Canadian Criminology Today Theories and Applications, Seventh Canadian Edition Instant Access, 7E Fr

Type:

Test Bank

Canadian Criminology Today Resource: Theories and Applications Edition:

7th Edition

Author(s):

Frank Schmalleger Rebecca Volk

Test Item File Dr. Oliver R. Stoetzer, Assistant Professor Wilfred Laurier University

Criminology Today: Theories and Applications 7th Canadian Edition Frank Schmalleger The University of North Carolina at Pembroke

Rebecca Volk Algonquin College

Contents 1. What Is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals 2. Crime Statistics: It’s How We Count 3. Patterns of Crime: It’s What We Count 4. Victimology: The Study of the Victim: It’s Personal 5. Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences 6. Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour: Interaction Is Key 7. Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behaviour: It’s How We Think 8. The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective: It’s Where and How We Live 9. The Meaning of Crime: Social Process Perspective: It’s What We Learn 10. The Meaning of Crime: Social Conflict Perspective: It’s How We Relate 11. Criminology and Social Policy: From Research to Evidence-Based Policy 12. The Globalization of Crime: Our Small World

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 1: What is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals

1) Crime, like other social events, is fundamentally a social construction. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.9 Skill: Recall 2) From a legalistic perspective, crime is human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a provincial or local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.1 Skill: Recall 3) The Pluralist Perspective towards the question What Should be Criminal? Is an analytical approach to social organization that holds that a multiplicity of values and beliefs exists in any complex society but that most social actors agree on the usefulness of laws as a formal means of dispute resoultion. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 1.3 Skill: Recall 4) The term criminalize means to make illegal. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 1: What is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals

5) The primary perspective from which most contemporary criminologists operate is a sociological one. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 1.10 Skill: Recall 6) A serious shortcoming of the legalistic approach to crime is that it yields the moral high ground to powerful individuals who are able to influence the making of laws and the imposition of criminal definitions on lawbreakers. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 1.1 Skill: Applied 7) Although Canada has enacted a comprehensive legal code, it still adheres to a common law tradition. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.1 Skill: Recall 8) The qualitative method of criminological research is a research technique that produces subjective results, or results that are difficult to quantify. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 1: What is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals

9) A criminalist is a specialist in the collection and examination of the physical evidence of crime. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.5 Skill: Recall 10) Criminality is a behavioural predisposition that disproportionately favours criminal activity. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.4 Skill: Recall 11) In the context of the criminal event, inputs can include physical features of the setting in which a specific crime takes place. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.9 Skill: Recall 12) Survey research is research using Facial Recognition and other biometric datagathering techniques. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 1: What is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals

13) The social responsibility perspective is the belief that crime is a consequence of underlying social problems such as poverty, discrimination, pervasive family violence, inadequate socialization practices, and the breakdown of traditional social institutions. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.8 Skill: Recall 14) Theoretical criminology, rather than simply describing crime and its occurrence, posits explanations for criminal behaviour. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.5 Skill: Recall 15) According to the text, former Vancouver police Service detective Kim Rossmo used the hypothesis that humans – offenders included – are creatures of habit as the basis of his geogrpahic profiling tool. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall 16) Society's less formal contributions to crime arise out of generic social practices and conditions such as poverty, poor and informal education, various forms of discrimination by which pathways to success are blocked s well as socialization. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.9 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 1: What is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals

17) The Missing Women Commisssion of Inquiry, established in 2010 by the B.C. lieutenant governor, released a report that identified blatant police failure triggered by systemic bias against poor, vulnerable women of Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside as the reason that Robert Pickton was able to evade arrest for so many years. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 1.9 Skill: Applied 18) A correlation is a causal, complementary, or reciprocal relationship between two measurable variables. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall 19) The choice of data-collection techniques is a crucial one in criminological research.

Once a research problem has been identified, concepts have been made measurable, and a design for the conduct of the research has been selected, investigators must decide on the type of data to be gathered and the techniques of data gathering they wish to employ. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall 20) Reliable determinations of program effectiveness are made through research. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 1: What is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals

21) Present-day criminology is decidedly more scientific than in previous decades, which also means that present-day criminology is also more amenable to objective scrutiny and systematic testing. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall 22) A statute is an informal written enactment of a legislative body. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.1 Skill: Recall 23) Civil law exists primarily for the purpose of enforcing private rights and deals with arrangements between individuals, such as contracts and claims to property. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.1 Skill: Recall 24) Administrative law regulates many daily business activities. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 1: What is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals

25) Professional criminologists are acutely aware of the need to link sound social policy to the objective findings of well-documented criminological research, and they continue to work to forge this link. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.7 Skill: Recall 26) Qualitative methods refer to research techniques that produce subjective results or results that are difficult to quantify. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall 27) Crime prevention programs, government sponsored safe injection sites, and incomesubsidized housing are all examples of social policy. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 1.4 Skill: Applied 28) Adherents of the social responsibility perspective say that crime must be addressed in much the same way as public health concerns like AIDS, cancer, or the COVID-19 virus. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.8 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 1: What is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals

29) A variable is a concept that can undergo measurable change. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall 30) The ________ perspective of criminology holds that a multiplicity of values and beliefs exist in any complex society and that laws should be enacted to criminalize given forms of behaviour when members of society generally agree that such laws are necessary. a. integrated b. conflict c. pluralist d. consensus e. sociological Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.3 Skill: Recall 31) ________ research is based on new evaluations of existing information collected by other researchers. a. Primary b. Secondary c. Pure d. Applied e. Descriptive Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 1: What is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals

32) _______________________ criminology is a form of contemporary criminology that uses rigourous social scientific techniques, especially randomized, controlled experiments and the systematic review of research results. a. Conflict b. Evidence-based c. Symbolic interactionist d. Restorative e. Media-based Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall 33) The ethical requirement of social scientific research that research subjects be informed as to the nature of the research about to be conducted, their anticipated role in it, and the uses to which the data they provide will be put is known as ________. a. data confidentiality b. informed consent c. self-report d. participant observation e. case study Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall 34) The most important question to consider for a data-collection technique when beginning to gather information is whether the data-gathering strategy selected will produce information in a ______________. a. Research designs b. Tests of significance c. Hypotheses d. Confounding effect e. Usable form Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 1: What is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals

35) Which of the following statements about deviance and crime is/are true? a. All deviant behaviour is criminal. b. All criminal behaviour is deviant. c. Deviance and criminal behaviour are identical. d. Deviance and criminal behaviour overlap. e. Deviance and criminal behaviour do not overlap at all.

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.2 Skill: Recall 36) ____________ is a research investigation of subjects in order to record and report their behaviours. a. Descriptive statistics b. Quasi-experimental designs c. Qualitative methods d. Self-report e. Case studies Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall 37) _________________ laws, require that convicted offenders receive lengthy prison sentences (often life without the possibility of parole) following their third conviction. a. Narrowly defined b. Interdisciplinary c. Three-strike d. Limited e. Triple Jeopardy Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.7 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 1: What is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals

38) ____________ is human activity that violates social norms. a. Criminality b. Cruelty c. Socialization d. Deviant behaviour e. Delinquency Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.2 Skill: Recall 39) Deviance is relevant to the social context within which it occurs. ____________ are photos taken of women in public, without their consent, and then posted to social media. a. “Social problem shots” b. “Creepshots” c. “Dareshots” d. “Individual problem shots” e. “Shotspotters” Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.3 Skill: Recall 40) Ultimately, the goal of research within criminology is ________________________ that allow for a better understanding of criminal behaviour and that permit the development of strategies intended to address the problem of crime. a. concept building b. variable assessments c. the construction of theories or models d. hypothesis evaluation and adjustment e. research critique and journal submissions Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 1: What is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals

41) According to the theory building process elaborated upon in the text, the collection and analysis of data occurs because the ____________________. a. Theory-based social policy has been enacted b. Theory is proposed c. hypothesis is being tested d. social problems perspective states that it must be so e. social responsibility perspective states that this cannot occur earlier Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall 42) As your text points out, society’s foreground contributions to crime largely emanate from the distribution of resources and the accessibility of services, which are often the direct result of _________________. a. social problems b. individual clothing choices c. economic conditions d. social epidemics e. government-based health policy restrictions Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.9 Skill: Recall 43) ________ may be defined as the use of standardized, systematic procedures in the search for knowledge. a. Inferential statistics b. Research c. Descriptive statistics d. Tests of significance e. Qualitative statistics Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 1: What is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals

44) This perspective on crime believes that crime is the result of criteria that have been built into the law by powerful groups and are then used to label selected undesirable forms of behaviour as illegal. a. Sociological perspective b. Discrimination perspective c. Legalistic perspective d. Political perspective e. Research perspective Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.1 Skill: Recall 45) A __________________ may be tried either as indictable or summary conviction offences. a. hybrid offence b. Section 29-50 offence c. indictable d. Section 51-50 e. summary conviction Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.1 Skill: Applied 46) ________ research is characterized by original and direct investigation. a. Secondary b. Quasi-experimental c. Descriptive d. Primary e. Observational Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 1: What is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals

47) Which form of law originates in the form of statutes or formal written strictures made by a legislature or governing body with the power to make law? a. Civil law b. Administrative law c. Criminal law d. Common law e. Statutory law Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.1 Skill: Recall 48) A(n) ________ refers to an experiment that attempts to hold conditions (other than the intentionally introduced experimental intervention) constant. a. External validity b. Internal validity c. Controlled experiment d. Research design e. Pure research design Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall 49) The legalistic approach to crime ________. a. is found only in countries under totalitarian regimes b. is embodied in our complex court system c. sees crime as human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of the state, the federal government, or a provincial or local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws. d. sees crime as a threat to continued self-government e. is popular among criminologists Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 1: What is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals

50) In participant observation research, when researchers make their presence known to those whom they are observing (without attempting to influence the outcome of their observations or the activities of the group), they fit the category of ________. a. observer as complete participant b. control group observer c. participants who are observers d. research subject e. unobtrusive observer Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall 51) A less serious crime, including, for example, making indecent telephone calls or loitering on private property at night, is termed _________________. a. a felony b. an indictable offence c. a summary conviction offence d. deviance e. a hybrid offence Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.1 Skill: Recall 52) Decisions based on items within the Ontario Workplace Safety and Insurance Board would be considered part of which primary form of law? a. Administrative law b. Criminal law c. Summary conviction offences d. Hybrid offences (dual procedure) e. Civil law Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 1: What is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals

53) In Canada, the ______________ has been adopted as a common research ethics policy for those conducting, participating in, or reviewing human research. a. Pluralist Council Statement of Research Ethics b. Preliminary Review Survey Process Panel c. Triple-Council Review of Ethics Disciplinary Board d. Consultancy of Ethical Purpose Board e. Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall 54) According to the text, ___________________ is an increasingly popular form of contemporary criminology that is founded on the experimental method. a. pathology-based criminology b. controlled analytical criminology c. unobtrusive observationist criminology d. evidence-based criminology e. secondary analysis criminology Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall 55) Which of the following statements about criteria for declaring any endeavour “scientific” is NOT true? a. the systematic collection of related facts (as in the building of a database) b. an emphasis on the availability and application of the scientific method c. the existence of general laws, a field for experiment or observation, and control of acedmic discourse by practical application d. an emphasis on public health definitions and medical review e. the fact that it has been accepted into the scientific tradition.

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 1: What is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals

56) ________ is the lifelong process of social experience whereby individuals acquire the cultural patterns of their society. a. Acculturation b. Indoctrination c. Subjugation d. Acquisition e. Socialization Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.9 Skill: Recall 57) ________ is an ethical requirement of social scientific research to protect te confidentiality of individual research participants while preserving justified research access to the information participants provide. a. Informed consent b. Primary analysis c. Secondary analysis d. Data confidentiality e. Replicability Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall 58) Indictable offences are serious offences that are crimes and include murder, robbery, sexual assault, and hostage taking. These types of offences carry a sentence of incarceration of ______________________. a. 3 years or longer b. 20 years or longer c. 14 years or longer d. 25 years or longer e. 7 years or longer Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 1: What is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals

59) As the text points out, one relationship between a crime and a victim is that _______. a. quantitative analysis is always infallible b. self report c. survey research leads to the best understanding of criminal victimization d. case studies always present unreplicable results e. few crimes can occur without a victim Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.9 Skill: Recall 60) A(n) ________ theory of crime is one that attempts to explain all (or at least most) forms of criminal conduct through a single, overarching approach. a. complete b. specific c. integrated d. general e. unicausal Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 1.5 Skill: Recall 61) Someone who text-messages while driving is engaging in behaviour that is ________. a. criminal in some jurisdictions but not necessarily deviant b. deviant but not criminal c. antisocial and rude d. neither deviant nor criminal in all of Canada e. both deviant and criminal in all of Canada Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 1.2 Skill: Applied

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 1: What is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals

62) Many studies of the _______________ have concluded that such legislation typically results in clogged court systems and crowded correctional facilities and encourages threetime offenders to take dramatic risks to avoid capture. a. Administrative law in Canada b. Research designs of criminologists c. Three-strikes laws d. Dual procedure laws in Canada e. Social policies in Canada Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.7 Skill: Recall 63) A recent study conducted by Leslie W. Kennedy and David R. Forde found that violent personal victimization “is contingent on the exposure that comes from following certain lifestyles,” which is especially true for certain demographic groups, _________________________. a. especially those aged 65 and above b. Especially those aged 55 – 65 years of age c. especially young males d. especially repeat offenders e. especially young females Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 1.9 Skill: Recall 64) Define and explain the difference(s) between civil law and administrative law.

Answer: Civil law exists primarily for the purpose of enforcing private rights and deals with arrangements between individuals, such as contracts and claims to property.

Administrative law, however, regulates many daily business activities. Violation of such regulations generally results in warnings or fines, depending on their adjudged severity.

For example, decisions of the British Columbia Crime Victim Assistance Program or the Ontario Workplace Safety and Insurance Board constitute part of administrative case law.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 1.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 1: What is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals

65) List and briefly elaborate upon the four principles of the consensus perspective as dictated by Raymond J. Michalowski.

Answer: 1. Most members of a society believe in the existence of core values. The consensus perspective holds that shared notions of right and wrong characterize the majority of society’s members.

2. Laws reflect the collective will of the people. Law is seen as the result of a consensus, achieved through legislative action, and represents a kind of social conscience.

3. Law serves all people equally. From the consensus point of view, the law not only embodies a shared view of justice but also is perceived to be just in its application.

4. Law violators represent a unique subgroup with distinguishing features. The consensus approach holds the view that violators must somehow be improperly socialized, be psychologically defective, or suffer from some other lapse that leaves them unable to participate in what is otherwise widespread agreement on values and behaviour.

Diff: 3 Type: ES LO: 1.3 Skill: Recall

66) A variety of criteria has been advanced for declaring any endeavor, including criminology and, most especially, evidence-based criminology, as “scientific.” List five (5) criterion that fit.

Answer: 1. The systematic collection of related facts (as in the building of a database) 2. An emphasis on the availability and application of the scientific method 3. “the existence of general laws, a field of experiment or observation, and control of academic discourse by practical application” 4. “The fact that it has been accepted into the scientific tradition” 5. an “emphasis on a worthwhile subject in need of independent study even if adequate techniques of study are not yet available” (as in the investigation of paranormal phenomena).

Diff: 3 Type: ES LO: 1.6 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 2: Crime Statistics: It’s How We Count

1) Statistical data shows that the likelihood of crime commission declines with age. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 2.4 Skill: Recall 2) Canadian statistics tell us that crime rates in Canada have followed population shifts, with somewhat of a time lag. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 2.4 Skill: Recall 3) According to the text, rates of violent victimization steadily declined as age increased. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 2.4 Skill: Recall 4) Both the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (UCR) and the Victimization Survey, conducted through the General Social Surveys, fall under the auspices of Canada’s national statistics department, Statistics Canada. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 2: Crime Statistics: It’s How We Count

5) Crime statistics in Canada are reported in three major surveys: the UCR, the Victimization Survey, and the Self-Report Survey. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall 6) André Michel Guerry calculated per capita crime rates throughout various French provinces in the early 19th century. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 2.1 Skill: Recall 7) Adolphe Quételet proposed what he called the "thermic law" that morality undergoes seasonal variation. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 2.1 Skill: Recall 8) The work of statisticians such as Guerry and Quetelet formed the historical basis for what has been called the statistical school of criminology. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 2.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 2: Crime Statistics: It’s How We Count

9) Most criminologists agree that the prevention of crime is generally considered preferable to its punishment and prevention is largely based on prediction. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 2.2 Skill: Recall 10) Demographics are the characteristics of population groups, usually expressed in statistical form. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 2.1 Skill: Recall 11) The first officially published crime statistics appeared in London's Gazette beginning in 1828 and France's 1825 Compte generale. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 2.1 Skill: Recall 12) Victimization Surveys differ from the UCR in one specially significant way: raqther than depending on reports of crimes to the police, the data contained in Victimization Surveys consist of information elicited through interviews with members of randomly selected households throughout the country. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 2: Crime Statistics: It’s How We Count

13) According to the text, most Canadians who had been victimized by crime reported only a single incident. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall 14) Correlates of crime are those variables observed to be related to criminal activity such as age, sex and gender, ethnicity, and social class. Often classified into static and dynamic factors. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 2.4 Skill: Recall 15) The Victimization Survey has always been part of the General Social Survey. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall 16) The dark figure of crime refers to that portion of criminal activity that goes unreported and/or undetected by official sources. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 2: Crime Statistics: It’s How We Count

17) Crime rate is the term used to describe crime per capita based on the number of recorded crimes calculated per 100 000 population. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 2.3 Skill: Applied 18) To calculate the traditional police-reported crime rate, all offences are counted equally, regardless of their seriousness. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall 19) The legal definition of crime impacts the way crime is counted. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 2.3 Skill: Applied 20) A Statistics Canada report indicated that persons aged 18 to 24 account for 10 percent of the total population but 23 percent of the accused. The peak age at which individuals were accused of crimes was 17 years. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 2.4 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 2: Crime Statistics: It’s How We Count

21) According to your text, since 2010, while the population of white inmates has decreased by 23.5%, the indigenous population has increased by 52.1%. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 2.4 Skill: Recall 22) According to your text, Indigenous offenders are over-represented in the number of incidents of attempted suicide. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 2.4 Skill: Recall 23) According to the results of the 2018 UCR, the rate of extortion in Canada rose 44% year-over-year, continuing an annual increase of rising rates since 2012. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 2: Crime Statistics: It’s How We Count

24) The equation to calculate a crime rate includes the number of reported crimes in the numerator. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall 25) According to published highlights of the 2018 UCR, police-reported rate of sexual assault continued to increase year-over-year. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall 26) According to published highlights of the 2018 UCR, the overall rate of theft over $5000 increased by 15% from the previous year. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall 27) The Uniform Crime Reporting System ________. a. was initiated in 1991, and became the responsibility of the FBI in the same year b. was initiated in 1961 through the efforts of Statistics Canada and the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police c. was initiated by the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics in 1991 d. was initiated by the Canadian Centre for justice Statistics in 1961 e. was initiated by Statistics Canada in 1961 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 2: Crime Statistics: It’s How We Count

28) In 2008, a police-reported Crime Severity Index (PRCSI) was introduced to _________________. a. Gather information on the number and types of offences reported to police b. Gather information on the number and sex of adults and youths charged c. Measure changes in the severity of crime from year to year d. Gather information on circumstances of the incidence e. Gather information on the genetic history of the accused Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall 29) ________ has been referred to as 'the best single predictor of criminality.' a. Age b. Socio-economic status c. Gender d. Ethnicity or race e. Profession Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Skill: Recall 30) A(n) ________ refers to an offence that is closed when police have formally charged a person or when there is sufficient evidence to lay a charge against an identified person, even if that person has not been apprehended by police. a. arrest rate b. offence cleared otherwise c. offence cleared by charge d. crime rate e. clearance rate Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 2: Crime Statistics: It’s How We Count

31) The continued lower rate of _________________ has been explained by some as primarily due to cultural factors, including early socialization, role expectations, and a reluctance among criminal justice officials to arrest and prosecute women. a. criminality of young men b. male criminality c. criminality of men aged 55-75 d. female criminality e. criminality of men aged 75 -90 Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Skill: Recall 32) Unlike data from the United States, Canadian crime statistics do not routinely report on the ________ of offenders. a. age b. victimization c. gender d. type of crime e. racial and ethnic makeup Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Skill: Recall 33) Unreported and underreported criminal activity has been called the ________ of crime a. actual measure b. unbalanced rate c. dark figure d. unmeasurable rate e. measurable rate Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 2: Crime Statistics: It’s How We Count

34) According to the Highlights of the 2018 UCR, _____ of crimes were classified as unfounded in 2018 compared to ________ in 2017. a. 11% ; 14% b. 31% ; 44% c. 2.5% ; 18% d. 10% ; 44% e. 50% ; 65% Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall 35) When considered in conjunction with other methods of information gathering, ________________ help provide a clearer and more complete picture of crime and who commits it. a. CCTV recordings and UCR data analysis b. UCR and Victimization Surveys only c. UCR only d. Victimization Surveys only e. Self-Report Surveys studies Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall 36) If someone breaks into a store, severely assaults the security personnel, and steals a laptop, how many incidents of assault are recorded in the UCR? a. Four, because there were four charges laid. b. One, because only the assault is recorded. c. It depends how many of the youths are convicted on the assault charges. d. It depends on the gender of the youths involved. e. We do not have enough information to answer the question.

