Adventures in the Human Spirit, 6E Philip E Bishop Test Bank

Type:

Test Bank

Resource:

Adventures in the Human Spirit

Edition:

6th Edition

Author(s):

Philip E. Bishop

Test Item File For

Adventures in the Human Sprit SIXTH EDITION

Philip Bishop .Email: richard@qwconsultancy.com

1

Contents 2. The Ancient World

3

3. Ancient Greece: The Classical Spirit

10

4. Ancient Rome: The Spirit of Empire

18

5. The Sprit of Monotheism: Judaism, Christianity, Islam

26

6. The Early Middle Ages: The Feudal Spirit

35

7. The Late Middle Ages: The Gothic Awakening

44

8. The Renaissance Spirit in Italy

52

9. Reformation and Late Renaissance

59

10. The Spirit of Baroque

67

11. The Spirit of Enlightenment

75

12. Revolution and Romanticism

83

13. The Industrial Age: The Spirit of Materialism

91

14. The Spirit of Modernism

99

15. The Contemporary Spirit

107

2

2

The Ancient World Test Item File

MULTIPLE-CHOICE 1.

The term megalith is properly applied to what work of the ancient world? a. tomb of Nefertari b.

Stonehenge c. pyramids at Giza d.

Woman from Willendorf Answer: b Page ref: 26

2.

In which of these would one expect to encounter a depiction of the exploits of Gilgamesh? a. painted inside an Egyptian tomb b. carved on a megalithic structure c. decorating a Shang dynasty bronze bell d. described in a Mesopotamian epic Answer: d Page ref: 28

3.

What term or topic would be most relevant to a discussion of monumental architecture in the ancient world? a. the caves of Lascaux b.

Vedic hymns c. hieroglyph d. ziggurat Answer: d Page ref: 27

4.

In which of these civilizations or sites would one expect to find a mythic tiger carved of precious jade? a.

Shang b.

Babylon c.

Lascaux d.

Amarna Answer: a Page ref: 35

5.

Which statement best describes the bull’s head lyre found in an ancient Sumerian site? a. constructed of gold and lapis lazuli b. buried in a royal tomb with its owner c. inscribed with royal laws and decrees d. shaped of fired clay and painted in red 3

Answer: a Page ref: 27 6.

At which of these sites did archaeologists find ancient and remarkable prehistoric cave paintings? a.

Ur-Nammu and Persepolis b.

Stonehenge and Göbekli Tepe c.

Lascaux and Chauvet d.

Karnak and Luxor Answer: c Page ref: 25-26

7.

The carved figures of Mycerinus and His Queen, which probably stood along a long causeway, were created by what ancient civilization? a.

Olmec b.

Old Babylonian c.

Indus Valley d.

Egyptian Answer: d Page ref: 31

8.

Hammurabi’s Code would be most relevant to a discussion of what topic in the development of ancient civilization? a. the transmission of secret knowledge or “mysteries” b. the sculptural representation of the human form c. the development of ancient legal systems d. the worship of an ancient Mother Goddess Answer: c Page ref: 28

9.

What ancient Near Eastern ruler revived the power of the city of Babylon and rebuilt it in grand fashion with an imposing gate and a multi-layered ziggurat? a.

Nebuchadnezzar b.

Cyrus c.

Ramses II d.

Hammurabi Answer: a Page ref: 28-29

10.

What would one expect to find on a ritual wine vessel (a hu) of the Shang dynasty, China? a. cuneiform writing b. a taotie decoration c. an epic myth of Marduk d. the face of Agamemnon Answer: b Page ref: 36

11.

The prayers and hymns of the Vedas were the creation of what ancient civilization? a.

Indian b.

Andean c.

Egyptian d.

Persian Answer: a Page ref: 34

12.

The great cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were discovered in what ancient region or empire?

4

a. along the banks of the Nile b. the Persian empire c. on the island of Crete d. in the Indus Valley Answer: d Page ref: 33 13.

The limestone dancing figures found in the ruins of the Indus Valley civilization demonstrate what aesthetic quality? a. distinctive sense of movement and tension b. a stylized stiffness and formality c. monumental scale appropriate to large architecture d. dramatic conflict and emotion Answer: a Page ref: 34

14.

Where would the figures of Isis and Osiris most likely be found? a. guarding the body of a Zhou ruler b. inscribed on a column in Old Babylon c. painted on the tomb of the Egyptian queen Nefertari d. at the foot of a Sumerian ziggurat Answer: c Page ref: 33

15.

Which of these structures is associated with the singular rule of Akhenaten, the unorthodox Egyptian pharaoh? a.

Stonehenge b. caves of Lascaux c. ziggurat of Ur-Nammu d. temple of Amarna Answer: d Page ref: 32

16.

Which of these structures functioned as an elaborate tomb for god-like rulers? a. pyramid at Giza b.

Stonehenge c. ziggurat of Ur-Nammu d.

Great Bath of Mohenjo-Daro Answer: a Page ref: 31

17.

The ritual wine vessel (hu) of the Shang Dynasty demonstrates the ancient Chinese skill in what medium? a. fired clay b. cast bronze c. stone carving d. megalithic construction Answer: b Page ref: 35-36

18.

What ancient sacred text contains an account of the mythic battle between Marduk and Tiamat, gods of the ancient Sumerians and Babylonians? a.

Vedas b.

Enuma elish c.

Hymn to Aten 5

d.

Epic of Gilgamesh Answer: b Page ref: 27 19.

The Sumerians were the first people of the ancient world to accomplish which of the following? a. achieve naturalism in life-size sculpture b. conquer the Greek city-states c. develop forms of writing d. construct bronze weapons Answer: c Page ref: 26

20.

What characterized ancient Egyptian mythology? a. a focus on dominant earth- and mother-goddesses b. an elaborate interest in life after death c. the belief in a single, all-powerful father god d. gods with human traits of weakness and vanity Answer: b Page ref: 31

21.

Ancient Indian civilization of South Asia was most noted for which of these works? a. the Epic of Gilgamesh b.

Hammurabi’s Code c. the Vedas and Upanishads d. stepped ziggurats Answer: c Page ref: 34

22.

