alzheimer’s disease Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 77) An increased risk of cardiovascular disease due to caffeine consumption is more likely __________. a. when consumption occurs in the morning b. when consumption occurs in late evening c. when consumption levels are very high d. when consumption occurs on an irregular schedule Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 78) It is possible that research linking caffeine to heart disease in heavy coffee drinkers may actually not be due to caffeine, but rather due to __________. a. alcohol b. cigarette smoking c. sugar d. unfiltered water Answer: b

.

11–39

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 79) Caffeine’s effect on the urinary excretion of calcium increases the risk of __________. a. problems in digesting milk products b. cardiovascular problems in the elderly c. hypoglycemia in marginal diabetic patients d. osteoporosis in the elderly Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 80) Hip fractures among the elderly increase in frequency as a result of __________. a. caffeine intake from coffee b. caffeine intake from tea c. caffeine intake from coffee or tea d. the intake of caffeinated and noncaffeinated beverages Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 81) Fibrocystic lesions are __________. a. benign lumps in the breasts b. irregularities in the air sacs in the lungs c. cancerous growths in the mouth and throat

.

11–40

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. signs of early Alzheimer’s disease Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 82) Based upon current research, there is no association between caffeine and __________. a. the appearance of fibrocystic lesions b. the development of infertility in women c. osteoporosis d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 83) Currently, caffeine consumption is suspected to be linked to __________. a. infertility b. infertility and low birth weight c. low birth weight and miscarriage d. irritable bowel syndrome Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption

.

11–41

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

84) The elimination half-life of caffeine in newborns is longer than that adults because __________. a. newborns lack the enzyme that breaks down caffeine b. newborns were never exposed to caffeine before c. newborns have higher than normal heart rates d. newborns are born with traces of caffeine already in their systems Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 85) The clearest example of tolerance to the effect of caffeine is observed with respect to __________. a. behavioural responses b. cardiovascular responses c. psychological responses d. social responses Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 86) Tolerance to caffeine can generally be observed in terms of __________. a. muscular rigidity b. cancerous tumours c. cardiovascular changes d. EEG changes Answer: c Diff: 3

.

11–42

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 87) Tolerance effects for caffeine can be observed with dosage levels as low as 100 milligrams when __________. a. the coffee drinkers are elderly b. the coffee drinkers are younger than 21 c. the coffee drinkers are in the laboratory d. coffee drinkers are studied as opposed to tea drinkers Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 88) All of the following effects are observed as a result of caffeine withdrawal, EXCEPT for __________. a. impaired concentration b. irritability c. headaches d. a tingling in the fingers Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 89) Headaches caused by caffeine withdrawal occur due to __________. a. an increase in heart rate b. an increase in blood flow to the head c. an increase in spinal cord sensitivity

.

11–43

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. increased pressure on the optic nerve Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 90) Which of the following is NOT a symptom of caffeinism? a. agitation b. heart palpitations c. nausea d. constipation Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 91) While it may be observed at a lower dose level, caffeinism is most frequently observed with a dosage of __________. a. 100 milligrams b. 500 milligrams c. 800 micrograms d. 1000 milligrams Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption

.

11–44

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

92) The adult lethal dose of caffeine is equivalent to __________ cups of caffeinated coffee. a. 5 to 10 b. 10 to 20 c. 50 to 100 d. 100 to 200 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.8 Report dependence, acute toxicity, and some medical applications of caffeine 93) The DSM-5 recognizes caffeinism-like symptoms under this term: __________. a. caffeine abuse b. caffeine intoxication c. caffeine dependence d. caffeinism disorder Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.8 Report dependence, acute toxicity, and some medical applications of caffeine 94) The lowest dose of caffeine on record that has been fatal in an adult human is __________. a. 1000 mg b. 2800 mg c. 3200 mg d. 5000 mg Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

11–45

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 11.8 Report dependence, acute toxicity, and some medical applications of caffeine 95) The lethal dose for caffeine in the adult ranges from __________. a. 500 to 1000 milligrams b. 5000 to 10 000 milligrams c. 1000 to 2000 milligrams d. 25 000 to 50 000 milligrams Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.8 Report dependence, acute toxicity, and some medical applications of caffeine 96) Xanthine-based medications are effective in treating asthma because __________. a. they reduce blood pressure in blood vessels of the chest b. they increase absorption of oxygen by air sacs in the lungs c. they dilate bronchial passageways d. they increase the power of the diaphragm so that the patient can breathe more deeply Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.8 Report dependence, acute toxicity, and some medical applications of caffeine 97) Some antiasthma medications contain a combination of theophylline and __________. a. a drug that prevents xanthine overdoses b. a compound that helps theophylline absorption c. a compound that boosts theophylline’s effects synergistically d. a colour additive that helps prevent mistaking the medication for common aspirin Answer: b Diff: 2

.

11–46

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 11.8 Report dependence, acute toxicity, and some medical applications of caffeine 98) Theophylline is used as a treatment for__________. a. asthma b. congestive heart disease c. panic attacks d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.8 Report dependence, acute toxicity, and some medical applications of caffeine 99) What cluster of symptoms best describes caffeine withdrawal? a. headache, craving, agitation b. insomnia, impaired concentration, irritability c. lethargy, caffeinism, muscle aches d. agitation, headache, impaired concentration Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.8 Report dependence, acute toxicity, and some medical applications of caffeine 101) _________ in young people is about one-half to two-thirds that of an adult, leading to an increased impact of caffeine. a. Intelligence b. Body weight c. Absorption d. Caffeine elimination Answer: b

.

11–47

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.9 Describe the effects of caffeine on children and adolescents 102) The drinking of caffeinated beverages by young people can result in deficient levels of __________. a. calcium and phosphorus b. endorphins in the brain c. acetylcholine in the muscles d. increased drowsiness Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 11.9 Describe the effects of caffeine on children and adolescents 103) Soft-drink consumption and the substantial caloric intake associated with it causes __________. a. adverse metabolic effects b. obesity c. increased risk of Type 2 diabetes d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 11.9 Describe the effects of caffeine on children and adolescents 104) Caffeine consumption in young people can aid in the treatment of __________. a. attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder b. autism c. panic attacks d. calcium deficiency

.

11–48

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.9 Describe the effects of caffeine on children and adolescents

Essay Questions 1) Distinguish the natural sources of the major xanthines: caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline.

LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 2) Contrast Coffea arabica with Coffea robusta. Why are robusta beans more commonly found in commercial coffees?

LO: 11.1 Express the components of coffee as the compounds included in the family of xanthines 3) Describe the major steps that are taken to produce modern-day chocolate from raw cocoa beans.

LO: 11.3 Elaborate on the xanthine content in chocolate 4) Discuss the chemical content in tea.

LO: 11.2 Discuss the chemical composition of tea 5) Discuss our present understanding regarding the health risks associated with caffeine consumption.

LO: 11.7 Report the health benefits of caffeine consumption; Report the adverse health effects of caffeine consumption 6) To what extent does chronic caffeine consumption produce physical dependence?

LO: 11.8 Report dependence, acute toxicity, and some medical applications of caffeine

.

11–49

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

7) What are some of the major concerns with the consumption of caffeine by young people?

LO: 11.9 Describe the effects of caffeine on children and adolescents

.

11–50

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

CHAPTER 12 PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING DRUGS AND DRUG TESTING IN SPORTS True or False Questions 1) Greek athletes took LSD to help them in the earliest Olympic Games (around 300 B.C.E.). a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.2 Recount the history of performance-enhancing drugs in sports 2) Anabolic steroid drugs alter both the behaviour and physical body of the user. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 3) The effect that promotes the development of protein and increases muscle tissue is known as androgenic. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 4) Anabolic steroids are actually anabolic-androgenic steroids. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 5) Anabolic steroids do not cause androgenic effects. a. True

.

12–1

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: b LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 6) All anabolic steroids are based upon alterations of the testosterone molecule. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 7) Adrenocortical steroids are ergogenic in the same sense as anabolic steroids. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 8) Anabolic steroids have the same legal status in Canada and the United States. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 9) Anabolic-androgenic steroids are the most common drug seized by Canadian Border Services. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 10) It is legal to possess anabolic steroids in Canada. a. True b. False Answer: a

.

12–2

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 11) The androgen receptor is a type of nuclear receptor. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 12) Steroid use was completely out in the open during the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.2 Recount the history of performance-enhancing drugs in sports 13) Steroid use was largely limited to athletes in strength events until the mid-1990s. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.2 Recount the history of performance-enhancing drugs in sports 14) Beginning in 2000, athletes competing in the Olympic Games recited an oath not to use drugs in the competition. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.2 Recount the history of performance-enhancing drugs in sports 15) In 2004, the World Anti-Doping Code was created as an agreed-upon list of prohibited performance-enhancing drugs and performance-enhancing methods in international sports competitions, testing procedures for their use, and specific penalties for violations. a. True b. False

.

12–3

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a LO: 12.2 Recount the history of performance-enhancing drugs in sports 16) Random drug testing does not occur in the National Hockey League (NHL). a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.2 Recount the history of performance-enhancing drugs in sports 17) In the condition called gynecomastia, male breasts enlarge. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 18) Priapism is a form of drug-related impotence. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 19) Severe acne, especially on the shoulders and back, is one of the side effects of steroid abuse. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 20) Some athletes use HCG to counter the undesirable effects of anabolic steroids. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse

.

12–4

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

21) A lower voice is one of the reversible side effects of steroid abuse among female athletes. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 22) One of the beneficial applications of anabolic steroids is to help reduce the severity of symptoms resulting from liver cancer. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 23) “’Roid rage” refers to the aggressiveness and mood swings among steroid users. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 24) Anabolic steroids tend to stimulate growth hormone, producing great height when taken during adolescence. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 25) Anabolic steroids increase strength in adolescents, but stunt overall body growth. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse

.

12–5

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

26) The practice of taking any steroid that is available is known as stacking. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 27) The practice of taking steroids for weeks at a time with periods of abstinence is known as cycling. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 28) When abusers abstain from anabolic steroid use, signs of depression are likely to develop. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 29) Muscle dysmorphia is a kind of reverse anorexia, where the sufferer thinks that his or her musculature is less developed than it really is. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 30) Research has shown that prevention programs such as ATLAS are not effective among adolescents under the age of 17. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.4 Analyze the patterns of steroid abuse and the problems associated with it

.

12–6

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

31) Athletes are more resistant to placebo effects than nonathletes because they are more attuned to their bodies. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.4 Analyze the patterns of steroid abuse and the problems associated with it 32) Human growth hormone (hGH) acts as an antagonist to more anabolic steroids. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.5 Describe some of the other performance-enhancing nonsteroid hormones and performance-enhancing aids 33) An increased risk of acromegaly is an unfortunate side effect of hGH. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.5 Describe some of the other performance-enhancing nonsteroid hormones and performance-enhancing aids 34) Androstenedione can be converted to testosterone by the liver. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.5 Describe some of the other performance-enhancing nonsteroid hormones and performance-enhancing aids 35) Androstenedione and creatine are examples of dietary supplements rather than anabolic steroids. a. True b. False Answer: a

.

12–7

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 12.5 Describe some of the other performance-enhancing nonsteroid hormones and performance-enhancing aids 36) Short-term use of creatine has been found to produce muscle cramping. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.5 Describe some of the other performance-enhancing nonsteroid hormones and performance-enhancing aids 37) EIA is the only testing procedure that can screen for anabolic steroids. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 38) GC/MS is simpler and less expensive than EIA as a drug test. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 39) False positives occur with the EIA test but not with the GC/MS test. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 40) Passive inhalation of marijuana smoke can result in a false-positive indication of marijuana use on a drug screening test. a. True b. False Answer: a

.

12–8

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 41) A substantial likelihood of yielding a false-positive result is an indication that test specificity is low. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 42) If the interval between use and testing is long and the elimination half-life is long, urinalysis can sometimes produce a positive result where oral fluid testing would not. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 43) Recent surveys indicate a decreasing concern among male adolescents about the appearance of their bodies. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 12.7 Recognize intense social pressure as being the major reason for the use of performance-enhancing drugs

Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Records of psychoactive drug use in athletic competitions date back to __________. a. Neolithic times, from the evidence of cave paintings b. 1500 B.C.E., from an Egyptian hieroglyphic document describing annual harvest celebrations c. 300 B.C.E., during the first Olympic Games d. 1886, during an international cross-country bicycle race

.

12–9

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC Page Reference: 295 2) At the Olympic Games in Greece in 300 B.C.E., athletes ____ to enhance their performance. a. used amphetamines b. snorted cocaine c. ate hallucinogenic mushrooms d. drank caffeinated beverages Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.2 Recount the history of performance-enhancing drugs in sports 3) By 1900, athletes had experimented with the effects of __________ on performance. a. cocaine b. alcohol c. caffeine d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.2 Recount the history of performance-enhancing drugs in sports 4) In 1886, a Welsh cyclist died while competing in a cross-country race due to ingestion of a combination of morphine and cocaine called a __________. a. “hardball” b. “speedball” c. “curveball”

.

12–10

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. “golfball” Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 12.2 Recount the history of performance-enhancing drugs in sports 5) The first drug-related death ever recorded in sports occurred in __________. a. 300 B.C.E. b. 1886 c. 1904 d. 1930 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.2 Recount the history of performance-enhancing drugs in sports 6) The first use of anabolic steroids was in the treatment of __________. a. anemia b. insomnia and agitation c. schizophrenic symptoms d. hypertension Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.2 Recount the history of performance-enhancing drugs in sports 7) Anabolic steroid drugs are patterned after __________. a. estrogen b. testosterone c. endorphins .

12–11

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. amino acids Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 12.2 Recount the history of performance-enhancing drugs in sports 8) Any substance that enhances the performance of some task is called __________. a. androgenic b. anabolic c. adrenocortical d. ergogenic Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 9) The two primary effects testosterone has on the human body are _______and ________. a. androgenic; anabolic b. androgenic; adrenocortical c. adrenocortical; anabolic d. anabolic; stanozolol Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 10) Androgenic literally means __________. a. muscle-increasing b. man-producing

.

12–12

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. gender-changing d. sex-enhancing Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 11) Anabolic literally means __________. a. muscle-increasing b. strength-inducing c. upward-changing d. work-improving Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 12) Analogy: _______ is to increase in body hair as ______ is to increase in muscle tissue. a. ergogenic; anabolic b. anabolic; ergogenic c. androgenic; anabolic d. anabolic; androgenic Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 13) Anabolic-androgenic steroids will have androgenic effects due to __________. a. the masculinizing effects of testosterone

.

12–13

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. the ergogenic effects of testosterone c. the reduction in cortical mass d. both A and B Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 14) The aim of ergogenic steroids is to __________. a. emphasize anabolic effects and de-emphasize androgenic effects b. emphasize androgenic effects and de-emphasize anabolic effects c. emphasize both anabolic and androgenic effects d. de-emphasize both anabolic and androgenic effects Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 15) Anabolic-androgenic steroids are based on the molecule __________. a. estrogen b. amphetamine c. testosterone d. glucocorticoid Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 16) What is the legal status of anabolic steroids in Canada? a. It is legal to possess steroids but illegal to sell or import them into Canada. .

12–14

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. It is illegal to possess steroids without a prescription as well as to sell or import them into Canada. c. It is illegal to possess steroids but legal to sell or import them into Canada. d. It is legal to possess steroids as well as to sell or import them into Canada.

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 17) In Canada, anabolic steroids are classified as a _______ drug under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. a. Schedule I b. Schedule II c. Schedule III d. Schedule IV Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 18) Available anabolic steroids are administered __________. a. orally b. through intramuscular injection c. through transdermal patch d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work

.

12–15

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

19) When activated, androgen receptors exert their effects by __________. a. causing the release of GABA b. altering gene expression c. blocking an ion channel d. causing the release of testosterone Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 20) Analogy: Upward-changing is to anabolic as downward-changing is to__________. a. androgenic b. super-anabolic c. depressant d. catabolic Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 21) Adrenocortical steroids tend to __________. a. strengthen muscles b. weaken muscles c. increase muscle tissue d. promote protein development Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work

.

12–16

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

22) Adrenocortical steroids __________. a. can have catabolic effects b. reduce inflammation c. can lead to muscle atrophy over long-term use d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 23) How do anabolic steroids work? a. They activate steroid receptors which increases protein expression. b. They activate nuclear receptors which then alters gene expression. c. They activate androgen receptors which causes hormone secretion from the adrenal gland. d. They activate GABAA receptors which leads to transcriptional changes in the DNA. Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 24) Eastern European women athletes in the 1960s and 1970s were frequently accused of being __________. a. men disguised as women b. results of genetic mutations c. bred for athletic prowess d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

12–17

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 12.2 Recount the history of performance-enhancing drugs in sports 25) From 1975 to 1985, what country ran official programs for administering anabolic steroids to competitive swimmers? a. East Germany b. Japan c. United States d. Romania Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.2 Recount the history of performance-enhancing drugs in sports 26) A specific phrase (“committing ourselves to a sport without doping and without drugs”) was inserted into the Olympic Oath __________. a. in 300 B.C.E. b. beginning with the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games c. at the beginning of the modern Olympic Games era in 1896 d. in 1984, after the first recorded use of anabolic steroids by an athlete Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 12.2 Recount the history of performance-enhancing drugs in sports–299 27) In 2004, the World Anti-Doping Code was created as an agreed upon list that __________. a. set a standard list of banned drugs b. established systems to test for specific drug use c. identifies penalties for drug users d. all of the above

.

12–18

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.2 Recount the history of performance-enhancing drugs in sports 28) Lance Armstrong was banned from cycling for life and stripped of his titles in __________ for using performance enhancing drugs. a. 2000 b. 2004 c. 2009 d. 2012 Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.2 Recount the history of performance-enhancing drugs in sports 29) Which of the following athletic organizations does NOT conduct testing for steroids? a. Major League Baseball b. National Football League c. National Hockey League d. All of the above organizations conduct steroid testing.

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.2 Recount the history of performance-enhancing drugs in sports 30) To date, it has been reported that __________ were (was) caught using performance enhancing drugs from 2005–2012 in the National Hockey League (NHL). a. 0 players b. 1 player c. about 10 players

.

12–19

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. more than 50 players Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 12.2 Recount the history of performance-enhancing drugs in sports 31) Which sporting organization invokes the most severe penalties for use of performance enhancing drugs? a. National Hockey League b. Major League Baseball c. Tour de France d. International Olympic Committee Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 12.2 Recount the history of performance-enhancing drugs in sports 32) As a result of the presence of anabolic steroids in male users, __________. a. testosterone secretions increase b. testicles shrink c. the voice becomes higher in pitch d. acquired sterility is irreversible Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 33) Ironically, as a result of anabolic steroid use increasing testosterone levels, __________. a. the testes stop producing testosterone

.

12–20

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. sperm count decreases c. the testicles shrink d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 34) Gynecomastia refers to __________. a. the enlargement of breasts b. the development of female genitalia c. the loss of facial hair d. profound sterility Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 35) Analogy: Gynecomastia is to breast as priapism is to __________. a. men b. penis c. prostate gland d. hair Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 36) Anabolic steroids produce all of the following effects except __________. a. loss of facial hair .

12–21

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. severe acne c. baldness d. increased sebaceous gland activity Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 37) HCG is sometimes used in an attempt __________. a. to increase the potency of anabolic steroids b. to counter the undesirable effects of anabolic steroids c. to diagnose the presence of anabolic steroids d. to increase body strength by reducing the functioning of the testes Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 38) For most athletes, HCG makes matters worse rather than better because __________. a. HCG is often mixed with other drugs, which dilute the potency of the HCG b. the dosages must be controlled carefully, and most athletes fail to do that c. HCG only works for women d. all of the above Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 39) Adverse effects of HCG include __________. a. headaches .

12–22

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. retention of fluids c. depression d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 40) Which of the following effects of anabolic steroids on women is NOT reversible? a. Increased acne b. Increased sexual drive c. Increased facial hair d. Stopped menstruation Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 41) One of the documented health hazards from chronic use of anabolic steroids is the development of __________. a. cardiovascular difficulties b. liver tumours c. heart attacks d. increased facial scarring Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 42) According to the text, which of the following are symptoms of “’roid rage”?

.

12–23

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. Increased aggressiveness and mood swings b. High blood pressure c. Uncontrollable desire for another “steroid fix” d. Cardiovascular difficulties Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 43) According to the text, a study on anabolic steroid use and psychological problems found that __________. a. testosterone increased manic behaviour and feelings of aggressiveness, but individual reactions varied b. testosterone decreased manic behaviour and increased feelings of aggressiveness c. anabolic steroid use did not affect testosterone levels d. whether or not the testosterone produced aggressive behaviour depended on the timing of the drug use Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 44) One of the adverse effects of anabolic steroids among adolescent males is __________. a. excessive muscular development b. a higher pitched voice c. a misshapen head d. a stunting of overall body growth Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC

.

12–24

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 45) Overall body growth is stunted in steroid-abusing adolescents __________. a. because growth hormone is suppressed b. as is muscular development c. while the onset of puberty in girls is earlier than usual d. while the growth in height is frequently accelerated Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 46) Stacking refers to __________. a. the taking of anabolic steroids in combination with adrenocorticoid steroids b. the use of multiple anabolic steroids c. the timing of taking anabolic steroids just prior to and just subsequent to an important athletic competition d. a specific weight-training program widely considered to be a substitute for anabolic steroids Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.4 Analyze the patterns of steroid abuse and the problems associated with it 47) Robert took a combination of two anabolic steroid pills and an injectable form of another anabolic steroid. This practice is known as __________. a. cycling b. stacking c. doubling up d. streamlining

.

12–25

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 12.4 Analyze the patterns of steroid abuse and the problems associated with it 48) Martin began a routine of injecting anabolic steroids for six weeks. He then would abstain for one week, and thereafter repeat the process of six weeks on and one week off.

This practice is known as __________. a. shotgunning b. stacking c. cycling d. streamlining Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 12.4 Analyze the patterns of steroid abuse and the problems associated with it 49) Among steroid abusers, “shotgunning” refers to __________. a. combining different types of steroids b. taking any steroid that is available c. injecting steroids into the buttocks d. taking a periodic “break” from steroids Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.4 Analyze the patterns of steroid abuse and the problems associated with it 50) A variation of cycling is __________. a. stacking b. shotgunning c. pyramiding

.

12–26

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. streamlining Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 12.4 Analyze the patterns of steroid abuse and the problems associated with it 51) Jake has been training to run in a marathon. He started taking anabolic steroids in January. By February, he doubled his initial dose and by March, he tripled it. Three weeks before the marathon, Jake stopped using anabolic drugs. This procedure is known as __________. a. stacking b. pyramiding c. shotgunning d. tapering Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 12.4 Analyze the patterns of steroid abuse and the problems associated with it 52) In a condition called muscle dysmorphia, the steroid abuser __________. a. sees his or her body as extremely beautiful b. sees his or her body as taller than it is c. sees his or her body as weaker than it is d. sees his or her body as overly fat Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.4 Analyze the patterns of steroid abuse and the problems associated with it 53) In an Internet survey, about one in four weightlifters and bodybuilders using steroids have reported that __________.

.

12–27

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. they were taking larger amounts of steroids over a longer period of time b. they needed increased amounts of steroids to achieve the desired effect c. they experienced physical or emotional problems when steroids were discontinued d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 12.4 Analyze the patterns of steroid abuse and the problems associated with it 54) The Adolescents Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids (ATLAS) program informs young athletes, team coaches, and team captains about __________. a. the desirable effects of steroid use b. the adverse effects of steroid use c. both A and B d. neither A nor B Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.4 Analyze the patterns of steroid abuse and the problems associated with it 55) Symptoms of steroid abuse in both men and women include __________. a. reddening of the face, neck, and upper chest b. enlargement of the breasts c. increased sexual desire d. a lowering of the vocal range Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 12.4 Analyze the patterns of steroid abuse and the problems associated with it

.

12–28

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

56) Superstitious people, eager to see results, are particularly open to the effects of __________. a. adulterated drugs b. drugs that are offered by strangers c. placebos d. hormone-related substances Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 12.4 Analyze the patterns of steroid abuse and the problems associated with it 57) Acromegaly is one of the side effects of __________. a. anabolic steroids b. human growth hormone c. human chorionic gonadotropin d. testosterone-based medications Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 12.5 Describe some of the other performance-enhancing nonsteroid hormones and performance-enhancing aids 58) According to the text, human growth hormone (hGH) has become very popular due to __________. a. its wide availability and low cost b. the fact that hGH is legal c. hGH having no dangerous side effects d. advertising campaigns against steroid use Answer: a Diff: 2

.