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.3 Skill: Applied

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 2: Crime Statistics: It’s How We Count

37) For violent crime, and according to the UCR, if one person assaults two people, how many incidents are recorded? a. One b. Two c. Four d. Eight e. Three Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall 38) The term "social dimensions of crime" is used to describe aspects of crime and victimization as they relate to ________ by which groups are defined, and according to which individuals are assigned group membership. a. common characteristics b. socially significant attributes c. socio-economic traits d. commonalities e. cultural traits Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Skill: Recall 39) Based on 651 incidents of homicides reported and a total population of 37 061 315, what would the rate of crime be for homicides? a. 140.00 b. 14.00 c. 1.76 d. 1400.00 e. 2800.00 Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 2.3 Skill: Applied

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 2: Crime Statistics: It’s How We Count

40) Correlations are of two sorts: ________. a. beneficial and destructive b. agreeable and antagonistic c. positive and negative d. random or select e. applied or distinct Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Skill: Recall 41) In Canada, those at the highest risk of personal victimization are between the ages of ________. a. 12 and 18 b. 12 and 21 c. 14 and 20 d. 15 and 24 e. 21 and 25 Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Skill: Recall 42) Gender appears so closely linked to most forms of criminal activity that it has been called ________. a. "the investigator's key" b. "the prosecutor's crutch" c. "the solution to investigative stalls" d. "the best single predictor of criminality" e. "the defence council's ace" Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 2: Crime Statistics: It’s How We Count

43) It is believed that _______ is the most seriously under-reported crime. a. sexual assault b. theft $5 000 and under c. robbery d. fraud e. assault with a weapon Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall 44) The apparently low rate of female criminality has been explained by some criminologists as being primarily due to all of the below cultural factors except ________. a. A reluctance among criminal justice officials to prosecute women b. role expectations c. a reluctance among criminal justice officials to arrest women d. early socialization e. proximity of victim’s residence to the accused’s residence Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Skill: Recall 45) Population statistics have been collected since pre-Roman times. Indeed, historians believe that Roman population counts were made every ___________. a. 3 years b. 4 years c. 5 years d. 7 years e. 10 years Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 2: Crime Statistics: It’s How We Count

46) The national centre for the collection, collation, and dissemination of crime data in Canada is known as _____________________. a. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics (CCJS) b. Centre for Police Reporting Data (CPRD) c. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) d. Data and Justice Centre of Canada (DJCC) e. Centre for Criminal Justice Statistics and Police Reporting (CCJSPR) Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.2 Skill: Recall 47) According to the Violence Against Women Survey (VAWS) undertaken by Statistics Canada in 1993, __________ of all Canadian women reported having experienced at least one incident of violence since age 16. a. one-sixth b. one-third c. about 50% d. two-thirds e. nearly 75 percent Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall 48) The accuracy of self-report studies is largely predicated on _______________. a. the honesty and forthrightness of the respondent b. the age and gender of the respondent c. the ability of the respondent to analyze data d. the gender and social class of the respondent e. The social class and age of the respondent Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 2: Crime Statistics: It’s How We Count

49) According to the text, the proportion of women charged with criminal activity has increased by as much as _______________ over the past three decades. a. 12 percent b. 15 percent c. 90 percent d. 80 percent e. 8 percent Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Skill: Recall 50) According to the most recent available statistics (2019), the racial group least represented as a percentage of the federal offender population is _______________. a. Caucasian b. Aboriginal c. Asian d. Hispanic e. Black Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Skill: Recall 51) While there is no doubt that people from all social classes commit crimes, a number of studies point to a _______________ between lower socio-economic status and criminal activity. a. significant correlation b. insignificant correlation c. highly significant correlation d. marginal correlation e. near-zero correlation Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 2: Crime Statistics: It’s How We Count

52) The crime rate used in the UCR is based on a population of ____________. a. one million b. 100,000 c. 10,000 d. 1,000 e. 10 million Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall 53) Many of the difficulties surrounding research into the relationship between social class and crime appear to stem from _______________. a. a lack of social dimension analysis b. a lack of definitional clarity c. a lack of correlation of crime analysis d. a lack of geographic information studies e. a lack of self-dimension analyses Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 2.4 Skill: Recall 54) List and briefly elaborate upon four (4) of the six central reasons for not reporting a crime such as sexual assault, as listed and elaborated upon in your textbook.

Answer: Reasons for not reporting a crime such as sexual assault include (1) the victim’s fear of the perpetrator; (2) the victim’s shame, which may carry over from traditional attitudes about sexual behaviour and a woman’s role in sexual encounters; (3) fears the victim may have of not being believed; and (4) the victim’s fear of further participation in the justice system (such as the possibility of the victim being required to go to court and testify against the offender, thereby exposing herself to potentially embarassing crossexamination and public scrutiny).

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 2.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 2: Crime Statistics: It’s How We Count

55) Briefly define what can be considered the “social dimensions of crime.”

Answer: The social dimensions of crime are generally referred to as aspects of crime and victimization as they relate to socially significant attributes by which groups are defined, and according to which individuals are assigned group membership. Socially significant attributes include sex and gender, ethnicity or race, age, income or wealth, profession, and social class or standing within society. Such personal characteristics provide criteria by which individuals can be assigned to groups such as “the rich,” “the poor,” “male,” “female,” “young,” “old,” “black,” “white,” “white-collar worker,” “manual labourer,” and so on.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 2.4 Skill: Recall; Application

56) According to the Annual Report of the Office of the Correctional Investigator, 20182019, there are some specifically disturbing trends that have occurred with Indigenous Offenders in Correctional facilities in Canada. List and briefly elaborate upon three (3) of the trends identified by this Report and found in your textbook.

Answer: 1. Since 2010, while the population of white inmates has decreased by 23.5%, the Indigenous populations has increased by 52.1% 2. 69.1% of releases for Indigenous offenders were at statutory releases, compared to 18% who were released on day parole.

3. Compared to non-Indigenous offenders, Indigenous offenders served a higher proportion of their sentence in prison before being released on their first day parole (40.8% vs. 49%) and full parole (36.2% vs. 45.3%).

4. The revocation rate for Indigenous offenders is significantly higher than for the overall population (39% vs. 32%).

5. Indigenous offenders account for a disproportionate number of self-inflicted injuries.

6. Indigenous offenders are over-represented in the number of incidents of attempted suicide.

7. Indigenous offenders have a higher rate of return within two years post-warrant expiry compared to national rates (8.9% vs. 6.6%).

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 2.4 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 3: Patterns of Crime: It’s What We Count

1) Mass murderers kill their victims over a lengthy period of time, perhaps even years. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 2) Murder is primarily a stranger on stranger crime. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 3) According to the text, in 2018, violent crimes continued to account for about one-fifth (21 percent) of all police reported Criminal Code offences (excluding traffic). a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 4) Geographically, homicide rates in Canada increased from west to east over the last 40 years. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 3: Patterns of Crime: It’s What We Count

5) The offence of sexual assault has been “degenderized” such that perpetrators can be either male or female, as can victims. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 3.2 Skill: Applied 6) Data from the most recent statistics indicate that over 80 percent of victims of sexual assault were female, compared to 56 percent of victims of all other violent crimes. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 7) A rape myth is a false assumption about sexual assault, such as “When a woman says no, she really means yes.” a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 8) In recent years, social media such as Facebook and Twitter have been used by sexual assault victims to “go public” about their abuse, in the hopes of raising awareness and encouraging other victims to come forward. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 3: Patterns of Crime: It’s What We Count

9) In most cases of criminal harassment, the offender is known to the victim. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 10) Robbery is regarded as a violent personal crime because it is committed in the presence of a victim and involves threatened or actual use of force or violence in the commission of a theft or attempted theft from another person. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 11) Most robberies occur indoor, usually in secured areas where the public has little or no access. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 12) Assaults that wound, maim, disfigure, or endanger the life of a victim are known as level 1 assaults. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 3: Patterns of Crime: It’s What We Count

13) The commission of violent crimes can be explained using psychological, social learning, frustration/aggression, and socialization theories, among others, to some degree of accuracy. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 14) Breaking and entering is one of the most common and serious property offences and breaking and entering a dwelling house carries a maximum penalty of life imprisonment. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 3.3 Skill: Recall 15) The Insurance Bureau of Canada (IBC) reported that aspects of motor vehicle theft are related to organized crime, including money laundering and the resale of high-end cars. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 3.3 Skill: Recall 16) Identity theft is defined as knowingly obtaining or possessing another person’s identity information with the intent of using the information to commit an indictable offence that includes fraud, deceit, or falsehood as an element of the offence. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO; 3.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 3: Patterns of Crime: It’s What We Count

17) Statistics from the 2018 UCR on criminal harassment show 19,576 reported incidents or a rate of 53 per 100,000 population. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 18) Identity fraud is defined as fraudulently personating another person, living or dead, with intent to gain advantage for themselves or another person, to obtain any property of interst in any property, to cause disadvantage to the person being peronated or another person, to avoid arrest or prosecution, or to obstruct, pervert, or defeat the course of justice. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 3.3 Skill: Recall 19) Prostitution is a controversial issue, and there seems to be little consensus as to the best means of dealing with it. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 3.4 Skill: Recall 20) The crime of child pornography can be viewed as a crime against the public order. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 3.4 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 3: Patterns of Crime: It’s What We Count

21) According to the 2017-2018 statistics on Police-Reported crime for selected offences, the homicide rates between 2017 and 2018 remained virtually unchanged at 1.82 and 1.76 per 100,000 population respectively. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 3.1 Skill: Recall 22) Online stalkers, or cyberstalkers, can be charged under the criminal harassment provision of the Criminal Code. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 23) The terms "robbery" and "break and enter" can be used interchangeably (as in the phrase “my house was robbed”). a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 24) Statistics for robbery in 2018 indicate that robberies that came to the attention of the authorities across the nation that year decreased by 3 percent from 2017. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 3: Patterns of Crime: It’s What We Count

25) Victims of assault are more likely to be male. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 26) According to your text, “sex tourism” is a term used to refer to the promotion of travel packages designed for the purpose of illegal sexual encounters, often with minors. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 3.4 Skill: Recall 27) In Canada, the terms "murder" and "homicide" mean the same thing. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 28) Violent crime incidents include homicide, attempted murder, assault, sexual assault, robbery, use of firearms, kidnapping and abduction, criminal harassment, and uttering threats. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 3: Patterns of Crime: It’s What We Count

29) In 2018, police services reported 1798 incidents of crime that had been motivated by hate, down 113 percent from 2017. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 30) Typically, crimes are organized into categories, or ____________. a. classifications of crime b. typologies of crime c. subtexts of crime d. textures of crime e. layers of crime Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.1 Skill: Recall 31) Motor vehicle theft is defined as the taking of a vehicle _________________. a. without the owner's authorization b. with the owner's authorization c. with the owner still in the vehicle d. only if the vehicle is a boat e. only if the vehicle is a car or van Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 3: Patterns of Crime: It’s What We Count

32) Prostitution, illicit drug use, pornography, and gambling are often referred to as ________. a. violent crimes b. property crimes c. public order crimes d. personal crimes e. other crimes Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.4 Skill: Recall 33) Infamous Canadians such as Clifford Olson, Paul Bernardo, Allan Legere, Bruce McArthur and Robert Pickton can be classified as _________________. a. Mass murderers b. Spree killers c. Manslaughters d. Serial murderers e. First-degree murderers Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 34) Most victims of sexual assault are victimized by ________. a. a stranger b. a friend or acquaintance c. a family member d. a spouse e. a sibling Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 3: Patterns of Crime: It’s What We Count

35) The severity of theft is determined largely by the monetary value placed on the property taken classified as ________. a. theft over $1000 and theft $1000 and under b. theft over $200 and theft $200 and under c. theft over $3000 and theft $3000 and under d. theft over $5000 and theft $5000 and under e. theft over $10 000 and theft $10 000 and under Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Skill: Recall 36) Generically, property crimes comprise unlawful acts perpetrated with the intent of gaining property but ________________________________. a. without the use or threat of violence b. with the use of violence c. without the use of firearms only d. without the use of an edged weapon or blunt weapon only e. with written plans and threats via social media Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Skill: Recall 37) Excluded from the category of motor vehicle theft is the theft of ____________________. a. planes, trains, and automobiles b. airplanes, boats, trains, and spacecraft c. pick-up trucks, trains, and boats d. pick-up trucks, boats, and small yachts e. electric and/or battery-powered motor vehicles (Teslas, etc.)

Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 3: Patterns of Crime: It’s What We Count

38) According to the Insurance Bureau of Canada (IBC), the most common motivations for motor vehicle theft are to sell stolen vehicles overseas or to a unsuspecting buyer, to use the vehicle for “joyriding,” and _________________________________. a. not act your age and get caught intoxicated b. sell the rims off of luxury vehicles c. to steal the car in the commission of another crime and subsequently abandon it d. to steal the tires and then ship these rare items to Europe e. to remove and re-purpose the engines from high-end SUVs Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Skill: Recall 39) In 2018, homicides (651) and attempted murders (807) accounted for approximately ________ percent of all police-reported violent crimes committed in Canada. a. 0.2 b. 1 c. 5 d. 10 e. 15 Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 40) In 2018, incidents of theft accounted for about ________ percent of all Criminal Code incidents. a. 10 b. 24 c. 46 d. 62 e. 70 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 3: Patterns of Crime: It’s What We Count

41) Murder is considered an offence under the Criminal Code of Canada in Section ____ of the Code. a. 231 b. 234 c. 229 d. 233 e. 230 Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 42) Which of the following offences are NOT classified as violent offences? a. Robbery b. Abduction c. Sexual assault d. Abduction and sexual assault e. Theft under $5000 Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 43) When a police officer kills someone in the line of duty it is referred to as ________. a. justifiable homicide b. manslaughter c. excusable homicide d. second degree murder e. culpable homicide Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 3: Patterns of Crime: It’s What We Count

44) According to your text, the national increase in the Violent Crime Severity Index (VCSI) in 2018 over 2017 was driven by increases in heavily populated ____________ and in ________________. a. Alberta (+19 percent) ; Ontario (+5 percent) b. Nova Scotia (+45 percent ; Ontario (+90 percent) c. Ontario (+5 percent) ; Manitoba (+6 percent) d. Quebec (+54 percent) ; Manitoba (+6 percent) e. British Columbia (+18 percent) ; Manitoba (+25 percent) Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 45) According to your text, there are three primary motivations for hate crime. These are: a. race or ethnicity, religion, and sexual orientation b. sexual orientation, income level, geographic location c. geographic location, religion, sexual orientation d. sexual orientation, religion, income level e. income level, profession, religion Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 46) Marc Lepine is a Canadian example of a ________. a. mass murderer b. serial murderer c. stalker d. mentally ill offender e. psychopath Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 3: Patterns of Crime: It’s What We Count

47) Which of the following acts is NOT illegal in Canada? a. The exchange of money for sex b. Publicly communicating with another person or group of persons for the purpose of buying sexual services of an underage person c. Publicly communicating with another person for the purpose of selling sexual services with an underage person d. Running firearms across the border e. Living on the avails of prostitution Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.4 Skill: Recall 48) Currently, sexual assault legislation focuses on ________, rather than its sexual nature. a. the sexual nature of the act b. the gender of the victim c. the relationship between the victim and the accused d. the violent nature of the act e. the gender of the accused Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 49) Serial murder is a type of ________. a. non-culpable homicide b. culpable homicide c. manslaughter d. infanticide e. mass murder Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 3: Patterns of Crime: It’s What We Count

50) Formation from the most recent detailed statistic indicate that females accounted for _________ percent of all victims of criminal harassment. a. 26 b. 30 c. 76 d. 90 e. 95 Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall 51) Compared with other types of offences, the number of females charged with shoplifting under $5000 is quite high – females constitute ______________ of both adults and youth aged 12 to 17 charged. a. about one-tenth b. about one-third c. about one-half d. about two-thirds e. about 90 percent Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Skill: Recall 52) According to the text, the rate of identity theft and identity fraud continued to increase for the seventh year in a row, with a _____________ percent increase from 2017 to 2018. a. 2 percent b. 42 percent c. 52 percent d. 12 percent e. 32 percent Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 3: Patterns of Crime: It’s What We Count

53) According to the Criminal Code of Canada, identity fraud is listed as Section ______. a. 402.2 b. 403 c. 609 d. 616 e. 236 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Skill: Recall 54) Knowingly obtaining or possessing another person’s identity information with the intent of using the information to commit an indictable offence that includes fraud, deceit, or falsehood as an element of the offence is known as ________________. a. identity fraud b. counterfeiting c. culpable deceit d. identity theft e. identity and access management Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.3 Skill: Recall 55) Impaired Driving is classified as a ______________________________. a. Provincial offence in the province of Quebec b. By-law offence in most jurisdictions in Canada c. Criminal Code traffic violation d. A provincial offence in the state of Oregon e. A by-law offence in the City of Toronto Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 3.4 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 3: Patterns of Crime: It’s What We Count

56) What is the difference between culpable homicide and non-culpable homicide?

Answer: Homicide can be either culpable or non-culpable. Culpable homicide is considered an offence under the Criminal Code of Canada and includes murder, manslaughter, and infanticide. Non-culpable homicide consists of justifiable and/or excusable homicide.

Justifiable homicide includes legally authorized acts such as a police officer killing someone in the course of duty, while excusable homicide includes acts of self-defence, defence of others, or defence of property.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall

57) Briefly outline the differences between cyberstalking and cyberbullying.