Which statement describes the principal artistic achievement of the Mesoamerican Olmec civilization? a. lavishly decorated royal tombs b. large columned temples for ritual sacrifice c. naturalistic sculptures of the human figure in motion d. colossal helmeted heads carved in stone Answer: d Page ref: 36

23.

What term or topic would be most relevant to a discussion of the earliest American civilizations? a. the cave paintings of Lascaux b. the Vedas and Upanishads c. the court of Akhenaten d. the cultivation of maize and cotton Answer: d Page ref: 36

24.

What geographic feature provided the center of early human cultures in the South American continent? a. the Andes range of mountains b. the Mesopotamian plain c. the great river valley of the Amazon d. limestone caves and caverns Answer: a Page ref: 36

25.

The first great cities of the ancient world arose in what region?

6

a.

Mesopotamia b.

Yellow River valley c.

Nile River valley d. central Europe Answer: a Page ref: 26 26.

In the view of modern scholars, which factor likely played the greatest role in humans’ different rates of cultural development in the ancient world? a. the absence of large river systems in the New World b. the genetic superiority of some human populations c. the fertile soils and warm climate of Africa and the Americas d. the ease of migration across the land mass of Europe and Asia Answer: d Page ref: 35

27.

What statement best describes the Persian kingdom established by the rulers Cyrus II and Darius, who built a capital at Persepolis? a. memorialized its rulers with gigantic stone heads b. undertook the construction of monumental pyramids c. created the last and greatest empire of the ancient Near East d. fostered a rich religious heritage of sacred texts Answer: c Page ref: 30

28.

What topic or term would be most useful in discussing the epic tale of Gilgamesh, whose heroic life culminates in a search for immortality? a. cuneiform b. polytheism c. megalith d. sacred kingship Answer: d Page ref: 28

29.

What statement best describes the significance of the ancient site of Göbekli Tepe, in modern-day Turkey? a. the oldest megalithic shrine yet discovered b. the capital of a powerful Assyrian king c. the location of brilliantly painted caves d. a complex of gigantic pyramidal altars Answer: a Page ref: 26

30.

What term would be most useful in explaining the period of rapid cultural progress when humans learned to make stone tools, sew clothes, and paint the walls of rock caves? a. epic b.

Upper Paleolithic c. archetype d. cuneiform Answer: b Page ref: 25

7

COMPLETION 1.

The “large-stone” structures of the ancient world, such as Stonehenge in England, are called art.

Answer: megalithic Page ref: 26

2.

The tablets.

Answer: Sumerians Page ref: 26

3.

In ancient myths, modern psychologists find evidence of deep-rooted, universal mental images called .

Answer: archetypes Page ref: 29

4.

The last and greatest empire of the ancient Near East was the Cyrus II and Darius.

Answer: Persian Page ref: 30

empire, ruled by

5.

The ancient Egyptians’ belief in many gods is an example of religious attitude of the ancient world.

Answer: polytheism Page ref: 30

, the most common

6.

In a brief but significant episode of ancient Egyptian history, the pharaoh his queen Nefertari fostered a court of religious and artistic innovation.

Answer: Akhenaten Page ref: 32

7.

In Asia, the wave of urbanization produced remarkable cities in the located in modern-day Pakistan and India.

Answer: Indus Page ref: 33

Valley,

8.

The earliest great civilizations of ancient China excelled in the arts of .

Answer: jade carving; cast bronze Page ref: 35

and

were the first people to develop writing, in the form of marks on clay

8

and

SHORT-ANSWER 9.

Characterize the likely purpose or function of stone-age art.

10.

Identify two common religious themes and artistic features in ancient Near Eastern civilizations.

11.

Define myth in its function as “sacred history” in the ancient world.

12.

Explain the religious purpose or meaning of two works of Egyptian art.

13.

Identify three major artistic or philosophical achievements of early Asian civilizations.

14.

Identify the principal centers of ancient American civilization.

ESSAY & DISCUSSION 15.

Much of ancient religion and mythic belief concerned itself with death and the life beyond death.

Illustrate ancient beliefs about death with examples drawn from several different ancient civilizations. Briefly compare these ancient beliefs with beliefs and customs today.

16.

In analyzing the artistic achievements of the ancient world, how would you explain the steps or stages of human progress, as measured in works of art, architecture, and literature? In citing several examples from different civilizations, note the stages or phases of this progression and explain the factors that encouraged each new step.

17.

Evaluate the images of women in the art of the ancient world. Assess what roles and symbolic significance are attributed to women in these artistic guises, and compare briefly to other artistic or cultural images that you know.

9

3

Ancient Greece: The Classical Spirit Test Item File

MULTIPLE-CHOICE 1.

Rituals involving bull-leaping and female snake deities or priestesses are associated with what ancient civilization? a. classical Greek b.

Minoan c.

Hellenistic Greek d.

Mycenaean Answer: b Page ref: 40

2.

Which qualities best characterize the Minoan civilization of ancient Crete? a. aggressive and warlike b. fascinated with death and the afterlife c. dominated by a god-like ruler d. pleasure-loving and skilled in craft Answer: d Page ref: 40

3.

What might one expect to find in an archeological excavation at the ancient palace complex at Knossos, on the island of Crete? a. fragments of a bronze wine vessel b. a Snake Goddess figure c. the "Mask of Agamemnon" d. a life-size statue modeled after Egyptian sculpture Answer: b Page ref: 40

4.

What culture or period could you best illustrate with the beaten gold funeral mask of a ruler mistaken for Agamemnon, remembered as a hero of the Trojan War? a.

Archaic Greek b.

Hellenistic Greek c.

Mycenaean d.

Minoan Answer: c Page ref: 41

5.

What civilization attacked and plundered the city of Troy and provided the dim cultural memory on which the Homeric poems were based? a.

Old Babylonian b.

Mycenaean 10

c.

Indus Valley d.

Egyptian Answer: b Page ref: 41 6.

What term or topic would be most useful in discussing the form and technique of the Homeric poems, the Iliad and Odyssey? a. red-figure b. contrapposto c. epic d. entasis Answer: c Page ref: 41

7.

In what work would one expect to learn of the exploits of Achilles, Hector, and Odysseus? a.

Sophocles’ Oedipus the King b.

Hesiod’s Theogony c.

Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics d.

Homer’s Iliad Answer: d Page ref: 41

8.

What phrase best describes the achievement of Sappho? a. became lover and advisor to Pericles b. eloped with Paris to prompt Trojan War c. killed her husband, the king Agamemnon d. famed as lyric poet and lover of women Answer: d Page ref: 42

9.

Where would one expect to find a description of Chaos and the birth of the gods from mother earth? a.

Aeschylus’ Oresteian tragedies b.

Homer’s Odyssey c.

Plato’s dialogues d.

Hesiod’s Theogony Answer: d Page ref: 43

10.

What Greek thinker or philosophical group first asserted that a mathematical harmony could be found in the universe’s underlying structures? a. the Pythagoreans b.

Aristotle c. the Epicureans d.

Socrates Answer: a Page ref: 44

11.

What term best describes or explains the atomists’ belief that the entire universe consisted of tiny physical particles in different combinations? a. idealism b. classicism c.

Hellenism d. materialism Answer: d 11

Page ref: 44 12.

The Dipylon Amphora, painted with primitive human figures, is typical of what technique in vase painting? a. classical b. red-figure c. post-and-lintel d. geometric Answer: d Page ref: 44

13.

Which statement best describes the Delian League, an alliance of Greek city-states in the classical era? a. resisted the conquests of Alexander b. transformed into Athenian empire c. spread Greek culture across the Eastern world d. attacked Troy and the cities of Asia Minor Answer: b Page ref: 47

14.

What features is distinctive of an Ionic column on a classical building? a. lack of a base b. scrolled capitals c. thick cigar shape d. wide grooves Answer: b Page ref: 50

15.

The geometric technique is important in what activity? a. sculpting free-standing stone statues b. the painting of ceramic vases c. casting a bronze figure d. erecting a classical Greek temple Answer: b Page ref: 44

16.

The Kritios Boy, with its subtly tilted shoulders and hips, can be seen as the beginning of what period of ancient Greek art? a.

Classical b.

Mycenaean c.

Archaic d.

Hellenistic Answer: a Page ref: 46

17.

What work best illustrates the moment in Greek art when the stiff symmetry of the Archaic style was being softened by a new human interest and naturalism? a. the Calf-bearer b.

Laocoön and his Sons c. the Riace Warrior d.

Dying Gaul Answer: a Page ref: 46

12

18.

Who was Athens’ most important political leader during its Golden Age, the period of the Parthenon’s construction? a.

Sophocles b.

Alexander c.

Pericles d.

Pergamon Answer: c Page ref: 47

19.

A caryatid column was employed in what work of art? a. the theater of Epidaurus b. the Propylaea c. the Erechtheum d. the Parthenon Answer: c Page ref: 51

20.

On the Parthenon in Athens, what scene is depicted on the temple’s inner or cella (Ionic) frieze? a. the funeral of Pericles b. the competition of Athena and Poseidon c.

Apollo quieting the centaurs d. a procession of Athenian citizens Answer: d Page ref: 52

21.

Flutes and a capital are involved in what part of a classical temple? a. frieze b. column c. ceiling d. cella Answer: b Page ref: 50-51

22.

In which work would you find one of the classical orders employed? a.

Homer’s Iliad b. the Kritios Boy c.

Sappho’s lyric poems d. the Parthenon Answer: d Page ref: 50

23.

Which can be seen as a high point of the Archaic style of early Greek sculpture, with its conventionalized style and stiff posture? a. the Riace Warrior b.

Praxiteles’ Aphrodite of Cnidos c.

Three Goddesses of the Parthenon d.

Kouros from Attica Answer: d Page ref: 45-46

24.

How would the technique of contrapposto most likely be used? a. estimate the height of a temple’s columns b. calculate the distance between columns c. represent a human figure in sculpture d. defend the acropolis from attack 13

Answer: c Page ref: 54 25.

Who was the first great Greek tragedian, in whose dramas the suffering of humans eventually led to the recognition of divine wisdom? a.

Sophocles b.

Aeschylus c.

Aristophanes d.

Euripides Answer: b Page ref: 57

26.

Which of these might best be cited as an example of hubris, that arrogant and self-destructive pride which often led to the violation of the Greek ideal of balance and self-restraint? a.

Pericles b.

Aristotle c.

Alexander d.

Oedipus Answer: d Page ref: 57

27.

Which Athenian tragedian–the last of classical Athens’ three great tragic playwrights–“sought to show people as they are, not as they ought to be?” a.

Thespis b.

Aeschylus c.

Euripides d.

Sophocles Answer: c Page ref: 58

28.

Which set of terms would be most useful in discussing ancient Greek ideas and practice in music? a. entasis and architrave b. catharsis and skene c.

Homeric and lyric d. aulos and ethos Answer: d Page ref: 58-59

29.

How is the Athenian Aristophanes best described? a. the philosophical “gadfly” of Athens b. chief proponent of rebuilding the acropolis c. the city’s greatest comic playwright d. founder of the Academy in Athens Answer: c Page ref: 58

30.

For what purpose was an orchestra in classical Athens most likely used? a. a podium for speech-making in the marketplace b. storing props and costumes c. educating young boys in musical theory d. a dancing area for a tragic chorus Answer: d Page ref: 57

14

31.

During what period of Greek civilization would one most likely see an idealized and rationally proportioned statue of a god or athlete, poised in a harmonious balance? a.

Mycenaean b. classical c.

Archaic d.

Hellenistic Answer: b Page ref: 54

32.

What philosopher or group of philosophers reasoned that happiness could be found in a mean between two extremes of behavior? a.

Confucius b. materialists c.

Aristotle d. idealists Answer: c Page ref: 61-62

33.

What does the philosopher Aristotle describe with the term catharsis? a. the cleansing of the theater audience’s fear and pity b. the fatal error committed by a tragic hero c. the circular area where the chorus danced and sang d. the poetic structure of Greek tragic drama Answer: a Page ref: 58

34.

How is the Confucian concept of jen best described? a. belief in an unchanging and underlying order of the universe b. the validity of debate and discussion as a means to discovering truth c. the cultivation of individual benevolence and humanity, leading to right action d. detachment from all desire and ambition, except obedience to the gods Answer: c Page ref: 61

35.