12–29

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 12.5 Describe some of the other performance-enhancing nonsteroid hormones and performance-enhancing aids 59) More than 40 studies of hGH in healthy athletes, conducted between 1966 to 2007, reveal that hGH __________. a. increases lean body mass but does not raise levels of strength or endurance b. increases lean body mass and raises levels of strength or endurance c. raises level of strength and endurance but does not increase lean body mass d. does not increase lean body mass or levels of strength or endurance Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 12.5 Describe some of the other performance-enhancing nonsteroid hormones and performance-enhancing aids 60) Human growth hormone users are more likely than nonusers to develop __________. a. joint pain b. carpal tunnel syndrome c. increased levels of strength and endurance d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.5 Describe some of the other performance-enhancing nonsteroid hormones and performance-enhancing aids 61) It has been suggested that reports by athletes that hGH helped increase their athletic performance are probably due to __________. a. increased strength b. increased endurance c. a placebo effect

.

12–30

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. decrease in fatigue Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.5 Describe some of the other performance-enhancing nonsteroid hormones and performance-enhancing aids 62) Because hGH has a relatively short half-life, athletes are tested positive only if the drug had been injected in the previous __________. a. 5 hours b. 12 to 24 hours c. 3 days d. week Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.5 Describe some of the other performance-enhancing nonsteroid hormones and performance-enhancing aids 63) Two dietary supplements with presumed performance-enhancing effects are __________. a. androstenedione and creatine b. gingko biloba and ginseng c. androzol and creozol d. hGH and cortisone Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 12.5 Describe some of the other performance-enhancing nonsteroid hormones and performance-enhancing aids

.

12–31

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

64) The compound that baseball player Mark McGwire took during his 1998 season with 70 home runs was __________. a. Danazol b. cortisone c. androstenedione d. hGH Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 12.5 Describe some of the other performance-enhancing nonsteroid hormones and performance-enhancing aids 65) Creatine is a(n) __________. a. anabolic steroid b. nonprotein based amino acid c. protein d. endocrine hormone Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.5 Describe some of the other performance-enhancing nonsteroid hormones and performance-enhancing aids 66) According to guidelines established by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), drug tests are administered to detect the presence of __________. a. anabolic steroids b. ergogenic drugs of many types c. marijuana d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2

.

12–32

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 67) An advantage to urine testing is that __________. a. positive samples can be stored in case results are disputed b. urine collection is not considered as humiliating as other means of drug testing c. it is very difficult to tamper with the urine sample d. both A and B Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 68) One of the problems with urine testing is that __________. a. metabolites cannot remain stable in frozen urine b. it is technically an invasive procedure c. results can be tampered with d. positive samples cannot be stored for long periods of time Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 69) With both EIA and GC/MS, the urine is divided into two samples so that __________. a. one sample can be used to test for licit drugs while the other sample can be used to test for illicit drugs b. a positive result can be reanalyzed using the second sample c. two separate labs can analyze the sample d. both A and C

.

12–33

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 70) Among urinalysis techniques, __________. a. EMIT is a brand name for an EIA testing kit b. EIA is a brand name for an EMIT testing kit c. EIA is a specific form of GC/MS d. GC/MS testing is often sold as an EMIT kit Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 71) Which of the following is TRUE regarding the two major urinalysis methods? a. EIA is more sensitive than GC/MS b. EIA is less time-consuming than GC/MS c. EIA is more expensive than GC/MS d. EIA can only test one urine sample at a time Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 72) Analogy: EMIT is to GC/MS as __________. a. sensitive is to less sensitive b. long-lasting is to longer-lasting c. long-lasting is to shorter-lasting d. sensitive is to more sensitive

.

12–34

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 73) The advantage of oral fluid testing over urinalysis is that oral fluid testing __________. a. can be done on site rather than in a lab b. involves less risk of tampering with the sample c. eliminates embarrassment and privacy concerns d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 74) Oral fluid testing can provide test results in approximately __________. a. 15 minutes b. 1 hour c. 1 day d. a few days Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 75) Ordinary use of ibuprofen can produce false-positive results in urinalysis tests for __________. a. marijuana b. opiates c. cocaine

.

12–35

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. most anabolic steroids Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 76) Poppy seed rolls can produce false-positive results in urinalysis tests for __________. a. marijuana b. opiates c. cocaine d. most anabolic steroids Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 77) Which of the following is NOT true about the GC/MS test? a. Usually GC/MS analysis is done to confirm positive EIA tests. b. False positives do not occur with GC/MS tests. c. Urine must be converted to a gas form for analysis. d. The GC/MS test is more time-consuming than the EIA test.

Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 78) A failure to detect a certain drug by a drug-testing procedure is a failure of __________. a. specificity b. clarity

.

12–36

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. sensitivity d. fairness Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 79) A tendency for a procedure to give a false-positive result for a certain drug is a failure of __________. a. specificity b. clarity c. sensitivity d. fairness Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 80) If epitestosterone is artificially elevated, then the likelihood for a procedure to yield a false-negative result for anabolic steroid use __________. a. decreases b. increases c. remains the same d. may go up or down, depending on the gender of the individual being tested Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports

.

12–37

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

81) Epitestosterone is no longer a viable way of circumventing drug tests for anabolic steroids because __________. a. the ratio being assessed in a drug test is not sensitive to elevations in epitestosterone b. elevations in epitestosterone actually increase the likelihood of detecting steroids c. increased epitestosterone produces extreme pain to the individual undergoing the drug test d. elevations in epitestosterone can now be detected by GC/MS techniques Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 82) Two drugs previously used to mask the presence of anabolic steroids are __________. a. probenecid and epitestosterone b. ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin c. ofloxacin and epitestosterone d. ibuprofen and quinolone Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 83) Which of the following drugs has the longest detection period for urinalysis? a. marijuana b. codeine c. amphetamines d. alcohol Answer: a Diff: 3

.

12–38

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 84) When comparing urinalysis and oral fluid samples, __________. a. the window of detection is narrower for oral fluid samples b. the window of detection is narrower for urinalysis c. the window of detection is the same for both urinalysis and oral fluid samples d. the window of detection has not been determined for either urinalysis or oral fluid samples Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 85) Which individual is least likely to be subject to a randomized drug test? a. A bodybuilder working out at a local gym b. A professional hockey player c. A college football player d. A high school basketball player Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 86) The University of Michigan researchers have found that __________. a. rates of illicit drug use in schools that have drug-testing programs were significantly lower than in schools that do not have such programs b. rates of illicit drug use in schools that have drug-testing programs were significantly higher than schools that do not have such programs c. schools that have drug-testing programs have equivalent illicit drug use rates to those of schools that do not have such programs

.

12–39

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. while illicit drug use is significantly lower in schools which have drug-testing programs, licit drug use is significantly higher than in schools that do not have such programs Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 87) Which of the following would be the best way to test for performance enhancing drugs? a. urinalysis b. enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique c. gas chromatography d. mass spectrometry Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 88) According to the text, which of the following is true about young men? a. Young men want their bodies to be thinner and less muscular. b. Young men want their bodies to be more muscular. c. Young men are not too concerned with their bodies. d. none of the above Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 12.7 Recognize intense social pressure as being the major reason for the use of performance-enhancing drugs

.

12–40

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

89) According to the text, which of the following factors contribute to teenage boys using anabolic steroid drugs? a. Pressure to win athletic competitions b. The desire to achieve a certain body image quickly c. Advertisements such as those on Internet websites promoting anabolic steroid drugs as a means to “get huge” d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 12.7 Recognize intense social pressure as being the major reason for the use of performance-enhancing drugs

Essay Questions 1) Distinguish between the anabolic effects and androgenic effects of anabolicandrogenic steroids.

LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 2) Anabolic steroids disrupt a delicate balance of hormones in the body. Give three examples of these changes in terms of the physical side effects of steroid abuse.

LO: 12.1 Describe how anabolic steroids work 3) Compare and contrast the main effects and side effects of anabolic steroids and human growth hormone (hGH).

LO: 12.3 Report the health risks of steroid abuse 4) Do anabolic steroids produce dependence? Provide evidence to support your answer.

LO: 12.4 Analyze the patterns of steroid abuse and the problems associated with it Answer: Yes, evidence suggests that anabolic steroids produce dependence. For example, steroid abusers who follow patterns of consumption and abstinence (as seen in cycling or pyramiding) show signs of withdrawal during these periods of abstinence. These

.

12–41

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

withdrawal symptoms include muscle shrinkage, signs of depression (problems sleeping, lack of appetite, general moodiness), and craving for the euphoric effects of being on the drug.

Indeed, traditional estimates of substance dependence among steroid users range from 13–18%. However, recent studies have indicated even higher prevalence rates. One in four weightlifters/bodybuilders (i.e., 25%) reports signs of dependence including unintentional use in excessive amounts (larger amounts of steroids consumed for longer periods of time than intended), tolerance (requiring increasing doses to achieve desired effect), and withdrawal (physical or emotional problems when steroids were discontinued); 1 in 8 (i.e., 12.5%) resumed steroid use to relieve unpleasant withdrawal symptoms, and one third (33%) met the criteria for substance dependence according to the former DSM-IV guidelines.

5) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of EIA and GC/MS procedures for drug testing purposes.

LO: 12.6 Describe present-day drug testing in amateur and professional sports 6) Summarize the relationship between the current idealized body image and anabolic steroid use in young men.

LO: 12.7 Recognize intense social pressure as being the major reason for the use of performance-enhancing drugs Answer: The current idealized body image for men is heavily muscled.

As a result of societal pressures, this idealized body image has increasingly become a part of today’s standard for a sense of sexuality and social acceptance in young men.

The mounting pressure on young men to reach this body ideal has resulted in more young men engaging in weight-training activities as well as increased use of anabolic steroids.

Anabolic steroids are viewed by these young men and as a means to accelerate the effects of weight training and achieve their desired results faster.

.

12–42

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

CHAPTER 13 DEPRESSANTS AND INHALANTS True or False Questions 1) Tranquilizers provide relief from anxiety and stress by sedating us. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 2) Barbituric acid, alone, has very strong behavioural effects. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 3) Antianxiety drugs are also referred to as tranquilizers. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 4) An ultra-short acting barbiturate would have effects that last for about an hour. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 5) Barbiturates administered by injection are longer acting than orally administered barbiturates. a. True b. False Answer: b .

13–1

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 6) Barbiturates used in surgical anaesthesia are of the long-acting type. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 7) Pentothal (Thiopental) is a long-acting barbiturate. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 8) Ultra-short-acting barbiturates are commonly abused. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 9) Barbiturates act as GABA antagonists. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 10) Barbiturates bind to a different site on the receptor than the effective neurotransmitter would. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates

.

13–2

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

11) Patients using barbiturates to treat insomnia typically wake up feeling well rested and refreshed. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 12) REM-sleep rebound is a problem with barbiturate drugs used in the treatment of insomnia. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 13) Although it is questionable whether a sedative-hypnotic drug such as amobarbital (Amytal, or “sodium amytal”) may function as “truth serum” in criminal cases, military and intelligence experts point to the potential for gaining some relevant information. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 14) Barbiturate drugs are one of the few psychoactive substances that do not interact significantly with alcohol. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 15) Mixing alcohol with barbiturates is an example of an antagonistic drug combination. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates

.

13–3

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

16) The brain builds up a tolerance to barbiturates quickly. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 17) One of the withdrawal symptoms from chronic use of barbiturates is a strange sense of calm. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 18) The withdrawal process of barbiturates is potentially life-threatening unless it is done under medical supervision. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 19) Phenobarbital continues to be used for the treatment of epileptic seizures. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 20) Taking barbiturate drugs has been shown to be positively reinforcing in humans and laboratory animals. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates

.

13–4

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

21) Barbiturate abuse reached its peak in the 1950s and 1960s. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 22) Quaaludes were responsible for many an unsuspecting sailor in the 1800s getting “shanghaied” on a boat to China. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.2 Describe the development of other nonbarbiturate sedative-hypnotics 23) The first drug developed to treat anxiety was methaqualone (Quaalude). a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.2 Describe the development of other nonbarbiturate sedative-hypnotics 24) Methaqualone (Quaalude) was once believed to have aphrodisiac properties. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.2 Describe the development of other nonbarbiturate sedative-hypnotics 25) Major tranquilizers are also known as antianxiety drugs. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.3 Discuss the development and usage of antianxiety drugs

.

13–5

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

26) When they were first introduced in the 1960s, the sedative effects of benzodiazepines were especially appealing to mental health professionals. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 27) Restoril and Xanax are examples of short-acting barbiturate drugs. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 28) An injectable form of diazepam (brand name: Valium) is sometimes desirable when a slow-acting effect is required. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 29) Librium and Valium are both benzodiazepines. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 30) The physician–patient relationship plays an important role in the effectiveness of benzodiazepines. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications

.

13–6

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

31) Benzodiazepines are, in general, less toxic than barbiturates. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 32) The relaxant effects of benzodiazepines last longer than those of barbiturates. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 33) Benzodiazepine are considered less safe than barbiturates. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 34) Most users who overdose from benzodiazepines die from respiratory failure. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 35) After taking benzodiazepines (i.e., Valium), an elderly person will not be drug-free for two months. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 36) Physiological symptoms appear when benzodiazepines are withdrawn. a. True

.

13–7

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: a LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 37) Withdrawal symptoms from long-acting benzodiazepines typically do not appear until between the third and sixth days following the last dose. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 38) A key neurotransmitter in the action of benzodiazepines is dopamine. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 39) The GABA receptor has binding sites for benzodiazepines and other sedativehypnotics (possibly barbiturates and alcohol). a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 40) In blind studies, normal university students show a preference for a placebo over Valium. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 41) The drug zolpidem (brand name: Sublinox) is a benzodiazepine drug. a. True

.

13–8

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: b LO: 13.5 Describe common nonbenzodiazepine depressants 42) Rohypnol is ten times stronger than Valium. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 43) Eszopiclone is a drug prescribed to treat insomnia in Canada. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.5 Describe common nonbenzodiazepine depressants 44) Buspirone does not create euphoria, physical dependence, or cross-tolerance. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.5 Describe common nonbenzodiazepine depressants 45) Buspirone impairs motor skills. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.5 Describe common nonbenzodiazepine depressants 46) Beta blockers increase the force of heart contractions. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.5 Describe common nonbenzodiazepine depressants .

13–9

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

47) GHB is a CNS stimulant. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.6 Elaborate on the present-day concerns about gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) 48) The first signs that show that one has taken GHB are dizziness and a severe headache. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.6 Elaborate on the present-day concerns about gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) 49) At one time, GHB was considered to have steroid-enhancing effects. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.6 Elaborate on the present-day concerns about gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) 50) Nitrous oxide was first used for medical purposes. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.7 Scrutinize the history of psychoactive inhalants 51) In the 1960s, the customary pattern of nitrous oxide was inhalation directly from whippets. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.7 Scrutinize the history of psychoactive inhalants

.

13–10

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

52) Nitrous oxide is a toxic gas. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.7 Scrutinize the history of psychoactive inhalants 53) Nitrous oxide dilutes the air a person breathes, depriving the individual of oxygen. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.7 Scrutinize the history of psychoactive inhalants 54) Unless an inhaled gas contains a minimum of 21% oxygen in it, hypoxia will occur. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.7 Scrutinize the history of psychoactive inhalants 55) One of the hazards of nitrous oxide is its flammability. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.7 Scrutinize the history of psychoactive inhalants 56) Inhalant intoxication occurs faster than alcohol intoxication. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.7 Scrutinize the history of psychoactive inhalants 57) The flammability of ether makes it a poor choice for recreational use. a. True b. False .

13–11

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a LO: 13.7 Scrutinize the history of psychoactive inhalants 58) It is relatively difficult to obtain products containing acetone. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 59) Fumes from inhalant products are stimulants. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 60) An immediate effect of glue, solvent, or aerosol inhalation is slurred speech. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 61) Acute inhalant effects may include double vision, a ringing in the ears, and hallucinations. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 62) Dangers associated with inhalants lie not only in their toxic effects but also in the behavioural effects of the intoxication.

.

13–12

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 63) Inhaling from a handkerchief or from a container is referred to as bagging. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 64) Acetone abuse has been linked to severe short-term memory loss. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 65) An inhalant ingredient that is specifically carcinogenic is benzene. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 66) Triorthocresyl phosphate is a toxic substance found in glues and other adhesive products. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects

.

13–13

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

67) For those who engage in inhalant abuse, their first experience with psychoactive drugs most likely involved tobacco. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects 68) Chronic inhalant abuse is most common among children who are poor. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects 69) Inhalant abuse is less common in Canada’s Aboriginal populations than in other ethnic groups. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects 70) High school students engage in inhalant use more often than students in elementary school. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects 71) The Canadian Addiction Survey reports that about 5% of Canadians over the age of 15 have used inhalants at some point in their lives. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects

.

13–14

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

72) Peer influence can increase a child’s chances of abusing inhalants. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects 73) One survey among American Indian youths found that when friends strongly encouraged inhalant use or would not try to stop it, 84% of the sample reported having tried inhalants. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects 74) There is clear evidence of physical dependence in cases of inhalation abuse. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects 75) Though physiological symptoms after inhalant withdrawal are hardly ever observed in laboratory animals, they are frequently observed in humans. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects 76) Oil of mustard as an additive for one brand of commercial model glue has reduced its abuse significantly. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 13.10 Discuss some of the steps undertaken to reduce some of the hazards of inhalant abuse

.

13–15

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

77) Educational programs are clearly the most effective strategy for controlling inhalant abuse. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 13.10 Discuss some of the steps undertaken to reduce some of the hazards of inhalant abuse

Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Another name for sedative-hypnotics is __________. a. antipsychotic drugs b. antidepressants c. neuroleptics d. depressants Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 2) The Greek word hypnos in the term sedative-hypnotics refers to the ability of these drugs to induce __________. a. a hypnotic trance b. stimulation of the hypothalamus in the brain c. sleep d. hypoglycemia Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC

.

13–16

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 3) Tranquilizers are most frequently referred to by a more current term: __________. a. antianxiety drugs b. sedative-hypnotics c. antidepressants d. psychotropic medications Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 4) Barbituric acid was discovered by __________. a. Adolf von Baeyer b. Hoffman LaRoche c. Patricia White d. Lorenzo Feal Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 5) The first barbiturate to be created and marketed was __________. a. phenobarbital b. amobarbital c. diethylbarbituric acid (Veronal) d. barbituric acid Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC .

13–17

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 6) Barbituric acid __________. a. produces behavioural signs of depression b. has no behavioural effects c. is an effective barbiturate for insomnia d. was once available under the brand name Veronal Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 7) Barbiturates have been used in the treatment of epilepsy because __________. a. they are CNS stimulants b. they are related to acetylcholine c. they are antidepressants d. they are CNS depressants Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 8) Barbiturates are a useful treatment for __________. a. attention deficit disorder b. epilepsy c. scarlet fever d. weight loss Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC .

13–18

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 9) The major classification of barbiturates is based upon __________. a. how long the effects of the drug last b. how powerful the effect of the drug is on the user c. the depth of sleep induced by the drug d. their abuse-liability Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 10) Barbiturates have elimination half-lives that range from __________ hours. a. 1 to 10 b. 5 to 10 c. 10 to 50 d. 10 to 120 Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 11) For a barbiturate to be longer-acting, it should be administered in a(n)________ form. a. injectable b. smokable c. oral d. inhalable Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC .

13–19

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 12) In general, injectable barbiturates will ________ than oral barbiturates. a. act sooner b. act later c. have fewer side effects d. have a weaker overall effect Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 13) Thiopental (brand name: Pentothal) is classified as a(n) ________ barbiturate. a. intermediate-acting b. short-acting c. ultra-short-acting d. long-acting Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 14) Ultra-short-acting barbiturates are __________. a. commonly abused b. used in surgical anaesthesia c. not recommended for treatment of epilepsy d. not used in Canada Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC .

13–20

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 15) The barbiturate thiopental (brand name: Pentothal) has been used __________. a. in cases where you need a slow-acting drug b. for surgical anaesthesia c. to counteract overdoses of other barbiturates d. by many illegal drug users Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 16) Which one of the following barbiturates has the longest duration of action, compared to the other three? a. Pentothal b. phenobarbital c. secobarbital d. amobarbital Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 17) The sedative-hypnotic effect of barbiturates occurs primarily because of their effects on the __________. a. GABAA receptor b. GABAB receptor c. AMPA/kainate receptor d. NMDA receptor Answer: a

.

13–21

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 18) Which term best describes the action of barbiturates at the receptor site of action? a. allosteric agonism b. inverse agonism c. direct agonism d. partial agonism Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 19) Which of the following effects is (are) typical of barbiturates? a. euphoria b. relaxation c. depression of the CNS d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 20) The sense of euphoria from low doses of barbiturates is chiefly due to __________. a. an inhibition of the respiratory centres in the medulla b. a disinhibition of the cerebral cortex c. an inhibition of the reticular formation d. an excitation of the limbic system Answer: b .

13–22

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 21) Lower regions of the brain are affected __________. a. with all dosages of barbiturates b. with only very low doses of barbiturates c. with higher doses of barbiturates d. only when the user withdraws from taking barbiturates Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 22) REM sleep comprises approximately ___% of total sleep time every night. a. 5 b. 20 c. 50 d. 80 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 23) A major adverse side effect of barbiturate treatment for insomnia is the reduction in __________. a. body weight b. attention span c. REM sleep d. the time it takes to get to sleep

.

13–23

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 24) A REM-sleep rebound effect __________. a. is characteristic of someone taking barbiturates on a continual basis b. produces vivid and upsetting nightmares c. results in an unusually peaceful night’s sleep d. can be described as a night without REM Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 25) The mixture of barbiturates with alcohol produces __________. a. an antagonistic effect b. an inhibitory effect c. a synergistic effect d. a tolerance effect Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 26) A dangerous synergistic barbiturate effect results from the combination with __________. a. amphetamines b. alcohol c. antidepressants d. stimulants of all kinds

.

13–24

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 27) Because of “drug automatism,” patients are advised NOT to __________. a. keep barbiturates near their beds b. administer their own medication c. take barbiturates on an empty stomach d. use barbiturates for more than five days in a row Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 28) During the mid-1970s, barbiturates were implicated in more than half of all __________. a. drug-related crimes b. drug-induced epileptic seizures c. drug-related panic attacks d. drug-related deaths Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 29) The tendency to take increasingly higher doses of barbiturates in order to get to sleep is due to __________. a. a kindling effect b. a tendency to be even sleepier than before

.

13–25

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. a tolerance effect d. a combination of hallucinations and nausea Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 30) The withdrawal symptoms of barbiturates closely resemble the withdrawal symptoms of __________. a. nicotine b. alcohol c. cocaine d. heroin Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 31) According to the text, the most dangerous and distressing type of drug withdrawal is that of __________. a. heroin b. cocaine c. barbiturates d. alcohol Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 32) One of the signs of barbiturate withdrawal is typically referred to as __________.

.

13–26

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. the “rattles” b. the “shakes” c. the “clams” d. the “gassies” Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 33) The withdrawal process from barbiturates is safest when __________. a. carried out in an outdoor setting b. done in a sudden “cold turkey” manner c. under medical supervision d. all outside stimuli have been removed Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 34) For the withdrawal process of barbiturates to be safe, it must be a(n)_______ process. a. abrupt b. gradual c. short-term d. quick Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 35) There is a ______ chance of death from abrupt withdrawal of barbiturates. .

13–27

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. 5% b. 10% c. 15% d. 20% Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 36) Phenobarbital and mephobarbital are currently prescribed for __________. a. preventing convulsions b. insomnia c. alcohol withdrawal d. arthritis Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 37) Phenobarbital is frequently used in the treatment of epilepsy because __________. a. it is a long-lasting type of barbiturate b. it is effective and very safe c. it is not susceptible to tolerance effects d. dosage levels can be extremely low to be effective as a preventive measure Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates

.

13–28

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

38) Short-acting barbiturates in animals have an equivalent reinforcing effect __________. a. to that of cocaine b. to that of practically any psychoactive drug c. to that of petting and praise d. to that of shining bright lights Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 39) Approximately _____ of the population report taking sedatives with ______ of the population taking them to “get high.” a. 1%; 0.5% b. 10%; 0.5% c. 20%; 10% d. 10%; 5% Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 40) When did barbiturate abuse peak? a. In the 1930s and 1940s b. In the 1950s and 1960s c. In the 1970s and 1980s d. In the 1990s Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

13–29

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 41) Which of the following is true about chloral hydrate? a. It produces REM-sleep rebound effect. b. It irritates the stomach severely. c. It produces a typical barbiturate hangover. d. It is not reactive to alcohol.

Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.2 Describe the development of other nonbarbiturate sedative-hypnotics 42) Which of the following is NOT a nonbarbiturate sedative-hypnotic? a. chloral hydrate b. methaqualone (Quaalude) c. secobarbital (Seconal) d. All of the above are nonbarbiturate sedative-hypnotics.

Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.2 Describe the development of other nonbarbiturate sedative-hypnotics 43) Which one of the following street names refers to pentobarbital (Nembutal)? a. yellow jackets b. blue bullets c. red bullets d. goofers Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC .

13–30

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 44) A “Mickey Finn” refers to a combination of __________. a. secobarbital and amobarbital b. chloral hydrate and alcohol c. heroin and amphetamine d. any two barbiturates Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.2 Describe the development of other nonbarbiturate sedative-hypnotics 45) In Canada, the drug methaqualone is currently classified as a __________ drug. a. Schedule I b. Schedule II c. Schedule III d. Schedule IV Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.2 Describe the development of other nonbarbiturate sedative-hypnotics 46) According to the text, the “age of anxiety” is often associated with which decade? a. 1940s b. 1950s c. 1960s d. 1970s Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC .

13–31

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 13.3 Discuss the development and usage of antianxiety drugs 47) Analogy: Minor tranquilizers are to major tranquilizers as __________. a. depression is to stimulation b. a little panic is to a lot of panic c. antianxiety is to anxiety d. antianxiety is to antipsychotic Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.3 Discuss the development and usage of antianxiety drugs 48) Minor tranquilizers are now referred to as __________ medications. a. antidepressant b. antianxiety c. antipsychotic d. antimanic Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.3 Discuss the development and usage of antianxiety drugs 49) The first antianxiety drug to be developed was __________. a. meprobamate (brand name: Miltown) b. methaqualone (brand name: Quaalude) c. chlorpromazine (brand name: Thorazine) d. secobarbital (brand name: Seconal) Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC .

13–32

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 13.3 Discuss the development and usage of antianxiety drugs 50) The brand name for meprobamate, Miltown, was chosen as a reference to __________. a. a mythical town in England that has been associated with tranquility b. a New Jersey town near to the pharmaceutical company that made it c. the creator of meprobamate, whose first name was Milton d. the name of the pharmaceutical company that made it Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.3 Discuss the development and usage of antianxiety drugs 51) In Canada, meprobamate is now classified as a controlled substance in which category? a. Schedule I b. Schedule II c. Schedule III d. Schedule IV Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.3 Discuss the development and usage of antianxiety drugs 52) What do chlordiazepoxide, meprobamate, and amobarbital all have in common? a. they produce REM-sleep rebound. b. they are allosteric modulators. c. they are Schedule 1 drugs in Canada. d. they increase endogenous GABA release.

Answer: d

.

13–33

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.3 Discuss the development and usage of antianxiety drugs 53) Benzodiazepines were different from earlier attempts to treat anxiety because __________. a. they were far more dangerous b. they had a selective effect on anxiety c. they did not suppress respiratory centres in the medulla d. they reduced anxiety and sedated the body Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 54) Like barbiturates, benzodiazepines are often classified in terms of __________. a. their relative potencies b. their relative potential for abuse c. how long their effects last d. whether or not there are autonomic effects Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 55) Valium is an example of a(n) _____ benzodiazepine. a. short-acting b. intermediate-acting c. ultra-short-acting d. long-acting

.

13–34

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 56) Which of the following barbiturates has the shortest elimination half-life? a. Dalmane (flurazepam) b. Ativan (lorazepam) c. Xanax (alprazolam) d. Valium (diazepam) Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 57) It is advisable to use an injectable form of diazepam __________. a. when reducing symptoms of agitation during alcohol withdrawal b. for long lasting relief from anxiety c. as a treatment for extreme depression d. both A and C Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 58) If you want a benzodiazepine for insomnia, it would be useful to choose a type that is __________. a. short-acting and orally administered b. long-acting and orally administered c. similar to barbiturates in its effect d. similar to Valium or Librium in its effect

.

13–35

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 59) Benzodiazepines appear to work best when the physician prescribing the medication __________. a. is somewhat aloof from the patient b. is skeptical that the medication will be effective c. has a positive attitude toward the use of antianxiety drugs d. is a well-adjusted but somewhat shy person Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 60) Benzodiazepines work best as a treatment for anxiety when __________. a. the physician is perceived by the patient as being warm b. the physician has a positive attitude toward antianxiety drugs c. the physician believes that the patient will improve d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 61) The key neurotransmitter involved in the action of benzodiazepines is __________. a. acetylcholine b. dopamine c. GABA

.

13–36

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. norepinephrine Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 62) How do benzodiazepines differ from barbiturates in their effects on neurotransmitter action? a. Benzodiazepines act at the GABAA receptor while barbiturates act at the GABAB receptor. b. Benzodiazepines act at the GABAB receptor while barbiturates act at the GABAA receptor. c. Benzodiazepines do not have effects on the AMPA/kainite receptor while barbiturates do. d. Barbiturates do not have effects on the AMPA/kainite receptor while benzodiazepines do.

Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 63) The receptor involved in the action of benzodiazepines has a binding location for GABA, a binding location for benzodiazepines, and a binding location for __________. a. Valium b. opiates c. CNS stimulants d. sedative-hypnotics (including barbiturates) Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications

.

13–37

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

64) In contrast to barbiturates, benzodiazepines are __________. a. absorbed in the stomach rather than small intestines b. more long-lasting, and their relaxant effects are more gradual c. more likely to depress breathing d. all of the above Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 65) Benzodiazepines __________. a. are quickly absorbed into the bloodstream b. have shorter relaxant effects than barbiturates c. are absorbed from the stomach d. have lower fat solubility than barbiturates Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 66) Orally consumed benzodiazepines are absorbed from the __________. a. stomach b. small intestine c. liver d. large intestine Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications .

13–38

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

67) Valium and other benzodiazepines present problems for the elderly because __________. a. the rate of elimination in the elderly is much slower b. benzodiazepines are more likely to be ingested with alcohol c. most benzodiazepines look alike d. elevated doses must be prescribed Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 68) Continued accumulation of benzodiazepines in the elderly can cause __________. a. sudden onset of alcoholism b. withdrawal symptoms for benzodiazepines c. confusion and loss of memory d. sudden weight gain and bloating Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 69) The effects of the continued accumulation of benzodiazepine in an elderly patient are often misdiagnosed as __________. a. heart disease b. respiratory failure c. diabetes d. Alzheimer’s disease or other forms of dementia Answer: d Diff: 1

.

13–39

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 70) Long-acting benzodiazepines are no longer recommended for __________. a. the elderly b. those under the age of 21 c. individuals in their 40s d. individuals in treatment for alcohol withdrawal Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 71) The major advantage of benzodiazepines over barbiturates and other drugs used to treat anxiety is __________. a. their higher level of safety b. the lower cost c. the faster absorption d. fewer side effects Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 72) Benzodiazepines __________. a. show tolerance to sedative effects b. can lead to respiratory failure if the user takes 50 times the normal dose c. pose no medical risk for the elderly d. alter respiratory centres in the medulla Answer: a

.

13–40

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 73) With the chronic use of benzodiazepines, __________. a. there is a tolerance for both the sedative effect and the anxiety-reducing effect b. there is a tolerance for the sedative effect but not for the anxiety-reducing effect c. there is a tolerance for the anxiety-reducing effect but not for the sedative effect d. there is a tolerance for neither the anxiety-reducing effect nor the sedative effect Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 74) Tolerance is often a problem with benzodiazepines when they are taken for __________. a. insomnia b. anxiety c. pain d. weight loss Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 75) Physiological symptoms following the withdrawal of long-acting benzodiazepines typically begin to show themselves __________. a. within moments of the last dose b. in about 3 hours after the last dose c. in about 24 hours after the last dose d. in 3 to 6 days following the last dose

.

13–41

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 76) Withdrawal symptoms from benzodiazepines usually go away after __________. a. 4 weeks b. 8 weeks c. 4 months d. 8 months Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 77) Self-administration of benzodiazepines by laboratory animals __________. a. occurs at higher levels than with barbiturates b. occurs at lower levels than with barbiturates c. occurs at levels equal to barbiturates d. does not occur Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 78) Benzodiazepines show a lower potential for abuse, relative to cocaine or alcohol, because __________. a. there is no sudden “rush” when taking them b. benzodiazepines have a stronger reinforcing effect c. benzodiazepines cause more side effects

.

13–42

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. all of the above Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 79) During the __________, benzodiazepines were widely overprescribed. a. 1950s b. 1960s c. 1970s d. 1980s Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 80) A benzodiazepine sometimes associated with date-rape situations is __________. a. Valium b. Rohypnol c. BuSpar d. Nembutal Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 81) Which of the following benzodiazepines is NOT legally available in Canada? a. Rohypnol b. Valium c. Buspirone .

13–43

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. Xanax Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 82) The drug Rohypnol has recently been reformulated so that __________. a. its effects are weaker b. it has a distinctive odour c. it has a bitter taste d. it produces a bluish colour when in liquid Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 83) Which of the following nonbenzodiazepines is frequently used to help individuals who have trouble falling asleep? a. beta blockers b. buspirone c. zolpidem d. sertraline Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.5 Describe common nonbenzodiazepine depressants 84) Which of the following nonbenzodiazepines would be a useful treatment for individuals who have trouble falling and staying asleep? a. beta blockers

.

13–44

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. buspirone c. zolpidem d. eszopiclone Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.5 Describe common nonbenzodiazepine depressants 85) Buspirone __________. a. shows no cross-tolerance with alcohol b. unfortunately has very severe side effects c. shows cross-dependence with depressant drugs d. shows therapeutic effects almost immediately Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.5 Describe common nonbenzodiazepine depressants 86) Buspirone does not affect GABA receptors but rather a subtype of receptors sensitive to __________. a. dopamine b. GABA c. serotonin d. acetylcholine Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.5 Describe common nonbenzodiazepine depressants 87) The only disadvantage in treating anxiety with buspirone is that __________.

.

13–45

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. it shows cross-tolerance with alcohol b. it shows cross-dependence with alcohol c. it has very troublesome side effects d. there is a very long delay before anxiety is relieved Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.5 Describe common nonbenzodiazepine depressants 88) Beta blockers __________. a. slow down heart rate b. relax pressure on blood vessel walls c. decrease force of heart contractions d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.5 Describe common nonbenzodiazepine depressants 89) Beta blockers are used to treat __________. a. diabetes b. high blood pressure c. kidney stones d. high cholesterol Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.5 Describe common nonbenzodiazepine depressants

.

13–46

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

90) Lindsay has suffered from mild anxiety for many years that persists throughout the day. Which drug is likely to be the most effective in relieving their symptoms? a. buspirone b. zolpidem c. paroxetine d. propranolol Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.5 Describe common nonbenzodiazepine depressants 91) Gamma-hydroxybutrate is a __________. a. CNS stimulant b. CNS depressant c. hallucinogen d. narcotic Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.6 Elaborate on the present-day concerns about gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) 92) At one time, GHB was sold as a dietary supplement to __________. a. the elderly b. bodybuilders c. people trying to lose weight d. children Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 13.6 Elaborate on the present-day concerns about gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)

.

13–47

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

93) GHB was once legally available on the commercial market for ________ effects. a. steroid-enhancing and growth-hormone stimulating b. antitussive and analgesic c. analgesic and mind-expanding d. hallucinogenic Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.6 Elaborate on the present-day concerns about gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) 94) GHB is __________. a. colourless but foul-smelling b. odourless but has a pungent taste c. flavourless but is bluish in colour in clear liquids d. colourless, odourless, and flavourless Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.6 Elaborate on the present-day concerns about gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) 95) GHB combined with alcohol can produce __________. a. lack of consciousness b. amnesia c. heart failure d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.6 Elaborate on the present-day concerns about gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) .

13–48

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

96) GHB in combination with alcohol can be a(n) __________. a. powerful stimulant b. date-rape drug c. strong painkiller d. effective antianxiety drug Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 13.6 Elaborate on the present-day concerns about gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) 97) GHB can be detected in urine up to _______of taking the drug. a. 12 hours b. 1 day c. 3 days d. 1 week Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.6 Elaborate on the present-day concerns about gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) 98) Test strips that check for the presence of GHB, Rohypnol, or ketamine in an alcoholic beverage will NOT be effective if the drink contains __________. a. alcohol b. juice c. dairy products d. Vitamin B Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

13–49

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 13.6 Elaborate on the present-day concerns about gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) 99) In the 1800s, the two most prominent inhalants were ______ and _______. a. hexane; acetone b. acetone; nitrous oxide c. hexane; ether d. nitrous oxide; ether Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.7 Scrutinize the history of psychoactive inhalants 100) The scientific name for “laughing gas” is __________. a. ether b. chloral hydrate c. nitrous oxide d. acetone Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 13.7 Scrutinize the history of psychoactive inhalants 101) The customary pattern of nitrous oxide abuse in the 1960s was __________. a. inhaling directly from whipped cream b. inhaling the gas from a balloon c. saturating the gas onto a cloth and inhaling the cloth d. inhaling the gas directly from the can Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC .

13–50

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 13.7 Scrutinize the history of psychoactive inhalants 102) Whippets are small canisters containing pressurized __________. a. ether b. toxic gas c. oxygen d. nitrous oxide Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.7 Scrutinize the history of psychoactive inhalants 103) Roger just inhaled nitrous oxide. According to the text, it is likely that he will soon feel __________. a. shortness of breath b. headache pain c. euphoria d. hypoxic Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 13.7 Scrutinize the history of psychoactive inhalants 104) Inhalation of nitrous oxide is extremely dangerous __________. a. if whippets are used b. if the gas contains less than 21% oxygen c. if the gas contains more than 50% oxygen d. when undergoing a dental procedure Answer: b Diff: 2

.

13–51

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 13.7 Scrutinize the history of psychoactive inhalants 105) Which of the following is NOT affected by nitrous oxide? a. NMDA receptors b. GABA receptors c. TREK receptors d. opioid neurons Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.7 Scrutinize the history of psychoactive inhalants 106) Periodically, the use of ether has become popular as a result of __________. a. antialcohol temperance campaigns and Prohibition laws in effect b. an absence of dangerous side effects c. the legalization of ether between 1919 and 1933 d. the recognized health risks of nitrous oxide Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.7 Scrutinize the history of psychoactive inhalants 107) In the last 200 years or so, ether has sometimes been used recreationally in place of __________. a. etheric chloride b. alcohol c. opium d. coca leaves Answer: b

.

13–52

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.7 Scrutinize the history of psychoactive inhalants 108) Nitrous oxide is found in __________. a. cans of whipped cream b. hairspray c. laundry detergent d. glue Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.7 Scrutinize the history of psychoactive inhalants 109) Which of the following gases is highly flammable? a. hypoxic oxide b. helium c. nitrous oxide d. ether Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.7 Scrutinize the history of psychoactive inhalants 110) Ether was first introduced for medicinal purposes in the form of a __________. a. gas b. propellant c. liquid d. pill or capsule Answer: c .

13–53

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.7 Scrutinize the history of psychoactive inhalants 111) According to the text, occupational exposure to solvent products has been linked to __________. a. heart disease b. birth defects c. hemorrhagic stroke d. lung cancer Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 112) Solvent intoxication is similar to alcohol intoxication except for the fact that __________. a. it takes effect more quickly b. it lasts longer c. the intoxicating product is more difficult to obtain d. it needs to be derived from alcoholic products Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 113) The abuse potential of glues, solvents, and aerosols is maximized by which of the following characteristics? a. The intoxication effect occurs very quickly. b. The products are easily obtainable.

.

13–54

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. The products are easily concealed. d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 114) The “high” produced from inhalants is generally over in about __________. a. 5 minutes b. 15 minutes c. 35 minutes d. an hour or so Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 115) Fumes from inhalants are essentially _______ drugs. a. depressant b. stimulant c. opiate d. antidepressant Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation

.

13–55

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

116) Which of the following would NOT be an effect of glue, solvent, or aerosol inhalation? a. hallucinations b. increased energy for about 60 minutes c. ringing in the ears d. double vision Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 117) Drowsiness and a possible loss of consciousness indicate that glue, solvent, or aerosol sources of inhalation are producing __________. a. hallucinations b. CNS depression c. CNS stimulation d. irreversible brain damage Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 118) Ingredient concentrations in glue and solvent products __________. a. are typically a bit higher than those allowed in industry b. are typically lower than those allowed in industry c. are typically much higher than those allowed in industry d. have generally no relationship to ingredient concentrations allowed or disallowed in industry Answer: c

.

13–56

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 119) Hallucinogenic effects of glue, solvent, or aerosol inhalation __________. a. have never been reported b. are generally harmless in nature c. produce epileptic seizures that can be fatal d. introduce significant behavioural risks Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 120) “Huffing” is a term often used to describe __________. a. inhaling the solvent from a handkerchief b. breathing in from a plastic bag c. increased breaths taken after ingesting the solvent d. a feeling of breathlessness after the intoxication is worn off Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 121) Hypoxia is a result of __________. a. blurred vision b. too little oxygen c. freezing of the throat and larynx

.

13–57

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. cardiac arrhythmia Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.7 Scrutinize the history of psychoactive inhalants 122) Freezing of the throat and larynx is associated with which inhalant? a. freon b. hexane c. carbon dioxide d. benzene Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 123) Which of the following ingredients is a known carcinogen? a. acetone b. hexane c. benzene d. toluene Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 124) Peter is an inhalant abuser. He now has peripheral nerve damage, muscle weakness, and muscle atrophy. Which of the following substances has Peter most likely abused?

.

13–58

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. acetone b. hexane c. benzene d. gasoline Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 125) James is an inhalant abuser. Recently, he has had short-term memory loss and some hearing loss. He also shows some difficulty with movement and coordination. According to the textbook, which of the following substances has James most likely abused? a. acetone b. benzene c. toluene d. hexane Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 126) Difficulties in movement and coordination and a loss of hearing have been documented as two of the effects of inhaling __________. a. hexane b. toluene c. acetone d. benzene Answer: b Diff: 2

.

13–59

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 127) Triorthocresyl phosphate (TCP) is a(n) __________. a. gasoline additive b. form of lead c. alternative term for hexane d. ingredient leading to permanent blindness Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 128) Present-day gasoline in Canada contains_______ to achieve an “anti-knock” property. a. toluene b. acetone c. hexane d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 129) What is a primary difference between alcohol and inhalants? a. Alcohol is legal and inhalants are illegal. b. Inhalants are depressants and alcohol is a stimulant. c. Alcohol produces a hangover but inhalants do no. d. Inhalants decrease activity at ACh receptors and alcohol does not.

.

13–60

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 130) Surveys indicate that inhalant abuse frequently precedes an individual’s __________. a. experience with glue b. experience with alcohol or nicotine c. being in the primary grades in school d. learning to read or write Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects 131) Surveys indicate that inhalant abuse is the _______ highest incidence of drug experimentation among secondary students. a. second b. third c. fourth d. tenth Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects 132) Most of those who abuse inhalants are __________. a. between 11 and 13 years old

.

13–61

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. younger than 11 years old c. between 13 and 15 years old d. older than 15 years old Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects 133) Inhalant abuse among children is commonplace in __________. a. Central America b. South America c. Asia d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects 134) Chronic inhalant abuse is overrepresented among __________. a. children from wealthy families b. poor children c. children with unusually low IQs d. children with access to alcoholic beverages Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects 135) In Canada, the prevalence rate of inhalant use in __________ has been identified as higher than that reported in the rest of the population.

.

13–62

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. Aboriginal populations b. high school students c. women d. immigrants from Southeast Asia Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects 136) Inhalant abuse is __________. a. restricted to certain racial or ethnic subgroups b. highly susceptible to media messages on TV c. particularly susceptible to peer influence d. susceptible to parental influence Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects 137) According to the text, inhalant abusers mostly take the drug __________. a. alone b. in small groups c. in large groups d. both A and C Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects 138) In most cases, inhalant abuse extends over no more than _______ in an abuser’s life. .

13–63

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. 2 weeks b. 1 to 2 years c. 3 to 5 years d. 6 to 10 years Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects 139) Long-term effects of inhalant abuse are not well understood, largely because __________. a. inhalant abuse frequently occurs for such a short period in one’s life b. inhalant abuse affects so many children c. inhalant abuse is widely concealed d. inhalant abuse effects are so numerous Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects 140) Inhalant abuse is characterized by __________. a. physical and psychological dependence b. neither physical nor psychological dependence c. physical dependence, but undetermined psychological dependence d. psychological dependence, but undetermined physical dependence Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects

.

13–64

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

141) Physiological withdrawal symptoms are frequently observed in __________. a. children b. adults c. laboratory animals d. all of the above Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects 142) According to the text, a largely ineffective approach used by some U.S. states in trying to control one form of inhalant abuse has been __________. a. censoring advertisements of glue and other solvents b. restricting the sale of glue to minors c. educating the youth about the dangers of inhalants d. random drug testing for inhalant use among school districts Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.10 Discuss some of the steps undertaken to reduce some of the hazards of inhalant abuse 143) Inhalant abuse is __________. a. relatively easy to control b. frequently glamorized by the media c. easily handled by educational programs d. a difficult social problem to control Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC

.

13–65

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 13.10 Discuss some of the steps undertaken to reduce some of the hazards of inhalant abuse 144) Which of the following makes Testor brand hobby glues less likely to be abused? a. butane b. oil of mustard c. TCP d. hexane Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.10 Discuss some of the steps undertaken to reduce some of the hazards of inhalant abuse 145) Oil of mustard can be used in model glues to help prevent inhalant abuse because it __________. a. produces severe nasal irritation when these glues are inhaled b. creates a putrid smell c. makes glues ineffective as adhesive products d. makes glues look disgusting Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 13.10 Discuss some of the steps undertaken to reduce some of the hazards of inhalant abuse

Essay Questions 1) Describe the principal disadvantages of barbiturates for use as sedative-hypnotic drugs.

LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates

.

13–66

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

2) Discuss the chronic effects of barbiturates.

LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates 3) Contrast patterns of barbiturate abuse in the 1950s and 1960s with recent patterns.

Include a discussion of the reasons for these differences.

LO: 13.1 Discuss the genesis, categories, and effects of barbiturates Answer: Barbiturate abuse peaked in the 1950s and 60s.

Today only 10.2% of the population report taking these drugs, and only 0.5% of the population report taking them to get high.

The principal reason for this decline in use was that the availability of barbiturates became significantly reduced. For example, stricter controls were placed on obtaining large amounts of these drugs from pharmacies, and physicians concerned with the potential for suicide or overdose become more reluctant to prescribe them.

4) Describe the effects of benzodiazepines on the brain. How does this understanding shed light on the cross-tolerance and cross-dependence among benzodiazepines and various depressant drugs?

LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 5) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of buspirone for the treatment of anxiety, relative to the benzodiazepines.

LO: 13.4 Review the development of benzodiazepines as antianxiety medications 6) Discuss the social problems associated with gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and provide two protective strategies that reduce the vulnerability of women to the inadvertent consumption of GHB. LO: 13.6 Elaborate on the present-day concerns about gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) 7) Compare and contrast the histories, acute effects, and the advantages and disadvantages in the medical application of nitrous oxide and ether.

LO: 13.7 Scrutinize the history of psychoactive inhalants 8) Describe the major signs of possible inhalant abuse. Which of these symptoms might also be signs of an abuse of other drugs?

.

13–67

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 13.8 Review the acute effects and dangers of glue, solvent, or aerosol spray inhalation 9) Discuss the dependence potential of chronic inhalant abuse.

LO: 13.9 Examine the patterns of inhalant abuse and their chronic effects 10) How has society responded to inhalant abuse?

LO: 13.10 Discuss some of the steps undertaken to reduce some of the hazards of inhalant abuse

.

13–68

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

CHAPTER 14 PRESCRIPTION DRUGS, OVER-THE-COUNTER DRUGS, AND NATURAL HEALTH PRODUCTS True or False Questions 1) There is a greater quantity of available OTC drugs than prescription drugs. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 14.1 Describe the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, as opposed to dietary supplements 2) The Therapeutic Products Directorate (TPD) is responsible for the safety and effectiveness of prescription drugs, but not for the safety or effectiveness of OTC drugs. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.1 Describe the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, as opposed to dietary supplements 3) Prescription drugs have a higher margin of safety than do OTC drugs. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.1 Describe the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, as opposed to dietary supplements 4) Natural health products are the most regulated of the three major classes of drugs. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.1 Describe the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, as opposed to dietary supplements

.