Answer: Cyberstalking is technically a form of criminal harassment and is a form of online harassment that may occur in chat rooms, message boards, and/or via emails that threaten or post obscene messages about the victim. It is possible for cyberstalking to extend to ral life as the stalker may use the Internet or obtain information about the target and then use it in a conventioanl stalking incident. Cyberbullying, on the other hand, is the willful and repeated use of cellphones, computers, or other electronic devices to embarrass, humiliate, torment, threaten, or harass. Unofficial statistics indicate that one in ten Canadian teens online report that they have been victims on online bullying on social network sites.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 3: Patterns of Crime: It’s What We Count

58) What is a “hate crime”? What sections of the Criminal Code of Canada apply when considering a charge against an individual as a “hate crime”?

Answer: A “hate crime” is a criminal act directed toward a person or group because of race, national or ethnic origin, religion, language, colour, sex, age, sexual orientation, or mental or physical disability. This crime is also referred to as hate-motivated crime, or bias crime. Sections 318 and 319 of the Criminal Code of Canada apply while Section 718.2 allows for context to be taken into consideration when the sentencing for a hate crime occurs.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 3.2 Skill: Recall

59. In the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) system of Canada, police-reported break and entering is categorized into three different types, What are these three types?

Answer: (1) Residential – the breaking and entering of a private residence including single homes as well as attached garages, garden house, apartments, cottages, mobile homes, rooming homes, and so on; (2) Business – the breaking and entering of a facility used for commercial public affairs, including financial institutions, stores, and non-commercial enterprises, such as government buildings, schools, churches, and non-profit agencies; (3) Other – the breaking and entering of private property structures, such as sheds, detached garages, or storage and transportation facilities.

Of note is that the UCR statistics include attempted as well as completed break and enters.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 3.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 4: Victimology: The Study of the Victim: It’s Personal

1) The term victimology refers to the study of victims and their contributory role, if any, in the criminal event. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall 2) Deviant Places Theory is a spatially oriented theory of victimization that suggests that victimization occurs most frequently in socially disorganized, high-crime areas and that people become victims as a result of their exposure to such areas. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall 3) Victimogenesis referes to the contribution to victimization made by the background of the victim. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall 4) The recognition of the victim’s involvement and the need for support throughout the court process has resulted in a number of provisions outlined in the Criminal Code of Canada with special attention to victims of violence. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 4.4 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 4: Victimology: The Study of the Victim: It’s Personal

5) Until 2018, Section 737 of the Criminal Code of Canada required a victim surcharge to be automatically imposed in addition to any other sanction handed down to the offender convicted of an offence in the Criminal Code or the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 4.5 Skill: Recall 6) In Canada, judges are not expected to consider the effects of a crime elaborated upon in victim impact statements in arriving at an appropriate sentence for the offender. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 4.4 Skill: Recall 7) According to your text, most of the victim services offered today were not available as recently as 30 years ago. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 4.4 Skill: Recall 8) Rodney Stark is the theorist most recognized for his contributions to Deviant Places Theory. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 4: Victimology: The Study of the Victim: It’s Personal

9) Stigmatized neighbourhoods are residential areas with bad reputations that hold little attraction for those who can afford to live elsewhere. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall 10) The responsibility for requesting restitution lies solely with the victim. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 4.5 Skill: Recall 11) Michael Hindelang is the social theorist most associated with Lifestyle Exposure Theory. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall 12) A victim surcharge is a mandatory, judicial imposition of a monetary fine administered in addition to a criminal sentence and used to finance victim services. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 4.5 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 4: Victimology: The Study of the Victim: It’s Personal

13) The Canadian Victim Bill of Rights is federal legislation establishing statutory rights to information, protection, participation, and to seek restitution for victims of crime. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 4.3 Skill: Recall 14) The Canadian Victims Bill of Rights introduced a formalized victims complaints process for victims who believe their rights have not been respected in the parole process. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 4.4 Skill: Recall 15) Manitoba was the first province to place principles from the United Nations' Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuses of Power into provincial law. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 4.3 Skill: Recall 16) Current services for victims include police-based, Crown/Court-based, correctionsbased, and systems-based services. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 4.4 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 4: Victimology: The Study of the Victim: It’s Personal

17) According to the most recent General Social Survey in Canada, the risk of victimization, and in particular violent victimization, is greatest for a number of groups: women, those aged 20–24, those involved in binge drinking, those with mental healthrelated disability, those with a history of homelessness, and those living in a neighbourhood with low social cohesion. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall 18) Criminal victimization always results in the development of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 4.2 Skill: Recall 19) The Code of Hammurabi was an early set of laws established by the Babylonian King Hammurabi, who ruled the ancient city from 1792 to 1750 BC. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 4.3 Skill: Recall 20) In order to protect the identity of victims, a trial judge may override the fundamental principle of justice that trials be public. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 4.4 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 4: Victimology: The Study of the Victim: It’s Personal

21) Victim restitution is a court-ordered payment to victims of crime, generally made by offenders, as reimbursement for damages and/or losses. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 4.5 Skill: Recall 22) Section 738(1) of the Criminal Code of Canada extends the use of restitution to criminal cases involving criminal injury and allows a judge to impose a sentence of restitution to cover expenses to the victim relating to things such as loss of income or support, costly dental work, or physiotherapy expenses. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 4.5 Skill: Recall 23) Victims receive information about the offenders who harmed them directly from the Minister of Corrections Canada. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 4.4 Skill: Recall 24) Lawrence E. Cohen and Marcus Felson put forth the routine activity approach to understanding victimization. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 4: Victimology: The Study of the Victim: It’s Personal

25) Secondary victimization refers to social injuries that occur not as a direct result of a criminal act but through the response of social institutions and individuals to the victim. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 4.2 Skill: Recall 26) A “victims’ rights model” of criminal justice calls for more laws but fewer prosecutions and fewer support services for victims. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 4.3 Skill: Recall 27) One of the earliest writers in the field of victimology, ________, was a Romanian lawyer who is often referred to as “the father of victimology” and is credited with coining the term “victimology.” a. Hans von Hentig b. Benjamin Mendelsohn c. Margaret Fry d. Stephen Schafer e. Ezzat Fattah Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 4: Victimology: The Study of the Victim: It’s Personal

28) ________ wrote the book The Criminal and His Victim in which he created a taxonomy describing how victims might be responsible for the harms that befall them. a. Henry Ellenberger b. Ezzat Fattah c. Margaret Fry d. Hans von Hentig e. Benjamin Mendelsohn Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall 29) ______________, according to Ezzat Fattah, are “socio-demographic realities such as age, sex, area of residence, and so on” that may contribute to victimization. a. Exposure b. Association c. Motivated offenders d. Risk Factors e. Opportunities Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall 30) ________ are written documents that describes the losses, suffering, and trauma experienced by the crime victim or by the victim’s survivors. Judges are expected to consider these effects in arriving at an appropriate sentence for the offender. a. Victimogenesis b. Victim impact statements c. Victim/witness assistance programs d. Victim crisis and referral services e. Victims' Bill of Rights Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.4 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 4: Victimology: The Study of the Victim: It’s Personal

31) _____________, according to Ezzat Fatah, are “closely linke to the characteristics of potential targets and to the activities and behaviour of these targets.” a. Risk Factors b. Motivated offenders c. Association d. Opportunities e. High-risk activities Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall 32) _____________, according to Ezzat Fatah, are “activities which increase the potential for victimization and can include deviant and illegal actvities.” a. Victim-proneness b. High-risk activities c. Structural/cultural proneness d. Victimogenesis e. Dangerous behaviours Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall 33) ________________ of people, according to Ezzat Fatah, means “that those who are powerless and culturally stigmatized and marginalized are more likely to be criminally victimized.” a. Opportunities b. Dangerous behaviours c. Associations d. High-risk activities e. Structural/cultural proneness Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Skill: Applied

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 4: Victimology: The Study of the Victim: It’s Personal

34) ________ programs involve the government repaying victims for their financial losses or physical injuries. a. Victim compensation b. Victim restitution c. Victim fine surcharge d. Victim impact e. Victim-witness assistance Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.5 Skill: Applied 35) ________, a Canadian criminologist, has integrated the lifestyle/opportunity theories into a comprehensive scheme. a. Ezzat Fattah b. Albert Cohen c. Irvin Waller d. Herbert Parker e. Kent Roach Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall 36) This approach to victimology advocates that occurences of personal victimization are dependent upon the “routine” or “daily activities” of people and are the outcome of three elements: the motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of capable guardians. a. Just deserts model b. Opportunity model c. Retribution model d. Routine activity e. Lifestyle model Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 4: Victimology: The Study of the Victim: It’s Personal

37) Kent Roach described the punitive approach model of victims' rights as resembling the ________ model because it focuses on the enactment of criminal law, prosecution, and punishment as ways to control crime. a. crime control b. punitive control c. caveat control d. directional control e. defence counsel Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Skill: Recall 38) A ________ is one who studies victims and the process of criminal victimization. a. Victim impact statement counsellor b. Victimologist c. Social process theoretician d. Cohort analyst e. Victim Crisis Analyst Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Skill: Applied 39) According to the text, the National Survey of Children’s Exposure to Violence found that more than ___________ of the children it surveyed had been exposed to violence within the year preceding the survey. a. 2 percent b. 12 percent c. 25 percent d. 6 percent e. 60 percent Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.5 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 4: Victimology: The Study of the Victim: It’s Personal

40) ________ occurs when the victim unknowingly encourages the offender toward criminal action. a. Victim surcharge b. Active precipitation c. Passive precipitation d. Compensation e. Probation Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Skill: Applied

41) _______________ occurs when the victim literally provokes the victimization. a. Victim surcharge b. Passive precipitation c. Active precipitation d. Victimogenesis e. Victimology Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall 42) In ________, the Ontario Criminal Injuries Compensation Board was overhauled and no longer provides compensation awards but rather supports access to specific services for victims such as short-term counselling, home safety equipment, and temporary accommodation. a. 2019 b. 1988 c. 2016 d. 1993 e. 1999 Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.5 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 4: Victimology: The Study of the Victim: It’s Personal

43) Section ________ of the Criminal Code of Canada allows a judge to place a ban on the publication of the name of a victim or witness. a. 486(1) b. 486(3) c. 715.1 d. 486(1.2) e. 722 Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.4 Skill: Recall

44) According to Ezzat Fattah's comprehensive victimization scheme, if one engages in deviant and illegal activities, one is participating in _____________ activities. a. associative b. high-risk c. structural/cultural d. exposure e. motivated offender Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall 45) A ____________________ is one who effectively discourages crime; effective deterrents to criminal activity. a. married individual b. organized defender c. high-risk guardian d. capable guardian e. suitable target Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 4: Victimology: The Study of the Victim: It’s Personal

46) A ________ is the population of potential criminal offenders in a given area.. a. motivated offender b. primary victim c. secondary victim d. tertiary victim e. suitable target Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall

47) A ________________ is something or someone of value to offenders in a criminal offence. a. motivated offender b. primary victim c. secondary victim d. tertiary victim e. suitable target Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall 48) Central to the ________ of victimization, the risk of criminal victimization will vary in keeping with the circumstances and locations in which people place themselves and their property. a. routine activity approach b. lifestyle model c. opportunity model d. victimogenesis model e. penal couple approach Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 4: Victimology: The Study of the Victim: It’s Personal

49) The __________ model of understanding victimization claims that the likelihood that an individual will suffer a personal victimization depends heavily on the concept of lifestyle. a. routine activity b. opportunity c. lifestyle exposure d. penological e. systematic Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall

50) Much of the current academic debate centred on victim's rights continues to revolve around whether or not increased protection for victims can be achieved only at the expense of _____________________. a. the formal court process b. the rights of the accused c. an extensive revision of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms d. large expenditures of taxpayer dollars e. the re-training and re-education of lawyers Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Skill: Recall 51) ___________________ developed his model of victim’s rights by distinguishing between what he identified as the punitive victims’ rights and the non-punitive victims’ rights model. a. herbert Packer b. Kent Roach c. Luke Skywalker d. Hans von Hentig e. James Garofalo Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 4: Victimology: The Study of the Victim: It’s Personal

52) If a parent reads into evidence at a criminal court sentencing of the impact that their daughter's murder has had upon herself and upon her family, then this person is participating in the process known as a ________________________. a. victim/witness assistance program b. victim impact statement c. statement of claim for justice d. civil lawsuit e. parole limitation suit Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 4.4 Skill: Applied

53) Restitution works through court-imposed _________________. a. sentences of house-arrest b. sentences of jail time c. fines and garnishments d. job searches and mandatory employment e. mandatory employment Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 4.5 Skill: Recall 54) Briefly elaborate upon the context of Deviant Places Theory.

Answer: Deviant Places Theory suggests that victimization occurs most frequently in socially disorganized areas and that people become victims as a result of their exposure to such areas – by living in them, transiting through them, or visiting them. The theory focuses primarily on the geographically determined risk of coming into contact with an offender, irrespective of lifestyle, behaviour, or personal characteristics.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 4: Victimology: The Study of the Victim: It’s Personal

55) Briefly elaborate upon the context of Lifestyle Exposure Theory.

Answer: Lifestyle referes to a style of life, or the way a person lives. Lifestyles are composed of repetitive, patterned, regular, and recurrent events that people engage in on an everyday basis. Because lifestyles are associated with exposure to people, places, and times with varying risks of victimization, they determine a person’s vulnerability to criminal victimization. Simply put, some lifestyles favour victimization because they offer more opportunities for it. Lifestyle theory also proposes that demographic variables, including things such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, and socio-economic status, influence lifestyles and hence determine victimization risk through their effect on lifestyle.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 4.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 5: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences

1) Since time began, humankind has been preoccupied with what appears to be an ongoing war between good and evil, as well as seeking interpretations of good and evil. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 5.2 Skill: Recall 2) Early Roman law derived from the Twelve Tables, which were written around 450 B.C. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 5.2 Skill: Recall 3) Common law was given considerable legitimacy upon the official declaration that it was the law of the land by the English king Edward the Confessor. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 5.2 Skill: Recall 4) The Magna Carta is an important source of modern Western laws and legal procedure. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 5.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 5: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences

5) Jean-Jacques Rousseau suggested that human-made law, or “positive law,” derives from human experience and history, both of which are subject to continual change, and thus changes from time-to-time and from epoch to epoch. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 5.2 Skill: Applied 6) Cesare Becarria was opposed to the use of torture. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 5.3 Skill: Recall 7) The Classical School's principle of hedonism suggests that reward and punishment and/or pleasure and pain are the major determinants of choice. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 5.3 Skill: Recall 8) Rational and situational choice theories (as well as routine activities theory) can be criticized for an overemphasis on individual choice and a relative disregard for the role of social factors in crime causation, such as poverty, poor home environment, and inadequate socialization. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 5.4 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 5: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences

9) Displacement can be defined as a shift in criminal activity from one spatial location to another. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 5.4 Skill: Applied 10) Mores and folkways have been codified into formal strictures created just for law enforcement purposes in Canada. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 5.2 Skill: Recall 11) Mala prohibita offences are acts that are fundamentally wrong and subsequently are considered to be crimes in every jurisdiction. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 5.2 Skill: Recall 12) The Code of Hammurabi focused on retribution. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 5.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 5: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences

13) Common law forms the basis for much of our modern statutory and case law. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 5.2 Skill: Recall 14) The term natural rights refers to the rights that, according to natural law theorists such as Thomas Paine, individuals retain in the face of government action and interests. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 5.2 Skill: Recall 15) The Canadian parliamentary system is based on the concept of a separation of powers between divisions of government, a concept formulated by john Locke and further developed by Louis de Secondat Montesquieu. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 5.2 Skill: Recall 16) Hedonistic calculus or utilitarianism advocates that capital punishment is a very strong general deterrent and that individuals know this when they commit capital offences. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 5.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 5: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences

17) Determinate sentencing is a criminal punishment strategy that mandates a specified and fixed amount of time to be served for every offence category. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 5.6 Skill: Recall 18) Advocates of selective incapacitation as a crime-prevention strategy point to studies that show the majority of crimes are perpetrated by a small number of hard-core repeat offenders. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 5.6 Skill: Recall 19) The Enlightenment is sometimes referred to as the “age of illogocal thinking.” a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 5.2 Skill: Recall 20) According to Cesare Beccaria, punishment should not be used to prevent offenders from committing any types of crime. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 5.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 5: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences

21) The principle of rationality states that an accused should be presumed innocent until proven otherwise. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 5.3 Skill: Recall 22) Geographic profiling is based on “mapping out” probabilities. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 5.4 Skill: Recall 23) According to the Classical School of criminological thought, human beings are fundamentally rational, and most human behaviour is the result of free will coupled with rational choice. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 5.3 Skill: Recall 24) According to the Classical School of criminological thought, society exists to provide benefits to individuals that they would not receive in isolation. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 5.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 5: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences

25) According to the Classical School of criminological thought, the Enlightenment brought about the removal of superstitious beliefs in terms of the origins of criminal behviour and also noted that men and women were. For the first time, perceived to be self-determining entities possessing a fundamental freedom of choice – frre will and rational thought thus became thelinchpins of all significant human activity. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 5.3 Skill: Recall 26) According to the Classical School of criminological thought, certain key rights of individuals are inherent in the nature of things, and governments should contravene those rights in order to protect the sanctity and validity of the government’s right to take away the rights of all individuals and any given point in time. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 5.3 Skill: Recall

27) Early explanations of personal deviance ranged from demonic possession to spiritual influences to temptation by fallen angels. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 5.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 5: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences

28) King Hammurabi ruled the ancient city of Babylon, from 1750 to 1792 CE, and he ordered his soldiers to capture criminal offenders and have them spend life imprisonment no matter how minor their transgressions had been. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 5.1 Skill: Recall 29) The ________ was a social movement which arose during the eighteenth century and built upon ideas such as empiricism, rationality, free will, humanism, and natural law. a. Code of Hammurabi b. Classical school c. Enlightenment d. social contract e. Magna Carta Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Skill: Recall 30) Mores, folkways, and laws were terms used by ________ near the start of the twentieth century to describe the three basic forms of behavioural strictures imposed by social groups upon their members. a. Thomas Paine b. Thomas Hobbes c. William Graham Sumner d. Jean-Jacques Rousseau e. John Locke Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 5: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences

31) According to this legal philosopher, fear of violent death forces human beings into a social contract with one another to create a state that demands the surrender of certain natural rights and submission to the absolute authority of a sovereign state while offering protection and succour to its citizens. a. John Locke b. Charles Louis Montesquieu c. Thomas Paine d. Thomas Hobbes e. Jean-Jacques Rousseau Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Skill: Recall 32) ________ put forth the idea that the natural human condition at birth is akin to that of a blank slate upon which interpersonal encounters and other experiences indelibly inscribe the traits of personality. a. Charles Louis Montesquieu b. John Locke c. Cesare Beccaria d. Jean-Jacques Rousseau e. Jeremy Bentham Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Skill: Recall 33) ________ is historically thought to be developed and written about in the 1900s and 2000s. a. Classical criminology b. Neo-classical criminology c. Biobehavioural criminology d. Rousseauian criminology e. Felsonian criminology Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 5: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences

34) ________ is the philosophical perspective that certain immutable laws are fundamental to human nature and can be readily ascertained through reason. a. Folkway b. Rationalism c. Utilitarianism d. Natural law e. Enlightenment Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Skill: Recall

35) Which of the following is an example of a mala in se offence? a. Assault b. Prostitution c. Drug use d. Vagrancy e. Assisted suicide Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Skill: Applied 36) According to ________, human beings are basically good and fair in their natural state, but historically were corrupted by the introduction of shared concepts and joint activities such as property, agriculture, science, and commerce. a. Jean-Jacques Rousseau b. Charles Louis Montesquieu c. Thomas Paine d. Thomas Hobbes e. John Locke Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 5: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences

37) According to ________ only democratic institutions could guarantee the natural rights of individuals. a. Jean-Jacques Rousseau b. John Locke c. Thomas Paine d. Thomas Hobbes e. Jeremy Bentham Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Skill: Recall

38) Crime and deviance, according to ________, are similar to any other forms of human activity (i.e., the products of the exercise of free will). a. common law b. the Magna Carta c. natural law d. the Code of Hammurabi e. the Classical school Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Skill: Recall 39) ________ is based upon the belief that behaviour holds value to any individual undertaking it according to the amount of pleasure or pain that it can be expected to produce for that person. a. Retribution b. The social contract c. Natural law d. Hedonistic calculus e. Recidivism Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 5: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences

40) The panopticon was a prison design by __________________ that was to be a circular building with cells along the circumference, each clearly visble from a central location staffed by guards. a. Thomas Paine b. Cesare Beccaria c. Jean-Jacques Rousseau d. John Locke e. Jeremy Bentham Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.3 Skill: Recall 41) This philosopher/legal scholar advocated neither extreme nor cruel punishment – only punishment sufficiently distasteful to the offender that the discomfort experienced would outweigh the pleasure derived from criminal activity. a. Jeremy Bentham. b. Thomas Paine. c. George Herbert Bush, Sr. d. Michel Foucault. e. Cesare Becaria.