What historical event inaugurated the Hellenistic era of Greek civilization? a.

Alexander the Great’s conquests in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Asia b. the Athenians’ defeat of the Persians in 480 B.C. c. an invasion that devastated Mycenaean cities d.

Pericles’ reconstruction of the Athenian acropolis Answer: a Page ref: 62

36.

Which would one have most likely have observed during the Hellenistic era? a. sculptors at work on statues wearing an “archaic smile” b. stoic philosophers debating a question of ethical conduct c. workers constructing the Parthenon in Athens d. the unveiling of a new sculptural work by Polyclitus Answer: b Page ref: 64

37.

Which work best illustrates the emotional intensity and drama of the Hellenistic style in sculpture? a. the Parthenon Three Goddesses b. the Riace Warrior c.

Koré of Chios 15

d.

Laocoön and his Sons Answer: d Page ref: 65 38.

In which of these urban centers might one have found displayed the sculpture Dying Gaul, a realistic and individualized statue of a dying warrior? a.

Mycenae b.

Sparta c.

Pergamon d.

Athens Answer: c Page ref: 65

39.

What best characterized Hellenistic-era architecture, as distinct from classical Greek architecture a. use of the somber and simple Doric order b. lavish decoration of buildings with exterior sculpture c. integration of different buildings into a unified complex d. use of the arch to build multi-story structures Answer: c Page ref: 65

40.

Which statement best describes the view of the Epicurean philosophers of the Hellenistic world? a. the good life consists of moderate pleasure and the avoidance of pain b. the heavenly bodies are arrayed in a musical-mathematical harmony c. all truth is relative to the individual person’s knowledge and perception d. the perfect state would be ruled by reluctant “philosopher-kings” Answer: a Page ref: 64

COMPLETION 41.

Sometime in the 12th century B.C., Mycenaean warriors mounted an expedition to the city of in Asia Minor, an event remembered in later poetic epics.

Answer: Troy Page ref: 41

42.

The subject of Homer’s epic poem the Iliad begins with a dispute between the commander Agamemnon and the Achaeans’ greatest warrior, as .

Answer: Achilles Page ref: 41

43.

The early Greek philosophers who speculated that everything in the natural world was derived from a primal stuff, such as water or air, were called .

Answer: materialists Page ref: 44

44.

The wars began the Golden Age of Athens and the brought the age to an end.

Answer: Persian and Peloponnesian Page ref: 46

45.

The Greeks classical ideal arose from their quest to discover Answer: logical order, proportion, measure, balance Page ref: 53

16

wars

in the world.

46.

The Greek tragic theater began as a worship of Dionysus, Greek god of Answer: wine and intoxication Page ref: 56

47.

Aristophanes was the most important author of ancient Greek Answer: comedy Page ref: 58

48.

The Greek doctrine of conduct.

Answer: ethos Page ref: 59

.

.

held that music could be used to influence human

SHORT-ANSWER 49.

Briefly contrast the character of Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations.

50.

Describe the significance of the Homeric epics.

51.

Recount the story of Athens’ Golden Age, with reference to its achievements and failures.

52.

Analyze the Parthenon of Athens as a work of civic pride and political propaganda.

53.

Characterize the Archaic, classical, and Hellenistic styles of Greek sculpture.

54.

Recount the “tragedy” of Oedipus, with reference to his tragic character and tragic error.

55.

Summarize the different aims of philosophy, as pursued first by early Greek philosophers and then by the sophists and Socrates.

56.

Explain Greek belief about music’s effect on the human character.

57.

Briefly describe the legacy of Hellenistic civilization in the arts, science, and philosophy.

ESSAY & DISCUSSION 58.

Trace the evolution of Greek sculpture from the archaic through the classical, late classical, and Hellenistic periods. Discuss in detail one example of each stage and explain clearly the stylistic changes that gave rise to each new stage.

59.

The ancient Greeks strove to live according to the motto, “Nothing in excess.” Evaluate the achievements of ancient Greece, from the Archaic period to Alexander, in light of this classical ideal of balance, harmony, and proportion. Support your answer with specific references to historical events and figures, works of art, and philosophical ideas.

60.

Compare the classical era in Greece with the Hellenistic era that followed it in terms of their philosophical idea, sculptural styles, and approach to architecture and city planning. Conclude your comparison by explaining which era appeals more to you and why.

17

4

Ancient Rome: The Spirit of Empire Test Item File

MULTIPLE-CHOICE 1.

The Apollo of Veii demonstrates a sculptural high point of what culture or period? a.

Hellenistic Greece b. republican Rome c.

Rome in the imperial age d.

Etruscan culture Answer: d Page ref: 69

2.

Which of these works is the best example of propaganda designed to glorify the person and power of the Roman emperor? a.

Augustus of Primaporta b.

Pont du Gard c.

Apollo of Veii d.

Basilica of Constantine Answer: a Page ref: 73

3.

What charismatic figure rose to prominence during the period of Roman civil war through his military and administrative skills and then was assassinated for assuming too much power? a.

Cicero b.

Constantine c.

Julius Caesar d.

Trajan Answer: c Page ref: 71

4.

Strolling through the imperial forum in Rome, what would one would be surprised to see a. a proclamation being read from the steps of a temple b. the Buddha teaching to young Roman men c. a triumphal arch commemorating a military victory d. a busy marketplace selling a variety of goods Answer: b Page ref: 75

5.

Which of these works contained a sculptural narrative glorifying the military achievements of a Roman emperor?

18

a.

House of the Silver Wedding (Pompeii) b.

Basilica of Constantine c.

Pantheon in Rome d.

Column of Trajan Answer: d Page ref: 75-77 6.

Which of these was used to carry water to a Roman city? a.

Pantheon b.

Basilica of Constantine c.

Forum of Trajan d.

Pont du Gard Answer: d Page ref: 77

7.

Which of these structures, a masterpiece of Roman engineering, was supported by a complex system of interior arches and vaulting? a.

Colosseum b.

Basilica Ulpia c.

Trajan’s Column d.

Temple of Portunus Answer: a Page ref: 80

8.