14–1

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

5) The TPD classifies any substance that is used for disinfection in food manufacturing facilities as a drug. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 14.1 Describe the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, as opposed to dietary supplements 6) OTC drugs do not have any toxic effects. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.1 Describe the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, as opposed to dietary supplements 7) Natural health products are regulated the same way in Canada as in the United States. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.1 Describe the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, as opposed to dietary supplements 8) Health Canada classifies physiologically active consumer products into three major categories: prescription drugs, OTC drugs, and dietary supplements. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.1 Describe the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, as opposed to dietary supplements 9) Initial testing of the safety of a drug takes place during clinical trials in humans. a. True b. False Answer: b

.

14–2

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 10) Establishing an LD50 for a new drug is accomplished prior to clinical trials. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 11) Prior to clinical trials, specific tests must be done on pregnant laboratory animals to determine whether a drug under development causes birth defects. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 12) If a medication is eventually going to be marketed for a chronic condition, toxicity studies in animals must simulate a period of time that the consumer would use the drug. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 13) The first stage of clinical drug testing that makes use of human subjects is Phase 2. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 14) Phase 2 trials are typically conducted on healthy human volunteers. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs

.

14–3

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

15) Phase 2 trials utilize a double-blind placebo design. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 16) A CTA is submitted to Health Canada following the successful completion of Phase 3 clinical trials. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 17) Phase 4 trials occur after a drug is released to the public. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 18) A drug patent has a fixed duration of 12 years. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 19) The length of time that a patent is in effect starts when the drug is put on the market. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs

.

14–4

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

20) Bioequivalence refers to two drug compounds having identical chemical and pharmacological effects. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 21) All generic drugs must demonstrate bioequivalence and equal bioavailability to that of the original brand name drug. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 22) Bioavailability is the rate at which a drug enters the circulation and reaches its site of action. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 23) All Health Canada approved drugs are completely safe. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.3 Examine safety issues with respect to prescription drugs 24) Natural health products that have not fully been evaluated by Health Canada will contain an exemption number on their product label. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs

.

14–5

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

25) Alcohol was involved in two-thirds of drug-related ED visits concerning prescription and OTC drugs. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 26) Unintentional drug misuse is an especially serious concern among the elderly. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 27) The large number of elderly people taking multiple medications increases the risk of unintentional drug misuse. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 28) Handwritten prescriptions can sometimes lead to an inappropriate medication being dispensed, due to the similarity among some drug names. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 29) Since 2004, there has not been an increase in the number of drug brand names that look or sound alike. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs

.

14–6

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

30) OTC drugs, by definition, do not have any side effects. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 31) Canada consumes the highest per capita amount of prescription opioids in the world. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.3 Examine safety issues with respect to prescription drugs 32) Aspirin is a common name for the drug acetaminophen. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 33) NSAIDs are only prescription drugs. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 34) An antipyretic drug can bring your body temperature down. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 35) The use of natural analgesics, such as that derived from willow bark, dates back to 1898. a. True

.

14–7

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: b LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 36) Aspirin erodes the stomach wall. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 37) A regular aspirin regimen has no effect on the risk of heart attacks. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 38) Reye’s syndrome is a dangerous disease marked by lethargy, nausea, vomiting, disorientation, and coma. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 39) Acetaminophen should not be given to anyone under the age of 20 because of a risk of developing Reye’s syndrome. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 40) It is advisable not to administer aspirin to individuals under the age of 20. a. True b. False

.

14–8

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 41) Acetaminophen is a better analgesic drug than acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) for patients with stomach ulcers. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 42) Acetaminophen is particularly suited for the treatment of inflammation of the joints. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 43) Ibuprofen does not interfere with aspirin’s ability to protect against recurring heart attacks. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 44) The advantage of ibuprofen over naproxen is that ibuprofen has a substantially longer duration of action than does naproxen. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 45) The only two Health Canada-approved active ingredients in sleep aids are both antihistamines. a. True b. False

.

14–9

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a LO: 14.5 Describe sleep aids and cough-and-cold remedies as some of the other classes of OTC drugs 46) Cough-and-cold remedies reduce the length of time a cold is in one’s system. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.5 Describe sleep aids and cough-and-cold remedies as some of the other classes of OTC drugs 47) Cough-and-cold remedies can be safely combined with the intake of alcohol. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 14.5 Describe sleep aids and cough-and-cold remedies as some of the other classes of OTC drugs 48) Cough-and-cold medications, particularly those containing the nasal decongestant pseudoephedrine, present health risks in young children. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 14.5 Describe sleep aids and cough-and-cold remedies as some of the other classes of OTC drugs

Multiple-Choice Questions 1) What is the name of the national authority that regulates medicinal drugs in Canada? a. Therapeutic Products Department b. Treatment Product Designate c. Therapeutic Products Directorate d. Therapies and Prescriptions Declarant

.

14–10

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.1 Describe the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, as opposed to dietary supplements 2) When taking over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, there are restrictions with regard to __________. a. the disorder for which the drugs are taken b. the dosage level that can be taken c. the number of refills that can be purchased d. none of the above Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.1 Describe the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, as opposed to dietary supplements 3) In general, the margin of safety for OTC drugs __________. a. is higher than for prescription drugs b. is lower than for prescription drugs c. needs to be, by law, equivalent to that of prescription drugs d. may be higher or lower than for prescription drugs, depending upon the degree of access to the product Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.1 Describe the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, as opposed to dietary supplements 4) OTC drugs __________.

.

14–11

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. are available by prescription only b. are free of toxic effects c. have a high potential for misuse d. have a lower margin of safety than prescription drugs Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.1 Describe the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, as opposed to dietary supplements 5) The Therapeutic Products Directorate (TPD) is responsible for regulating __________. a. prescription drugs b. prescription drugs and OTC drugs c. prescription drugs, OTC drugs, and all natural health products d. prescription drugs, OTC drugs, and some natural health products Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.1 Describe the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, as opposed to dietary supplements 6) Which of the following would be classified as a drug by the TPD? a. a sleep aid b. a commercial kitchen sanitizer c. a skin moisturizer with herbal ingredients d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC

.

14–12

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 14.1 Describe the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, as opposed to dietary supplements 7) The TPD follows which set of criteria for defining a drug? a. Food and Drug Act b. Federal Drug Act c. Food and Drug Administration d. Federal Drug Association Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.1 Describe the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, as opposed to dietary supplements 8) Which of the following is an example of a natural health product? a. an analgesic b. a weight-loss aid c. an herbal preparation d. a cough-and-cold remedy Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.1 Describe the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, as opposed to dietary supplements 9) The TPD regulates natural health products __________. a. never b. always c. when they are first released on the commercial market d. when they make therapeutic claims

.

14–13

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.1 Describe the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, as opposed to dietary supplements 10) Which of the following best describes the regulation of natural health products in Canada? a. Natural health products are always regulated in the same way as drugs. b. Whenever natural health products make a therapeutic claim, they are regulated the same way as drugs. c. Natural health products are always regulated differently than drugs. d. Natural health products undergo evaluation when they are first released on the market but are unregulated after that.

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.1 Describe the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, as opposed to dietary supplements 11) As of 2010, manufacturers of dietary supplements in the United States must __________. a. provide information to consumers about the risks and side effects of dietary supplements b. show that the purity, strength, and composition of these products have been tested and that the labels are accurate descriptions of the contents c. claim benefits with respect to the diagnosis, treatment, cure, or prevention of uncommon conditions or diseases d. state that dietary supplements can be taken with or without a physician’s recommendation Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

14–14

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 14.1 Describe the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, as opposed to dietary supplements 12) In Canada, products such as vitamins, minerals, or herbal preparations are classified as __________. a. natural health products b. dietary supplements c. OTC drugs d. both A and B Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.1 Describe the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, as opposed to dietary supplements 13) Preliminary studies on new drugs must be conducted on __________ before an application for drug approval can even be started with Health Canada. a. animals b. university students c. pregnant women d. all of the above Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 14) Which of the following must be completed before an application for drug approval can be started with Health Canada? a. Purification of the drug’s active ingredients b. Market research regarding the need for the drug c. Extensive toxicity tests in three species of laboratory animals d. all of the above

.

14–15

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 15) Preliminary studies about the toxicity of a new drug must include the determination of the __________. a. LD50 b. ED50 c. LD5 d. ED5 Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 16) If a drug needs to be marketed for a chronic disorder, __________. a. toxicity studies must be extended over a longer period of time b. an LD75 must be established c. laboratory testing must be done in more than five different locations d. laboratory testing must include human participants Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 17) Prior to clinical trials, a drug company must receive approval of their application from __________. a. Health Canada b. a research ethics board

.

14–16

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. both A and B d. neither A nor B Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 18) Clinical testing of a new compound that has promise as a new prescription drug cannot begin until a(n) ______ is submitted to Health Canada. a. CTA b. LD50 c. Phase 2 trial d. none of the above Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 19) Prior to Phase 1 trials, a new drug must be tested in animals for possible __________. a. impurities in its active ingredients b. toxic effects c. adverse effects during pregnancy d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 20) The abbreviation CTA (as in the application concerning a new drug) stands for __________.

.

14–17

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. Clinical Trial Application b. Canadian Testing Authority c. Clinical Testing Authorization d. Clinical Testing Advancement Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 21) Approval of a CTA in Canada essentially grants permission to __________. a. conduct animal testing b. conduct human testing c. begin distribution of a new prescription drug d. begin Phase 2 trials Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 22) During the testing of a new drug, human studies begin in __________. a. the preliminary studies b. Phase 1 c. Phase 2 d. Phase 3 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 23) Healthy volunteers are used during _______ of clinical prescription drug studies. .

14–18

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. Phase 1 trials b. Phase 2 trials c. Phase 3 trials d. Phase 4 trials Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 24) In Phase 1 clinical trials, __________. a. certain pharmacological questions are answered b. no clinical populations are involved c. safe dosage levels are determined d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 25) In Phase 1 clinical trials, __________. a. absorption rates are already known b. no clinical populations are involved c. dosage levels have already been determined d. all of the above Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs

.

14–19

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

26) Phase 2 clinical trials differ from Phase 1 clinical trials in that Phase 2 trials involve __________. a. testing the new drug on 100 to 500 patients with the medical condition or disorder b. normal, healthy volunteers c. single-blind methods d. several thousand patients all having a particular disorder Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 27) Analogy: Phase 1 trials are to Phase 2 trials as __________. a. animals are to humans b. toxicity is to dosage level c. healthy volunteers are to human patients d. prison inmates are to medical students Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 28) It is important to make sure that the participants in Phase 2 drug trials are __________. a. healthy volunteers b. laboratory animals c. terminally ill d. free of health problems, except for the condition the drug is intended to treat Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

14–20

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 29) A double-blind study means __________. a. the patient is unaware whether he or she is taking a placebo or the actual drug, though the doctor is aware of which drug was taken b. the doctor is unaware whether the patient is taking a placebo or the actual drug, though the patient is aware of which drug was taken c. both the doctor and the patient are unaware of whether a placebo or the actual drug was taken d. only a limited number of staff know what the patient is taking Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 30) Double-blind studies are particularly important in __________. a. animal studies b. Phase 2 trials c. Phase 1 trials d. both A and B Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 31) A very large population of clinical patients (between 1000 to 3000) is involved at which stage of the Health Canada approval process for new drugs? a. Phase 1 b. Phase 2 c. Phase 3 d. Phase 4

.

14–21

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 32) Possible side effects of a new drug within a very large clinical population are evaluated in __________. a. Phase 1 trials b. Phase 2 trials c. Phase 3 trials d. animal studies Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 33) Which of the following phases of drug testing involves the largest group of human subjects? a. preliminary studies b. Phase 1 c. Phase 2 d. Phase 3 Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 34) Phase 1 of drug testing involves __________ human subjects. a. 1 to 50 b. 10 to 100 c. 100 to 500

.

14–22

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. 1000 to 3000 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 35) Phase 2 of drug testing involves __________ human subjects. a. 1 to 50 b. 50 to 100 c. 100 to 500 d. 1000 to 3000 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 36) The completion of Phase 1, Phase 2, and Phase 3 drug trials is usually a process that takes about _______ or more to complete. a. six months b. one year c. three years d. twelve years Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 37) Less than ______ of all drug compounds satisfactorily complete human clinical trials. a. 10% b. 30%

.

14–23

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. 40% d. 50% Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 38) Physicians’ reports become a large part of the data in which phase of clinical trials? a. Phase 1 b. Phase 2 c. Phase 3 d. Phase 4 Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 39) During what stage of clinical testing are new drugs released for commercial use? a. Phase 2 b. Phase 3 c. Phase 4 d. none of the above Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 40) When a new drug is approved for prescription use, it is likely that several years have passed since __________. a. the drug was first synthesized and testing began

.

14–24

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. the drug began Phase 1 clinical trials c. the drug began Phase 2 clinical trials d. the drug began Phase 3 clinical trials Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 41) A prescription drug patent has a fixed duration of __________. a. 5 years b. 10 years c. 20 years d. 30 years Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 42) A drug patent grants to the pharmaceutical company the following privilege(s): __________. a. exclusive marketing rights b. exclusive use of the drug’s brand name c. both A and B d. neither A nor B Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 43) With regard to the duration of a patent, the “clock” starts __________.

.

14–25

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. with the submission of the CTA b. when the drug enters the commercial market c. at the beginning of human clinical trials d. at the beginning of Phase 3 trials Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 44) Once a drug “goes off patent,” __________. a. generic versions can be marketed b. generic versions must be marketed under the former brand name c. the original drug company is forbidden to sell its prescription drug any longer d. bioequivalency requirements are suspended for one year Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 45) When a drug “goes off patent,” the manufacturing drug company __________. a. can be issued an exclusive patent of its own for an additional 10 years b. will be required to manufacture generic versions of the drug c. may apply for Health Canada approval for the drug to be marked as an OTC drug d. must prove bioequivalency between the original drug and the generic form Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs

.

14–26

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

46) Bioequivalence refers to the identical nature of chemical and pharmacological ingredients __________. a. between generic and brand-name versions b. among separate batches of a prescription drug c. over the life of a drug patent d. being clearly stated to the consumer Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 47) Health Canada has required that all generic drugs demonstrate __________ when compared to the original brand-name drug. a. bioequivalence as well as equal bioavailability b. bioequivalence but not equal bioavailability c. neither bioequivalence nor equal bioavailability d. equal bioavailability but not bioequivalence Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 48) The issue of bioavailability in generic drugs is a concern because differences may result in __________. a. different therapeutic effects b. increased sales of generic drugs compared to brand name drugs c. increased cost to the consumer purchasing generic drugs d. difficulties with drug manufacturing Answer: a Diff: 3

.

14–27

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 49) A company has developed a new natural health product which they market as a replacement for a common prescription pain medication. What claims are they likely to make regarding the two products? a. the two products display bioequivalence b. bioavailability of the two products is similar c. the two products are pharmaceutical equivalents d. one product is a pharmaceutical alternative for the other Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs 50) A natural health product with an exemption number on the product label has not been evaluated for __________ . a. quality b. efficacy c. long-term safety d. all of the above Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.3 Examine safety issues with respect to prescription drugs 51) In 2011, __________ accounted for 95% of ED visits for attempted suicide. a. prescription drugs b. OTC drugs c. both A and B d. neither A nor B

.

14–28

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.3 Examine safety issues with respect to prescription drugs 52) In 2011, prescription and OTC drugs accounted for __________ of ED visits for attempted suicide. a. 50% b. 70% c. 95% d. 100% Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 14.3 Examine safety issues with respect to prescription drugs 53) According to the text, most of the ED visits associated with prescription drugs __________. a. occur from prescription drugs alone b. involve the combination of multiple drugs c. involve the combination with the antianxiety drug Valium d. involve children under the age of five Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.3 Examine safety issues with respect to prescription drugs 54) The likelihood of a medical emergency increases dramatically when prescription and OTC drugs __________. a. are taken in times of stress and anxiety

.

14–29

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. are combined with alcohol c. are taken in the evening hours d. are ingested by teenagers Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.3 Examine safety issues with respect to prescription drugs 55) _______ out of five older adults report taking five or more prescription drugs. a. One b. Two c. Three d. Four Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 14.3 Examine safety issues with respect to prescription drugs 56) From 2004 to 2008, the number of drugs that are very difficult to distinguish from each other _______. a. reduced by 50% b. increased by 1000% c. increased by about 10% d. nearly doubled Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 14.3 Examine safety issues with respect to prescription drugs 57) Celebrex and Cerebyx are __________.

.

14–30

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. both medications to treat arthritis pain b. both medications to treat seizures c. medications to treat arthritis pain and bacterial seizures, respectively d. actually two brand names for the same drug Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 14.3 Examine safety issues with respect to prescription drugs 58) The risk of unintentional misuse of prescription drugs is a serious concern among __________ . a. the elderly b. adolescents c. pregnant women d. none of the above Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.3 Examine safety issues with respect to prescription drugs 59) Canada’s per capita consumption of prescription opioids is __________ . a. highest in the world b. second highest in the world c. fifth highest in the world d. not high enough to be in the world’s top ten Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.3 Examine safety issues with respect to prescription drugs

.

14–31

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

60) Which of the following is NOT one of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)? a. Aspirin b. ibuprofen c. acetaminophen d. naproxen Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 61) Which of the following drugs has been available the longest? a. aspirin b. ibuprofen c. acetaminophen d. naproxen Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 62) The main disadvantage of salicylic acid is that __________. a. too many ED mentions result from its ingestion b. it is very irritating to the stomach c. moderate doses produce hallucinations d. it is more expensive than acetaminophen Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs

.

14–32

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

63) ASA is an abbreviation for __________. a. acetaminophen sodium amylate b. acetaldehyde salicylic acid c. acetylsalicylic acid d. acetostrombic acetate Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 64) Aspirin is synonymous with __________. a. ASA b. ACTH c. ACh d. ACS Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 65) “Genuine Bayer’s Aspirin” is the same as __________. a. acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) b. acetaminophen c. ibuprofen d. naproxen Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs .

14–33

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

66) The fever-reducing aspect of aspirin is referred to as its ________ property. a. anti-inflammatory b. analgesic c. antipyretic d. none of the above Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 67) Which one of the following characteristics does NOT involve a medical application of aspirin? a. anti-inflammatory b. antipyretic c. analgesic d. antihistaminic Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 68) Aspirin produces its analgesic effects as a result of __________. a. stimulating prostaglandins b. blocking prostaglandins c. stimulated morphine-sensitive receptors d. blocking morphine-sensitive receptors Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

14–34

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 69) Normally, an injury to the body will result in __________. a. an elevation of prostaglandins b. a tendency toward inflammation c. an elevation of serotonergic response d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 70) Prostaglandin blocking explains which of the following effect(s) of aspirin? a. analgesic b. antipyretic c. anti-inflammatory d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 71) Aspirin reduces fever by __________. a. enhancing the effect of endorphins b. stimulating morphine-sensitive receptors c. blocking the effect of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus d. blocking the effect of prostaglandins in the medulla Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC .

14–35

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 72) In order to raise body temperature, prostaglandins act on which area of the brain? a. medulla b. hippocampus c. hypothalamus d. hindbrain Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 73) Which of the following can be derived from willow bark? a. salicylic acid b. acetaminophen c. ibuprofen d. naproxen Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 74) Which of the following can be derived from spirea plants? a. salicylic acid b. acetaminophen c. ibuprofen d. naproxen Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC .

14–36

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 75) Aspirin intake carries with it an increased risk of __________. a. headache pain b. gastric bleeding c. vaginal bleeding d. increased blood clotting Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 76) The adult recommended dosage of aspirin for any of its three principal medical applications is __________ every four hours. a. 81 mg b. 325–650 mg c. 1000 mg d. 3900 mg Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 77) “Baby” aspirin taken on a regular basis has been shown to __________. a. lower the risk of a nonfatal heart attack and lower the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding b. increase the risk of a nonfatal heart attack but lower the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding c. increase the risk of a nonfatal heart attack and increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding d. lower the risk of a nonfatal heart attack and increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding

.

14–37

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 78) Who should avoid taking aspirin? a. Elderly people b. People with stomach ulcers c. Anyone with a higher risk of heart attack d. Obese people Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 79) Cyclo-oxygenase is a(n) _________. a. neurotransmitter b. enzyme c. amino acid d. hormone Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 80) Surgical patients should not take aspirin prior to their surgery because __________. a. the gastric irritation might complicate their recovery b. the likelihood of contracting Reye’s syndrome is increased c. blood clotting time is increased d. prostaglandin secretion will be increased

.

14–38

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 81) While aspirin may be beneficial in reducing the incidence of ischemic (blood flow– interrupting) stroke, it increases the risk of __________. a. hemorrhagic (bleeding) stroke b. cancer of the throat c. infertility d. a heart attack Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 82) The anticlotting effect of aspirin can be useful in the following circumstance: __________. a. abdominal surgery b. labour and childbirth c. hemophilia condition (inability for blood to clot) d. small clots in the brain or in coronary arteries Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 83) Relatively speaking, which of the following people is the best candidate for aspirin? a. A 60-year-old patient going into open heart surgery b. a 50-year-old woman who has no history of stomach ulcers c. a 15-year-old healthy boy

.

14–39

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. a 40-year-old man with a history of intestinal bleeding Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 84) An increased risk of Reye’s syndrome is the reason why there is the recommendation that aspirin should not be taken __________. a. by elderly individuals b. by individuals under the age of 20 c. by individuals undergoing surgery d. by individuals trying to prevent heart attacks Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 85) Reye’s syndrome is a serious condition that can accompany which of the following diseases? a. chicken pox or the flu b. bacterial meningitis c. congestive heart disease d. liver cancer Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 86) The generic name for Tylenol is __________. a. ASA

.

14–40

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. acetaminophen c. aspirin d. ibuprofen Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 87) Acetaminophen has similar effects to ASA, EXCEPT that it does not reduce __________. a. fever b. moderate headache pain c. inflammation d. none of the above Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 88) Acetaminophen would NOT be recommended for __________. a. headache relief b. fever reduction c. a reduction in arthritic inflammation d. children Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 89) Acetaminophen is frequently preferred over aspirin because __________.

.

14–41

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. it does not reduce clotting b. it does not produce gastric distress c. it is not linked to Reye’s syndrome d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 90) The leading OTC pain-relieving drug in Canada is__________. a. acetaminophen b. ASA c. aspirin d. ibuprofen Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 91) It is thought that acetaminophen induces its biological effects by inactivating the __________ . a. COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes b. COX-1 and COX-3 enzymes c. COX-3 enzyme d. COX-1 enzyme Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs

.

14–42

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

92) The association of acetaminophen and liver disease is increased when it is combined with __________. a. acetylsalicylic acid b. acetic acid c. alcohol d. aspirin Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 93) The risk of liver damage due to acetaminophen is increased when_________ is taken along with it. a. any quantity of alcohol b. more than two alcoholic drinks per day c. any quantity of aspirin d. any quantity of Tylenol Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 94) Which one of the following people would benefit most from acetaminophen? a. Someone needing to reduce inflammation of the joints b. Someone who is drinking alcohol c. Someone who has muscle aches d. Someone who is taking anticlotting medication Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC

.

14–43

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 95) _______ is a recognized medical antidote for acetaminophen overdose. a. Tylenol b. acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) c. ibuprofen d. naproxen Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 96) A serious problem with acetaminophen is its potential to produce __________. a. recurrent heart attacks b. liver damage c. kidney damage d. both B and C Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 97) Kidney damage has been linked to heavy use or moderate cumulative use of __________. a. acetylsalicylic acid b. acetaminophen c. both acetaminophen and acetylsalicylic acid d. acetic acid Answer: b Diff: 3

.

14–44

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 98) Which of the following does NOT have an association with kidney damage? a. acetaminophen b. Aspirin c. ibuprofen d. Motrin Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 99) In the United Kingdom and other countries outside of North America, generic acetaminophen is referred to as _________ . a. paracetamol b. acetylcysteine c. naproxen d. warfarin Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 100) Ibuprofen has which of the following properties? a. analgesic b. antipyretic c. anti-inflammatory d. all of the above Answer: d

.

14–45

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 101) The recommended adult dosage of ibuprofen is 200 mg every __________ . a. 1 to 2 hours b. 2 to 4 hours c. 4 to 6 hours d. 24 hours Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 102) The recommended adult dosage of ibuprofen is __________ every __________. a. one tablet; 2 to 4 hours b. one tablet; 4 to 6 hours c. two tablets; 4 to 6 hours d. two tablets; 2 to 4 hours Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 103) When taking ibuprofen, no one should exceed __________ in a 24-hour period. a. 400 mg (2 tablets) b. 800 mg (4 tablets) c. 1000 mg (5 tablets) d. 1200 mg (6 tablets) Answer: d .