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.3 Skill: Recall 42) According to ________, individuals could be expected to weigh the consequences of their behaviour before acting to maximize their pleasure and minimize their pain, based on intensity, duration, certainty, and immediacy (or remoteness) in time. a. William Graham Sumner b. Robert Martinson c. Jeremy Bentham d. John Locke e. Thomas Paine Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 5: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences

43) The term ________________ tranlates into an act that is wrong only because it is prohibited. a. due process b. Mala prohibita c. Mala in se d. incapacitation e. rehabilitation Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.2 Skill: Recall

44) Capital punishment, the legal imposition of a sentence of death upon a convicted offender, is based on the notions of ________. a. dangerousness, natural law, and utilitarianism b. individual rights, retribution, and deterrence c. deterrence, retribution, and dangerousness d. individual rights, natural law, and deterrence e. deterrence, retribution, and just deserts Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.5 Skill: Recall 45) _________________ is the repetition of criminal behaviour. a. Law and order rate b. Recidivism c. Common law rate d. hedonistic calculus rate e. Capital punishment rate Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.5 Skill: Applied

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 5: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences

46) The cases of Guy Paul Morin and Steven Truscott are two examples of _______________. a. Recidivism rate b. Recidivism c. Incapacitation d. Retribution e. Wrongful conviction Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.5 Skill: Recall

47) ____________________ theory was proposed by Lawrence E. Cohen and Marcus Felson in 1979. a. Situational choice b. Demonic Possession c. Mala Prohibita d. Routine Activities e. Offended offenders Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.4 Skill: Recall 48) In routine activities theory, an individual who effectively discourages crime is known as a ________. a. motivated offender b. unmotivated offender c. defensible victim d. suitable target e. capable guardian Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.4 Skill: Applied

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 5: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences

49) Rational choice theorists have been criticized for ________. a. an overemphasis on individual choice b. an under emphasis on individual choice c. an overemphasis on the role of social factors in crime causation d. an under emphasis on the role of social factors in crime causation e. an overemphasis on the use of crime-mapping technology Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.4 Skill: Applied

50) ___________________ argue that, is a person is attracted to crime and chooses to violate the law, then they deserve to be punished because the consequences of the crime were known to the offender before the crime was committed. a. General Deterrence thinkers b. Retribution theorists c. Modern neoclassical thinkers d. Recidivist activists e. Neo-Restitution maximalists Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.5 Skill: Recall 51) Which of the following concepts is NOT included in capital punishment? a. Retribution b. Deterrence c. Just deserts d. Specific deterrence e. Rehabilitation Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.5 Skill: Applied

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 5: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences

52) The belief that crime results from forces beyond the control of the individual is referred to as ________. a. mala in se b. hard determinism c. retribution d. positivism e. rehabilitation Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.4 Skill: Recall

53) Jeremy Bentham believed that in order for punishment to be effective it must be "________." a. strong and harsh b. lengthy and ambiguous c. imposed by a judge d. quick and unpredictable e. swift and certain Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.3 Skill: Recall 54) The ______________, designed by Jeremy Bentham, was a prison building designed to be a circular building with cells along the circumference, each clearly visible from a central location staffed by guards. a. Specific deterrence detention centre b. General deterrence detention centre c. Panopticon d. Neocon distribution and holding centre e. Displacement detention facility Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.3 Skill: Applied

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 5: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences

55) The reduction in criminal opportunity for a particular location, generally through the use of physical barriers, architectural design, and enhanced security measures is known as ________. a. situational choice theory b. due-process principle c. principle of rationality d. target hardening e. general deterrence Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 5.4 Skill: Recall

56) ______________ is a social policy approach that looks to develop greater understanding of crime and more effective crime-prevention strategies through concern with the physical, organizational, and social environments that make crime possible. a. Utilitarian treatise b. Wentworth House c. Situational crime prevention d. Rubicon e. Occularatron Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.4 Skill: Recall 57) "An accused should be presumed innocent until proven otherwise, and an accused should not be subject to punishment prior to guilt being lawfully established." This principle is known as ______________. a. rationality b. hedonism c. rational choice theory d. due process e. situational choice theory Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 5: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences

58) The crime prevention effort that focuses not on the people who commit crime but on the context in which crime occurs is known as ________________________. a. due process b. situational crime prevention c. recidivism d. specific deterrence e. dangerousness Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.4 Skill: Recall

59) Provisions such as introducing legislation and/or sentencing patterns that lead to the removal from society of entire groups of individuals judged to be dangerous reflect the ________________ approach. a. bio-behavioural b. law-and-order c. psychiatric deterrence d. common law e. incapacitation Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 5.6 Skill: Recall

60) What is the difference between a mala in se offence and a mala prohibita offence ?

Answer: Acts deemed to be mala in se are said to be fundamentally wrong, regardless of the time or place in which they occur (for example, forcing someone to have sex against his or her will and the intentional killing of children). Those who argue for the existence of mala in se offences usually point to some fundamental rule, such as religious teachings (the Bible’s Ten Commandments, the Koran, etc.), to support their belief that some acts are inherently wrong.

Offences termed mala prohibita offences are said to be wrong in areas where they are prohibited (for example, prostitution, gambling, drug use, and premarital sexual behaviour). The status of such behaviours as mala prohibita is supported by the fact that they are not necessarily crimes in every jurisdiction; gambling, for example, is legal in parts of Canada, mainly because of the huge revenue potential it holds.

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 5: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 5.2 Skill: Recall 61) List and elaborate upon the five principles of heritage left by the Classical School.

Answer: Rationality: Human beings have free will and the actions they undertake are the result of choice.

Hedonism: Pleasure and pain, or reward and punishment, are the major determinants of choice.

Punishment: Criminal punishment is a deterrent to unlawful behaviour, and deterrence is the best justification for punishment.

Human Rights: Society is made possible by individuals cooperating together. Hence, society owes to its citizens respect for their rights in the face of government action and for their autonomy insofar as such autonomy can be secured without endangering others or menacing the greater good.

Due process: An accused should be presumed innocent until proven otherwise, and an accused should not be subject to punishment before guilt is lawfully established.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 5.3 Skill: Recall 62) How can the debate over abortion in modern-day society be framed in the context of the principle of “natural rights”?

Answer: Natural rights are rights that, according to natural law theorists, individuals retain in the face of government action and intersts. In the context of abortion, both sides of this dispute refer to natural rights as support for their respective position. Those who oppose abortion (frequesntly called “pro-lifers” or “right-to-lifers”) claim that an unborn fetus is a person, that they are entitled to all the protection we would be willing to give any other living human being, and that such protection is basic and humane and lies in the natural relationship of ine human being to another and within the relationship of a society to its children. Abortion advocates (also called “pro-choice”) maintain that abortion is a right of any pregnant woman, because she is the only one who should be in control of her body, and claim that the legal system must address the abortion question by offering protection for this natural right..

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 5.1 Skill: Applied

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour: Interaction is Key 1) Biological theories of criminology maintain that the basic determinants of human behaviour, including criminality, are constitutionally or physiologically based and often inherited. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.1 Skill: Recall 2) Sociobiological theorists of criminal behaviour include Konrad Lorenz and Edwin O. Wilson. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.1 Skill: Recall 3) Phrenology attempted to identify the correlates of human behaviour by studying the shape of the human skull. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall 4) Atavism refers to the belief that criminals are physiological throwbacks to earlier stages of human evolution. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour: Interaction is Key 5) One major principle of biological theory in criminology states that the interplay between heredity, biology, and social environment provides the nexus for any realistic considertations of crime causation. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 6.1 Skill: Recall 6) Positivism is the application of scientific techniques to the study of crime and criminals. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall 7) Somatotyping refers to the classification of human beings into types according to body build and other physical characteristics. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall 8) The offender characterized by William H. Sheldon as "soft and round" is referred to as an endomorph. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour: Interaction is Key

9) The endomorph, according to William H. Sheldon, is characterized as muscular and triangular. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 6.2 Skill: Applied 10) The offender who is "thin and fragile" is an ectomorph, according to William H. Sheldon. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall 11) Hypoglycemia is a medical condition characterized by low blood sugar levels. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.7 Skill: Recall 12) Neurotransmitters are chemical substances that facilitate the flow of electrical impulses from one neuron to the next across nerve synapses. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 6.5 Skill: Applied

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour: Interaction is Key 13) Low brain levels of serotonin have been linked to impulsive crimes. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 6.7 Skill: Recall 14) The term criminaloids was a term coined by Cesare Lombroso to describe occasional criminals who were pulled into criminality primarily by environmental influences. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall 15) The term positivism has its roots in the writings of Auguste Comte, who proposed use of the scientific method in the study of society in his 1851 work A System of Positive Polity. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall 16) Sociobiology may be defined as the systematic study of the biological basis of all social behaviour. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour: Interaction is Key 17) Biosocial criminology is the theoretical perspective that sees the interaction between biology and the physical and social environments as key to understanding human behaviour, including criminality. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.8 Skill: Recall 18) Criminal anthropology may be defined as the scientific study of the relationship between human physical characteristics and criminality. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall 19) Mainstream criminology is no longer concerned with claims that major physical abnormalities may be linked to crime. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall 20) Society tends to shy away from biological explanations of criminality and disordered behaviour because of concern with concepts such as “genetic determinism,” which have come to be seen as synonymous with inevitability since the physical makeup of a person is hard to change. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour: Interaction is Key 21) Dizygotic (DZ) twins are twins who develop from a separate ovum and carry the genetic material shared by siblings. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall 22) Monozygotic (MZ) twins are twins who develop from the same egg and who carry virtually the same genetic material. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall 23) Murder data has demonstrated that men commit more murders than women and subsequently we can conclude that men are genetically predisposed to commit acts of interpersonal violence. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 6.8 Skill: Recall 24) According to biological theories of crime causation, observed gender and racial differences in rates and types of criminality may be at least partially the result of biological differences between the sexes and between racially distinct groups. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour: Interaction is Key 25) Tribalism is a term used to describe the attitudes and behavior that results from strong feelings of identification with one’s own social group. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.3 Skill: Recall 26) A “paradigm” is the systematic study of the biological basis of all social behaviour. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.3 Skill: Recall 27) A “supermale” has been defined as a male individual displaying the XYY chromosomal structure. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall 28) The balanced type characterized by Sheldon’s body types is characterized as ________. a. soft and round b. athletic and muscular c. athletic and overweight d. average build without being overweight, thin, nor exceedingly muscular e. thin and fragile Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour: Interaction is Key 29) According to Cesare Lombroso, a wide variety of bodily features can be deemed to be predictive of criminal behaviour. Which of the following traits would best predict a violent criminal career according to Lombroso? a. A diseased personality b. Exceptionally long arms, an index finger as long as the middle finger, and large teeth c. Having friends who were criminals d. Being unemployed and panhandling in the streets e. Living in a high-crime area Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.2 Skill: Applied 30) Which of the following foods or additives has NOT been implicated in the production of criminal violence? a. Coffee b. MSG c. Processed foods d. Artificial sweeteners e. Fruits and vegetables Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.7 Skill: Recall 31) The studies of the Juke and Kallikak families emphasized ________ as the primary source of criminality. a. Environment b. Ecology c. Genetics d. physical shape e. psychology Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour: Interaction is Key 32) A condition characterized by low blood sugar and said to reduce the mind's capacity to effectively reason or to judge the long-term consequences of behaviour is known as ________. a. Testosterone b. Eugenics c. Hypoglycemia d. Supermale e. hyperglycemia Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.7 Skill: Recall 33) Konrad Lorenz’s greatest contribution to the study of human behaviour may have been his claim that all human behaviour is, to at least some degree, _______________________________. a. ectomorphic behaviour b. endomorphic behaviour c. adapted instinctive behaviour d. the born criminal tendency e. social environmentalist preconditioning Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.3 Skill: Recall 34) Studies of ________ twins, that is, those which develop from the same egg and carry virtually the same genetic material, tend to support the notion that criminal tendencies are inherited. a. schizoid b. dizygotic c. born criminal d. monozyotic e. adopted Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour: Interaction is Key 35) ________ is the systematic study of the biological basis of all social behaviour. a. Sociobiology b. Phrenology c. Positivism d. Somatotypology e. Criminal anthropology Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.3 Skill: Recall 36) Although ________ recognize social factors in the development of personality, they suggest that constitutional factors predispose a person to specific types of behaviour and that societal reactions to such predispositions may determine, to a large degree, the form of continued behaviour. a. Cesare Lombroso and Ernst Kretschmer b. James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein c. James Q. Wilson and Johann Gasper Spurzheim d. Konrad Lorenz and William Sheldon e. Charles Darwin and Konrad Lorenz Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.8 Skill: Recall 37) ________ has been called the “father of modern criminology” because he was the first criminologist of note to employ the scientific method – particularly measurement, observation, and generalization – in his work. a. Darwin b. Lorenz c. Wilson d. Herrnstein e. Lombroso Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour: Interaction is Key 38) According to Lombroso, physical features that he thought to be indicative of criminality were referred to as _________________. a. Somatotypical b. Hedonistic c. stigmata of degeneration d. YYX e. phrenologistic Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall 39) The constitutional factor which James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein cite as contributing to crime and described as “the tendency to break law declines throughout life” is known as ________. a. Upbringing b. Age c. Educational attainment d. personality e. socioeconomic status Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.8 Skill: Recall 40) The constitutional factor which Wilson and Herrnstein cite as contributing to crime and described as “clearly and consistently associated with low intelligence” is known as ______________. a. labeling hormones b. intelligence c. personality d. age e. body type Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.8 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour: Interaction is Key 41) ________ made the claim that sociobiology is a branch of evolutionary biology and modern population biology. a. James Q. Wilson b. Konrad Lorenz c. Richard J. Herrnstein d. Edward O. Wilson e. Cesare Lombroso Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.3 Skill: Applied 42) Brain dysfunction theories of criminology are primarily concerned with the concepts of _________________________. a. food additives and testosterone b. constitutional factors and genetic inheritance c. neurocriminology and neuroplasticity d. altruism and phrenology e. human twins and tribalism Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.1 Skill: Recall 43) ________ somatotypology consisted of the endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph, and balanced type. a. William H. Sheldon's b. Franz Joseph Gall's c. Johann Gasper Spurzheim's d. Richard J. Herrnstein's e. Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck's Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour: Interaction is Key 44) ________ is the concept used by Cesare Lombroso to suggest that criminality is the result of primitive urges which survived the evolutionary process. a. Ectomorph b. Criminaloid c. Schizoid d. Cycloid e. Atavism Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall 45) Aggressive behaviour has been linked to ________, a male sex hormone. a. Hypoglycemia b. Phrenology c. testosterone d. somatotype e. serotonin Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.7 Skill: Recall 46) ___________________ is a condition of the brain that may negatively impact social skills and moral reasoning. Such dysfunction may occur as the result of physical injuries to the brain, disease, or other factors. a. Positivism b. Somatotypology c. Thalamus dysfunction d. Prefrontal cortex dysfunction e. phrenology Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour: Interaction is Key 47) Dr. Gail Anderson is an internationally renowned Canadian professor of forensic entomology, or the ___________________. a. use of RNA sequencing problems at crime scenes b. use of XYY imbalances at crime scenes c. use of MAOA process tiering at crime scenes d. use of cybercrime techniques at crime scenes e. use of insect evidence at crime scenes Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.3 Skill: Applied 48) According to the theory of phrenology, criminality can be determined by ________. a. social influences b. physical characteristics c. personality characteristics d. the shape of a person's skull e. the number of siblings a person has Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall 49) According to Lombrosso, offenders who commit crimes because of poverty would be classified as ________. a. Criminaloids b. born criminals c. social offenders d. Criminalistic e. insane criminals Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.2 Skill: Applied

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour: Interaction is Key 50) According to Sheldon's somatotypes, the ________ body type is most likely to be associated with delinquency. a. Endomorph b. Ectomorph c. Mesomorph d. Balanced e. Delinquent Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall 51) In Canada, sexual sterilization laws in Alberta and British Columbia were largely the result of the _________________ movement of the 1920s and early 1930s. a. feeble-mindedness b. Cycloid c. Somatotype d. eugenics e. Monozygotic Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall 52) Research studies have found in animal studies that a link exists between low levels of ____________ in the brain and aggressive behaviour. a. serotonin b. glycerin c. T3 d. MAOO e. dopamine Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.7 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour: Interaction is Key 53) Some scholars have suggested that a penchant for crime may be inherited and that criminal tendencies are ___________. a. Endomorphic b. adoptive based c. genetically based d. dopamine based e. artistically based Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall 54) According to William Sheldon's somatotypes, the ____________ body type exhibited a temperament that was restrained and introverted. a. ectomorph b. endomorph c. Mesomorph d. balanced e. adopted Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall 55) Hormones such as cortisol and the thyroid hormone T3 have been implicated in delinquency and poor ______________. a. eating habits b. impulse control c. artistic ability d. study habits e. listening skills Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.7 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour: Interaction is Key 56) The ability of the brain to alter its structure and function in response to a stroke or brain injury or other experience is referred to as ________________. a. neuroplasticity b. Serotonin relief c. Cerebellum plasticity d. Basel Ganglia reflexology e. Motor cortex mobility Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 6.6 Skill: Recall 57) Briefly list and elaborate upon the central concepts of early biological positivism.

What are the two central principles upon which positivism is built?

Answer: Early Positivism was based on two central concepts: first, an unflagging acceptance of social determinism, or the belief that human behaviour is determined not by the exercise of free choice but by causative factors beyond the control of the individual, and, second, the application of scientific techniques to the study of crime and criminology. Issues in biological studies include phrenology, atavism, somatotyping, and twin studies.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 6: Biological Roots of Criminal Behaviour: Interaction is Key 58) Franz Joseph Gall believed that the shape of the human skull was related to personality and could be used to distinguish criminals from normal men and women.

Gall’s approach was built on four themes. What are these four themes?

Answer: 1. The brain is the organ of the mind.