How is a dome best described? a. arches stacked on top of one another b. a series of arches intersecting around a central axis c. the intersection of two vaults at right angles d. a series of connected arches open on two ends Answer: b Page ref: 78

9.

In a domed Roman temple, where would one find an oculus? a. atop a column b. in the cella c. in the ceiling d. on the pediment Answer: c Page ref: 81

10.

What would one expect to find in an excavation at Pompeii? a. remains of Etruscan colonial settlements b. ruins of the republican Senate building c. artifacts revealing the nature of Roman daily life d. inscriptions honoring Constantine as first Christian emperor Answer: c Page ref: 84

11.

Where would one most easily find an atrium? a. in a private home in Pompeii b. standing on the Republican forum c. on a frieze glorifying the emperor d. supporting a dome in a Roman temple Answer: a 19

Page ref: 82-83 12.

Plautus and Terence are primarily responsible for the advancement of what Roman art? a. portrait sculpture b. literary satire c. lyric poetry d. dramatic comedy Answer: d Page ref: 85

13.

Virgil's greatest poetic work, the Aeneid, most closely resembles what Greek model? a.

Sophocles' Oedipus the King b.

Marcus Aurelius' Meditations c.

Sappho's lyric poems d.

Homer's epic, the Iliad Answer: d Page ref: 88

14.

What Roman building served as a setting for great public entertainment—gladiatorial combats and slaughters of animals? a.

Colosseum b.

Basilica Ulpia c.

Temple of Portunus d.

Pantheon Answer: a Page ref: 80

15.

Which statement best describes the Temple of Portunus in Rome, built during the late Republican period? a. a memorial to the achievements of a Roman emperor b. an example of a Roman Greek-style temple c. the largest and most important building in imperial Rome d. the last great Roman building built in ancient times Answer: b Page ref: 77

16.

What is the best description of a cross vault ? a. arches stacked on top of one another b. a series of arches intersecting around a central axis c. the intersection of two vaults at right angles d. a series of connected arches open on two ends Answer: c Page ref: 78

17.

The term scaenae frons is most relevant in a discussion of what Roman art? a. fresco painting b. portrait sculpture c. architectural decoration d. dramatic comedy Answer: d Page ref: 87

18.

Which statement best describes the Rome's distinctive contribution to architecture? a. built classical temples on a massive scale 20

b. showed great originality in sculptural decoration c. invented post-and-lintel construction d. developed the arch as a flexible form Answer: d Page ref: 77 19.

What would an Epicurean like Lucretius, author of On the Nature of the Universe, most likely claim to be true? a. knowledge is attainable only through death b. a divine order controls all worldly events c. the good lies in moderate pleasure and freedom from pain d. adversity should be faced with dignity and self-control Answer: c Page ref: 89-91

20.

Which was a monument to Rome's imperial power and achievement? a. the Forum of Trajan b.

House of the Silver Wedding (Pompeii) c. the Pont du Gard d. portrait bust of Cicero Answer: a Page ref: 74-75

21.

The art of mosaic was most useful in the pursuit of what Roman art? a. pictorial decoration b. musical entertainment c. constructing arches d. portrait sculpture Answer: a Page ref: 84

22.

Which was a Roman building that employed a central dome? a.

Colosseum b.

Basilica Ulpia c.

Basilica of Constantine d.

Pantheon Answer: d Page ref: 80-81

23.

In what aspect was Roman civilization markedly different from Greek civilization? a. its love for philosophical speculation b. its interest in the practical and useful c. a tendency toward civil war d. brilliant artistic innovation Answer: b Page ref: 72-73

24.

Which of these Roman writers took the Greek poet Sappho's lyric poetry as principal influence and model? a.

Cicero b.

Juvenal c.

Catullus d.

Virgil Answer: c 21

Page ref: 88 25.

The philosophy of stoicism, propounded by the Roman slave-philosopher Epictetus, declared what basic principle or idea? a.

All humans are brothers and citizens of the world. b.

The gods need not be feared, having no power over our lives. c.

Human suffering arises in selfish attachment and craving. d.

Truth can be reached only by contemplation of the Good.

Answer: a Page ref: 92

26.

In which of these works would one expect to read a bitterly humorous criticism of Rome’s decadence and corruption? a.

Ovid’s Metamorphoses b.

Juvenal’s Satires c.

Catullus’ love poetry d.

Virgil’s Aeneid Answer: b Page ref: 89

27.

In which of these buildings, a centerpiece of Trajan’s forum, could a Roman have strolled through a forest of Corinithian columns on the way to an appearance before a law court? a.

Colosseum b.

Basilica Ulpia c.

Temple of Portunus d.

Pantheon Answer: b Page ref: 75

28.

What was the greatest achievement of Cicero, the late Republican intellectual? a. satirical attacks on Rome’s hypocrisy and corruption b. witty social comedies of mistaken identity and farcical plots c. a long philosophy poem reflecting Epicurean belief d. eloquent speeches in defense of Rome’s republican government Answer: d Page ref: 89

29.

"Firmly, as a Roman and man should, think at all times how you can perform the task at hand with precise and genuine dignity, sympathy, independence, and justice, making yourself free from all other preoccupations." This passage expresses the personal philosophy of what Roman figure? a.

Marcus Aurelius b.

Julius Caesar c.

Juvenal d.

Catullus Answer: a Page ref: 92-93

30.

What would one expect to find in the teachings of the Buddha? a. a speculation on the origins of the cosmos b. a parable of a father's joy at the return of his wayward son c. an explication of the Four Noble Truths d. a spirited defense of republican government Answer: c Page ref: 90-91 22

31.

According to the Buddha, what was the purpose of human knowledge? a. blissful union with a heavenly father b. the historical redemption of the Hebrew nation c. the extinction of all selfish striving and desire d. obedience to the revealed scriptures of God Answer: c Page ref: 90-91

32.

What best describes a principal achievement of the emperor Diocletian? a.

He overthrew the Etruscan kings and founded the Republic b.

His rule resolved a long and violent civil war c.

He sponsored the Pantheon and other architectural projects. d.

His reforms momentarily halted the late Empire’s decline Answer: d Page ref: 93

33.

As adopted by the Romans in their early history, how is the form of government called a republic best described? a.

Important decisions are made by a direct vote of the citizens. b.