14–46

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 104) Patients are advised to take milk or food with___________ to minimize gastric irritation. a. any prescription drug b. ibuprofen c. alcohol d. acetaminophen Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 105) An example of the newest class of OTC analgesic drugs, discussed in the text, is __________. a. acetaminophen b. aspirin c. ibuprofen d. naproxen Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 106) Naproxen has been available as an OTC drug in Canada since __________. a. 1950 b. 1970 c. 1994 d. 2009

.

14–47

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 107) Aleve is a brand name for __________. a. acetaminophen b. aspirin c. ibuprofen d. naproxen Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 108) The therapeutic applications of naproxen are similar to __________. a. aspirin b. acetaminophen c. Tylenol d. all of the above Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 109) Naproxen is different from all the other OTC pain relievers in that __________. a. its effects last from 8 to 12 hours b. it is effective in reducing inflammation c. it does not cause gastrointestinal irritation d. it is available on a nonprescription basis .

14–48

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 110) What is a primary advantage of using acetaminophen over aspirin? a. Acetaminophen can cross the blood brain barrier. b. Acetaminophen has minimal anti-inflammatory effects. c. Aspirin increases the risk of kidney damage. d. Aspirin increases the risk of excessive bleeding.

Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 111) What drug would most likely relieve symptoms of a viral infection? a. diphenhydramine b. doxylamine succinate c. naproxen d. COX-1 inhibitors Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 112) The only FDA-approved active ingredient(s) in OTC sleep aids is (are) the following: __________. a. diphenhydramine b. diphenhydramine and doxylamine succinate c. diphenhydramine and opium

.

14–49

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. any drug, as long as it is an antihistamine Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 14.5 Describe sleep aids and cough-and-cold remedies as some of the other classes of OTC drugs 113) Sleep aids fall into which drug category? a. CNS stimulants b. CNS depressants c. opiates d. none of the above Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.5 Describe sleep aids and cough-and-cold remedies as some of the other classes of OTC drugs 114) The effects of sleep aids can be dangerously enhanced if used in conjunction with __________. a. alcohol b. antihistamines c. cough-and-cold remedies d. any of the above Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.5 Describe sleep aids and cough-and-cold remedies as some of the other classes of OTC drugs 115) Cough-and-cold remedies can __________.

.

14–50

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. cure the common cold b. reduce the length of time the common cold is in one’s system c. alleviate the symptoms experienced with the common cold d. both B and C Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.5 Describe sleep aids and cough-and-cold remedies as some of the other classes of OTC drugs 116) If an OTC drug has antitussive properties, then it would be recommended for __________. a. headache pain b. reducing a fever c. controlling a cough d. opening up your clogged sinuses Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.5 Describe sleep aids and cough-and-cold remedies as some of the other classes of OTC drugs 117) If an OTC drug has expectorant properties, then it would __________. a. be expected to cure a cold b. stop your coughing c. make it easier to cough up mucus and phlegm d. make you drowsy Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC

.

14–51

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 14.5 Describe sleep aids and cough-and-cold remedies as some of the other classes of OTC drugs 118) To widen blocked nasal passages and sinuses, one should choose an OTC drug with ________ properties. a. antitussive b. expectorant c. decongestant d. antipyretic Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.5 Describe sleep aids and cough-and-cold remedies as some of the other classes of OTC drugs 119) Andy has a persistent cough. Which property of cough-and-cold remedies would help? a. antitussive b. sedative c. decongestant d. antipyretic Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.5 Describe sleep aids and cough-and-cold remedies as some of the other classes of OTC drugs 120) When taking an antihistamine, the user should avoid __________. a. driving a car b. standing in the sun c. drinking alcohol d. both A and C

.

14–52

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.5 Describe sleep aids and cough-and-cold remedies as some of the other classes of OTC drugs 121) Relief of itching, sneezing, and teary eyes would be produced by an OTC drug having which of the following properties? a. antitussive b. antihistamine c. antipyretic d. anti-inflammatory Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.5 Describe sleep aids and cough-and-cold remedies as some of the other classes of OTC drugs 122) Including an antipyretic drug in a cough-and-cold remedy would serve to __________. a. bring down a fever b. reduce the headache c. reduce the thickness of mucus in the throat d. suppress the cough Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 14.5 Describe sleep aids and cough-and-cold remedies as some of the other classes of OTC drugs 123) Paradoxically, many antihistamines may produce ______ in young children.

.

14–53

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. drowsiness b. stimulation c. an increase in cold symptoms d. clogged sinuses Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.5 Describe sleep aids and cough-and-cold remedies as some of the other classes of OTC drugs 124) Serious problems can occur when cough-and-cold remedies include _______ in their formulation. a. acetaminophen b. alcohol c. codeine d. ibuprofen Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.5 Describe sleep aids and cough-and-cold remedies as some of the other classes of OTC drugs 125) People suffering from which of the following conditions should NOT take coughand-cold remedies? a. diabetes b. high blood pressure c. thyroid disease d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

14–54

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 14.5 Describe sleep aids and cough-and-cold remedies as some of the other classes of OTC drugs 126) Natural health products that have been approved by Health Canada will list a __________ on the label. a. natural product number b. homeopathic medicine number c. nutraceutical approval number d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 14.6 Describe natural health products

Essay Questions 1) Discuss the differences in safety level and the extent of medical supervision between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs.

LO: 14.3 Examine safety issues with respect to prescription drugs 2) Describe the Phase 1, 2, 3, and 4 clinical trials of Health Canada’s approval process in terms of the goals of each phase, and the population that is involved.

LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs Answer: Phase 1 trials: Population: 10–100 healthy volunteers (prison inmates or medical students).

Goal: To answer pharmacological questions, such as speed of absorption and elimination, observed side effects, range of safe doses, and most advantageous administration schedule Feedback: Phase 2 trials: Population: 100–500 patients diagnosed with target illness Goal: Double-blind procedure to identify genuine improvements in target illness as a result of drug administration

.

14–55

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Phase 3 trials: Population: 1000–3000 patients diagnosed with target illness Goal: To evaluate safety, effectiveness, proper dosing, and side effects in more detail and on a larger scale Phase 4 trials: Population: Patients in general population who have been diagnosed with the target illness and prescribed the drug under study by their physician Goal: Monitoring for unforeseen side effects and possible toxic reactions 3) Compare and contrast brand name and generic forms of prescription drugs.

LO: 14.2 Discuss present-day Health Canada procedures for approving new drugs Answer: Brand-name drugs: Original form of drug approved under Health Canada for manufacture and sale by company of manufacture Generic drugs: A copy of the original drug formulation created by another company for sale as a replacement for a brand-name drug.

Brand-name and generic drugs must be chemically and pharmacologically identical (i.e., bioequivalent). However, there may still be differences in bioavailability between brandname and generic drugs.

Generic drugs also tend to be less expensive than brand-name drugs.

4) Prescription drugs are safe in their recommended use but toxic in misuse. Explain with examples.

LO: 14.3 Examine safety issues with respect to prescription drugs 5) Compare and contrast aspirin (ASA) with acetaminophen in terms of their medical benefits and their adverse side effects.

LO: 14.4 Discuss types of over-the-counter analgesic drugs 6) Discuss two problems associated with the use of OTC cough-and-cold remedies.

LO: 14.5 Describe sleep aids and cough-and-cold remedies as some of the other classes of OTC drugs 7) Define natural health products. Summarize three of the current safety concerns surrounding natural health products in Canada. Provide a possible solution for one of these issues.

.

14–56

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 14.6 Describe natural health products Answer: Health Canada classifies a natural health product as vitamins and minerals, herbal remedies, homeopathic medicines, traditional medicines, probiotics, and products such as amino acids and essential fatty acids. Natural health products are often marketed to have some health benefit.

Three of the following safety concerns: 1) The vast number of natural health products on the market means that Health Canada has not had time to fully evaluate the long-term safety of all products.

2) Manufacturing problems may exist that result in contamination of the product or a dosage that is higher or lower than reported on the label.

3) Some natural health products may make claims about efficacy and usefulness that have not been proven. Taking a product that does not work may be serious with severe medical conditions.

4) Labelling may be insufficient to determine how much to take, when to take it, and whether it is inappropriate for certain populations (e.g., the elderly or children).

5) Individuals may experience adverse interactions between ingredients in the product, other products being consumed, or medications.

6) Side effects are often not reported on NHP labels.

Feedback: Possible solutions may include the following: 1) Talk to a health care professional before choosing and consuming an NHP. 2) Use only approved products (look for natural product number of homeopathic medicine number).

3) Be skeptical about health claims. Do your research before consuming a product, including talking to your health care provider.

4) Read and follow all instructions on the label.

5) Report unwanted side effects.

.

14–57

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

CHAPTER 15 DRUGS FOR TREATING SCHIZOPHRENIA, MOOD, AND OTHER DISORDERS True or False Questions 1) Another name for psychiatric drugs is psychotropic medication. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.1 Relate the biomedical model of mental illness to the development of psychiatric drugs 2) The concordance rate for schizophrenia is higher in identical twins than it is in fraternal twins. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 3) Schizophrenic patients frequently have multiple or split personalities. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 4) Schizophrenia is more common in men than women. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 5) Beginning in the mid-1950s, many schizophrenic patients began to be treated on an outpatient basis.

.

15–1

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 6) Before the 1950s, one of the principal ways of dealing with schizophrenic patients was through surgical interventions such as prefrontal lobotomies. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 7) Antipsychotic drugs have a high potential for abuse. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 8) The first generation of drugs for schizophrenia was introduced in the 1960s. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 9) Chlorpromazine (brand name: Largactil) is an example of a typical antipsychotic drug. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 10) While first-generation antipsychotic drugs are effective in treating delusional behaviour, they are less effective in treating social withdrawal. a. True

.

15–2

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: a LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 11) Tardive dyskinesia often appears in the behaviour of medicated schizophrenics within a day or so. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 12) Those exposed to long-term treatment with antipsychotic drugs have more than a 10% risk of developing tardive dyskinesia. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 13) Generally speaking, patients under 50 years of age show a higher incidence of tardive dyskinesia. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 14) Clozapine (brand name: Clozaril) is a second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic drug. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 15) Risperidone (brand name: Risperdal) unfortunately increases the risk of a potentially lethal blood disorder called agranulocytosis.

.

15–3

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 16) Treatment using medications such as Clozaril is generally expensive due to the required monitoring of blood. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 17) Weight gain is a side effect of Zyprexa, but not of Risperdal. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 18) Abilify is a “third-generation” antipsychotic drug. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 19) The incidence of Parkinson’s-like symptoms as a side effect of typical antipsychotic drugs implies a dopamine connection in schizophrenia. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 20) Schizophrenia is considered to be related to a low level of dopamine activity in the brain.

.

15–4

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 21) Taking too much L-DOPA (anti-Parkinson’s drug) can result in symptoms of schizophrenia in Parkinson’s patients. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 22) Drugs that are weak blockers of dopamine are most effective in treating schizophrenia. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 23) Clozapine (brand name: Clozaril) is believed to act in the same way as chlorpromazine (brand name: Largactil) in the brain. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 24) Third-generation antipsychotic drugs do nothing but block D2 receptors. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 25) Depression is a mood disorder.

.

15–5

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 26) An inclination toward depression increases the risk of an attempted suicide. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 27) After a deep period of depression, the likelihood of a suicide attempt is increased during the initial phase of an upswing in mood. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 28) Canada ranks first in the world for consumption of antidepressants. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 29) First-generation antidepressants include MAO inhibitors. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 30) MAO inhibitors inhibit MAO in the brain only; MAO elsewhere in the body is unaffected. a. True

.

15–6

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: b LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 31) Treatment with MAO inhibitors for depression is risky unless the diet is carefully monitored and restricted. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 32) Tricyclic antidepressants work in the brain by inhibiting monoamine oxidase (MAO). a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 33) Paxil was the first available SSRI for the treatment of depression. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 34) Fluoxetine (brand name: Prozac) is an example of an antidepressant drug that works in the brain by reducing the activity level of norepinephrine. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 35) Patients being treated for cardiovascular disorders should avoid taking Prozac. a. True b. False

.

15–7

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 36) Patients under treatment with fluoxetine (brand name: Prozac) run an increased risk of seizures. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 37) Prozac increases the risk of suicide in adults. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 38) Prozac carries a high risk for physical dependence. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 39) Third-generation antidepressant drugs act upon both serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 40) Now that we know the neurotransmitters affected, it has been determined that serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are actually MAO-inhibitors. a. True b. False

.

15–8

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 41) The overall risk of suicide among children and adolescents taking SSRI antidepressants is low. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 42) Tricyclic antidepressant drugs act on enzymes in the synapse. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 43) MAO molecules stimulate the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin at the synapse where they operate. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 44) It may be possible that depression is expressed in different neurochemical ways in different people. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 45) Lithium carbonate has been a major drug for the treatment of bipolar disorder. a. True b. False

.

15–9

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a LO: 15.5 Identify certain psychotropic drugs to treat other mental disorders such as mania, bipolar disorder, and autism 46) Lithium carbonate has potential toxic effects to the thyroid gland and kidneys. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.5 Identify certain psychotropic drugs to treat other mental disorders such as mania, bipolar disorder, and autism 47) Some second-generation antipsychotic drugs have been shown to be useful in treating bipolar disorder. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.5 Identify certain psychotropic drugs to treat other mental disorders such as mania, bipolar disorder, and autism 48) Second-generation antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of bipolar disorder should not be administered to elderly patients with dementia, on the basis of evidence showing an elevated risk of death from cardiovascular disease or infections such as pneumonia. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.5 Identify certain psychotropic drugs to treat other mental disorders such as mania, bipolar disorder, and autism 49) The antipsychotic drug Risperdal is approved by Health Canada for use in controlling aggressive behaviour in the autistic children and adolescents. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.5 Identify certain psychotropic drugs to treat other mental disorders such as mania, bipolar disorder, and autism

.

15–10

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

50) Off-label usage is an illegal practice. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 15.5 Identify certain psychotropic drugs to treat other mental disorders such as mania, bipolar disorder, and autism 51) Prior to the 1960s, the severely mentally ill had been mostly treated through largescale institutionalization. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.6 Relate how social policies have shaped modern-day psychiatric drug treatment 52) Deinstitutionalization was greatly accelerated by the expansion of federal Welfare programs. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.6 Relate how social policies have shaped modern-day psychiatric drug treatment 53) According to the text, the number of patients with severe mental illness who are in prison is a major social concern. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 15.6 Relate how social policies have shaped modern-day psychiatric drug treatment

Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The biomedical model assumes that __________. a. schizophrenia is different from mood disorders

.

15–11

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. psychiatrists are not the appropriate professionals to supervise psychotropic medication c. schizophrenia can be cured d. mental illness is a result of biochemical processes in the brain Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.1 Relate the biomedical model of mental illness to the development of psychiatric drugs 2) The biomedical model takes into consideration __________. a. adverse sociological factors b. psychodynamic factors c. cognitive factors d. none of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.1 Relate the biomedical model of mental illness to the development of psychiatric drugs 3) If there is a strong genetic component to schizophrenia in families, the concordance for identical twins should be __________. a. higher than the concordance for fraternal twins b. lower than the concordance for fraternal twins c. equivalent to the concordance for fraternal twins d. about 80% Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.1 Relate the biomedical model of mental illness to the development of psychiatric drugs

.

15–12

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

4) Antipsychotic drugs generally refer to drugs used to treat __________. a. mental illness in general b. schizophrenia c. depression d. depression and extreme anxiety Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 15.2 Define antipsychotic drugs 5) An individual who has a split personality or multiple personalities is diagnosed as having __________. a. depression b. schizophrenia c. a dissociative disorder d. bipolar disorder Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 6) Psychotic behaviour has been shown to result from __________. a. mercury poisoning b. lead poisoning c. caffeinism d. lithium poisoning Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC

.

15–13

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 7) Mercury poisoning can lead to __________. a. fatigue b. anxiety c. dementia d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 8) A belief that is clearly not rooted in reality is referred to as a(n) __________. a. delusion b. hallucination c. alliteration d. illusion Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 9) Overall, the prevalence rate of schizophrenia is approximately ________ of the Canadian adult population. a. 1% b. 2% c. 5% d. 8% Answer: a Diff: 2

.

15–14

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 10) Alfred was sitting in the dayroom; however, his posture was rigid, nonflexible, and he seemed almost stuck in position. This symptom would be best described as ____________. a. catatonia b. melancholia c. euphoria d. dysphoria Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 11) Schizophrenic hallucinations are most frequently __________. a. auditory b. visual c. a synesthesia-type blend of auditory and visual sensations d. somatosensory Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 12) Some schizophrenics experience __________. a. multiple personalities b. dissociative disorders c. feelings of paranoia d. visual hallucinations

.

15–15

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 13) Catatonia refers to __________. a. a jerky movement of the lower limbs b. a trance-like state in which the body remains immobile c. a set of delusions characteristic of schizophrenia d. a profound level of mental depression despite normal body movement Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 14) If you lived in a small town with a population of 3000, how many individuals in this population would be expected by chance alone to be schizophrenic? a. 1 or 2 b. about 3 c. about 10 d. about 30 Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 15) Schizophrenia __________. a. affects more women than men b. affects more men than women c. appears at a younger age in men than women d. appears at a younger age in women than men

.

15–16

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 16) Prior to the mid-1950s, the principal option for treating schizophrenia was __________. a. to administer drugs like Largactil or Haldol b. to administer CNS stimulants like cocaine c. to sedate patients with drugs like barbiturates d. to allow schizophrenics to heal themselves Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 17) According to the text, in 1955 hospital admission statistics in Canada resembled those in the United States, where about _______ of all admitted hospital patients were there for psychiatric reasons. a. 20% b. 35% c. 50% d. 75% Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 18) The peak in the number of hospitalized psychiatric patients in the United States and Canada was reached around __________. a. 1905

.

15–17

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. 1938 c. 1955 d. 1982 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 19) Following 1955, the resident population in mental hospitals in the United States and Canada decreased by 50% as a result of __________. a. the introduction of antipsychotic drugs b. neurosurgical interventions c. deinstitutionalization d. both A and C Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 20) Deinstitutionalization __________. a. refers to a policy of limited hospitalizations of mental patients b. has resulted in an increase in the number of hospitalized schizophrenic patients c. has helped to cure countless numbers of schizophrenic patients d. all of the above Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 15.6 Relate how social policies have shaped modern-day psychiatric drug treatment 21) In most cases, schizophrenic patients take their medication __________.

.

15–18

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. orally b. intravenously c. intramuscularly d. sublingually Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 22) With antipsychotic medication, agitated patients become more _______ and withdrawn patients become more _______. a. relaxed; withdrawn b. agitated; sociable c. relaxed; sociable d. agitated; withdrawn Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 23) Large doses of antipsychotic drugs __________. a. produce euphoria b. have high potential for psychological dependence c. impair breathing d. do not produce tolerance Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia

.

15–19

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

24) Antipsychotic drugs have a low potential for abuse since they do not produce __________. a. tolerance b. euphoria c. craving or psychological dependence d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 25) Largactil, Haldol, Navane, and Majeptil are all examples of __________. a. typical antidepressants b. typical antipsychotic drugs c. atypical antidepressants d. atypical antipsychotic drugs Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 26) What is true about the typical antipsychotic drugs? a. They are not very effective in reducing apathy. b. They are effective in treating social consciousness disorder. c. They are not very effective in reducing delusional behaviour. d. They do not have serious side effects.

Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia

.

15–20

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

27) According to the text, side effects of first-generation antipsychotic drugs include all but which of the following? a. oversensitization of the skin b. extreme nausea and dehydration c. blurred vision d. weight gain Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 28) Typical antipsychotic drugs all share the side effect of __________. a. increased hallucinations b. euphoria c. respiratory failure at relatively low doses d. Parkinson’s-like symptoms Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 29) Parkinson’s-like symptoms include all of the following, EXCEPT __________. a. stiff, shuffling walk b. auditory hallucinations c. a fixed facial expression d. restlessness Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

15–21

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 30) Tardive dyskinesia __________. a. is associated with atypical antipsychotic drugs b. can appear as early as one day following the onset of medication c. consists of jerky, tic-like movements d. results in catatonic stupor Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 31) Tardive dyskinesia appears relatively more often among __________. a. women b. elderly patients c. patients older than 50 d. neither A nor B Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 32) A patient on antipsychotic medication has jerky, tic-like movements of the face and has been observed smacking her lips and flicking her tongue rapidly. It is likely that this patient is suffering from __________. a. target dosing b. Parkinson’s disease c. Lyme disease d. tardive dyskinesia Answer: d

.

15–22

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 33) Clozapine (Clozaril) is classified as a(n) __________. a. atypical antipsychotic drug b. typical antipsychotic drug c. atypical antidepressant d. typical antidepressant Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 34) In the case of clozapine (Clozaril) treatment, __________. a. Parkinson’s-like symptoms are rare b. tardive dyskinesia is rare c. schizophrenic symptoms are relieved d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 35) Which of the following statements about atypical antipsychotic drugs is NOT true? a. Atypical antipsychotic drugs can treat a greater number of schizophrenic symptoms as compared to typical antipsychotic drugs. b. Although tardive dyskinesia is rare when atypical drugs are used, Parkinson’s-like symptoms are a more common side effect. c. Patients taking atypical antipsychotic drugs may require additional blood tests for the entire time they are under treatment.

.

15–23

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. Some atypical antipsychotic drugs have potentially fatal side effects, such as lethal blood disease.

Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 36) In order to detect early signs of agranulocytosis, it is necessary to administer __________. a. periodic blood tests b. an EMIT urinalysis test c. naloxone as a preventive antidote d. daily psychological screening by a trained psychiatrist Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 37) Which is NOT an atypical antipsychotic drug? a. Zyprexa b. Haldol c. Clozaril d. Risperdal Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 38) Periodic blood tests are required for which atypical antipsychotic drug? a. Zyprexa

.

15–24

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. Seroquel c. Clozaril d. Risperdal Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 39) Clozaril, Risperdal, Zyprexa, and Seroquel are all __________. a. atypical antidepressants b. typical antipsychotics c. typical antidepressants d. atypical antipsychotics Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 40) All but which one of the following conditions have been linked to an atypical antipsychotic drug? a. weight gain b. extremely low blood pressure c. type-2 diabetes d. blood disease Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia

.

15–25

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

41) Health Canada now warns that Zyprexa, Risperdal, and related drugs should not be administered to __________. a. women in their 20s b. men in their 40s c. the elderly d. all of the above Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 42) Zyprexa, Risperdal, and related drugs are associated with an increased risk of death due to heart-related problems or respiratory infections in __________. a. women in their 20s b. men in their 40s c. the elderly d. children Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 43) According to the text, which of the following has the least number of adverse side effects? a. First-generation antipsychotic drugs b. Second-generation antipsychotic drugs c. Third-generation antipsychotic drugs d. All antipsychotic drugs have the same side effects.

Answer: c Diff: 3

.

15–26

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 44) Originally, chlorpromazine was used as a treatment for __________. a. schizophrenic symptoms b. extreme fatigue c. insomnia d. severe vomiting Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 45) Agranulocytosis is a relatively rare blood disease associated with a small proportion of patients under treatment with which one of the following drugs? a. clozapine (Clozaril) b. risperidone (Risperdal) c. chlorpromazine (Largactil) d. olanzapine (Zyprexa) Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 46) The development of Parkinson’s disease is now understood to be a result of a(n) __________. a. overstimulation of endorphins b. overstimulation of dopamine receptors c. dopamine deficiency d. endorphin deficiency

.

15–27

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 47) The area of the brain that is linked to Parkinson’s disease is the __________. a. hippocampus b. prefrontal lobe c. medulla d. substantia nigra Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 48) The dopamine theory of schizophrenia implies that schizophrenic symptoms are a result of __________. a. an excessively high level of dopamine activity in the brain b. an overabundance of dopamine-sensitive receptors in the medulla c. an inadequate level of dopamine activity in the brain d. Parkinson’s disease gone awry Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 49) One prediction of the dopamine theory of schizophrenia is that an overdose of LDOPA would produce __________. a. the same reactions as would an antipsychotic drug b. schizophrenic-like symptoms c. signs of Parkinson’s disease

.

15–28

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. extreme depression Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 50) All typical antipsychotic drugs have which of the following effects on brain chemistry? a. They stimulate dopamine-sensitive receptors. b. They block the stimulation of dopamine-sensitive receptors. c. They leave dopamine-sensitive receptors unchanged. d. They affect the glucose metabolism of the brain.