2. Particular aspects of personality are associated with specific locations in the brain.

3. Portions of the brain that are well developed will cause personality chacteristics associated with them to be more prominent in the individual under study, whereas poorly developed brain areas lead to a lack of associated personality characteristics.

4. The shape of a person’s skull corresponds to the shape of the underlying brain and is therefore indicative of the personality.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 6.2 Skill: Recall

59) According to the text, behavioural geneticists examining the crime problem face some daunting issues. List and briefly elaborate upon these “daunting issues.”

Answer: First, coming up with a generally acceptable definition of criminality, determining how best to measure criminality once it has been defined, separating the influences of the social and physical environments from genetic influences on behaviour, and distinguishing among the multiple and potentially interrelated influences of many genes.

Furthermore, the explanatory power of heritability appears to be limited by the fact that it may only apply to specific environments that existed at the time of the study.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 6.5 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 7: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behaviour: It’s How We Think

1) When one aspect of consciousness is symbolically substituted for another it is referred to as sublimation. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 7.7 Skill: Recall 2) Psychotherapy holds that the frequency of any behaviour can be increased or decreased through reward, punishment, and/or association with other stimuli. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 7.7 Skill: Recall 3) In the case of R. v. Swain the Supreme Court of Canada deemed unconstitutional the automatic and indefinite detention for those found legally insane. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 7.10 Skill: Recall 4) Neurosis refers to disorders of the mind or of the emotions. Such disorders involve anxiety, phobia, or other abnormal behaviour. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 7.5 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 7: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behaviour: It’s How We Think

5) A finding of not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder (NCRMD) acknowledges that the accused committed the offence but finds that the accused suffered from a mental disorder that made him or her incapable of appreciating the nature and quality of his or her actions or that the actions were wrong. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 7.10 Skill: Recall 6) A psychopath is a person who has a personality disorder, especially one manifested in aggressively antisocial behaviour, and who is lacking in empathy. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 7.3 Skill: Recall 7) Psychiatric criminology is a theory that is derived from the medical sciences (including neurology) and that, like other psychological theories, focuses on the individual as the unit of analysis. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 7.5 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 7: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behaviour: It’s How We Think

8) Psychoanalysis is a psychological perspective positing that behaviour that is rewarded will increase in frequency and behaviour that is punished will decrease in frequency. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 7.5 Skill: Recall 9) Modelling Theory, a form of social learning theory, asserts that individuals imitate the action or performances by observing other people in order to add those actions to their own behaviour. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 7.6 Skill: Applied 10) Psychological profiling is based on the belief that almost any form of conscious behaviour (including behaviour engaged in by the offender during a criminal episode) is symptomatic of an individual's personality. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 7.9 Skill: Recall 11) Selective incapacitation is a social policy that seeks to protect society by incarcerating those individuals deemed to be the most dangerous. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 7.7 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 7: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behaviour: It’s How We Think

12) The term “psychopathy” comes from the Roman words psyche (meaning “soul” or “mind”) and pathos (meaning “pathway” or “star map”). a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 7.3 Skill: Recall 13) For Hervey Cleckley, a neuropsychiatrist, psychopathy was defined by a constellation of dysfunctional processes as opposed to specific behavioural manifestations. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 7.3 Skill: Recall 14) Forensic psychiatry views crime as a result of the interaction between the environment and the psychological urges every individual experiences. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 7.1 Skill: Recall 15) Psychologists working in the first half of the 20th century adapted the disease model – a paradigm that had worked well in the field of mdeicine – in an effort to cure mental and emotional problems. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 7.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 7: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behaviour: It’s How We Think

16) One of the most commonly used risk assessment instruments in correctional facilities in Canada today is the Level of Service Inventory – Revised (LSI-R). a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 7.7 Skill: Recall 17) A recent meta-analysis of risk-assessment tools found that “even after 30 years of development, the view that violence, sexual, or criminal risk can be predicated in most cases is not evidence based.” a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 7.7 Skill: Recall 18) According to Hervey Cleckley, the indicators of psychopathy appear early in life, often in the teenage years, and include lying, fighting, stealing, and vandalism. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 7.3 Skill: Recall 19) J. Dollard and Albert Bandura are most often associated with Frustration-Aggression Theory 3. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 7.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 7: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behaviour: It’s How We Think

20) At the beginning of any criminal trial the defendant is assumed to be innocent and sane. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 7.10 Skill: Recall 21) All offenders found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder must be detained in a custody hospital for an indeterminate period of time. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 7.10 Skill: Recall 22) Most psychological theories of crime causation make the following assumption: that personality is the major motivational element within individuals because it is the seat of drives and the source of motives. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 7.1 Skill: Recall 23) The Frustration–Aggression Theory holds that frustration is a natural consequence of living and a root cause of crime. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 7.5 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 7: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behaviour: It’s How We Think

24) Behavioural conditioning is based on the work of Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 7.6 Skill: Recall

25) Although Freud wrote little about crime per se, he did spend much of his time attempting to account for a variety of abnormal behaviours, many of which might lead to violations of the criminal law. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 7.5 Skill: Recall 26) Today, depression, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, alcoholism, and bulimia, are all considered forms of psychopathology, or mental disease. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 7.3 Skill: Recall 27) The psychopath has been historically viewed as perversely cruel, often without thought or feeling for his victims. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 7.3 Skill: Applied

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 7: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behaviour: It’s How We Think

28) The ________ is a standard for judging legal insanity that requires that offenders did not know what they were doing, or if they did, that they did not know it was wrong. a. substantial capacity test b. irresistible impulse test c. McNaughten rule d. Durham rule e. Brawner rule Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.10 Skill: Recall 29) The theory of human psychology founded on the concepts of the unconscious, resistance, repression, sexuality, and the Oedipus complex is ________. a. psychotherapy b. psychoanalysis c. psychological profiling d. autoplastic adaptation e. psychopathy Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.5 Skill: Recall 30) ________ is defined as a functional disorder of the mind or of the emotions involving anxiety, phobia, or other abnormal behaviour. a. Psychosis b. Operant behaviour c. Sociopath d. Psychopathy e. Neurosis Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.5 Skill: Recall 31) ________ are said to be characterized by disordered or disjointed thinking, in which the types of logical associations they make are atypical of other people. a. Psychopaths b. Persons with asocial personalities

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 7: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behaviour: It’s How We Think

c. Schizophrenics d. Persons with antisocial personalities e. Sociopaths Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.5 Skill: Recall 32) ________________ may be either organic (resulting from physical damage to, or abnormalities in, the brain) or functional (having no known physical cause). a. Operant behaviour b. Alloplastic adaptation c. Autoplastic adaptation d. Psychosis e. Social learning Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.5 Skill: Recall 33) When a verdict of "not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder" (NCRMD) is made, a ______________________ is ordered to assess whether or not the accused poses any threat to the public or to him- or herself. a. Life sentence hearing b. indefinite hearing c. provisional hearing d. disposition hearing e. Mental Health Act hearing Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.10 Skill: Recall 34) ________ techniques have also been used in hostage negotiation, where law enforcement officers need to know as much as possible about the hostage taker, and in the analysis of anaonymous communications – especially when those communications contain threats of violence. a. Criminal profiling b. Psychopathology c. Forensic psychiatry

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 7: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behaviour: It’s How We Think

d. Psychological profiling e. Conditioning Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.9 Skill: Recall 35) The attempt to categorize, understand, and predict the behaviour of certain types of offenders based upon behavioural clues they provide is referred to as ________. a. psychological profiling b. substantial capacity testing c. operant conditioning d. psychiatric criminology e. forensic psychiatry Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.9 Skill: Recall 36) According to ________, crime is the result of fundamental personality characteristics linked to individual central nervous system characteristics. a. Sigmund Freud b. B. F. Skinner c. Albert Bandura d. Hans Eysenck e. Robert Hare Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Skill: Recall 37) Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg are most often associated with the _______________ theory of psychological and psychiatric theories. a. cognitive b. behaviour c. psychoanalytic criminology d. crime as adoption e. frustration-aggression Answer: a

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 7: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behaviour: It’s How We Think

Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.1 Skill: Applied 38) ________ refers to a legally established inability to understand right from wrong, or to conform one's behaviour to the requirements of the law. Also, a defence allowable in criminal courts. a. Neurosis b. Guilty but mentally ill c. Mental disorder (legal) d. Dangerousness e. Psychopathy Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.10 Skill: Recall 39) ________________ are undesirable behavioural consequences likely to decrease the frequency of occurrence of that behaviour, accrding to behaviour theorists. a. Irresistible impulses b. Individual eating habits c. Rewards d. Punishments e. Superego temptations Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.6 Skill: Applied 40) ________ are desirable behavioural consequences likely to increase the frequency of occurrence of that behaviour. a. Psychopathy b. Punishments c. Rewards d. Correctional psychology e. Forensic psychology Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.6

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 7: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behaviour: It’s How We Think

Skill: Recall 41) ________ rejected unobservable psychological constructs, focusing instead on patterns of responses to external rewards and stimuli. a. B.F. Skinner b. George H.W. Bush c. Hans Eyesenck d. Michel Foucault e. Noam Chomsky Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.6 Skill: Recall 42) Of Eyesenck’s three personality dimensions, one in particular - __________ - was thought to be closely correlated with criminality at all stages. a. introversion/extroversion b. psychoticism c. ego d. superego e. id Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Skill: Recall 43) The ________ is the moral aspect of the personality, much like the conscience. More formally, it is the division of the psyche that develops by the incorporation of the perceived moral standards of the community, is mainly unconscious, and includes the conscience. a. Psychotherapy b. Psychoanalysis c. Superego d. Ego e. Id Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.5 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 7: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behaviour: It’s How We Think

44) The offender who is able to deny responsibility for other failures by turning to crime is said to be ________. a. practicing sublimation b. seeking alloplastic adaptation c. seeking autoplastic adaptation d. suffering from an antisocial personality e. practicing operant conditioning Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.5 Skill: Recall 45) A(n) _________________ is a form of adjustment resulting from changes in the environment surrounding an individual. a. fMRI b. Autoplastic adaptation c. Alloplastic adaptation d. electroencephalogram e. electrocardiogram Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.5 Skill: Recall 46) The ________ is the reality testing part of the personality, also called the reality principle. a. Thanatos b. Oedipus complex c. Psychosis d. autoplastic adaptation e. Ego Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.5 Skill: Recall 47) The __________________ is a type of psychopath that is charming and attractive but also habitual liars who also manipulate others to achieve their personal goals without considering others’ feelings.. a. Alloplastic Adaptation

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b. Criminogenic psychopath (with sexual tendencies) c. Distempered psychopath d. Charismatic psychopath e. Modelling psychopath Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.3 Skill: Recall 48) Giving a good child candy is an example of a ________. a. positive reward b. negative reward c. positive punishment d. negative punishment e. neither a reward nor a punishment Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.6 Skill: Applied 49) ________ is based upon the notion that behaviour that is rewarded will increase in frequency and behaviour that is punished will decrease in frequency. a. Psychiatric criminology b. Psychopathy c. Social learning theory d. Psychopathology e. Behaviour theory Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.6 Skill: Applied 50) ________ is a centralized computer bank containing details of violent crimes that assists police in recognizing patterns among violent offences and offenders. a. The V-chip b. The Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System (ViCLAS) c. The Violent Crime Psycho Analysis System (ViCLAS) d. The Canadarm e. PCL-R

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 7: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behaviour: It’s How We Think

Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 7.9 Skill: Recall

51) The tragic case of the killing and mutilation of Tim McLean on a Greyhound bus by Vince Li brought attention to the ____________ ruling of Canada’s law surrounding mental disorder. a. Negligent homicide b. selective incapacitation c. operant behaviour d. autoplastic adaptation e. NCRMD Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC 7.10 Skill: Recall 52) Section ________________ of the Criminal Code of Canada permits the defence of insanity. a. 35 (1) and (2) b. 219 c. 212 d. 273 (1) e. 16 (1), (2), and (3) Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.10 Skill: Recall 53) Perhaps the most commonly used classification instrument in correctional facilities today is the MMPI, or the _________________. a. Mass Mutant Personality Icon b. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory c. Minnesota Mental Purpose Illness Test d. Mississippi Multiphasic Personality Item Listing e. Massachusetts Multiphasic Personality Inventory

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Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.7 Skill: Recall 54) Behaviour that affects the environment so as to produce responses or further behavioural cues is called ____________________. a. sadistic behaviour b. egoistic behaviour c. id behaviour d. reward progressive behaviour e. operant behaviour Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.6 Skill: Applied 55) The burden of proof for a claim of not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder is on the ________. a. crown attorney b. judge c. defendant d. bailiff e. victim Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 7.10 Skill: Recall 56) Briefly distinguish between the concepts of id, ego, and superego.

Answer: The id is the aspect of personality from which drives, wishes, urges, and desires emanate.

More formally, it is the division of the psyche associated with instinctual impulses and demands for immediate satisfaction of primative needs.

The ego is the reality-testing part of the personality; also called the reality principle.

More formally, it is the personality component that is conscious, most immediately controls behaviours, and is most in touch with external reality.

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 7: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behaviour: It’s How We Think

The superego is the moral aspect of the personality, much like the conscience. More formally, it is the division of the psyche that develops by the incorporation of the perceived moral standards of the community, is mainly unconscious, and includes the conscience.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 7.5 Skill: Recall 57) Briefly elaborate upon the use of and advantage of psychological profiling.

Answer: Psychological profiling (also called criminal profiling or behavioural profiling) is used to assist criminal investigators seeking to better understand individuals wanted for serious offences. Psychological profiling is built on the idea that behavioural clues are left behind at a crime scene may reflect the personality of the offender. Profilers develop a list of typical offender characteristics and other useful principles by analyzing crime scene and autopsy data, in conjunction with interviews and other studies of past offenders, in the belief that almost any form of conscious behaviour (including behaviour engaged in by the offender during a criminal episode) is symptomatic of an individual’s personality.

The way a kidnapper approaches victims, the manner of attack used by a killer, and the specific sexual activities of a rapist might all help paint a picture of the offender’s motivations, personal characteristics, andlikely future behaviour.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 7.9 Skill: Recall 58) The Criminal Code of Canada permits the defence if insanity in Section 16. List the three subsections of this Section of the C.C.C. 1) No person is criminally responsible for an act committed or an omission made while suffering from a mental disorder that rendered the person incapable of appreciating the nature and quality of the act or omission or of knowing that it was wrong.

2) Every person is presumed not to suffer from a mental disorder so as to be exempt from criminal responsibility by virtue of subsection (1), until the contrary is proved on the balance of probabilities.

3) The burden of proof that an accused was suffering from a mental disorder so as to be exempt from criminal responsibility is on the party that raises the issue.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 7.10 Skill: Recall

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59) Selective incapacitation is a social policy that seeks to protect society by incarcerating those individuals deemed to be the most dangerous. What are some of the basic tenets of this policy? What are some criticisms?

Selective incapacitation is based on the notion of career criminality predicated on the use of psychological techniques to effectively identify likely offenders and those who are likely to reoffend. Career criminals, also called “habitual offenders,” are people who repeatedly violate the criminal law. Research has shown that only a small percentage of all offenders account for most crimes reported to the police.

Somestudies have found that as few as 8 percent of all offenders commit as many as 60 percent of serious crimes each year. The strategy of selective incapacitation has been criticized by some authors for yielding a rate of “false positives” of over 60 percent. Potentially violent offenders are not easy to identify, even on the basis of past criminal records, and sentencing individuals to long prison terms simply because they are thought likely to commit crimes in the future would no doubt violate their Charter rights.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 7.7 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 8: The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective: It’s Where and How We Live

1) In contrast to more individualized biological and psychological theories, which have what is called a micro focus, sociological approaches utilize a macro focus, stressing the types of behaviour likely to be exhibited by group members rather than attempting to predict the behaviour of specific individuals. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 8.1 Skill: Recall 2) Social structure theories look at pattern of social organization and the interrelationships among institutions characteristic of a society. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 8.1 Skill: Recall 3) Terms such as anomie, goals, means, opportunity structures, and reaction formation are trms associated with Strain Theories.. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 4) As advocates of the ecological approach, C. Shaw and H. McKay studied delinquency rates in Chicago. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 8: The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective: It’s Where and How We Live

5) Social structure theories explain crime by reference to the economic and social arrangements (or structure) of society. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 8.2 Skill: Recall 6) The Chicago School of criminology is an ecological approach to explaining crime that examines how social disroganization contributes to social pathology. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 7) Anomie, according to Robert Merton, is said to exist when there is a disjuncture between socially approved means to success and legitimate goals. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 8) The work of Canadian Carol La Prairie, which looks at the reality of high crime rates on some First Nations reserves in Canada, is representative of the ecological approach. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall

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9) The work of Park and Burgess viewed cities in terms of concentric zones, which were envisioned much like the circles on a target. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 10) Reaction formation is the process by which a person openly rejects that which he or she wants, or aspires to, but cannot obtain or achieve. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 11) By social process, sociologists studying crime mean that crime is part of a small and intimate process of interactions between large institutions such as banks and governments. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 8.1 Skill: Recall 12) Cloward and Ohlin had a substantial impact on social policy, resulting in government programs designed to change the structures of legitimate opportunities in poor communities. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 8: The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective: It’s Where and How We Live

13) According to differential opportunity theory, a lower-class youth who becomes addicted to drugs is probably involved in a conflict subculture. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Applied 14) Viewed from a social structure perspective, crime is seen largely as a lower-class phenomenon, while the criminality of the middle and upper classes is generally discounted as less serious, less frequent, and less dangerous. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Applied 15) Robert Merton is generally associated with culture conflict approaches to understanding criminal behavior. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 16) According to the Chicago School of Criminology, criminal activity tends to be associated with poverty zones. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 8: The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective: It’s Where and How We Live

17) The original concept of strain theory, as outlined by Merton, is more applicable today than it was in the 1930s. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 18) Even though Walter Miller's work in the area of focal concerns is almost entirely derived from his study of black, inner-city delinquents in the Boston area, it is still very relevant to members of other lower-class subcultures. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 19) A focal concern, according to Walter Miller, are the key values of any culture, especially a delinquent subculture.. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 20) According to Miller, “excitement” was seen as a search for thrills – often necessary to overcome the boredom inherent in lower-class lifestyles. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Applied

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 8: The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective: It’s Where and How We Live

21) According to Cloward and Ohlin, Type IV youths, who were described as dropouts who retreated from the cultural mainstream through drug and alcohol use, were seen as the most likely to commit crime. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 22) A delinquent subculture is created when youths who experience similar kinds of alienation from middle-class ideals band together to form a group. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 23) In Canada, street gangs are composed primarily of males, almost half of whom are under the age of 18, and of these, most are between the ages of 16 and 18. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 24) Defensible space can be defined as the range of mechanisms that combine to bring an environment under the control of its residents. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 8: The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective: It’s Where and How We Live

25) According to the social structure theories, intervention strategies should focus on modifying formal or informal group processes and increasing the availability of legitimate opportunity structures. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 8.4 Skill: Recall 26) Conduct norms, focal concerns, subculture, socialization, and subculture of violence are all concepts attributed to theorists such as Thorsein Sellin and others in the Culture Conflict perspective. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 27) CPTED is the acronym for Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 28) The broken window thesis is a perspective on crime that holds that physical deterioration in an area leads to increased concerns for personal safety among area residents and to higher crime rates in that area. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 8: The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective: It’s Where and How We Live

29) Those who criticize the ecological approach note that many crimes occur outside of __________________ characterized by social disorganization. a. sociological factors b. criminal code definitions c. geographic areas d. Interpol jurisdiction e. case law Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Skill: Recall 30) ________ is a sociological approach which posits a disjuncture between socially and subculturally sanctioned means and goals as the cause of criminal behaviour. a. Strain theory b. Social disorganization c. Social pathology d. Subculture e. Social ecology Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 31) Early ecological theories of crime were collectively referred to as the ________ School of Criminology. a. Classical b. Positivist c. New York d. Utilitarian e. Chicago Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 8: The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective: It’s Where and How We Live

32) ________ attempted to detail the values which drove members of lower-class subcultures into delinquent pursuits. a. Albert Cohen b. Walter Reckless c. Marvin Wolfgang d. Walter Miller e. Clifford Shaw Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 33) According to Thorsten Sellin, ______________ arises when a fundamental clash of culture occurs, as when an immigrant father kills his daughter’s lover following an oldworld tradition that a family’s honour be kepy intact. a. focal concerns b. toughness c. autonomy d. primary conflict e. fate Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 34) According to ________, secondary conflict occurs when smaller cultures within the primary one clash, as when middle-class values find fault with inner-city or lower-class norms, resulting in the social phenomenon we call crime. a. Robert Merton b. Walter Reckless c. Frederick M. Thrasher d. Thorsten Sellin e. Henry MacKay Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 8: The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective: It’s Where and How We Live

35) The _____________ police service introduced CPTED to the Canadian market in the early 1980s. a. Hamilton b. Toronto c. Peel d. Victoria e. Montreal Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 36) According to ________, violence is a learned form of adaptation to certain problematic life circumstances, and learning to be violent takes place within the context of a subcultural milieu which emphasizes the advantages of violence over other forms of adaptation. a. Ernest Burgess and Robert Park b. Albert Cohen and Walter Miller c. Franco Ferracuti and Marvin Wolfgang d. Marvin Wolfgang and Albert Cohen e. Thorsten Sellin and Frederick Thrasher Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 37) An ________ is a subcultural pathway to success that is disapproved of by the wider society. a. Illegitimate opportunity structure b. Social pathology c. Anomie d. Strain theory e. Reaction formation Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 8: The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective: It’s Where and How We Live

38) ______________ have become a major source of concern in contemporary North American society, particularly in the United States. a. Truck drivers b. Crane operators c. Sociopaths d. Gangs e. Autonomous Vehicles Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 39) According to general strain theory, strain occurs when which one of the following events occurs? a. Someone tries to prevent you from achieving positively valued goals. b. Someone removes negatively valued stimuli. c. Someone presents you with positively valued stimuli. d. Someone helps you to achieve positively valued goals. e. Someone helps you achieve negatively valued goals.

Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Applied 40) ________ developed the differential opportunity perspective. a. Robert Merton b. Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin c. Walter Reckless d. Albert Cohen and Thorsten Sellin e. Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 8: The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective: It’s Where and How We Live

41) ________ is a sociological perspective that emphasizes the interrelationship between human beings and the physical and cultural environments in which they live. a. Culture conflict b. Human ecology c. Conduct norms d. Subcultural theory e. Strain theory Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 42) Some of the earliest writings on subcultures can be found in a study on gangs by ________. His research on Chicago gangs led to a typology of different types of gangs. a. Lloyd Ohlin b. Frederic Thrasher c. Gresham Sykes d. Edwin Sutherland e. Clifford Shaw Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 43) The definition of a criminal organization is found in Section ________ of the Criminal Code of Canada. a. 43 b. 414(1) c. 467.1(1) d. 219 e. 34 Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 8: The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective: It’s Where and How We Live

44) ________ may arise when a group is faced with “social change, uneven development of culture, maladaptiveness, disharmony, conflict, and lack of consensus.” a. social pathology b. focal concerns c. culture conflict d. social disorganization e. conduct norms Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Applied 45) Carol LaPrairie's studies of crime on First Nations' reserves in Canada are representative of what theoretical approach? a. Strain theory b. Criminology of place c. Subcultural theory d. Ecological theory e. Differential opportunity Answer: d Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Applied 46) ________ emphasizes the importance of geographic location and architectural features as they are associated with the prevalence of victimization. a. Social disorganization b. Criminology of place c. Opportunity structure d. Subcultural theory e. Ecological theory Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 8: The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective: It’s Where and How We Live

47) This concept was developed by architect Oscar Newman in 1972. a. Defensible space b. CPTED c. Market manipulation d. Broken windows thesis e. Policing Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Applied 48) ________ provide(s) both legitimate and illegitimate paths to success. a. Focal concerns b. Differential association c. Opportunities d. Opportunity structures e. Innovation Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 49) According to the text, street gangs are ________, with only a limited number having interprovincial or international criminal links. a. have legitimate opportunity structures b. are ritualistic in their banking procedures c. follow strain theories d. are primarily over the age of 30 e. primarily local in scope Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 8: The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective: It’s Where and How We Live

50) Cloward and Ohlin used the term _____________ to describe pre-existing subcultural paths to success that are not approved of by the wider culture. a. conformity b. illegitimate opportunity structure c. ritualism d. retreat structures e. rebel opportunity paradigms Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 51) Albert Cohen adapted ______________ from psychiatric perspectives, using it to mean "the process in which a person openly rejects that which he wants, or aspires to, but cannot obtain or achieve." a. interpersonal skills b. intelligence c. reaction formation d. temperament e. association formation Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 52) Overall, an estimated ____________________ served by city and county law enforcement agencies reported gang problems in the United States . a. 948,500 b. 1,800 c. 250 d. 3,100 e. 31,000 Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 8: The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective: It’s Where and How We Live

53) According to the most recent statistics available, over __________ street gangs have been identified in Canada, with an estimated ____________ members and associates operating across the country. a. 30; 1,000 b. 100; 1,000 c. 430; 7,000 d. 500; 1,500 e. 1,000; 100,000 Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 54) In the 1930s, Clifford Shaw attempted to put his theories into practice by establishing the ______________, which sought to reduce social disorganization in transitional neighbourhoods through the creation of community committees. Shaw staffed these committees with local residents rather than professional social workers. a. Ethnographic Mapping Project b. Chicago Area Project c. Atlanta Demographic Transition Project d. St. Louis Area Community Project e. Chicago Land Relocation Project Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.4 Skill: Recall 55) One critique of the _____________________ can be found in its seeming inability to differentiate between the condition of social disorganization and the things such a condition is said to cause. a. Symbolic Interaction school of criminology b. Ecological school of criminology c. Criminal Entropy school of criminology d. Strain Resistance school of criminology e. Simple Resonance school of criminology Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.5 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 8: The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective: It’s Where and How We Live

56) Central to the criminology of place is the ________. a. graffiti thesis b. crowded home thesis c. geographical location thesis d. vandalism thesis e. broken window thesis Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 57) What are the three strategies that Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) revolve around?

Answer: According to the CPTED model, the three fundamental strategies are: (1) natural surveillance (keeping potential intruders under observation); (2) natural access control (decreasing the opportunity for crime), and; (3) territorial reinforcement (extending a sphere of influence through physical design to develop a sense of ownership by users).

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall 58) According to Robert Agnew’s General Strain Theory (GST), what must others do in order for strain to occur?.

Answer: According to General Strain Theory (GST), strain occurs when others do the following: (1) prevent or threaten to prevent an individual from achieving positively valued goals; (2) remove or threaten to remove positively valued stimuli that a person posses, such as the death of a loved one; or (3) present or threaten to present someone with noxious or negatively valued stimuli, like physical abuse.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 8.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 8: The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective: It’s Where and How We Live

59) According to the text, three key sociological explanations for crime can be identified.

List and briefly elaborate upon these three explanation.

(1) Crime is the result of an individual’s location within the structure of society. This approach focuses on the social and economic conditions of life, including poverty, alienation, social disorganization, weak social control, personal frustration, relative depravation, differential opportunities, alternative means to success, and deviant subcultures that conflict with conventional values..

(2) Crime is the end product of various social processes. This approach stresses inappropriate socialization and social learning as well as interpersonal relationships, strength of the social bond, lack of self-control, and peronal and group consequences of social reactions to deviance as they contribute to crime; and (3) Crime is a product of class struggle. This perspective emphasizes power relationships between social groups, ownership of the means of production, and economic and social structures of society as they relate to social class and social control.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 8.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 9: The Meaning of Crime: Social Process Perspective: It’s What We Learn 1) According to Edwin Lemert, offenders commit acts of primary and secondary deviance. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 2) Howard Becker contends that deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of others applying rules and sanctions. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 3) Tagging is the process whereby an individual is negatively defined by agencies of justice. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 4) Travis Hirschi is generally associated with social learning theory in the 1930s. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 9: The Meaning of Crime: Social Process Perspective: It’s What We Learn 5) Containment means a form of shaming, imposed as a sanction by the criminal justice system, that is thought to destroy the moral bond between the offender and the community. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Applied 6) Essentially, labelling theory denies the concept of mala prohibita. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Applied 7) Limited opportunities for acceptable behaviour, which follow from the negative responses of society to those defined as offenders, is offered as an explanation for continued crime by the labelling perspective. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 8) Edwin M. Lemert is generally associated with social development theory during the 1980s. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 9: The Meaning of Crime: Social Process Perspective: It’s What We Learn 9) Marvin Wolfgang's cohort study of boys in Philadelphia found that a relatively small number of violent offenders were responsible for most of the crimes committed by the cohort. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 10) According to David Matza, by employing techniques of neutralization, delinquents need not be fully alienated from the larger society because these techniques provide an effective way of overcoming feelings of guilt so they can commit crimes. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 11) The efforts made by an interest group to have its sense of propriety embodied in law is known as moral enterprise. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 12) According to Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck, criminal behaviour is learned through a process of differential association with others who communicate criminal values and who advocate the commission of crimes. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 9: The Meaning of Crime: Social Process Perspective: It’s What We Learn 13) Social process theories are most closely associated with a biological predisposition appraoch to understanding criminal behaviour. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Applied 14) According to the social process perspective, an offender who has acquired criminality, established deviant self-concepts, and participates in criminal behaviour, will likely continue to commit crimes. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Applied 15) According to Edwin Sutherland, offenders are born with the attitudes required to justify criminal behaviour; however, they must learn the necessary techniques to commit crimes. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 16) When an offender justifies the harm done to a victim by indicating the victim deserved the victimization, the offender is using the neutralization technique referred to as "denial of injury." a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 9: The Meaning of Crime: Social Process Perspective: It’s What We Learn 17) The neutralization technique known as denying the victim states that the victim deserved the victimization, such as stating “I only beat up drunks.” a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 18) The neutralization technique known as appealing to higher loyalties states that :I have to protect myself” is a justification for violence.. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 19) Edwin Sutherland is most famous for his contributions to life course theory during the 1980s. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 20) Reintegrative shaming is a form of shaming, imposed as a sanction by the criminal justice system, that is thought to strengthen the moral bond between the offender and the community. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 9: The Meaning of Crime: Social Process Perspective: It’s What We Learn 21) The commitment component of the social bond refers to the amount of time spent with others. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 22) Life course theorists believe that as one's social capital increases, the chance of criminal activity decreases. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Applied 23) Researchers who focus on the life course as it leads to delinquency, crime, and criminal identities are interested both in evaluating the prevalence, frequency, and onset of offending and in identifying different developmental pathways to delinquency. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 24) A general theory of crime is the assertion that the operation of a single mechanism, low self control, accounts for “all crime, all the time,” including acts ranging from vandelism to homicide, from sexual assault to white-collar crime. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 9: The Meaning of Crime: Social Process Perspective: It’s What We Learn 25) Concepts such as criminal career, life course, social capital, cohort analysis, and evolutionary ecology are all associated with labelling theory. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 26) Secondary deviance is deviant behaviour that results from official labelling and from association with others who have been so labelled. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 27) According to the life course perspective, “desistance” describes a slowing down in the frequency of offending (deceleration), a reduction of its variety (specialization), and a reduction of its seriousness (de-escalation). a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 28) A social bond is the link, created through socialization, between individuals and the society of which they are a part. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 9: The Meaning of Crime: Social Process Perspective: It’s What We Learn 29) The technique of neutralization which involves a young offender claiming that the unlawful acts were "not my fault" is known as ________. a. denial of injury b. denial of responsibility c. appeal to higher loyalties d. condemnation of the condemners e. denial of the victim Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 30) According to differential association theory, how does learning criminal behaviour differ from learning other types of behaviour? a. Learning criminal behaviour is much more a peer group exercise. b. Learning criminal behaviour is a matter of imitation. c. Learning criminal behaviour is more difficult. d. There is no substantive difference between learning criminal behaviour and noncriminal behaviour. e. Learning criminal behaviour is greater in intensity.

Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Applied 31) According to Edwin Lemert, ________ is the initial deviant act which results in being caught and labelled as a deviant. a. primary deviance b. secondary deviance c. tagging d. labelling e. information reaction Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 9: The Meaning of Crime: Social Process Perspective: It’s What We Learn 32) Listing the names of drunk drivers on a public billboard is an example of ________ shaming. a. reintegrative b. restorative c. diversionary d. rehabilitative e. stigmatic Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 33) Which one of the following is NOT descriptive of the labelling theory? a. Deviation is criminal only if effectively reacted to and symbolized as such. b. Negative self-images follow from processing by the formal mechanisms of criminal justice, rather than preceding delinquency. c. Deviance is the result of social processes involving the imposition of definitions. d. Deviant individuals achieve their status by virtue of social definition rather than because of inborn traits. e. Children learn to become delinquents by becoming members of groups in which delinquent conduct is already established.

Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Applied 34) Which of the following perspectives sees continued crime as a consequence of limited opportunities for acceptable behaviour which follow from the negative responses of society to those defined as offenders? a. Reintegrative shaming b. Life course theory c. Labelling d. Containment theory e. Social control theory Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 9: The Meaning of Crime: Social Process Perspective: It’s What We Learn 35) A ________ is the efforts made by an interst group to have its sense of propriety encted into law. a. social capital b. ecology c. moral enterprise d. stigmatic shaming class e. developmental dysfunctional pathway Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 36) ____________________ would advocate that the moral enterprise would explain why individuals and organizations that lobbied for the Amber Alert System and and the reformation of marijuana laws in Canada were successful. a. Edwin Sutherland b. Michel Foucault c. Howard Becker d. Jacques Cousteau e. Travis Hirschi Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 37) According to Edwin Lemert, ________ becomes especially important because of the forceful role it plays in causing tagged individuals to internalize the negative labels which have been applied to them. Through such a process, labelled individuals assume the role of the deviant. a. labelling b. primary deviance c. secondary deviance d. tagging e. tertiary deviance Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 9: The Meaning of Crime: Social Process Perspective: It’s What We Learn 38) According to Travis Hirschi, the first component of the social bond, or _________________, means “a person’s shared interst with others” a. attachment b. dramatization of evil c. tagging out d. primary deviance e. secondary deviance Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 39) According to Travis Hirschi, the second component of the social bond, or _________________, reflects a person’s investment of time and energies into conforming behaviour and the potential loss of rewards that they have already gained from that behaviour. a. Stigmatic shaming b. Reintegrative shaming c. Social bonding d. Labelling e. commitment Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 40) ________ contended that crime, like all human behaviour, is not learned but innate. a. Howard Becker b. Albert Cohen c. Walter Reckless d. Gresham Sykes e. none of the above Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 9: The Meaning of Crime: Social Process Perspective: It’s What We Learn 41) ________ is a social scientific technique that studies a population that shares common characteristics over time. a. Cohort analysis b. Reaction formation c. Conduct norms d. Anomie e. Focal concerns Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 42) ________ is considered to be a way to deal with transient problems in living. a. Moral enterprise b. Penal couple c. Primary deviance d. Secondary deviance e. Reintegrative shaming Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 43) _________________ is a term that defines efforts of a particular interest group to have its sense of propriety enacted into law. a. Reintegrative shaming b. Secondary deviance c. Primary deviance d. Tagging e. Moral enterprise Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 9: The Meaning of Crime: Social Process Perspective: It’s What We Learn 44) ____________ is a form of social control theory that suggests a series of both internal and external factors contributes to law-abiding behaviour. a. Labelling theory b. Environmental criminology c. Social control theory d. Learning theory e. Containment theory Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 45) Rather than stressing causative factors in criminal behaviour, ________ tend to ask why people actually obey rules instead of breaking them. a. social control theories b. subcultural theory c. strain theory d. differential association e. labelling theory Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 46) _______________ theories have been widely applied to develop programs aimed at youth in conflict with the law. a. Life course b. Tagging c. Stigmatic shaming d. Reintegrative shaming e. Probability algorithms Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 9: The Meaning of Crime: Social Process Perspective: It’s What We Learn 47) Regarding _____________, Travis Hirschi cited the psychopath as an example of a kind of person whose attachment to society is nearly non-existent. a. reintegrative shaming b. labelling c. stigmatic shaming d. public humiliation e. attachment Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 48) ________________ is an approach to understanding crime that draws attention to the ways people develop over the course of their lives. a. Authority conflict theories b. Life course theories c. Evolutionary ecology d. Social control theories e. Social capital theories Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 49) Differential association theory was developed by ________. a. Travis Hirschi b. Edwin Sutherland c. Robert Agnew d. Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck e. Edwin Lemert Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 9: The Meaning of Crime: Social Process Perspective: It’s What We Learn 50) The specific direction of motives and drives, according to Sutherland’s nine principles of differential association, is ___________ from definitions of the legal codes as favourable or unfavourable. a. expressed b. prioritized c. frequented d. intensified e. learned Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 51) According to __________________, once an offender has been “tagged,” he “now lives in a different world, He has been tagged. The process of making a criminal, therefore, is a process of tagging.” a. Edwin Sutherland b. Frank Herbert c. Michel Foucault d. Frank Tannenbaum e. Edwin lemert Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 52) The ecological perspective on crime control was pioneered by ________________________. a. Sheldon Parker and Lance Turcott b. Lawrence E. Cohen and Richard Machalek c. Louis Pasteur and Harvey Kilborn d. Edwin Lemert and Michel Foucault e. Henry Littlejohns and Travis Hirschi Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 9: The Meaning of Crime: Social Process Perspective: It’s What We Learn 53) According to Travis Hirschi, the four components of the social bond are involvement, attachment, commitment, and ________. a. socialization b. containment c. identity d. agreement e. belief Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall 54) Current restitution and court diversion programs are examples of policy initiatives that recognize the principles of ______________. a. labeling theory b. primary deviance c. secondary deviance d. career deviants e. biobehaviourism Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.3 Skill: Recall 55) Integrated views of human development that examine multiple maturation levels simultaneously, including psychological, biological, familial, interpersonal, cultural, social, and ecological aspects of development, are referred to as _______________. a. biobehavioural theories b. social development theories c. moral entrepreneurial theories d. classical theories e. psychiatric theories Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 9: The Meaning of Crime: Social Process Perspective: It’s What We Learn 56) List and briefly elaborate upon labelling theory’s contributions to criminological literature.

Answer: Labelling theory has contributed a number of unique ideas to the criminological literature. These include: 1. Deviance is the result of social processes involving the imposition of definitions rather than the consequence of any quality in human activity itself; 2. Deviant individuals achieve their status by virtue of social definition rather than because of inborn traits; 3. The reaction of society to deviant behaviour and to actors who engage in such behaviour is the major element in determining the criminality of the person and the behaviour in question; 4. Negative self-images follow from processing by the formal criminal justice system rather than preceding delinquency; 5. Labelling by society and handling by the justice system tend to perpetuate crime and delinquency rather than reduce them.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 9.3 Skill: Recall 57) List and briefly elaborate upon Sykes and Matza’s five types of justification for techniques of neutralization.