The people choose representative to govern in their interests. c.

Power is shared between a hereditary ruler and elected representatives. d.

Patricians and plebeians alternate in holding government power.

Answer: b Page ref: 69

34.

What event or development transformed the Roman empire in the centuries before the rise of Christianity? a.

An Egyptian religious cult converted an emperor and threatened Roman traditions. b.

A violent civil war arose between patrician and plebeian factions. c.

Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes destroyed important Roman cities. d.

Barbarian armies swept through the empire, disrupting the civil order.

Answer: d Page ref: 93

35.

If asked to illustrate the Roman genius for creating lavish architectural interiors as a setting for recreation and pleasure, which of these structures would you most plausibly cite? a.

Baths of Caracalla b.

Pont du Gard c.

Colosseum d.

Temple of Portunus Answer: a Page ref: 79

36.

What term or phrase best describes the Roman stoic principle that the best citizens declare themselves citizens of the world and hence “deliberate about nothing as if [they] were detached from the community?” a. cosmopolitan ideal b.

“Man is the measure of all things” c.

Pax Romana d.

“We have nothing to fear in death” Answer: a Page ref: 76

23

COMPLETION 37.

is the term for the political and social policy in which a single nation or city dominates other territories as its subject nations.

Answer: Imperialism Page ref: 70

38.

Historians give the Latin name enjoyed relative peace and stability.

Answer: Pax Romana Page ref: 72

39.

The architectural form and building material that accounted for Romans’ innovative building program were and .

Answer: the arch/concrete Page ref: 77-78

40.

Roman and other dramatists.

Answer: comedy Page ref: 85

41.

Horace and Juvenal are known for their works of literary ridiculing of human folly or vice.

Answer: satire Page ref: 89

42.

The stoic emperor associated with the end of Rome’s golden age of peace was Answer: Marcus Aurelius Page ref: 92

43.

The Buddha taught that suffering could be understood only through the fundamental assertions about human existence that Buddhism calls .

Answer: the Four Noble Truths Page ref: 90-91

to the 200-year period in which Rome’s empire

was the literary form that later most influenced William Shakespeare

, the art of wittily

.

SHORT-ANSWER 44.

Briefly trace Rome's historical development during the republican period.

45.

Illustrate the uses of Roman art as political propaganda to glorify the emperor and the power of Rome.

46.

Briefly compare the principles of Roman architecture to the architectural style of classical Greece.

47.

Summarize the Romans' most important innovations or achievements in large-scale public architecture.

48.

Explain the role of painting and sculpture in the daily lives of ordinary Romans. Refer specifically to the excavated cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.

49.

Analyze the propagandistic purpose of Virgil's Aeneid, referring specifically to Roman history and the emperor Caesar Augustus.

50.

Summarize the philosophical interest of the Romans in Epicurean and stoic teachings.

24

ESSAY & DISCUSSION 51.

“The most important Roman cultural achievements were all derived from Greek models; despite their accomplishments in law and government, the Romans made few significant artistic or philosophical contributions to the cultural heritage of Western civilization.” Agree or disagree with this statement by discussing three examples from Roman civilization, including at least one example of literature or philosophy. For each Roman example, analyze the ways that it is derived from Greek models, or its degree of originality and advancement beyond the achievements of Greek civilization.

52.

Discuss the role of the arts in serving imperial power in Roman civilization. Discuss three examples of the Roman arts (including one example of literature), analyzing the ways in which each work's artistic merit serves to justify, explain, or defend imperial power.

5

The Spirit of Monotheism: 25

Judaism, Christianity, Islam Test Item File MULTIPLE-CHOICE 1.

Which figure was a great king of the ancient Israelites who expanded their domain and built the first temple in Jerusalem? a.

Justinian b.

Solomon c.

Augustine of Hippo d.

Constantine Answer: b Page ref: 97

2.

In the biblical account, what patriarch of the ancient Israelites led their dramatic exodus from Egypt? a.

Paul b.

Constantine c.

Moses d.

Solomon Answer: c Page ref: 96

3.

What would one expect to hear in a biblical parable? a. an explanation of the doctrine of original sin b. a humble lesson about the nature of God c. an explication of the Four Noble Truths d. the story of Justinian's love for Theodora Answer: b Page ref: 102

4.

Which phrase best describes the Judeo-Christian concept of the covenant? a. an agreement binding God and his people b. a style of decoration in Christian catacombs c. the "good news" of Christ's ministry d. a challenge to God's authority Answer: a Page ref: 100

5.

Which event would most likely be described in a gospel? a.

Abraham's near-sacrifice of his son Isaac b.

Jesus' preaching about the kingdom of God c.

Constantine's dream that he would conquer his enemies 26

d.

Roman soldiers burning Herod's temple Answer: b Page ref: 101-102 6.

What was the apostle Paul's chief accomplishment? a. to write a moving and dramatic story of Christ's life b. to issue an edict legalizing Christianity in the Roman world c. to articulate the first great Christian philosophy of history d. to write letters advising Christian communities in Greco-Roman cities Answer: d Page ref: 102

7.

The capital of the Byzantine empire—the eastern part of the Roman world—was at what city, named for its founder? a.

Bethlehem b.

Rome c.

Constantinople d.

Ravenna Answer: c Page ref: 109

8.

Who was the sixth-century Byzantine emperor who temporarily reunited eastern and western Roman empires and revised the Roman law code? a.

Justinian b.

Abraham c.

Constantine d.

Augustine of Hippo Answer: a Page ref: 111

9.

How is the church of San Vitale in Ravenna best described? a. a domed, central-plan church b. modeled after the Basilica Ulpia c. the largest church in Christendom d. the seat of the Roman pope Answer: a Page ref: 116

10.

What term describes the half-domed niche at the rear of a basilica-style church? a. aisle b. narthex c. apse d. transept Answer: c Page ref: 110

11.

In the Roman Christian world, what was the purpose of the clerestory? a. admit light into a basilica-style church b. provide space for standing worshippers c. carry water to Roman cities d. hold the bones of Christian saints Answer: b Page ref: 110

27

12.

Which statement best describes the city of Ravenna? a. a lavish new capital built by the emperor Constantine b. a Roman capital and a showcase of Byzantine-style arts c. the site of the largest churches of the Roman world d. the Israelites’ holiest city and site of their temple Answer: b Page ref: 114

13.