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 51) If you had 10 typical antipsychotic drugs, the one that was most effective in treating schizophrenia would be the one that __________. a. left dopamine-sensitive receptor sites alone b. allowed endorphins to increase the most c. blocked dopamine-sensitive receptors the most d. stimulated dopamine-sensitive receptors the most Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 52) The subtype of dopamine-sensitive receptors that are affected by typical antipsychotic drugs is ______.

.

15–29

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. D4 b. D3 c. D2 d. D1 Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 53) Which of the following drugs block a special subtype of serotonin receptor? a. Zeldox b. Risperdal c. Zyprexa d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 54) Clozapine (Clozaril) is different from typical antipsychotic drugs in that it blocks __________. a. D4 receptors b. D3 receptors c. D2 receptors d. D1 receptors Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia

.

15–30

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

55) It is believed that Parkinson’s-like side effects occur with first-generation (typical) antipsychotic drugs due to __________. a. reduction in D2 receptor activity b. blockage of D4 receptors c. the modulation of D2 receptors d. the increase in D4 receptors Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 56) The third-generation antipsychotic drug called “Abilify” __________. a. increases functioning of D2 receptors when dopamine activity is low b. decreases functioning of D2 receptors when dopamine activity is high c. decreases functioning of D2 receptors when dopamine activity is low d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 57) Analogy: First-generation antipsychotic drugs are to blocking D2 receptors as thirdgeneration antipsychotic drugs are to __________. a. blocking D3 receptors b. modulating D2 receptors c. blocking D2 receptors d. modulating D3 receptors Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

15–31

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 58) A patient is admitted to a psychiatric hospital after they are found trying to build an underground shelter in a secluded wood. The patient reports that aliens are sending them covert messages through the phone lines warning that earth will soon be invaded. What is the most accurate description of these symptoms? a. positive symptoms of schizophrenia b. negative symptoms of schizophrenia c. disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia d. catatonic symptoms of schizophrenia Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 59) What is a primary difference between second- and third-generation antipsychotic drugs? a. Third-generation drugs are less likely to produce tardive dyskinesia. b. Third-generation drugs are partial dopamine receptor agonists. c. Third-generation drugs are more typical antipsychotic medications. d. Third-generation drugs block 5-HT receptors.

Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 60) The most common form of mood disorder is __________. a. schizophrenia b. depression c. anxiety d. tardive dyskinesia

.

15–32

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 61) It is estimated that __________ of Canadian adults are severely depressed. a. 1% b. 2% c. 8% d. 12% Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 62) When depression is at its most intense point, the individual is less likely to commit suicide because __________. a. the individual has too little energy to carry out suicidal thoughts b. the highest risk is the moment the individual slips into the depression c. the individual is too overwhelmed with fear to carry out suicide d. none of the above Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 63) For depressed individuals who are suicidal, the time that the individual is at the greatest risk for carrying out suicidal thoughts is when __________. a. the depression is most intense b. the individual begins to experience an upswing in mood c. the individual begins taking antidepressant medication

.

15–33

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. the individual is at the point where depression is just starting Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 64) How does Canada’s consumption of antidepressants rank relative to the rest of the world? a. First b. Third c. Fifth d. Tenth Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 65) Analogy: The discovery of antipsychotic drugs is to Parkinson’s disease as the discovery of antidepressants is to __________. a. tuberculosis b. Crohn’s Disease c. hepatitis d. heart disease Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 66) Monoamine oxidase is a(n) _________. a. neurotransmitter

.

15–34

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. enzyme c. protein d. hormone Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 67) Which of the following is a MAO inhibitor? a. Nardil b. Largactil c. Prozac d. Abilify Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 68) A major problem with the treatment of depression by the administration of MAO inhibitors is that __________. a. depressive patients frequently change into manic patients b. there is a tendency for patients to develop tuberculosis c. the dietary habits of patients have to be monitored very carefully d. all of the above Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 69) MAO patients need to avoid the buildup of ________ in their blood.

.

15–35

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. tyramine b. dopamine c. serotonin d. acetic acid Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 70) Tricyclic antidepressants elevate levels of __________. a. serotonin b. norepinephrine c. dopamine d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 71) Tricyclic drugs can produce __________. a. an irregular or elevated heart rate b. low blood pressure c. ulcers d. type-2 diabetes Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression

.

15–36

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

72) Tricyclic antidepressants are not recommended for patients with a history of __________. a. depression b. epileptic seizures c. gastrointestinal problems d. cardiovascular disease Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 73) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants bear no chemical similarity to __________. a. MAO inhibitors b. tricyclic antidepressants c. MAO inhibitors nor tricyclic antidepressants d. Prozac and related drugs Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 74) Analogy: MAO inhibitors are to Parnate as SSRIs are to __________. a. Elavil b. Haldol c. Celexa d. Largactil Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC

.

15–37

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 75) SSRIs __________. a. inhibit serotonin activity in the brain b. reduce the action of serotonin at serotonin receptors c. speed up the reuptake of serotonin at the synapse d. slow the reuptake of serotonin from its receptors at the synapse Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 76) An example of a serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) is the following drug: __________. a. chlorpromazine (brand name: Largactil) b. clozapine (brand name: Clozaril) c. fluoxetine (brand name: Prozac) d. any one of the MAO inhibitors Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 77) Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Celexa, and Cipralex are all antidepressants of what type? a. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) b. selective dopamine reuptake inhibitors (SDRIs) c. selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) d. selective cholinergic reuptake inhibitors (SCRIs) Answer: a Diff: 1

.

15–38

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 78) A major drawback to the treatment of depression with Prozac is __________. a. an increased risk of seizures b. its poor acceptance as a medication by most patients c. increased sexual interest and performance d. a strange feeling of euphoria Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 79) Which of the following is TRUE about Prozac as an antidepressant? a. It has more side effects than other antidepressants. b. It is not as effective as other antidepressants. c. It has an increased risk of a deeper depression. d. It has an increased risk for seizures.

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 80) Some evidence has indicated that Prozac and other SSRIs increase the risk of suicide in __________. a. the elderly b. men in their 40s c. women in their 20s d. adolescents Answer: d

.

15–39

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 81) According to the text, third-generation antidepressant drugs act upon serotonin and __________in the brain. a. GABA b. dopamine c. norepinephrine d. estrogen Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 82) Which of the following is a third-generation antidepressant? a. Effexor b. Prozac c. Largactil d. Clozaril Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 83) Which of the following is an example of a monoamine? a. dopamine b. norepinephrine c. serotonin d. all of the above

.

15–40

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 84) Tricyclic drugs slow down the reuptake of _________ in the synapse. a. serotonin and norepinephrine b. serotonin and dopamine c. GABA and dopamine d. norepinephrine and GABA Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 85) Approximately __________ of patients taking an antidepressant will show significant improvement in their mood compared to __________ of patients taking a placebo. a. 75%; 25% b. 50%; 50% c. 65%; 35% d. 35%; 65% Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 86) What is a primary difference between first- and second-generation antidepressant drugs? a. Second-generation drugs have no side effects. b. Second-generation drugs cause the release of 5-HT. c. Second-generation drugs act on NE transporters.

.

15–41

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. Second-generation drugs were designed to treat depression.

Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 87) Mania is the opposite of __________. a. promania b. depression c. euphoria d. decisiveness Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 15.5 Identify certain psychotropic drugs to treat other mental disorders such as mania, bipolar disorder, and autism 88) Which of the following is NOT a symptom of mania? a. sleeplessness b. irritability c. impulsiveness d. social withdrawal Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.5 Identify certain psychotropic drugs to treat other mental disorders such as mania, bipolar disorder, and autism 89) A term formerly used for bipolar disorder is __________. a. dissociative disorder

.

15–42

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. split personality c. schizoid personality d. manic-depression Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 15.5 Identify certain psychotropic drugs to treat other mental disorders such as mania, bipolar disorder, and autism 90) At one time, the only reasonably effective treatment for mania or bipolar disorder was __________. a. Prozac b. Largactil c. lithium carbonate d. chloral hydrate Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.5 Identify certain psychotropic drugs to treat other mental disorders such as mania, bipolar disorder, and autism 91) Lithium carbonate has potential toxic effects on the __________. a. thyroid gland and kidneys b. liver c. brain d. heart Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.5 Identify certain psychotropic drugs to treat other mental disorders such as mania, bipolar disorder, and autism

.

15–43

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

92) Lithium carbonate is effective for only _________ of patients with bipolar disorder. a. 40% b. 50% c. 60% d. 70% Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.5 Identify certain psychotropic drugs to treat other mental disorders such as mania, bipolar disorder, and autism 93) Relatively new drug treatments for mania or bipolar disorder have formerly been used to treat __________. a. epilepsy b. dissociative disorders c. eating disorders including anorexia d. schizophrenia Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.5 Identify certain psychotropic drugs to treat other mental disorders such as mania, bipolar disorder, and autism 94) Which of the following drugs are presently used to treat mania and bipolar disorder and were originally developed to treat epilepsy? a. lithium carbonate b. valproate (Depakene) c. Prozac d. Largactil Answer: b

.

15–44

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.5 Identify certain psychotropic drugs to treat other mental disorders such as mania, bipolar disorder, and autism 95) Severe temper tantrums, aggressiveness, and self-injury can be symptoms of __________. a. bipolar disorder b. autism c. mania d. psychosis Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 15.5 Identify certain psychotropic drugs to treat other mental disorders such as mania, bipolar disorder, and autism 96) Medication belonging to which class of drugs has been approved to treat behavioural problems in autistic children? a. antidepressants b. antimanics c. antipsychotics d. anxiolytics Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.5 Identify certain psychotropic drugs to treat other mental disorders such as mania, bipolar disorder, and autism 97) Health Canada has approved which drug for use in treating behavioural problems in autistic children? a. Risperdal

.

15–45

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. Cymbalta c. Effexor d. lithium carbonate Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.5 Identify certain psychotropic drugs to treat other mental disorders such as mania, bipolar disorder, and autism 98) In addition to depression, Zoloft has been shown to be effective in the treatment of __________. a. schizophrenia b. bipolar disorder c. panic disorder d. post-traumatic stress disorder Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.5 Identify certain psychotropic drugs to treat other mental disorders such as mania, bipolar disorder, and autism 99) _________ is an antipsychotic drug that may be beneficial to autistic children. a. Risperdal b. Cymbalta c. Effexor d. lithium carbonate Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.5 Identify certain psychotropic drugs to treat other mental disorders such as mania, bipolar disorder, and autism

.

15–46

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

100) A psychiatrist using an antidepressant in the treatment of anxiety is an example of __________. a. off-label usage b. an increasing and unfortunate violation of medical ethics c. a practice explicitly forbidden by the FDA d. cross-out pharmacotherapy Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 15.5 Identify certain psychotropic drugs to treat other mental disorders such as mania, bipolar disorder, and autism 101) Deinstitutionalization advocates argue that smaller mental health treatment centres __________. a. are more oriented toward administration of medications to patients b. can be situated farther from the patients’ homes and families c. are more humane places for treatment d. require practically no staff to run Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.6 Relate how social policies have shaped modern-day psychiatric drug treatment 102) Recent court cases have indicated that involuntary commitment to a mental institution is illegal unless there is __________. a. a valid diagnosis of schizophrenia b. a clear indication that the patient is disoriented c. a clear danger to society d. none of the above; all involuntary commitments are legal Answer: c

.

15–47

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 15.6 Relate how social policies have shaped modern-day psychiatric drug treatment 103) It has been estimated that ________ of homeless adults suffer from a severe mental disorder. a. 50% b. 10% c. 3% d. practically 100% Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 15.6 Relate how social policies have shaped modern-day psychiatric drug treatment

Essay Questions 1) Define the biomedical model and give three reasons why the biomedical model is a valid perspective on the causes of schizophrenia.

LO: 15.1 Relate the biomedical model of mental illness to the development of psychiatric drugs 2) Discuss the behavioural and medical differences between first-generation, secondgeneration, and third-generation antipsychotic drugs.

LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 3) What are the implications for the fact that the side effects of typical antipsychotic drugs are markedly similar to the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 4) What is the major problem in the administration of clozapine (brand name: Clozaril) in the treatment of schizophrenia? How does clozapine work in the brain?

.

15–48

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 15.3 Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia 5) Describe the mechanism behind the therapeutic effects of fluoxetine (brand name: Prozac) and other SSRI medications.

LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 6) Discuss the behavioural and medical differences between first-generation, secondgeneration, and third-generation antidepressant drugs.

LO: 15.4 Describe depression; Recognize antidepressants to treat depression 7) Discuss the common medications for bipolar disorder.

LO: 15.5 Identify certain psychotropic drugs to treat other mental disorders such as mania, bipolar disorder, and autism

.

15–49

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

CHAPTER 16 SUBSTANCE-ABUSE PREVENTION True or False Questions 1) Talking to a child in kindergarten about drugs would be an example of primary prevention. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.1 Describe the three major levels of intervention in substance-abuse prevention 2) The first line of defense against drug-abuse problems in the youth is actually represented by secondary prevention programs. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.1 Describe the three major levels of intervention in substance-abuse prevention 3) Secondary prevention efforts typically follow a zero tolerance approach of drug-taking behaviour. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.1 Describe the three major levels of intervention in substance-abuse prevention 4) One would expect individuals receiving secondary prevention programs to be older than those receiving primary prevention programs. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.1 Describe the three major levels of intervention in substance-abuse prevention 5) Prevention of a relapse after recovery in a treatment program would be an example of tertiary prevention.

.

16–1

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.1 Describe the three major levels of intervention in substance-abuse prevention 6) Learning to say “no” to drugs as a young child would most likely be a component of a program of secondary prevention. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.1 Describe the three major levels of intervention in substance-abuse prevention 7) Age of onset is a key factor in determining problems with licit drug use later in life. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.1 Describe the three major levels of intervention in substance-abuse prevention 8) Resilience is the inclination to resist the effects of protective factors through the action of risk factors. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.2 Recognize the major strategies for substance-abuse prevention in Canada 9) As the action of protective factors increases so does one’s resilience. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.2 Recognize the major strategies for substance-abuse prevention in Canada 10) Judgments about the effectiveness of prevention programs for decreasing drug use must make use of comparisons against a suitable control group.

.

16–2

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.2 Recognize the major strategies for substance-abuse prevention in Canada 11) The estimated costs of substance abuse exceed $100 billion per year. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.2 Recognize the major strategies for substance-abuse prevention in Canada 12) Of all available drugs in Canadian society, alcohol is the leader in number of deaths caused, years of life lost, and hospital visits. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.2 Recognize the major strategies for substance-abuse prevention in Canada 13) The “supply/availability” argument in drug prevention holds that problems of illicit drug abuse will diminish if there is lessened demand for these drugs. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 14) Approximately 80% of the illicit drugs smuggled into Canada are interdicted (stopped) at the border. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones

.

16–3

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

15) According to the text, there has been an increase in underage alcohol drinking. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 16) Strict punitive measures have failed as a means for primary and secondary prevention. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 17) The “reefer madness approach” in drug prevention refers to the use of objective information. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 18) The objective information approach may increase the likelihood of using drugs because it increases curiosity about drugs among high-risk people. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 19) The objective information approach works best with high-risk youth. a. True b. False Answer: b

.

16–4

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 20) Objective information approaches are considered to be an effective component of drug-abuse prevention programs for low-risk children. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 21) Affective education focuses on specific behaviour related to substance abuse. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 22) Values clarification approaches have sought to give youngsters a moral “compass” to guide their behaviour. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 23) Drug users appear to have difficulty identifying and expressing emotions such as anger and love. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones

.

16–5

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

24) Affective education approaches such as values clarification have been highly supported by parents and community leaders. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 25) The approaches that have the greatest chance of success are those that address a single area of drug-taking behaviour since too much at once is overwhelming. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 26) Peer-refusal skills are found to be useful as part of an affective education. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 27) Peer-refusal training includes teaching participants how to say “no” to drugs in social settings. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 28) Applying self-relaxation techniques helps decrease substance abuse among teens. a. True b. False Answer: a

.

16–6

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 29) Learning assertiveness skills fosters positive interpersonal relationships throughout life. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 30) Primary prevention programs with social skills training components have been shown not to be effective in reducing cigarette smoking. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 31) In the Life Skills Training Program (LST), a multifaceted approach toward drugabuse prevention has been adopted. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 32) LST programs have demonstrated reductions in violence and delinquency among grade 6 LST participants. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past

.

16–7

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

33) LST program participants have demonstrated an increase in risky driving behaviours. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 34) Learning about the short-term consequences of drug use is part of the cognitive component of the LST program. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 35) Learning assertiveness and ways of resisting peer pressure is part of the decisionmaking component of the LST program. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 36) Identifying a skill or behaviour that students would like to change or improve over an eight-week period is a way of developing social and assertiveness skills within the LST program. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 37) The LST program is more successful for white, middle-class youths than for innercity minority youths. a. True

.

16–8

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: b LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 38) The teachers (leaders) in D.A.R.E. programs are uniformed police officers. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 39) D.A.R.E. programs have made significant inroads in reducing drug-taking behaviour among children exposed to the D.A.R.E. curriculum. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 40) The D.A.R.E. program has been criticized for advocating that children be questioned about possible drug offenders in their families, and some view the program as a mechanism for turning young children into informants. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 41) The school is a better resource than the community for providing activities such as Midnight Basketball and Boys and Girls Clubs for youths. a. True b. False Answer: b

.

16–9

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 42) Most adolescents spend a majority of their time outside school. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 43) A significant individual capable of acting as a positive role model in a community is often referred to as an impactor. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 44) Within the area of alternative-behaviour programming, an example of an alternative behaviour (relative to drug use) is belonging to a street gang. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 45) Almost all drug-abuse prevention programs have an alternative-behaviour programming component in them. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past

.

16–10

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

46) Young people today live “media-saturated lives,” spending an average of nearly 6.5– 8.0 hours a day with media. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 47) Because of the unprecedented media access available, it is important to evaluate the impact of substance-abuse information on drug-taking behaviour, and the potential for media exposure to promote primary prevention. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 48) Most parents who attend substance-abuse prevention programs are those who do not really need the information. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.5 Examine the importance of family systems in substance-abuse prevention attempts 49) The family is the first line of defence against alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.5 Examine the importance of family systems in substance-abuse prevention attempts 50) The factors that prevent parents from attending substance-abuse prevention programs are the same factors that increase their children’s risk of substance abuse. a. True

.

16–11

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: a LO: 16.5 Examine the importance of family systems in substance-abuse prevention attempts 51) One role of a parent in drug-abuse prevention is to be a resource for drug-related information. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.5 Examine the importance of family systems in substance-abuse prevention attempts 52) Teens who feel bored are more likely than teens who do not feel bored to participate in smoking, drinking, or illicit drug use. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.5 Examine the importance of family systems in substance-abuse prevention attempts 53) Teens who get $25 a week or more in spending money are just as likely as teens who get less than $25 a week to participate in smoking, drinking, or illicit drug use. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.5 Examine the importance of family systems in substance-abuse prevention attempts 54) An important aspect of approaching the problem of drug abuse in Indigenous communities is to understand the role of cultural values and traditions. a. True b. False Answer: a

.

16–12

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 16.6 Discuss the importance of different sociocultural filters for effective substanceabuse prevention 55) The incidence of alcohol use by Indigenous communities is about equal to that of the rest of the Canadian population. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.6 Discuss the importance of different sociocultural filters for effective substanceabuse prevention 56) Like the United States, Canadian law requires mandatory drug testing in the workplace. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.7 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in the workplace 57) There has been no definitively established relationship between alcohol abuse and loss of productivity. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.7 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in the workplace 58) Abusers of alcohol and other drugs in the workplace use, on average, several times more sick leave from work than nonabusers. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.7 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in the workplace

.

16–13

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

59) Among high school students, 70% have consumed alcoholic beverages and about 46% have smoked marijuana. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.8 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in colleges and universities 60) Most programs on university campuses focus on prevention and control of alcohol only, not other drugs of abuse. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.8 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in colleges and universities 61) Prevention programs on university campuses should focus only on students. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 16.8 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in colleges and universities 62) The Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse (CCSA) is a useful source for prevention issues and strategies. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 16.9 Recognize the ease of availability of information and guidance on prevention of substance abuse

Multiple-Choice Questions 1) ATOD prevention refers to __________.

.

16–14

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco prevention b. aspirin and other decongestant prevention c. amphetamines, tobacco, and other drug prevention d. anxiolytic and other drug prevention Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.1 Describe the three major levels of intervention in substance-abuse prevention 2) If efforts are made to prevent drug-taking behaviour from occurring when it has not occurred up to now, then these efforts are referred to as __________. a. primary prevention b. secondary prevention c. tertiary prevention d. initial prevention Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.1 Describe the three major levels of intervention in substance-abuse prevention 3) An educational program that included “ways to say no” would fit under the category of __________. a. primary prevention b. secondary prevention c. tertiary prevention d. intermediate prevention Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.1 Describe the three major levels of intervention in substance-abuse prevention

.

16–15

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

4) A discussion about alternatives to drinking among high school students already exposed to alcohol in some form would fit under the category of __________. a. primary prevention b. secondary prevention c. tertiary prevention d. intermediate prevention Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.1 Describe the three major levels of intervention in substance-abuse prevention 5) The average adolescent listens to ____ of popular music per day, and there are approximately ___ explicit references to substance use heard during this time. a. 2.4 hours; 84 b. 1.2 hours; 22 c. 9.5 hours; 175 d. 14.4 hours; 275 Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 16.1 Describe the three major levels of intervention in substance-abuse prevention 6) Primary prevention programs are enhanced when education is combined with__________. a. 12-step programs b. community action c. secondary prevention programs d. drug-abuse rehabilitation Answer: b

.

16–16

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.1 Describe the three major levels of intervention in substance-abuse prevention 7) A program that reduces the likelihood of relapse among former heroin abusers would fit under the category of __________. a. primary prevention b. secondary prevention c. tertiary prevention d. intermediate prevention Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.1 Describe the three major levels of intervention in substance-abuse prevention 8) Analogy: A person on methadone maintenance is to a youngster naive to drug-taking behaviour as __________. a. secondary prevention is to tertiary prevention b. tertiary prevention is to primary prevention c. primary prevention is to secondary prevention d. tertiary prevention is to secondary prevention Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 16.1 Describe the three major levels of intervention in substance-abuse prevention 9) Prevention of relapse is the goal for which category of prevention? a. primary prevention b. secondary prevention c. tertiary prevention d. intermediate prevention

.

16–17

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.1 Describe the three major levels of intervention in substance-abuse prevention 10) The Canadian federal agency charged with prevention programs is known as __________. a. CCSA b. CAMH c. CAS d. Health Canada Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.2 Recognize the major strategies for substance-abuse prevention in Canada 11) Analogy: Vaccines are to infectious disease as __________ is to drug-taking behaviour. a. primary prevention b. secondary prevention c. tertiary prevention d. intermediate prevention Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.1 Describe the three major levels of intervention in substance-abuse prevention 12) Resilience is the inclination to resist the__________ in one’s life through the ________. a. negative impact of risk factors; positive impact of protective factors

.

16–18

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. positive impact of risk factors; negative impact of protective factors c. positive impact of risk factors; positive impact of protective factors d. negative impact of risk factors; negative impact of protective factors Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.2 Recognize the major strategies for substance-abuse prevention in Canada 13) Generally, as protective factors ________, one’s resilience ________. a. increase; decreases b. increase; increases c. decrease; increases d. decrease; is not affected Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.2 Recognize the major strategies for substance-abuse prevention in Canada 14) The principal criterion for a school-based prevention program’s success is __________. a. the support it enjoys from parents and students b. the support it enjoys from parents and teachers c. the extent to which drug-taking behaviour shows a decline relative to a suitable control group d. the extent to which teachers and parents show a change in their pattern of drug-taking behaviour Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.2 Recognize the major strategies for substance-abuse prevention in Canada

.

16–19

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

15) Among all of the available drugs in Canadian society, ________ causes the largest number of deaths. a. alcohol b. tobacco c. crack cocaine d. marijuana Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.2 Recognize the major strategies for substance-abuse prevention in Canada 16) In Canada, ________ is ranked first and ________ is ranked second for number of deaths caused, years of life lost, and hospital visits. a. alcohol; tobacco b. tobacco; alcohol c. tobacco; crack cocaine d. alcohol; crack cocaine Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.2 Recognize the major strategies for substance-abuse prevention in Canada 17) Which of the following is NOT a category associated with the cost of substance abuse in Canada? a. direct health care costs b. direct law enforcement costs c. direct education costs d. All of the choices are categories associated with the cost of substance abuse.