Answer: 1. Denying responsibility. They point to their backgrounds of poverty, and lack of opportunity: “The trouble I get into is not my fault” or “They made me do it.”

2. Denying injury. They explain that everyone does it or that individuals or companies can afford it: “They’re so rich, they’ll never miss it.”

3. Denying the victim: They justify the harm done by claiming that the victim deserved the victimization: “I only beat up drunks” or “She had it coming.”

4. Condemning the condemners: They assert that authorities are corrupt or responsible for their own victimization and that society has made them what they are and must now suffer the consequences: “They’re worse than we are. They’re all on the take” or “If I don’t do it to him, he’ll do it to me.”

5. Appealling to higher loyalties: They use the defence of their family honour, gang, girlfriend, or neighbourhood: “I have to protect myself.”

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 9: The Meaning of Crime: Social Process Perspective: It’s What We Learn 58) According to your text, there are three separate developmental pathways to delinquency. List and briefly elaborate upon these three pathways.

Answer: 1

2

3

Authority Conflict Pathway, where subjects appear to begin quite young (3 or 4 years of age) on the authority conflict pathway. Symptoms may include stubborn behaviour, deviance around age 11, and authority avoidance – truancy, staying out late at night, or running away; Covert Pathway, or minor covert acts such as frequent lying and shoplifting usually (start) around age 10. Delinquents following the covert pathway quickly progress to “acts of property damage, such as fire starting or vandalism, around age 11 or 12, followed by moderate to serious forms of delinquency; Overt Pathway. The first step on the overt pathway is minor aggression such as “annoying others and bullying – around age 11 or 12. Bullying was found to escalate into physical fighting and violence as the juvenile progressed along this pathway.” The overt pathway eventually leads to violent crimes like sexual assault, robbery, and assault.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 9.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 10: The Meaning of Crime: Social Conflict Perspective: It’s How We Relate

1) Social class refers to distinctions made between individuals on the basis of important defining social characteristics. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall 2) The social conflict perspective is an analytical perspective on social organization which holds that conflict is a fundamental aspect of social life itself and can never fully be resolved. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 10.1 Skill: Recall 3) Karl Marx saw class struggle as inevitable to the evolution of any capitalistic society. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall 4) Walter DeKeseredy is part of the left-realist criminology perspective. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 10: The Meaning of Crime: Social Conflict Perspective: It’s How We Relate

5) Social conflict theories emphasize social, economic, and political realities and place crime within this context. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 10.1 Skill: Recall 6) Ralf Dahrendorf held that the presence of conflict in a society is abnormal. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall 7) Austin Turk contended that in any attempt to explain criminality, it is more useful to view the social order as mainly a pattern of conflict than to offer explanations for crime based upon behavioural or psychological approaches. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall 8) Feminist criminology is a corrective model intended to redirect the thinking of mainstream criminologists to include gender awareness. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 10.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 10: The Meaning of Crime: Social Conflict Perspective: It’s How We Relate

9) Feminism is a way of seeing the world, not a sexual orientation. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 10.3 Skill: Recall 10) Left-realist criminology is a conflict perspective that insists on a psychological and biosocial approach to understanding criminality in inner-city neighbourhoods. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 10.3 Skill: Applied 11) Peacemaking criminologists appear to build upon preexisting theoretical frameworks, but rarely offer new propositions or hypotheses that are testable. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 10.3 Skill: Recall 12) Solutions and restoration are principles of restorative justice. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 10.3 Skill: Applied

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 10: The Meaning of Crime: Social Conflict Perspective: It’s How We Relate

13) Circle sentencing conferences are groups of community members who actively assist justice authorities by participating in discussions about available sentencing options and plans to reintegrate the offender back into the community. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 10.3 Skill: Applied 14) Harold Pepinsky is best known for his work in radical realism and crime control. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall 15) According to William Chambliss, a well-known radical criminologist, middle and upper class criminals are less likely to be apprehended and punished because they are better at hiding their crimes than the lower class offenders. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall 16) According to William Chambliss, socialist societies should have a higher crime rate than capitalist societies due to the intense class struggle. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 10: The Meaning of Crime: Social Conflict Perspective: It’s How We Relate

17) Instrumental Marxism holds that those in power intentionally create laws and social institutions that serve their own interests and that keep others from becoming powerful. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall 18) Structural Marxism is a perspective that holds that the structural institutions of society influence the behaviour of individuals and groups by virtue of the type of relationships created. Criminal law, for example, refelcts class relationships and serves to reinforce those relationships. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 10.2 Skill: Applied 19) The Peace Model of criminology is an approach to crime control that focuses on effective ways for developing a shared consensus on critical issues that have the potential to seriously affect the quality of life. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 10.3 Skill: Recall 20) The restorative-justice approach views crime as a harm done to the victim and the community rather than a harm done to the state. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 10.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 10: The Meaning of Crime: Social Conflict Perspective: It’s How We Relate

21) The restorative-justice philosophy has been embraced and endorsed by all levels of government in Canada as well as by voluntary and community organizations. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 10.3 Skill: Applied 22) Left realists believe that the criminal justice system could offer useful services if modifications are made. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 10.3 Skill: Recall 23) In Marxist theory, the proletariat are the class of people that owns the means of production. a. True b. False Answer: B Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall 24) Social conflict theories emphasize social, economic, and political realities and place crime within this context. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 10.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 10: The Meaning of Crime: Social Conflict Perspective: It’s How We Relate

25) The standoff between Canadian soldiers and Mohawk warriors at the Kanesatake reserve in Oka, Quebec, in September of 1990, was initiated over the plans to expand a golf course. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 10.1 Skill: Recall 26) The concepts of power control, gender socialization, and empowerment are attached to the feminist criminology approach. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 10.3 Skill: Recall 27) Peacemaking criminology holds that crime control agencies and citizens must work together to alleviate social problems, including crime. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 10.3 Skill: Recall 28) Criminologist Freda Adler is associated with the feminist criminology perspective. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 10: The Meaning of Crime: Social Conflict Perspective: It’s How We Relate

29) Participatory justice is a relatively informal type of justice case processing which makes use of local community resources rather than requiring traditional forms of official intervention. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 10.3 Skill: Recall 30) ________ stated that powerful groups make laws, and those laws express and protect their interests. a. Karl Marx b. Roscoe Pound c. George Vold d. William Chambliss e. Georg Simmel Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall 31) ________ are those with which a person is born. a. Ascribed attributes b. Achieved attributes c. Statuses d. Learned behaviours e. Symbols Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall 32) _____________________ are acquired through personal effort or chance over the course of one’s life and include such things as level of education, income, place of residence, and profession. a. Instrumental Marxisms b. Marxian insights c. Proletariat status

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 10: The Meaning of Crime: Social Conflict Perspective: It’s How We Relate

d. Ascribed status e. Achieved characteristics Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall 33) Central to the perspective of radical criminology is the notion of ________. a. Terrorism b. state organized crime c. Consensus d. social class e. Pluralism Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall 34) According to Karl Marx, the ________, since they possess neither capital nor means of production, must earn their living by continuously selling their labour. a. Proletariat b. middle class c. Bourgeoisie d. social class e. upper class Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall 35) Which of the following is NOT a strategy proposed by radical-critical criminologists to bring about a justice system closer to the radical ideal? a. Increasing equality in criminal justice system employment b. Programs designed to reduce prison overcrowding c. Promotion of mandatory sentencing d. Prosecution of corporate crime e. Equal justice in the bail system Answer: c Diff: 2

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 10: The Meaning of Crime: Social Conflict Perspective: It’s How We Relate

Type: MC LO: 10.3 Skill: Recall 36) Harold Pepinsky is a contemporary criminologist who advocates ________________________. a. radical criminology b. Marxist criminology c. feminist criminology d. critical criminology e. peacemaking criminology Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Skill: Applied 37) ________ criminology insists upon a pragmatic assessment of crime and associated problems. a. Peacemaking b. Feminist c. Left-Realist d. Critical e. Radical Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Skill: Recall 38) According to ________, gender is not a natural fact but a complex social, historical, and cultural product; it is related to, not simply derived from, biological sex differences and differing reproductive capacities. a. Kathleen Daly and Meda Chesney-Lind b. Rita J. Simon and Austin Turk c. Freda Adler and Rita J. Simon d. John Hagan and Kathleen Daly e. John Hagen and Richard Quinney Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 10: The Meaning of Crime: Social Conflict Perspective: It’s How We Relate

39) ________ criminology believes that the causes of crime are rooted in social conditions empowering the wealthy and the politically well organized but disenfranchising the less fortunate. a. Peacemaking b. Feminist c. Realist d. Marxist e. Radical Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall 40) ________ criminology includes issue-based writings, personal experienceas valid information, and critical viewpoints of “the system” as central concepts. a. Peacemaking b. Feminist c. Realist d. Convict e. Radical Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall 41) In The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison, ________ suggests that the criminal justice system is biased against the poor. a. Rita J. Simon b. George Vold c. Richard Quinney d. Austin Turk e. Jeffrey Reiman Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 10: The Meaning of Crime: Social Conflict Perspective: It’s How We Relate

42) In 1993, _________________ killed his daughter who suffered from cerebral palsy.

The case and the killing came to be known as one dealing with “compassionate homicide.” a. Emile Durkheim b. Robert Latimer c. John Q. Bastion d. John Halinsky e. Richard Quinney Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.1 Skill: Recall 43) ________ is a relatively informal type of justice case processing that makes use of local community resources rather than requiring traditional forms of official intervention. a. Participatory justice b. Peacemaking criminology c. Radical feminism d. Realist criminology e. Feminist criminology Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Skill: Recall 44) From the ________ perspective, the community, victim, and offender should receive balanced attention and should gain tangible benefits from their interactions with the justice system. a. Marxist b. Truman c. Balanced and Restorative Justice (BAR) d. Adler e. Countering Crime Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 10: The Meaning of Crime: Social Conflict Perspective: It’s How We Relate

45) This feminist criminologist wrote Women and Crime, in 1975. a. Karl Marx b. Freda Adler c. Michel Foucault d. Ralf Dahrendorf e. Rita J. Simon Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Skill: Recall 46) _____________ criminology faults radical-critical criminologists for romanticizing street crime and criminals who commit it. a. Left-realist b. Proletariat c. Turkist d. Peacemaking e. Restorative Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Skill: Recall 47) ________ depicts men as fundamentally brutish, aggressive, and violent and controlling women through sexuality by taking advantage of both women’s biological dependence during childbearing years and their lack of physical strength relative to men. a. Radical feminism b. Liberal feminism c. Socialist feminism d. Marxist feminism e. Power-control theory Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Skill: Applied

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 10: The Meaning of Crime: Social Conflict Perspective: It’s How We Relate

48) One criticism of ___________________ is that predicted increases in female crime rates have failed to materialize as social opportunities available to both genders have become more balanced. a. Peacemaking criminology b. Restorative justice c. Socialization d. Feminist criminology e. Family-Group conferencing Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Skill: Recall 49) The laws of any society, according to ________, are a political statement. a. William Chambliss b. George Void c. Austin Turk d. Karl Marx e. Richard Quinney Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall 50) ______________ involve(s) participation by the judge, victim, offender, family or supporters, elders, and other justice and community representatives. a. Instrumental Marxism panels b. Circle Sentencing conferences c. Community policing d. Power-control circles e. Left-realism participation circles Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 10: The Meaning of Crime: Social Conflict Perspective: It’s How We Relate

51) According to Ralf Dahrendorf, __________________ brings a lessening of social order, whereas ___________________ increases cohesiveness within society. a. Destructive change; constructive change b. social cohesion; social class c. social criminology; radical criminology d. constructive change; destructive change e. Capitalism; destructive change Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall 52) The belief that the legal system is controlled by the wealthy members of society and is used to control the poor is representative of ________. a. critical Marxism b. structural Marxism c. instrumental Marxism d. radical feminism e. power-control theory Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall 53) A central tenet of ________________ is the claim that policing involve proactive collaboration between the police and the community to prevent and respond to crime and other community problems. a. Radical feminism b. Liberal feminism c. Right realism d. Community policing e. Utopian capitalism Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 10: The Meaning of Crime: Social Conflict Perspective: It’s How We Relate

54) Although ________________ concerned himself with only two social classes, most social scientists todat talk in terms of at least three groups: upper, middle, and lower classes. a. Karl Marx b. Ralf Dahrendorf c. Friedrich Engels d. George Vold e. Richard Quinney Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall 55) ____________, although they want the same gender equality as other feminists, lay the blame for present inequalities on the development within culture and society of "separate and distant spheres of influence and traditional attitudes about the appropriate role of men and women." a. Radical feminists b. Conservative-social feminists c. Liberal feminists d. Patriarchal feminists e. Power-control feminists Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 10.3 Skill: Recall 56) List and briefly elaborate upon the differences between family group conferencing and Community sentencing panels.

Answer: Family group conferencing provides a forum for dealing with unanswered questions, emotions, and the victim’s right to restitution and reparation resulting from a crime.

These conferences involve participation of the victim, the ofender, and their family members and supporters. Community sentencing panels are composed of volunteers from the community and focus on restorative measures such as restitution, reparation, mediation, and victim involvement. These panels also consider crime prevention by addressing social factors that may contribute to crime.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 10.3

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 10: The Meaning of Crime: Social Conflict Perspective: It’s How We Relate

Skill: Recall 57) What is restorative justice and how has it contributed to our understanding of the crime victim?.

Answer: Restorative justice is defined as a perspective to justice that stresses solutions and restoration rather than imprisonment, punishment, and neglect of victims by engaging victims, offenders, and the community in a process of reparation and healing. The pain and suffering of victims is central to defining the harm that has resulted from the crime and the manner in which it is to be resolved. The community is active in offering support to the victims and holding offenders accountable for their crimes while giving the offenders the opportunity to make amends.

Diff: 3 Type: ES LO: 10.3 Skill: Recall 58) What are Chambliss and Seidman’s four propositions that outline their position on radical criminology?

Answer: 1. The conditions of one’s life affect one’s values and norms.

2. Complex societies are composed of groups with widely different life conditions and highly disparate and conflicting sets of norms.

3. The probability of a given group’s having its particular normative system embodied in law is not distributed equally but is closely related to the political and economic position of that group.

4. The higher a group’s political or economic position, the greater the probability that it’s views will be reflected in laws.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 10.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 11: Criminology and Social Policy: From Research to Evidence-Based Policy 1) The 2020 Stockholm Prize in Criminology was awarded to Philip J. Cook, emeritus professor at Duke University, and Franklin E. Zimring, professor at the University of California Berkeley. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 11.1 Skill: Recall 2) A deterrence strategy of crime-control attempts to diminish motivation for crime by increasing the perceived certainty, severity, or celerity of penalties. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 11.2 Skill: Recall 3) Public policy may be defined as government formulated directives made on behalf of the public good to solve a problem or achieve an end. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 11.1 Skill: Recall 4) Generally, policy dealing with issues of crime and its prevention and control fall under the rubric of social policy. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 11.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 11: Criminology and Social Policy: From Research to Evidence-Based Policy 5) According to the text, Canada’s incarceration rate is higher than the Germany and Denmark but lower than New Zealand and Australia. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 11.2 Skill: Recall 6) Based on the most up-to-date information available, Canada’s incaceration rate was 114 per 100,000. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 11.2 Skill: Recall 7) Analysts of public policy have observed that "program implementation" is the final stage of criminal justice policy development in Canada. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 11.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 11: Criminology and Social Policy: From Research to Evidence-Based Policy 8) During the "program evaluation and reassessment" stage of the stages of criminal justice policy in Canada, the research, data gathering and analysis continues and the effectiveness of the program from efficiency, ability to meet objectives, and cost perspectives is determined. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 11.1 Skill: Recall 9) The nuturant crime prevention strategy "attempts to forestall the development of criminality by improving early life experiences and channelling child and early adolescent development into desirable directions". a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 11.2 Skill: Recall 10) At recent count, there wre some 2.2 million people incarcerated in the United States, or roughly 655 per 100,000 population. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 11.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 11: Criminology and Social Policy: From Research to Evidence-Based Policy 11) A comprehensive crime-prevention strategy, according to some criminologists, would be “a balanced mix of protection/avoidance, deterrence, and nurturant strategies.”. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 11.2 Skill: Recall 12) The concept of CPTED has been widely incorporated into crime-prevention plans at the national and municipal levels. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 11.3 Skill: Recall 13) CPTED is based on the concept of defensible space, which holds that crime can be prevented through proper residential and commercial architectural design and the layout of the physical environment. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 11.3 Skill: Recall 14) Attempting to decrease crime by increasing the certainty, severity, or clarity of penalties is an example of the deterrence strategy of crime control. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 11.2 Skill: Applied

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 11: Criminology and Social Policy: From Research to Evidence-Based Policy 15) A Canadian system of new crime-prevention programs incorporating high quality evaluation designs is needed in order to create a foundation for evidence-based crime prevention now and in the long-run. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 11.4 Skill: Applied 16) Today’s response to crime has “two prongs.” One prong defines crime as an issue of individual responsibility. The other sees crime and criminal behaviour as resulting from poor social conditions and dysfunctional social structures. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 11.2 Skill: Recall 17) The history of criminal justice policymaking in Canada is largely based on the social responsibility perspective. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 11.2 Skill: Recall 18) In Canada, many crime-prevention initiatives emphasize a nuturant strategy. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 11.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 11: Criminology and Social Policy: From Research to Evidence-Based Policy 19) Providing common space to ensure interaction between tenants in an apartment building is an example of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 11.3 Skill: Recall 20) Advocates of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design feel that it is an approach to crime prevention that is successful on its own. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 11.3 Skill: Recall 21) The Safe Streets and Communities Act of 2012 introduced changes to the Criminal Code of Canada including increased penalties for sexual offences against children and for drug crimes, to name but a few of the changes. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 11.3 Skill: Recall 22) One of the National Crime Prevention Strategy programs is the Youth Gang Prevention Fund. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 11.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 11: Criminology and Social Policy: From Research to Evidence-Based Policy 23) The Conservative government of Stephen Harper had engaged in a slight shift away from the social-problems based approach to crime prevention to a more "get-tough" approach to crime and criminality. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 11.2 Skill: Recall 24) The United States now imprisons more people per capita than any other country in the Western world. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 11.2 Skill: Recall 25) Our American neighbours appear to have embraced the individual responsibility perspective of crime prevention. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 11.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 11: Criminology and Social Policy: From Research to Evidence-Based Policy 26) Generally, policy dealing with issues of crime and its prevention and control fall under the rubric of ________________. a. criminology b. Kriminalpolitik c. public policy d. social epidemiology e. social policy Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Skill: Recall 27) The National Strategy on Community Safety and Crime Prevention, the precursor to the National Crime Prevention Strategy, is an example of a ________ strategy. a. nurturant b. retributive c. deterrence d. protection/avoidance e. social epidemiology Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Skill: Recall 28) ______________ strategies of crime prevention include increased infant and maternal health care, child care for low-income families, training in parenting skills, enhanced public education, and stay-in-school programs. a. Protection/Avoidance b. Kriminalpolitik c. Nurturant d. social epidemiology e. Deterrence Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 11.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 11: Criminology and Social Policy: From Research to Evidence-Based Policy 29) New and tougher laws, quicker trial court processing, and faster imposition of sentences are all examples of ________. a. social epidemiology b. nurturant strategies c. protection/avoidance strategies d. deterrence strategies e. Kriminalpolitik Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.2 Skill: Recall 30) Analysts of public policy have observed that policies undergo five stages in their development. The first stage is ________. a. policy formation b. program implementation c. program evaluation and reassessment d. agenda setting or the prioritization of problems e. identification of the problem Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Skill: Recall 31) By addressing social problems and the need for improvements in the social infrastructure, the social problems perspective takes a ________ approach to the reality of crime. a. reactive b. nurturant c. protection/avoidance d. proactive e. deterrent Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 11.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 11: Criminology and Social Policy: From Research to Evidence-Based Policy 32) "Crime prevention through social development" is the term used to describe ________. a. the Youth Criminal Justice Act b. the National Crime Prevention Strategy c. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design d. the Firearms Act e. the Young Offenders Act Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Skill: Recall 33) The second stage of public policy development is referred to as __________________. a. Identification of the problem b. Agenda setting or the prioritization of problems c. Program implementation d. Crime Prevention Through Recruiting e. Crime Awareness Building Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Skill: Recall 34) The third stage of public policy development is referred to as __________________. a. Identification of the problem b. Restoration c. Protection/avoidance d. Deterrence e. Policy formation Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 11: Criminology and Social Policy: From Research to Evidence-Based Policy 35) The fourth stage of public policy development is referred to as __________________. a. policy formation b. program evaluation and reassessment c. identification of the problem d. agenda setting or the prioritization of problems e. program implementation Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 11.1 Skill: Recall 36) ________ attempt(s) to reduce criminal opportunities by changing people's routine activities or by incapacitating convicted offenders. a. Social epidemiology b. Nurturant strategies c. Public health d. Deterrence strategies e. Protection/avoidance strategies Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 11.2 Skill: Recall 37) As part of the National Crime Prevention Strategy, __________________ provides time-limited grant and contribution funding to enhance the security infrastructure of communities that are targeted for hate-motivated crime. a. The Communities at Risk: Security Infrastructure Program b. The Crime Prevention Action Fund c. The Northern and Aboriginal Crime Prevention Fund d. Select Project Crime Prevention Fund e. Southern Project Incarceration Fund Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 11: Criminology and Social Policy: From Research to Evidence-Based Policy 38) The Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design model focuses on all of the following EXCEPT a. natural surveillance. b. natural access control. c. territorial reinforcement. d. defensible space. e. age of the offender.