What is best described with the term pendentive? a. triangular supports for the weight of a dome b. hanging icons in Byzantine churches c. decorated space beneath a rounded arch d. ability of God to see the future Answer: a Page ref: 112

14.

Which structure is an example of the basilica-style church, adapting the rectangular spaciousness of Roman law courts to the needs of Christian worship? a.

Solomon’s Temple, Jerusalem b.

San Vitale in Ravenna c.

Hagia Sophia d.

St. Peter's, Rome Answer: d Page ref: 110

15.

In the year 70, a generation after the life of Jesus, what event devastated the Jewish nation? a. a massive earthquake that destroyed Near Eastern capitals b. the death of its beloved King Solomon c. exile to the imperial city of Babylon d. destruction of its temple by a Roman army Answer: d Page ref: 102

16.

What is the meaning of the Hebrew word messiah, as it was used around the time of Jesus? a. "anointed by God" b. "glorious ruler" c. "teacher" d. "prophet" Answer: a Page ref: 101

17.

Where would an arabesque most likely be found? a. decorating a mosque in Baghdad b. supporting a vault in the Hagia Sophia c. adorning a triumphal arch in Rome d. sheltering an altar in St. Peter’s Answer: a Page ref: 124

18.

During a worship service in Sant' Apollinare in Classe, a basilica-style church, worshippers would have entered through part of the building? a. narthex b. apse c. nave 28

d. atrium Answer: a Page ref: 110 19.

What great domed building was reconstructed in the 500’s on a gigantic scale by the emperor Justinian? a.

San Vitale in Ravenna b.

St. Peter's in Rome c.

Hagia Sophia d. the Basilica Ulpia Answer: c Page ref: 111

20.

What was an important result of Justinian's reign in the sixth-century Western world? a. the brief re-unification of Eastern and Western empires b. legalization of Christianity in the Roman empire c. establishment of a new pope at Constantinople d. construction of St. Peter's in Rome Answer: a Page ref: 111

21.

Which of these terms describes the Greek-speaking eastern part of the Roman empire and the lavish civilization that arose in the first centuries of official Christianity? a.

Byzantine b.

Diaspora c.

Gregorian d.

Eucharist Answer: a Page ref: 109

22.

Which of these is associated with the reign of David as king of the Israelites? a. the composition of psalms in praise of God b. the foundation of St. Peter’s in Rome c. the destruction of the temple at Jerusalem d. the conquest of Egypt and Persia by Israelite armies Answer: a Page ref: 97

23.

In the Hebrew Bible, what righteous man finds his faith in God tested by a series of calamities? a.

Job b.

Plotinus c.

Abraham d.

Solomon Answer: a Page ref: 100

24.

In the Gospel of Matthew’s Sermon on the Mount, what one would expect to hear? a. an explanation of the doctrine of original sin b. sayings that reinforce Jesus’ relation to Hebrew law c. an explication of the Four Noble Truths d. the story of Justinian's love for Theodora Answer: b Page ref: 102

29

25.

Which topic or concept is most closely associated with the ideas of Augustine of Hippo, an early "father" of the Christian church? a. the Torah b. the One or the Good c. apocalypse d. original sin Answer: d Page ref: 108

26.

Who was the Roman emperor who first legalized Christianity and founded the first St. Peter’s in Rome? a.

Justinian b.

Solomon c.

Augustine of Hippo d.

Constantine Answer: d Page ref: 106, 110

27.

Where would one most likely find a squinch? a. sheltering an altar in St. Peter's b. standing next to the throne of Justinian c. supporting a dome in a Byzantine church d. decorating a private home in Pompeii Answer: c Page ref: 112

28.

Which structure could be described as a "domed basilica"—that is, having the rectangular spaciousness of the basilica style and the grandeur of a domed interior? a.

Hagia Sophia b.

St. Peter's, Rome c.

Pantheon, Rome d.

Sant' Apollinare in Classe Answer: a Page ref: 111, 114

29.

The term responsorial would be most relevant in a discussion of what topic? a. pictorial decoration of a Byzantine-era church b.

Church policy prohibiting sacred images in churches c.

Muhammad’s early struggles against religious opponents d. chants and hymns sung in early Christian churches Answer: d Page ref: 118

30

30.

Where would a portrait of the emperor Justinian most likely be found? a. in the temple of Solomon in Jerusalem b. painted on a wall of St. Peter's in Rome c. in mosaic on a church wall in Ravenna d. in a battle scene on a Roman imperial arch Answer: c Page ref: 117

31.

The Qur’an (Koran) was revealed to what prophet? a.

Isaiah b.

Jesus c.

Abraham d.

Muhammad Answer: d Page ref: 122-123

32.

What is the name of the most sacred shrine of Islam, located in Mecca? a.

Qa’aba b.

Church of the Holy Sepulcher c.

Dome of the Rock d.

Mosque of Cordoba Answer: a Page ref: 122

33.

To what ancient city would you travel to see the Muslim shrine called the Dome of the Rock, built on the former site of the Jewish Temple? a.

Mecca b.

Constantinople c.

Jerusalem d.

Ravenna Answer: c Page ref: 122

34.

How do devout Muslims regard the figure of Muhammad? a. as the Son of God and redeemer of humanity b. as the heavenly judge of souls entering the afterlife c. as reigning in heaven at the right hand of God d. as the messenger of the one true God Answer: d Page ref: 124

35.

What term best applies to the set of sacred symbols and images that developed within the emerging religion of Christianity? a. iconography b. pendentive c. pagan d. monophonic Answer: a Page ref: 105

36.

Which work would best serve as an example of Christians’ adaptation of pagan motifs and symbols for their own religious art?

31

a. the Second Temple in Jerusalem b.

The Good Shepherd c.

Gregorian chant d.

Mosque of Córdoba Answer: b Page ref: 105 37.

What event or development caused a final decline of Roman authority in the Western empire, starting about the year 400? a. an earthquake that destroyed most of Rome b. a violent civil war between rival emperors c. a new wave of barbarian invasions d. a Christian army that sacked the capital Answer: c Page ref: 110

38.