Answer: c

.

16–20

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.2 Recognize the major strategies for substance-abuse prevention in Canada 18) The costs related to illegal drug use in Canada account for ________ of the total estimated social costs of substance abuse in Canada. a. less than a quarter b. about half c. about three quarters d. virtually all Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 16.2 Recognize the major strategies for substance-abuse prevention in Canada 19) What factor accounts for the highest proportion of substance abuse costs to Canadian society? a. health care b. criminal justice c. lost productivity d. welfare transfer payments Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 16.2 Recognize the major strategies for substance-abuse prevention in Canada 20) The philosophy of the supply/availability approach is that __________. a. increasing the drug supply will turn people off to drugs b. making drugs hard to get will discourage drug-taking behaviour c. money spent on treatment is preferable to money spent on drug interception at the Canadian border

.

16–21

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. all of the above Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 21) According to the principle of supply and demand, reducing the availability of drugs on the street makes them __________. a. more socially unacceptable b. less costly c. more costly d. more accessible to young children Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 22) According to the supply and demand principle, a decrease in supply results in __________. a. an increase in demand and a decrease in value b. a decrease in demand and an increase in value c. an increase in demand and an increase in value d. an increase in demand and no change in value Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones

.

16–22

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

23) When drug production is reduced in one nation or region of the world, __________. a. there is an overall decline in that drug worldwide b. drug prices on the street decrease dramatically c. the nation or region in question prospers economically d. other nations or regions fill in the vacuum Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 24) Presently, the percentage of illicit drugs interdicted (stopped) at Canadian borders is __________. a. nearly 90% across the board b. 100% for cocaine, about 50% for marijuana c. very small d. 100% for cocaine and heroin Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 25) In Canada, the number of alcohol-related fatal crashes of young drivers has been reduced due to ________. a. reduction in the availability of alcohol to minors b. the “zero tolerance” law c. reductions in the allowable BAC while driving d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2

.

16–23

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 26) Recent data has indicated that a 25-cent-per-drink tax increase would result in ________. a. a 10% decrease in heavy drinking in all ages b. a 15% decrease in heavy drinking in underage youth c. no changes to drinking behaviour d. a 20% decrease in heavy drinking in males Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 27) Mandatory minimum-sentencing laws for drug offenders have __________. a. reduced the percentage of drug-related offenses b. reduced the amount of drugs smuggled into the country c. increased the number of prisoners held for drug-related offenses d. increased drug trafficking Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 28) Mandatory minimum-sentencing laws have resulted in __________. a. overcrowded prisons b. a decrease in drug trafficking in Canada c. an overloaded judicial system d. both A and C

.

16–24

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 29) Showing scenes from Reefer Madness in a drug-abuse prevention program would fit under the category of __________. a. a supply/availability approach b. classic film criticism c. negative education d. a punitive measure Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 30) The “just the facts, ma’am” approach would fit under the category of __________. a. negative education b. objective information approach c. promotional campaigns d. affective education Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 31) Analogy: Negative education is to Reefer Madness as objective information approach is to __________.

.

16–25

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. magic bullet b. “just say no” buttons c. “just the facts, ma’am” d. values clarification Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 32) Objective information approaches in drug abuse prevention fit under the category of __________. a. primary prevention b. secondary prevention c. tertiary prevention d. intermediate prevention Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 33) Objective information approaches in prevention programs tend to be more effective for __________. a. high-risk young people b. low-risk young people c. tertiary interventions d. all age groups and circumstances Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

16–26

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 34) A “just say no” T-shirt is considered to be a _______ in a primary prevention program. a. component of negative education b. punitive component c. magic bullet d. component of values clarification Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 35) The preventive program approach that is based on emotions rather than behaviour is __________. a. affective education b. magic bullet c. supply/availability d. reefer madness Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 36) Analogy: Affective education is to values clarification as negative education is to __________. a. magic bullet b. “just the facts, ma’am” c. “just say no” buttons

.

16–27

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. reefer madness Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 37) Affective education refers to an approach in prevention programs that deals with __________. a. poor decision-making skills b. poor interpersonal communication skills c. low self-esteem d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 38) Analogy: Affective education is to negative education as __________. a. values are to interpersonal skills b. moral values are to scare tactics c. poor decision-making skills are to “just say no” d. punitive measures are to the supply/availability approach Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 39) Values clarification has been criticized on the basis that __________.

.

16–28

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. morality should not be taught in public schools b. morality has no relevance to decisions to engage in drug-taking behaviour c. youngsters already know where their lives are going d. emotional and attitudinal change can actually make the situation worse Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 40) Which of the following types of prevention programs has been judged to be extremely successful? a. negative education b. affective education c. “magic bullets” d. none of the above Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 41) A school teacher is trying to choose the best substance-abuse prevention program for her class. The school principal gave her a list of different programs to choose from.

Which of the following would be the best program the teacher could choose? a. Values Clarification 101 b. Self-Esteem Enhancement Seminar c. The Magic Bullet: A School Production on the Dangers of Drugs d. Peer Refusal: How to Just Say No Answer: d Diff: 2

.

16–29

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 42) A refinement of the “just say no” approach in primary prevention is __________. a. the examination of the reasons for low self-esteem b. the clarification of one’s personal values c. the teaching of peer-refusal skills d. the instilling of purpose in an individual’s life Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 43) Peer-refusal training has been shown to be most effective for __________. a. high-risk youngsters b. high-school dropouts c. prison inmates d. religious education leaders Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 44) Anxiety and stress reduction is an important element in substance-abuse prevention because __________. a. peer-refusal skills are often overly developed b. adolescents often have inadequate coping skills to deal with anxiety c. it is important that adolescents understand federal and provincial penalties d. personal decision making is enhanced as a result

.

16–30

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 45) Randy just signed up for a program that teaches assertiveness skills. Randy should expect to learn __________. a. how to compliment others b. how to engage in conversation c. how to initiate social interactions d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 46) Demonstration, feedback, reinforcement, and behavioural rehearsal are strategies used in enhancing __________. a. self-esteem b. the ability to reduce anxiety and stress c. public approval for substance abuse prevention in general d. assertiveness skills Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past

.

16–31

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

47) Joe is at a party with friends and he is asked if he would like a marijuana joint. Joe does not want to use drugs. Among the following possibilities, which one should Joe NOT do? a. Change the subject b. Walk away from his friends c. Suggest an alternate activity to do d. Discuss in detail why he does not want to smoke marijuana Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 48) An examination of widely held myths about drugs in the LST prevention program would be considered a ________ component. a. decision-making b. cognitive c. self-directed behavioural change d. social skills Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 49) An examination of short-term consequences of substance abuse and a brief examination of long- term health consequences would be considered a _____ component of the LST program. a. decision-making b. cognitive c. self-directed behavioural change d. social skills

.

16–32

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 50) Learning to evaluate the role of the media in shaping behaviour would be considered a _____ component of the LST program. a. decision-making b. cognitive c. self-directed behavioural change d. social skills Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 51) Students learning specific techniques to resist peer pressure would be undergoing a _____ component of the LST program. a. decision-making b. cognitive c. self-directed behavioural change d. social skills Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 52) Students learning ways to lessen anxiety and practise relaxation techniques would be undergoing a _____ component of the LST program.

.

16–33

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. stress-reduction b. decision-making c. self-directed behavioural change d. social skills Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 53) An examination of counterarguments regarding the image of drugs in the media would be considered a ________ component of the LST program. a. decision-making b. cognitive c. self-directed behavioural change d. social skills and assertiveness skills Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 54) A component of the LST program in which the student is assigned to identify a skill or behaviour that he or she would like to improve and sets a goal for achieving that skill or behaviour would be considered a ______ component. a. decision-making b. cognitive c. self-directed behavioural change d. social skills and assertiveness skills Answer: c Diff: 3

.

16–34

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 55) Which of the following is NOT a component of the LST program? a. negative education component b. stress-reduction component c. decision-making component d. self-directed behaviour-change component Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 56) An emphasis of the LST drug-abuse prevention program is the examination of __________. a. the long-term health consequences of drug use b. responsible strategies for alcohol drinking c. ways to avoid cocaine and heroin dependence d. none of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 57) The LST program is most effective for ________. a. white middle-class students b. inner-city students c. minority students d. all of the above

.

16–35

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 58) The research concerning the effectiveness of the LST prevention program indicates that __________. a. there are short-term effects and long-term effects b. there are neither short-term nor long-term effects c. there are long-term effects but, strangely enough, fewer short-term effects d. there are relatively small short-term and more substantial long-term effects Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 59) LST program participants have demonstrated results including __________. a. reductions in violence and delinquency b. reduction in risky driving behaviour c. reduction in HIV-risk behaviours d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 60) According to the text, the best-known school-based substance abuse prevention program in North America is __________.

.

16–36

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. D.A.R.E. b. SPARK c. LST d. MADD Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 61) D.A.R.E. programs originated in 1983 as a police program in __________. a. New York City b. Chicago c. Los Angeles d. Kansas City Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 62) Which of the following professionals teach students about drug information and selfmanagement techniques in the D.A.R.E. program? a. physicians b. former drug users c. police officers d. school psychologists Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

16–37

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 63) The participation of police officers in D.A.R.E. programs has emphasized a shift from their role in __________ toward a role in __________ with regard to drug-abuse prevention. a. demand reduction; supply reduction b. social counselling; law enforcement c. external matters; internal matters d. supply reduction; demand reduction Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 64) The D.A.R.E. program has been criticized __________. a. for the increase in violence and delinquency in participants b. for advocating that children be questioned about possible drug offenders in their families c. for the increase in risky driving behaviour in participants d. because D.A.R.E. does not result in a greater capability to resist peer pressure Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 65) The evidence that D.A.R.E. has made an impact on drug-use behaviours among students and parents is __________. a. weak b. quite strong c. stronger on the East Coast than the West Coast

.

16–38

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. stronger in big cities than small cities Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 66) New D.A.R.E. differs from the D.A.R.E. program because __________. a. the enhanced program is used for university students b. the enhanced program involves more lectures by police officers c. the enhanced program places a greater emphasis on student interaction d. the enhanced program is used for high school students Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 67) Midnight Basketball and Boys and Girls Clubs fall under the category of __________ in community-based prevention programs. a. values clarification b. impacting c. alternative student activities d. peer-refusal skills Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past

.

16–39

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

68) Community-based programs offer an advantage over school-based programs in that they are expected to __________. a. draw from multiple social institutions b. recruit corporations and businesses as contributing partners c. offer more opportunities for involvement of family members d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 69) Adolescents with the highest risk of using drugs are __________. a. those in the best position to benefit from a school-based prevention program b. those in the best position to benefit from a community-based prevention program c. those in the best position to benefit from any prevention program d. those in the worst position to benefit from impactors in a prevention program Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 70) Kimberly has just joined a Big Sister program where she will serve as a role model to a little girl in her neighbourhood. Kimberly’s role is that of __________. a. an enforcer b. an impactor c. an enhancer d. an informer Answer: b Diff: 1

.

16–40

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 71) By definition, an impactor in a community-based prevention program would be __________. a. someone who has lived in the community all his or her life b. a positive role model c. an individual with a negative impact on the community d. a child or teenager who has turned to a life of illicit drugs Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 72) Alternative-behaviour programming includes __________. a. experiences related to one’s philosophy b. experiences related to interpersonal needs c. experiences related to physical work d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 73) The community-based approach, which operates by substituting a negative and harmful dependence with a positive and harmless dependence, is known as __________. a. an impactor b. alternative-behaviour programming c. D.A.R.E.

.

16–41

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. LST Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 74) According to a 2005 study, young people (8 to 18 years old) spend an average of ________ hours a day with media. a. 4.5 b. 6.5 c. 8.5 d. 10.5 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 75) Exposure to alcohol use in movies in 10- to 14-year-olds is viewed as ________. a. a risk factor for alcohol use b. a risk factor for illicit drug use c. a risk factor for violence and delinquency d. a risk factor for high-risk sexual behaviours Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past

.

16–42

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

76) High levels of media use by young people offer a good opportunity to use media for ________. a. primary prevention programs b. alternative-behaviour programming c. tertiary prevention programs d. intermediate prevention programs Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 77) A school program to reduce drug use in adolescents involves students creating a play centered around a teenager’s party. They write scripts in which different characters do or do not resist taking drugs at the party, then act out the different parts. What type of prevention program does this represent? a. Peer-refusal skills development b. Personal decision-making c. Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) d. Life Skills Training (LST) Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 78) Parents who do not end up participating in drug-abuse prevention programs may be __________. a. already involved in drug-abuse prevention at home b. highly knowledgeable about their children’s involvement with drugs c. out of control themselves d. all of the above

.

16–43

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.5 Examine the importance of family systems in substance-abuse prevention attempts 79) __________is (are) the first line of defence against alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. a. The family b. Community-based prevention programs c. School-based prevention programs d. The child himself or herself Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.5 Examine the importance of family systems in substance-abuse prevention attempts 80) The role that parents play with regard to influencing their children’s substance abuse is __________. a. to convey accurate, sincere verbal messages about health risks b. to back up rules with consistent and logical consequences c. to provide alternatives to high-risk situations for their children d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 16.5 Examine the importance of family systems in substance-abuse prevention attempts 81) According to the text, a United States PDFA survey of parents and their teenage children shows that __________.

.

16–44

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. although parents believe they discussed drugs with their children, the children said they did not b. parents and their teenage children do not benefit from antidrug media campaigns c. teenagers are not influenced by their parents when it comes to drug use d. parents’ perceptions of their children’s drug use are fairly accurate Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.5 Examine the importance of family systems in substance-abuse prevention attempts 82) Which of the following factors increase(s) the likelihood of a teen engaging in smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use? a. His or her perception of how much stress he or she is under b. The frequency with which he or she is bored c. The amount of spending money he or she has for the week d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.5 Examine the importance of family systems in substance-abuse prevention attempts 83) Which of the following scenarios would put a teen at the highest risk to engage in smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use? a. A teen admits he is bored 50% of the time and doesn’t perceive himself as being under stress. b. A teen receives $25 a week spending money and is often bored. c. A teen feels she is under a lot of stress and has $15 spending money a week. d. A teen has $25 spending money a week, but is seldom bored.

Answer: b

.

16–45

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.5 Examine the importance of family systems in substance-abuse prevention attempts 84) Which of the following individuals is the most likely to be experimenting with drugs as a teenager? a. Malik’s parents regularly drink at home and provide their children with a small weekly allowance. b. Seren barely has time to socialize because of the many extracurricular activities they have undertaken. c. Madison is disengaged and bored at school so spends most of their class time on social media. d. Gander feels overwhelmed with school assignments, but is happy to have a high paying part-time job.

Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 16.5 Examine the importance of family systems in substance-abuse prevention attempts 85) A sociocultural filter is __________. a. a set of considerations specific to a culture or community that influences the reception of public information b. an approach that is particularly inadvisable when trying to communicate with a particular culture or community c. a type of enabling behaviour that reduces the effectiveness of a drug-abuse prevention program d. the level of abuse potential in a drug within a specific culture or community Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.6 Discuss the importance of different sociocultural filters for effective substanceabuse prevention

.

16–46

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

86) A Canadian population with increased concerns about substance and alcohol abuse is ________. a. women b. Indigenous Peoples c. the Quebecois d. none of the above Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.6 Discuss the importance of different sociocultural filters for effective substanceabuse prevention 87) In Indigenous communities, therapeutic services to treat substance abuse issues are not well accessed because these services __________. a. are viewed as a sign of internal weakness b. require trust in the therapist c. are highly religious d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.6 Discuss the importance of different sociocultural filters for effective substanceabuse prevention 88) According to the text, which type of business would be most affected by worker substance abuse? a. a one-store family business b. a two-store local business c. a multi-store national business d. All of the above businesses would be equally affected.

.

16–47

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.7 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in the workplace 89) For abusers of alcohol and other drugs, involvement in an accident on the job is __________. a. less likely, relative to nonabusers b. more likely, relative to nonabusers c. about as likely as with nonabusers d. paradoxically almost nonexistent Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.7 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in the workplace 90) For abusers of alcohol and other drugs, requests for early work dismissal or time off are __________. a. less likely, relative to nonabusers b. more likely, relative to nonabusers c. about as likely as with nonabusers d. paradoxically nonexistent Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.7 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in the workplace 91) Canadian law requires mandatory drug testing in the workplace when __________. a. a job is “inherently dangerous”

.

16–48

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. a potential candidate is being interviewed c. there are repeated incidents of substance abuse at work d. none of the above Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 16.7 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in the workplace 92) In the United States, companies and businesses are required to provide a drug-free workplace environment if __________. a. they receive any U.S. federal contracts or grants b. they earn more than $10 million in profits each year c. they have male employees only d. they are located within the continental United States Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.7 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in the workplace 93) Which of the following drug test results can have unfortunate consequences in the workplace? a. a false negative b. a false positive c. both A and B d. neither A nor B Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

16–49

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 16.7 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in the workplace 94) In Canada, random drug testing is allowed __________. a. when the employee is in a nonsafety-sensitive position b. after there has been a safety incident c. before any promotion in position d. all of the above Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.7 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in the workplace 95) According to the text, substance-abuse prevention programs would likely have the greatest impact on the __________. a. transportation industry b. manufacturing industry c. media industry d. retail industry Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.7 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in the workplace 96) One of the major challenges of substance-abuse programs at the university level is that prevention programs are markedly different for __________. a. those under the legal drinking age compared to those over the legal drinking age b. females compared to males c. full-time compared to part-time students d. those of different socioeconomic status

.

16–50

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.8 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in colleges and universities 97) At the university level, the objective of a prevention program for those under legal drinking age is __________ and the objective of a prevention program for those who are over is __________. a. “no use”; “low-risk use” b. “low-risk use”; “no use” c. “no use”; “no use” d. “low-risk use”; “low- risk use” Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.8 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in colleges and universities 98) University culture supports __________ as a “rite of passage.” a. heavy alcohol drinking b. illicit drug use c. both A and B d. neither A nor B Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.8 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in colleges and universities

.

16–51

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

99) By the end of high school, _______% of all students has consumed alcoholic beverages. a. 40 b. 50 c. 60 d. 70 Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 16.8 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in colleges and universities 100) A major feature of Canadian university students today that is relevant for drugabuse prevention programs is __________. a. their homogeneity b. their extreme diversity c. their relatively high level of apathy d. the attention university administrators give to drinking behaviours Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.8 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in colleges and universities 101) The extent of experience in drug-taking behaviour among university students makes it inappropriate to focus upon __________. a. primary prevention b. secondary prevention c. tertiary prevention d. drug-free dormitories Answer: a

.

16–52

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.8 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in colleges and universities 102) Given prior experiences of university students, the focus of substance-abuse programs at this level should be __________. a. primary and secondary prevention b. secondary and tertiary prevention c. primary and tertiary prevention d. primary, secondary and tertiary prevention Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.8 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in colleges and universities 103) An effective drug-abuse prevention program on a university campus should emphasize __________. a. the restriction of alcohol drinking to certain designated areas and times b. the importance of drug prevention for faculty as well as students c. the establishment of activities where drug-taking behaviour can be carefully supervised d. the separation of public information about drugs and curriculum materials in the classroom Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 16.8 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in colleges and universities 104) On university campuses, substance-abuse prevention programs are incorporating features of __________. a. school-based programs

.

16–53

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. school-based and community-based programs c. community-based and workplace-based programs d. community-based programs Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 16.8 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in colleges and universities 105) Which of the following is a good resource for information about prevention issues and strategies? a. CCSA b. SAMHSA c. National Council on Patient Information and Education d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 16.9 Recognize the ease of availability of information and guidance on prevention of substance abuse 106) Assistance with any problem associated with alcohol, tobacco, and other drug abuse can be found via numerous __________. a. websites on the Internet b. notices on telephone poles c. help desks at clubs and bars d. advertisements by the League to Decriminalize Marijuana Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC

.

16–54

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 16.9 Recognize the ease of availability of information and guidance on prevention of substance abuse

Essay Questions 1) Distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention, and describe the target population and goals of each. Include one example for each type.

LO: 16.1 Describe the three major levels of intervention in substance-abuse prevention 2) Evaluating the success or failure of a substance-abuse primary prevention program is more complicated than people think. Contrast how the public typically evaluates the success of a program with “evidence-based” evaluation.

LO: 16.2 Recognize the major strategies for substance-abuse prevention in Canada Answer: The public typically evaluates the success of a prevention program on 1) the support it receives from parents, teachers, and administrators, 2) testimonials from participants about the effectiveness and/or benefits of the program, and 3) demonstrated change in participants’ view toward drug use and/or decrease in inclination to use drugs Evidence-based evaluation requires that the primary prevention program be evaluated against a suitable control group and demonstrate real changes relative to this group. That is, to be successful, a primary prevention program must result in a greater decrease in drug use in program participants than is observed in similar individuals who did not receive the prevention program. Positive change or anecdotal evidence provides no evidence of real change in evidence-based evaluation.

3) Discuss the successes and failures of an availability-reduction approach to drug-abuse prevention.

LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones 4) Discuss the community-based problems that affective education faced when implemented as a component of drug-abuse prevention. What would your personal reaction have been to a values-clarification program?

LO: 16.3 Explain the need to be cognizant of past prevention approaches that have failed while developing new ones

.

16–55

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

5) Discuss the components of Botvin’s Life Skills Training (LST) program. What do you think is the basis for its relative degree of success?

LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 6) Project D.A.R.E. has been declared a success in some areas, but a failure in others.

Comment on this statement, with examples of the areas of success and the areas of failure.

LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 7) Describe several alternative behaviours that can play a role in an alternative-behaviour programming component of drug-abuse prevention.

LO: 16.4 Discuss the components of school-based substance-abuse prevention programs that have worked in past 8) Parents can play a combination of five possible roles as an influence on their children’s drug-taking behaviour. Describe two of these roles.

LO: 16.5 Examine the importance of family systems in substance-abuse prevention attempts 9) What is the “triple threat” for potential substance abuse among adolescents and what are the specific effects of these factors on drug-taking behaviours?

LO: 16.5 Examine the importance of family systems in substance-abuse prevention attempts 10) Define “sociocultural filter” and discuss the ways in which sociocultural filters are important considerations in drug-abuse prevention among certain racial or ethnic communities. Use Canada’s Indigenous communities as an example.

LO: 16.6 Discuss the importance of different sociocultural filters for effective substanceabuse prevention Answer: A sociocultural filter is a set of considerations specific to a particular culture or community that can influence the reception and acceptance of public information.

Sociocultural filters can a) influence the likelihood of substance use b) decrease the use of therapeutic interventions

.

16–56

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c) decrease the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions Canada’s Indigenous population shows substance use levels that far exceed the rest of the Canadian population. This is due in part to the loss of connection between these peoples and their cultural values and traditions representing the influence of a sociocultural filter on prevalence of substance abuse.

While federal health interventions have been initiated, they have been poorly accessed by those in need in these Indigenous communities. Culturally, it is shameful to have a substance use issue so outside intervention programs are often viewed as a sign of internal weakness. This represents the influence of a sociocultural filter on the use of therapeutic interventions. In addition, Indigenous Peoples find it difficult to connect with outsiders due to trust and intimacy issues inhibiting their best success in these programs.

As well, more traditional methods of treatment and healing may be more easily adopted.

These examples indicate the role of sociocultural filters on the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions.

11) One of the problems in the consideration of drug-abuse prevention on college or university campuses is to avoid hypocrisy and denial. Comment on this statement and offer some suggestions as to how these problems might be overcome.

LO: 16.8 Report various methods of effective substance-abuse prevention in colleges and universities

.

16–57

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

CHAPTER 17 SUBSTANCE-ABUSE TREATMENT: STRATEGIES FOR CHANGE True or False Questions 1) Everyone in Canada who needs treatment for an alcohol or illicit drug-use problem receives it. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse 2) Someone who abuses both beer and whiskey is an example of a polydrug abuser. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse 3) Polydrug abusers are abusers of polyethylene or polyurethane products. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse 4) A major priority of the Canadian drug prevention strategy is to focus on substance abuse in youth. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse 5) Restricting the sale of spirits to LCBO stores is an example of demand reduction. a. True

.

17–1

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: b LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse 6) Increasing the taxes on cigarettes is an example of supply reduction. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse 7) The drug prevention strategy of supply reduction may entail reducing the accessibility of a substance or increasing its cost. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse 8) Quebec was the first province to institute a retail display ban on cigarettes in 2002. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse 9) Public service announcements about the health dangers of using injectable drugs of abuse would be an example of harm reduction. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse 10) Programs like Smart Serve that educate servers on when to limit alcohol consumption are an example of supply reduction. a. True

.