Answer: e Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Skill: Recall 39) Which of the following is an example of a deterrence strategy? a. Installation of proper lighting in a parking garage. b. Increasing programs for infant and maternal health care. c. Developing mandatory minimum sentences. d. Starting up a neighbourhood watch program. e. Developing child care programs for the working poor.

Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.2 Skill: Applied 40) Which of the following is an example of a nurturant strategy? a. Developing a stay in school project. b. Developing mandatory minimum sentences. c. Reducing the number of entry and exit points on a neighbourhood block. d. Increasing penalties for offences committed using a firearm. e. Decreasing the age at which one is considered a young offender.

Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.2 Skill: Applied

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 11: Criminology and Social Policy: From Research to Evidence-Based Policy 41) Which of the following is an example of a protection/avoidance strategy? a. Decreasing the age at which one is considered a young offender. b. Developing an anger management program for youth. c. Reducing the number of entry and exit points on a neighbourhood block. d. Increasing penalties for offences committed using a firearm. e. Introducing a parenting skills group for men.

Answer: c Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 11.2 Skill: Applied 42) In 1971, ________ wrote the seminal work on CPTED principles entitled Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design, essentially introducing the concept to North America. a. C. Wright Mills b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. C. Ray Jeffery e. Timothy Crowe Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Skill: Recall 43) "Natural access control" refers to ________. a. keeping potential intruders under observation b. using gates and locks to deny access to a site c. extending the sphere of influence through physical design d. decreasing the opportunity for crime e. providing common spaces for interaction Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 11: Criminology and Social Policy: From Research to Evidence-Based Policy 44) Traditional _________________ crime prevention approaches have employed physical or artificial barriers such as locks, alarms, fences, and gates to deny access to a crime target. a. Neighbourhood watch b. School design c. CCTV targeting d. Natural surveillance e. Target hardening Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Skill: Recall 45) The CPTED concept was introduced to Canada in the early 1980s by the ___________________, and has since been endorsed by a great number of police services throughout Canada, many of whom have trained CPTED officers. a. London Police Service b. Peel Regional Police Service c. Edmonton Police Service d. Waterloo Regional Police Service e. Calgary Police Service Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Skill: Recall 46) Modifications to the physical environment, such as those advocated by CPTED principles, will be effective only if they complement community-policing efforts and social programs that address some of the _____________________. a. population density within urban malls b. root causes of crime c. weather fluctuations during the commission of criminal activity d. training of police officers e. economic limitations of municipal rejuvenation programs Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 11: Criminology and Social Policy: From Research to Evidence-Based Policy 47) Keeping potential intruders under observation is known as _________________ in CPTED speak. a. Territorial reinforcement b. Natural access control c. Natural surveillance d. Physical environment control e. City design specifications Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.3 Skill: Recall 48) In 1956, European writer _______________ emphasized what he saw as the difference between criminology and what he termed Kriminalipolitik, meaning the political handling of crime or a criminology-based social policy. a. Hermanus Biachi b. Sigmund Freud c. Michel Foucault d. Ralf Dahrendorf e. Karl Marx Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.4 Skill: Recall 49) __________________ believed that criminology should be considered a “metascience.” a. Bianchi b. Dahrendorf c. Simmel d. Foucault e. Marx Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 11.4 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 11: Criminology and Social Policy: From Research to Evidence-Based Policy 50) According to the text, __________________ prevention programs focus on nuisance abatement, closed-circuit television surveillance cameras, and improved street lighting. a. opinions b. debate c. evidence d. anecdotes e. partisan politics Answer: c Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 11.4 Skill: Recall 51) Briefly elaborate on the crime prevention strategy referred to as the "protection/avoidance strategy."

Answer: Protection/avoidance strategies attempt to reduce criminal opportunities by changing people’s routine activities, increasing guardianship, or incapacitating convicted offenders.

Incapacitating convicted offenders through incarceration or the use of electronic monitoring would be considered examples of protection/avoidance strategies. Target hardening or opportunity reduction through the use of architectural design, crime prevention programs such as neighbourhood watch, and increased policing also fit into this category.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 11.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 11: Criminology and Social Policy: From Research to Evidence-Based Policy 52) List the three specific objectives of the National Crime Prevention Strategy.

Answer: The three specific objectives of the National Strategy are as follows: 1. To promote the integrated action of key governmental and non-governmental partners to reduce crime and victimization; 2. To assist communities in developing and implementing community-based solutions that contribute to crime and victimization, particularly as they affect children, youth, women, and Aboriginal people; 3. To increase public awareness of and support for effective approaches to crime prevention.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 11.3 Skill: Recall 53) According to CPTED Ontario, what are the four components of natural access control applications?

Answer: 1 Providing clear border definition of controlled space; 2 Limiting uncontrolled and/or unobserved access onto properties, buildings, and private space; 3 Adding dense or thorny landscaping as a natural barrier to reinforce fences and discourage unwanted entry, and; 4 Using space to provide natural barriers to conflicting activities.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 11.3 Skill: Recall 54) According to your text, there are four strategies of prevention programs that are evidence-based to be effective crime prevention strategies. List and briefly elaborate upon these four strategies.

1. Family-based prevention programs: home visitation, daycare/preschool, parent training (with younger children), home/community parent training (with older children), and multisystemic therapy; 2. Community-based prevention programs: gang member intervention programs focused on reducing cohesion among youth gangs and individual gang members, community-based mentoring, and after-school recreation; 3. School-based prevention programs: school and discipline management, interventions to establish norms or expectations for behaviour and self-control, or

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 11: Criminology and Social Policy: From Research to Evidence-Based Policy social competency instruction using cognitive-behaviour instruction methods, and; 4. Place-focused prevention programs: nuisance abatement, closed-circuit television surveillance cameras, and improved street lighting.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 11.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 12: The Globalization of Crime: Our Small World

1) In Canada, trafficking in humans was not recognized as an offence until November 2001, when Bill C-11 amended the former Immigration Act. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 12.2 Skill: Recall 2) The relatively low risks associated with trafficking and the potential for substantial profits have, in many cases, induced criminals to become involved as an alternative to other, riskier criminal pursuits. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 12.2 Skill: Recall 3) There are two categories of cybercrime recognized by the Canadian Police College – one in which a computer is the tool of the crime and one in which the computer is the object of the crime. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 4) In many instances, revisions to legislation ensure that existing offences are defined in such a way as to address the new technological aspects of the crime. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 12: The Globalization of Crime: Our Small World

5) The United States utilizes DCS-3000, an FBI-developed network diagnostic tool that is capable of assisting in criminal investigations by monitoring and capturing large amounts of Internet traffic.. a. True b. False Answer: A Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 12.3 Skill: Applied 6) In jurisdictions with computer-aided dispatch (CAD) systems, police dispatchers are prompted by computers for important information that allows them to distinguish a location. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 12.3 Skill: Applied 7) The “spider-man snare” is a 16-foot wide net that is compressed into a small shotgunlike shell and used to incapacitate fleeing suspects. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 8) Biometric technologies are used for two main purposes: to identify individuals in a database and to support identity assurance, meaning that a user of a system is who he or she claims to be. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 12.3

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 12: The Globalization of Crime: Our Small World

Skill: Recall

9) "Software piracy" refers to the unauthorized and illegal copying of software programs. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 10) A computer-manipulation crime (a.k.a. Computer Fraud) includes embezzlement. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 11) Computer viruses have shown signs of becoming effective terrorist-like tools in the hands of young, disaffected “technonerds” intent on attacking or destroying existing social institutions. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 12) The Anti-Phishing Working Group (APWG) is a coalition of banks and ISPs working to prevent phishing attacks on their respective clients. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 12: The Globalization of Crime: Our Small World

13) Transnational crime refers to unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across provincial boundaries. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 12.1 Skill: Recall 14) All computer crime is committed for financial gain. a. True b. False Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 15) As new technologies are developed, their potential usefulness in law enforcement activities is evaluated by the RCMP, the FBI, and other agencies a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 16) On a global scale, there appears to be a shared agreement that society is experiencing a period of unprecedented change in both substance and pace. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 12.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 12: The Globalization of Crime: Our Small World

17) The automated measurement of human traits and identifiers such as face, finger, and iris recognition is now a wide-spread practice among law enforcement agencies and others. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 18) Nymi is a Toronto-based startup that created a wristband than can identify its wearer based on their electrocardiogram. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 19) The popularity of the fingerprint scanner on Apple iPhones have made consumers more comfortable and familiar with biometrics. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 20) In the context of the use of biometrics in Canada, biometric technologies are currently being used in many commercial environments such as at Canadian banks to fight fraud. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 12: The Globalization of Crime: Our Small World

21) Even with the appropriate legislation in place, it is difficult to lay charges for human trafficking as these are not regular criminal cases. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 12.2 Skill: Recall 22) The increasing integration of previously isolated events in all spheres of endeavour, and their overlapping impact on people far and wide, are important aspects of globalization. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 12.1 Skill: Recall 23) Biometrics can identify users based on how they bahave – for instance, their typing patterns or the way they swipe across the screen on a mobile device. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: TF LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 24) Women and children comprise the largest group of victims in the crime of human trafficking. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 12.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 12: The Globalization of Crime: Our Small World

25) Canada is largely a destination and a transit country for women who are trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation. a. True b. False Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: TF LO: 12.2 Skill: Recall 26) One of the quickest adopters of biometric technologies have been _____________. a. Banks and the Financial Sector b. World Future Society c. Foresight Criminology Program d. Canadian Society of Criminological Appliers e. Gymnasium and Fitness Facilities Answer: a Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 27) A numer of specialized software programs, such as ____________, can assist police artists in rendering composite images of suspects and missing victims. a. Carter-task b. ImAger c. BidenBuilding d. PicSmart e. KaxTaps Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 12: The Globalization of Crime: Our Small World

28) The Criminal Intelligence Service Canada (CISC) reports that today's organized crime syndicates have become quasi-corporate in their activities and are now involved in all of the following EXCEPT ________. a. arms dealing b. globalization c. environmental crime d. trafficking and smuggling of humans e. money laundering Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 12.1 Skill: Recall 29) Any crime that involves a computer as the object of the crime or as the tool used to commit a material component of the offence is known as ________. a. Cross-national crime b. Comparative crime c. Multi-national crime d. Cybercrime e. Cross-cultural crime Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 30) In 2010, the Canadian government launched ________________ designed to enhance the protection from cyberthreats for Canadian governments, industries, and families. a. Cybercrime Antiproliferation Bill b. Cyber Security Strategy c. Cyber Network Protection Act d. Bill C-913 e. Bill C-19 Answer: b Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 12: The Globalization of Crime: Our Small World

31) According to the textbook, ________ is vital to the success of any endeavour, and certain forms of information hold nearly incalculable value for those who possess it. a. internet connectivity b. information c. hacking tools d. compter systems that are mobile e. a computer monitor that is in colour Answer: b Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 32) According to the text, this was the most damaging virus or worm of all time to affect corporations worldwide. a. Reign b. Mydoom c. Sasser d. Blaster e. Code Red Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 33) The use of official-looking email messages to steal valuable information such as credit card numbers or user IDs is known as ________. a. email phreaking b. email fraud c. internet piracy d. phishing e. softlifting Answer: d Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 12: The Globalization of Crime: Our Small World

34) Canada’s most recent strategy to tackle cybercrime and introduce a robust cybersecurity strategy is found in the ____________________. a. RCMP Hack Attack Document b. National Cyber Security Action Plan, 2019-2024 c. FBI Anti Computer Crime Act d. NSA Prevent Crime Act e. CSIS and FBI Joint Action Plan Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 35) The WannaCry virus infected millions of computers worldwide and caused over ____________ of damage. a. $5 million b. $50 million c. $500 million d. $100 billion e. $100 trillion Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 36) All of the following statements indicate different challenges to the prevention and control of cybercrime EXCEPT ________ a. "a criminal can target victims all over the world." b. "a criminal can store evidence in remote locations." c. "a criminal can commit a crime from any country in the world." d. "a criminal can hide his or her identity by using computer systems located in many different countries." e. "a criminal can commit crimes at any time of the day or night."

Answer: e Diff: 1 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 12: The Globalization of Crime: Our Small World

37) ________ computers are able to compare and eliminate from consideration many thousands of fingerprints per second, sometimes leading to the identification of a suspect in a short time. a. CITIG’s b. ABCD’s c. CSIS’s d. AFIS’s e. CSEC’s Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 38) _____________ is the unauthorized collection and use of personal information, usually for criminal purpose. a. Computer fraud b. Computer theft c. Identity theft d. Identity cross-examination e. Authentication fraud Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 39) A ________ is a set of computer instructions that propagates copies or versions of itself into computer programs or data when it is executed. a. macro virus b. cyber virus c. system virus d. computer virus e. polymorphic virus Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 12: The Globalization of Crime: Our Small World

40) PIPEDA is the acronym for Canada’s __________________. a. Personal Internet Protocol for Elections Digitization Act b. People In Privacy Efforts Demand Action c. Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act d. Personal Information Protection and Election Defence Army e. personal Internet Protocol and Effective Privacy Act Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 41) The most recent Canadian Survey of Cyber Security and Cybercrime reported that ______________ of Canadian businesses were impacted by cybercrime incidents. a. 3 percent b. 13 percent c. 21 percent d. 51 percent e. 75 percent Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 42) ________________ is the exploitation of unwilling or unwitting people through force, coercion, threat, or deception. a. Trafficking in Biometric Data b. Trafficking in Persons c. Human smuggling d. Human Sacrifice e. Trafficking in illegal narcotics Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 12: The Globalization of Crime: Our Small World

43) As ______________________ advances, it facilitates new forms of behaviour, so we can be certain that tomorrow’s crimes will differ from those of today. a. transnationalism b. narcotic synthesis c. technology d. enculturalization e. verification Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 44) Biometric technologies typically involve ________ when they are used in the area of crime prevention. a. Identification b. Verification c. hand geometry d. finger scanning e. recognition Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 45) ______________________ is an organization that provides the facilities to certain criminal intelligence units of Canadian law enforcement agencies in the fight against organizaed crime and other serious crime in Canada. a. CIBC b. CDC c. CNDC d. CISC e. CBC Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.1 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 12: The Globalization of Crime: Our Small World

46) The creation and transmission of destructive computer viruses and other malicious forms of programming code are a type of computer crime that is typically committed by ________. a. adult males b. adult females c. young females d. young males e. young "disaffected technonerds" Answer: d Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 47) The Global Report on Trafficking in Persons, 2018, produced by the United Nations office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimates that in 2017 there were over ___________ victims of human trafficking. a. six million b. 90,000 c. 16 million d. 10 million e. 500,000 Answer: b Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.2 Skill: Recall 48) In Canada, trafficking in humans wasn't recognized as an offence until ___________. a. November 2001 b. November 2003 c. March 2004 d. March 2008 e. April 2008 Answer: a Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.2 Skill: Recall

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 12: The Globalization of Crime: Our Small World

49) The terms trojan horse, logic bombs, trap doors, viruses, and ransomware are most associated with what category of cybercrime? a. Internal Cybercrimes (Malware) b. Voice over Internet Protocol c. Support of Criminal Enterprises d. Embezzlement e. Misuse of telephone systems Answer: a Diff: 3 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 50) A number of specialized technologies are now being utilized by police agencies and criminal justice personnel to battle crime. One of these technologies is CAD or ________________________ systems, which allow for distinguishing a location by dispatcher. a. computer-assisted delivery and mapping b. crime analysis dispatch c. computer-aided dispatch d. Cop Artist Design e. computer assisted designing Answer: c Diff: 2 Type: MC LO: 12.3 Skill: Recall 51) List and briefly elaborate upon the seven (7) types of terrorism as defined in your textbook.

Answer: The seven types of terrorism are: (1) National terrorism - terrorist activities involving national borders; (2) State terrorism – terrorist activities sanctioned by a government to frighten citizens and stifle consent;; (3) Revolutionary terrorism – terrorist activities aimed at the political and philosohical nature of government;; (4) Reactionary terrorism – activities related to the prevention of societal or governmental changes (5) Religious terrorism – terrorist activities used to further religious objectives; (6) Vigilante terrorism – terrorist activities committed by private citizens against other private citizens, and;

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Canadian Criminology Today, Theories and Applications, Seventh Edition Chapter 12: The Globalization of Crime: Our Small World

(7) Single-issue terrorism – terrorist activities focusing on a specific, singular issue such as animal rights, the environment, or anti-abortion.

Diff: 2 Type: ES LO: 12.4 Skill: Recall 52) What is ITERPOL and what does it do?

Answer: INTERPOL is the International Criminal Police Organization and it is headquartered in Lyon, France. INTERPOL’s primary purpose is to act as a clearinghouse for information on offences and suspects who are believed to operate across national boundaries. The organization is committed to promoting “the widest possible mutual assistance between all criminal police authorities within the limits of laws existing in … different countries and in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.” The agency has ne powers of arrest or of search and seizure in member countries and INTERPOL’s main purpose is to facilitate, coordinate, and encourage police cooperation as a means of combatting international crime.

Diff: 3 Type: ES LO: 12.4 Skill: Recall

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