17–2

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: b LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse 11) The drug prevention strategy of harm reduction entails reducing the potential damage caused to only the substance abuser him- or herself. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse 12) Most drug abusers abuse only one drug. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse 13) Roughly 30% of all abusers of alcohol or other drugs have had a serious mental disorder in their lifetime. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse 14) A dual-diagnosis patient is someone who abuses two drugs at the same time. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse 15) Methadone and disulfiram (brand name: Antabuse) treatment are two examples of strategies that apply to a wide range of alcohol or drug-abuse situations. a. True

.

17–3

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: b LO: 17.3 Describe the biopsychosocial model for substance-abuse treatment 16) A minor, almost totally irrelevant goal of incarceration is deterrence. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 17) Rehabilitation is a matter of reducing the likelihood that a drug abuser will behave in a similar way in the future. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 18) A sentence of a minimum two years’ imprisonment is imposed if the sale of a drug occurs near a school or playground. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 19) In Canada, the regulations for drug trafficking and possession vary across the provinces and territories. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 20) Drug paraphernalia are defined as products whose predominant use is to administer, prepare, package, or store illicit drugs. a. True

.

17–4

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. False Answer: a LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 21) In many provinces, it is unlawful to sell drug paraphernalia to minors unless they are accompanied by a parent or legal guardian. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 22) Drug courts handle only nonviolent juvenile offenders of drug laws. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 23) The average prison sentence for drug trafficking is over a year. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 24) The average prison sentence for possession is less than a month. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 25) The stigma of being labelled an ex-offender increases the risk of relapse in substance abusers released from prison. a. True b. False

.

17–5

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 26) Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) are mandatory in all Canadian workplaces. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 17.5 Describe the efforts to create an optimal strategy for a drug-free workplace in Canada 27) EAP stands for the slogan “enhance all prevention.” a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 17.5 Describe the efforts to create an optimal strategy for a drug-free workplace in Canada 28) Employee assistance programs focus on alcohol abuse exclusively. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 17.5 Describe the efforts to create an optimal strategy for a drug-free workplace in Canada 29) Those who are most determined to stay clean and sober are those who actively avoid situations that increase the possibility of relapse. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 17.6 Elaborate on the philosophy of the holistic treatment and recovery of an abuser 30) The precontemplation stage immediately precedes the action stage. a. True b. False

.

17–6

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: b LO: 17.6 Elaborate on the philosophy of the holistic treatment and recovery of an abuser 31) An individual in the contemplation stage of change often sets a specific “quit date.” a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 17.6 Elaborate on the philosophy of the holistic treatment and recovery of an abuser 32) In the action stage, drug use has not yet stopped. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 17.6 Elaborate on the philosophy of the holistic treatment and recovery of an abuser 33) Those in the maintenance stage of change have been drug-free for at least six months. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 17.6 Elaborate on the philosophy of the holistic treatment and recovery of an abuser 34) Denial and bargaining are two typical family reactions to the condition of drug abuse. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 35) Feelings of denial help family members of a drug abuser avoid humiliation and shame. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery

.

17–7

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

36) Contemplation and preparation are stages of change that occur after a family’s acceptance of drug abuse. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 37) Avoiding and shielding are two forms of enabling behaviour. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 38) Taking over the responsibilities of a drug abuser is a form of enabling. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 39) The enabling behaviour of cooperation and collaborating occurs when enablers tell others that the drug abuse was only an isolated incident and that the abuser never was in any danger. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 40) One form of enabling behaviour is rationalization. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery

.

17–8

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

41) Family scapegoats usually feel like they “fade into the woodwork” and become emotionally and physically detached from their families. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 42) Family support plays an important role in the success of drug-abuse treatment. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 43) All other considerations being equal, inpatient treatment is preferred over outpatient treatment. a. True b. False Answer: b LO: 17.8 Describe the three general recommendations by health professionals for finding the right substance-abuse treatment program 44) Claims that sound “too good to be true” are never made by a highly qualified drugabuse treatment facility. a. True b. False Answer: a LO: 17.8 Describe the three general recommendations by health professionals for finding the right substance-abuse treatment program 45) According to the text, the most comprehensive source of information on substanceabuse treatment information in Canada is the CCSA. a. True b. False

.

17–9

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a LO: 17.9 Discuss the treatment options available to those who need help in instances of substance abuse

Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Which of the following is an example of a polydrug abuser? a. A 15-year-old male who abuses tobacco and beer b. A 60-year-old female who abuses wine and beer c. A 20 year-old female who abuses marijuana and hashish d. all of the above Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse 2) An individual who abuses heroin and frequently smokes marijuana is referred to as a __________. a. polydrug abuser b. multiple substance abuser c. neither A nor B d. both A and B Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse 3) In Canada, the average age of first substance use is __________. a. 12 or 13 b. 14 or 15

.

17–10

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. 16 or 17 d. 18 or 19 Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse 4) According to the text, the overall cost of substance abuse to society has __________ in the past decade. a. increased dramatically b. decreased somewhat c. remained unchanged d. decreased significantly Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse 5) A major priority of the Canadian drug prevention strategy is to focus on substance abuse in __________. a. the elderly b. youth c. females d. males Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse

.

17–11

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

6) Which of the following is NOT one of the main goals of the CCSA’s paired approach to drug prevention? a. to promote equity in health b. to normalize substance abuse c. to prevent or delay substance use d. to reduce the harms associated with substance use Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse 7) Increasing the cost of alcohol would be an example of which general strategy of drug prevention? a. supply reduction b. demand reduction c. harm reduction d. addiction reduction Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse 8) The R.I.D.E. program would be an example of which general strategy of drug prevention? a. supply reduction b. demand reduction c. harm reduction d. addiction reduction Answer: c Diff: 1

.

17–12

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse 9) About _______% of individuals in substance-abuse treatment have a co-occurring mental health condition. a. 30 b. 40 c. 50 d. 60 Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 17.2 Analyze the challenges in designing effective substance-abuse treatment programs 10) Approximately ____% of alcohol or other drug (AOD) abusers have serious mental disorders. a. 5 b. 20 c. 30 d. 60 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.2 Analyze the challenges in designing effective substance-abuse treatment programs 11) Patients in treatment for substance abuse who also have a co-occurring mental health condition are referred to as __________. a. dual-diagnosis patients b. secondary disorder patients c. comorbid clients

.

17–13

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. co-existing disorder patients Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.2 Analyze the challenges in designing effective substance-abuse treatment programs 12) Dual-diagnosis patients frequently participate in the practice of __________. a. self-medicating b. self-diagnosing c. self-detecting d. self-protecting Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.2 Analyze the challenges in designing effective substance-abuse treatment programs 13) Which of the following people would be referred to as a dual-diagnosis patient? a. A man suffering from depression and taking the drug Prozac (prescribed by his physician) b. A heroin addict who also snorts cocaine c. A man with anxiety disorder who also smokes marijuana d. A woman with depression who does not take the medication that was prescribed by her doctor Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.2 Analyze the challenges in designing effective substance-abuse treatment programs

.

17–14

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

14) Analogy: Antabuse is to alcohol as methadone is to __________. a. cocaine b. heroin c. speed d. marijuana Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.3 Describe the biopsychosocial model for substance-abuse treatment 15) Narcotics Anonymous is best suited for __________. a. cocaine addicts b. marijuana addicts c. heroin addicts d. all of the above Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 17.3 Describe the biopsychosocial model for substance-abuse treatment 16) An example of a strategy for treatment that cuts across different forms of drug abuse is __________. a. methadone maintenance b. disulfiram (brand name: Antabuse) c. LAAM maintenance d. a 12-step program Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.3 Describe the biopsychosocial model for substance-abuse treatment

.

17–15

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

17) Which of the following drugs is used for both alcoholism and heroin addiction? a. naltrexone b. Antabuse c. methadone d. LAAM Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.3 Describe the biopsychosocial model for substance-abuse treatment 18) _______ is an integrated approach to drug treatment, which recognizes that psychological, social, and biological factors each play a role in drug abuse. a. The dual-diagnosis model b. The polydrug abusers model c. The biopsychosocial model d. The self-medication model Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 17.3 Describe the biopsychosocial model for substance-abuse treatment 19) Ultimately, incarceration of drug offenders has two basic goals of prevention, namely __________. a. deterrence and rehabilitation b. reward and punishment c. punishment and community protection d. action and inaction Answer: a Diff: 1

.

17–16

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 20) If you decided to avoid behaviour X because you did not want the negative consequences of doing X, then you would have been reacting to a message of __________. a. deterrence b. tertiary prevention c. reward d. psychological dependence Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 21) According to federal drug trafficking law, which schedule of controlled substances is penalized most severely? a. Schedule I b. Schedule II c. Schedule III d. Schedule IV Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 22) Matt was walking in the schoolyard of his son’s elementary school when he sold cocaine to a drug user. The police caught him making the sale and arrested him. This is his first offense. According to the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act of 1996 and Bill C-15 of 2009, what punishment should Matt expect to receive? a. 10 to 20 years in prison b. a minimum imprisonment of 2 years

.

17–17

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

c. 1 to 5 months of probation d. $1000 fine and 6 months imprisonment Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 23) Which of the following circumstances carries a mandatory minimum prison sentence? a. Trafficking a Schedule I drug in a playground b. Trafficking a Schedule II drug while carrying a weapon c. Trafficking a Schedule I drug with an underage accomplice d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 24) Federal penalties for simple possession on the first offense __________. a. make strict distinctions among the particular schedule of drug b. involve a maximum of community service for one week c. are much more severe for Schedule V drugs than for Schedule I drugs d. none of the above Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 25) __________ is defined as having on one’s person any illegal or nonprescribed controlled substance for one’s own use.

.

17–18

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. Simple possession b. Trafficking c. Importation/exportation d. Production Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 26) In Canada, all drug-related offenses are dictated __________. a. at the federal level b. at the provincial level c. at the municipal (city) level d. at the county level Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 27) Penalties for the sale of drug paraphernalia __________. a. are only covered under the regulatory authority of the federal government b. are enforced by provincial and municipal laws c. are a violation of human rights d. exclude importation, exportation, and advertising of paraphernalia Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 28) It is illegal for drug paraphernalia to be __________. .

17–19

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

a. purchased by a minor unless the minor is accompanied by a parent or legal guardian b. advertised on TV c. exported from another country d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 29) Drug offenders who visit a treatment centre during the day but do not spend the night are referred to as __________. a. outpatients b. inpatients c. visiting patients d. part-time patients Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 30) Which of the following is a component of drug treatment courts? a. employment opportunities b. medical treatment c. regular court dates d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode

.

17–20

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

31) A drug treatment court is best described as __________. a. an outpatient treatment program b. an inpatient treatment program c. a dedicated legal system for drug-related crimes d. a law enforcement program designed to deter potential drug offenders Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 32) Youth make up _______% of the 90 000 Canadians accused of drug offences. a. 9 b. 19 c. 38 d. 51 Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 33) According to the text, both youth and adult drug-related cases have about a __________ chance of being stayed, withdrawn, dismissed, or discharged. a. 30% b. 40% c. 50% d. 60% Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode

.

17–21

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

34) According to the text, the number of youth committing drug-related offences is __________ and the number of youth charged with a drug offence is __________. a. increasing; decreasing b. increasing; increasing c. decreasing; increasing d. decreasing; decreasing Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 35) Community Correctional Brief Treatment, Relapse Prevention and Maintenance Program (Choices), and Programme preliberatoire en toxicomanie (ALTO) are examples of __________. a. prison-based treatment programs b. drug treatment courts c. employee assistance programs d. 12-step programs Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 36) Which of the following is likely to receive the most severe penalty in Canada? a. possessing Schedule III drugs b. importing or exporting Scheduled VI drugs c. trafficking Schedule IV drugs d. producing Schedule III drugs Answer: d

.

17–22

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode 37) The number of employee assistance programs (EAPs) is steadily increasing in Canadian companies and businesses, even though __________. a. they have been illegal since 1993 b. there has been a sharp decline in their numbers since the mid-1990s c. they are discouraged by the federal government d. they are not legally required Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.5 Describe the efforts to create an optimal strategy for a drug-free workplace in Canada 38) Analogy: A business is to an EAP as __________ is to a MAP. a. a union b. the government c. a prison d. an outpatient treatment centre Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.5 Describe the efforts to create an optimal strategy for a drug-free workplace in Canada 39) What stage of change is reflected in the statement “The problems I have from drinking too much are no worse than they were four years ago.” a. precontemplation stage b. contemplation stage c. preparation stage

.

17–23

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

d. action stage Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 17.5 Describe the efforts to create an optimal strategy for a drug-free workplace in Canada 40) Obstacles that those entering drug treatment face include __________. a. fear of humiliation b. questioning why they can’t just cut back c. the pain of withdrawal d. all of the above Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.6 Elaborate on the philosophy of the holistic treatment and recovery of an abuser 41) If an individual lacks the serious intention to undergo change in the foreseeable future, that individual is in the ________ stage. a. precontemplation b. contemplation c. preparation d. maintenance Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.6 Elaborate on the philosophy of the holistic treatment and recovery of an abuser 42) The five stages of change in drug rehabilitation are, in order, __________. a. contemplation, preparation, precontemplation, action, maintenance

.

17–24

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. maintenance, precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action c. precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance d. preparation, precontemplation, contemplation, action, maintenance Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 17.6 Elaborate on the philosophy of the holistic treatment and recovery of an abuser 43) John, an alcoholic, does not believe he has a drinking problem, but he would like to stop drinking. He does well for a day or two but then goes back to drinking. John is in the ______ stage of change. a. precontemplation b. contemplation c. preparation d. maintenance Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.6 Elaborate on the philosophy of the holistic treatment and recovery of an abuser 44) Analogy: Precontemplation is to contemplation as __________. a. no serious intention is to thinking about it b. action is to inaction c. maintenance is to preparation d. licit drug is to illicit drug Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 17.6 Elaborate on the philosophy of the holistic treatment and recovery of an abuser

.

17–25

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

45) People who are aware of the problem but have not yet made a commitment to take action are in the _________ stage of change. a. maintenance b. precontemplation c. preparation d. contemplation Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.6 Elaborate on the philosophy of the holistic treatment and recovery of an abuser 46) Seriously considering taking action in the next 30 days is a sign of being in the _______stage of change. a. contemplation b. preparation c. action d. maintenance Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.6 Elaborate on the philosophy of the holistic treatment and recovery of an abuser 47) Carol has tried to quit cocaine for the past year, but she has been unsuccessful. She plans to join a therapeutic community next Monday. Carol is in the _______ stage of change. a. precontemplation b. contemplation c. preparation d. maintenance Answer: c Diff: 2

.

17–26

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Type: MC LO: 17.6 Elaborate on the philosophy of the holistic treatment and recovery of an abuser 48) The stage of change when drug use stops for the first time is the _________ stage. a. preparation b. contemplation c. action d. maintenance Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.6 Elaborate on the philosophy of the holistic treatment and recovery of an abuser 49) The usual minimal time for an individual to be drug-free in the maintenance stage is __________. a. 6 months b. 2 years c. 3 weeks d. 48 hours Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 17.6 Elaborate on the philosophy of the holistic treatment and recovery of an abuser 50) Booster sessions are often needed in the _______ stage of change. a. preparation b. contemplation c. action d. maintenance Answer: d

.

17–27

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.6 Elaborate on the philosophy of the holistic treatment and recovery of an abuser 51) Consolidating a lifestyle free of drugs to avoid backsliding is a major aspect of the __________. a. action stage b. maintenance stage c. preparation stage d. contemplation stage Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.6 Elaborate on the philosophy of the holistic treatment and recovery of an abuser 52) “Maintaining” the maintenance stage might require __________. a. a period of incarceration b. a brief period of drug relapse c. booster sessions from time to time d. a dysfunctional family Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.6 Elaborate on the philosophy of the holistic treatment and recovery of an abuser 53) Analogy: Action is to maintenance as __________. a. short term is to long term b. permanent is to temporary c. illicit drug abuse is to licit drug abuse d. male is to female

.

17–28

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 17.6 Elaborate on the philosophy of the holistic treatment and recovery of an abuser 54) Family dynamics in drug abuse refers to interpersonal behaviours of __________. a. the wife or husband only b. the children only c. the grandparents only d. all members of the family Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 55) Parents who are enablers and want to “disenable” should __________. a. confront their children when angry b. nag their children about the dangers of drug abuse c. stop hiding the children’s abuse from the rest of the family d. continue to hide the children’s abuse from select members of the family Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 56) The pattern of family reactions to the conditions of drug abuse is similar to __________. a. the stages people encounter when losing a loved one b. the biopsychosocial model c. the obstacles of rehabilitation d. the precontemplation stage of change

.

17–29

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 57) Rationalizing that one’s family is no different from most others when drug abuse exists in one’s family is a reflection of __________. a. bargaining b. denial c. feeling d. anger Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 58) Denial _______anger as a stage in the family reaction to drug abuse. a. precedes b. follows c. occurs at the same time as d. occurs more less frequently than Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 59) Dan is upset that his son uses cocaine. He blames his wife for their son’s drug addiction. He tells her, “It’s all your fault! If you were a better mother he wouldn’t have this problem!” Dan's reaction is best classified as __________. a. denial

.

17–30

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. anger c. feeling d. acceptance Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 60) The pattern of family reactions to the conditions of drug abuse in order is __________. a. denial, bargaining, anger, acceptance, feeling b. feeling, denial, bargaining, anger, acceptance c. acceptance, denial, anger, feeling, bargaining d. denial, anger, bargaining, feeling, acceptance Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 61) Anxiety and obsessiveness are examples of __________. a. anger b. feeling c. bargaining d. acceptance Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery

.

17–31

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

62) The contemplation and preparation stages of change begin after which reaction occurs? a. denial b. bargaining c. feeling d. acceptance Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 63) When denial, anger, and bargaining have failed and feelings have become too disruptive, it is time for __________. a. a relapse in the rehabilitative process b. a quick trip to the treatment facility c. acceptance d. more denial, anger, bargaining, and feeling Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 64) Enabling behaviour is a result of __________. a. the family taking over responsibility when the abuser has not b. a healthy pattern of interpersonal relationships c. the final portion of the maintenance stage d. overcoming the embarrassment and shame of drug abuse Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

17–32

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 65) Attempting to control the drug-abuse behaviours of an alcohol or other drug abuser is an example of __________. a. bargaining b. anger and feeling c. enabling d. cooperation and collaborating Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 66) Janet wants her son to stop using heroin. She says that if he does not stop, she will be forced to physically injure herself. Which enabling behaviour applies to Janet? a. taking over responsibilities b. avoiding and shielding c. attempting to control d. rationalizing and accepting Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 67) Which of the following is NOT an enabling behaviour? a. avoiding and shielding b. rationalizing and accepting c. attempting to control d. precontemplation and contemplation Answer: d

.

17–33

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 68) Helping to clean and purify a daughter’s drugs so as to avoid an infection is an example of __________. a. rationalizing and accepting b. taking over responsibilities c. attempting to control d. cooperation and collaborating Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 69) Which is NOT a survival role in a drug-abuse-related dysfunctional family? a. Chief Mascot and Family Insider b. Family Hero and Family Scapegoat c. Family Mascot and the Lost Child d. Family Hero and Chief Enabler Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 70) According to the text, a Family Hero will often feel like a(n) __________. a. overachiever and a fraud b. person responsible for hiding the extent of the dysfunction c. isolate from family dynamics d. person predestined to become an alcoholic in the future

.

17–34

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 71) Analogy: Family Hero is to overachiever as Family Mascot is to __________. a. “fading into the woodwork” b. delinquent in school c. person with low self-esteem d. controller Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 72) What would be a reason for adopting an inpatient rather than an outpatient treatment program for substance abuse? a. the abused substance is illegal so use can’t be managed in an outpatient program. b. a spot in a half-way house is not available. c. costs of inpatient programs are more likely to be covered by insurance providers. d. previous enrollment in an outpatient treatment program was unsuccessful.

Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 73) Inpatient treatment should be considered __________. a. when outpatient treatment has failed b. when medical or psychiatric problems require hospitalization c. when outpatient treatment facilities are too far from home d. all of the above

.

17–35

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.8 Describe the three general recommendations by health professionals for finding the right substance-abuse treatment program 74) Inpatient treatment should be kept to a time period of approximately __________. a. 4 to 6 months b. 1 year c. 2 to 4 weeks d. 24 to 72 hours Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 17.8 Describe the three general recommendations by health professionals for finding the right substance-abuse treatment program 75) In order to maximize success, a treatment program should follow all but which of the following guidelines? a. It should address associated psychological, social, and legal problems as well. b. It should combine medication and behavioural counselling. c. Individual treatment plans should be continually assessed. d. It should focus more on finding support within oneself rather than on group support.

Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 17.8 Describe the three general recommendations by health professionals for finding the right substance-abuse treatment program 76) A good treatment facility __________. a. only addresses substance abuse issues

.

17–36

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

b. provides opportunities for group or individual counselling c. distances itself from medical personnel d. needs to be brand new Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 17.8 Describe the three general recommendations by health professionals for finding the right substance-abuse treatment program 77) Optimally, pharmacological drug-abuse treatment should be combined with __________. a. psychotherapy or behavioural counselling b. surgical approach c. temporary incarceration d. probationary status Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 17.8 Describe the three general recommendations by health professionals for finding the right substance-abuse treatment program 78) An excellent source of substance-abuse treatment information in Canada is the __________. a. CCSA b. SAMHSA c. National Council on Patient Information and Education d. CDSA Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC

.

17–37

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

LO: 17.9 Discuss the treatment options available to those who need help in instances of substance abuse

Essay Questions 1) Define the biopsychosocial model of drug-abuse treatment. Take a specific drug-abuse condition and describe how a biopsychosocial model might be applied to its treatment.

LO: 17.3 Describe the biopsychosocial model for substance-abuse treatment 2) Summarize the three general “reduction” strategies employed in substance-abuse prevention, providing an example of each.

LO: 17.1 Elaborate on Canadian strategies to prevent substance abuse Answer: 1. Supply reduction → decreasing the availability of a drug. This is accomplished by reducing its accessibility or increasing its costs. An example of this is only selling spirits at LCBO stores in Ontario, thereby limiting the number of hours during which spirits can be purchased.

2. Demand reduction → reducing the motivation to consume a drug. An example would be the display ban for tobacco products. Since tobacco products are no longer openly displayed this is thought to decrease consumers’ desire to purchase them.

3. Harm reduction → reduce the potential harm to the abuser and the community as a whole. An example is the R.I.D.E. program, designed to catch impaired drivers and protect both the driver and the community from injuries and/or death associated with drinking and driving.

3) Define “drug trafficking.” Summarize five factors that are considered with regard to penalties imposed for drug trafficking.

LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode Answer: Drug trafficking is the unauthorized manufacture, distribution by sale or gift, or possession of with intent to distribute any controlled substance.

Factors that are considered include 1) Schedule classification of the controlled substance 2) The amount of controlled substance seized 3) Previous offences

.

17–38

Test Bank to accompany Levinthal/Hamilton, Drugs, Behaviour, and Modern Society, 2nd Canadian edition

4) Involvement with organized crime 5) If threats, violence, or a weapon was involved in the offence 6) Involvement of a minor (as an accomplice) or potential exposure of minors (offence committed near a playground or school) 7) If offence was committed in prison 4) Describe the nature of drug treatment courts in Canada.

LO: 17.4 Examine the goals of incarceration as a treatment mode Answer: Drug treatment courts in Canada have been running since 1998. There are currently drug treatment courts in Toronto, Vancouver, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Ottawa, and Regina.

Drug treatment courts are specialized outpatient treatment programs. Drug treatment courts include individual and group counselling, medical treatment for substance abuse, random drug testing, safe housing, and employment opportunities. Individuals must attend regular court dates and discuss their progress in front of a judge who can increase or decrease their sanctions depending on the individual’s performance.

5) Describe the five stages of change related to drug-abuse rehabilitation and give a concrete example (in the form of an individual’s attitude or reaction) for each one.

LO: 17.6 Elaborate on the philosophy of the holistic treatment and recovery of an abuser 6) Describe the five types of survival roles an individual might assume in a dysfunctional family system that is contending with alcohol or other drug abuse.

LO: 17.7 Recognize the importance of family dynamics in treatment and recovery 7) What are some of the questions that should be asked about a treatment facility for alcohol or other drug abuse?

LO: 17.8 Describe the three general recommendations by health professionals for finding the right substance-abuse treatment program

.

17–39