What describes the Abbasid Muslim capital of Baghdad in the years 762-1258? a. founded by Muhammad as the spiritual center of Islam b. finally conquered and occupied by a Christian army c. site of Islam’s third holiest shrine, the Dome of the Rock d. home to a center of learning called the House of Wisdom Answer: d Page ref: 123

39.

What term or topic would be most useful in describing the Mosque of Córdoba? a. hypostyle hall b. domed basilica c. calligraphy d. mosaic Answer: a Page ref: 124

40.

Which work would best serve as an example of Christians’ adaptation of pagan customs, motifs, and symbols for their own religious art? a.

Mosque of Damascus b. the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus c. arabesque d.

House of Wisdom Answer: b Page ref: 106

32

COMPLETION 41.

Their from Egypt was interpreted by the ancient Israelites as God’s promise to deliver them from their tormentors and oppressors.

Answer: exodus Page ref: 96

42.

The center in Palestine.

Answer: Diaspora Page ref: 98

43.

, or the belief in one God, made the tribe of ancient Near East.

Answer: Monotheism / Israelites Page ref: 99

44.

Around the time of Jesus, many Jews came to expect the God’s will would be revealed and Israel redeemed.

Answer: apocalypse Page ref: 101

45.

The are the earliest Christian writings contained in the New Testament.

Answer: letters of Paul Page ref: 102

46.

The Christian doctrine of evil, and disobedience to God. Answer: original sin Page ref: 108

47.

Cities of the western Roman empire were disrupted and destroyed in invasions by , who often settled in Roman territory and converted to Christianity.

Answer: barbarian armies Page ref: 110

48.

Muslims date their calendar from founding of Islam.

Answer: the hegira, or “flight” Page ref: 122

49.

Among the Five Pillars of the Muslim faith are , , all actions performed by pious Muslims.

Answer: bearing witness, daily prayer, almsgiving, fasting, pilgrimage Page ref: 122

is the term for the dispersion of Jews from their homeland and religious

unique in the

, a moment in which

holds that humans are by nature inclined to error,

, an important event in Muhammad’s

33

, and

SHORT-ANSWER 50.

Define the Hebrew concept of the covenant and illustrate with references to the ancient Israelites' history and sacred writings.

51.

Explain Christianity's success in the late Roman world by reference to its religious teachings and practices.

52.

Briefly discuss Augustine's views on human nature and the course of human history.

53.

Summarize the artistic differences between the churches of Latin Christianity and the Byzantine world.

54.

Explain how the churches of Ravenna incorporated pagan Roman traditions and artistic forms into early Christian art and architecture.

55.

Identify the beliefs of Islam that supported the faith's militant expansion.

56.

Illustrate the development of early Muslim civilization, with reference to specific intellectual and artistic achievements.

ESSAY & DISCUSSION 57.

Discuss the merger between Roman civilization and Christian idea in the art and architecture of the Byzantine empire. In your answer refer to examples from at least three of these Byzantine arts: architecture, mosaic painting, fresco painting, or sculpture. In each example, analyze the fusion between Roman styles of art and Christian belief or story.

58.

Compare the concept of God in the religions of the ancient Hebrews, early Christians, and Muslims. In your answer, note similarities and differences among these religions' concept of divinity, illustrating your answer with references to their sacred scriptures and religious art.

34

6

The Early Middle Ages: The Feudal Spirit Test Item File

MULTIPLE-CHOICE 1.

The technique of interlace is best associated with what topic or term? a.

Hiberno-Saxon manuscript illumination b.

Romanesque sculpture c. musical notation d. the rise of feudalism Answer: a Page ref: 129

2.

Which statement is best associated with the Viking age? a.

Europe blossomed with a “white mantle of churches” b. an age of tolerance was instituted in Muslim Spain c.

Norse raiders plundered much of Christian Europe d. pilgrims traveled the great “roads” to reach Santiago de Compostela Answer: c Page ref: 129

3.

What European leader nurtured a rebirth or flowering of early medieval culture centered at his palace on the Rhine River? a.

Constantine b.

St. Augustine c.

Charlemagne d.

Beowulf Answer: c Page ref: 130-132

4.

Which was an important accomplishment of Alcuin of York's at the court of Charlemagne? a. devise rules for a monastic order b. defeat the Moslems in battle in Spain c. develop the medieval education system d. invent the Romanesque-style church Answer: c Page ref: 130

5.

Who was recruited from an English monastery to lead Charlemagne's palace school at Aachen? a.

Alcuin of York b.

Count Roland c.

William the Conqueror 35

d.

Pope Gregory Answer: a Page ref: 130 6.

What Norman leader won a military victory at the Battle of Hastings that is celebrated in the Bayeux Tapestry? a.

Constantine b.

William the Conqueror c.

Charlemagne d.

Charles Martel Answer: b Page ref: 135

7.

What kind of person would most likely have sung the Song of Roland? a. a Norman minstrel b. a student of Abelard c. a Cluniac monk d. a feudal peasant Answer: a Page ref: 135

8.

Which term or phrase is best associated with the Song of Roland? a. chanson de geste b.

Quem queritis? c. trope d.

Sephardic Answer: a Page ref: 134

9.

Which term is best associated with the flowering of civilization in Muslim Spain at the capitals of Cordoba and Granada? a. pilgrimage b. cloister c. al-Andalus d. mysticism Answer: c Page ref: 136

10.

Which of these figures composed an influential set of rules for Christian monks? a.

Charlemagne b.

Hildegard of Bingen c.

Peter Abelard d.

St. Benedict Answer: d Page ref: 138

11.

In the literary works of Hrotsvit of Gandersheim, what author had the most influence? a. the early Christian philosopher St. Augustine b. the Roman comic dramatist Terence c. the controversial teacher Peter Abelard d. the ancient Greek poet Sappho Answer: b Page ref: 140

36

12.

What kind of scene would most likely be depicted in a stone mural of the Classic Maya period? a. ritual blood sacrifice b. the crucifixion of Christ c.

Norman cavalry in battle d. the birth of the Buddha Answer: a Page ref: 140

13.

Which of these is best cited as an example of the Romanesque style? a.

Bayeux Tapestry b.

Utrecht Psalter c.

Book of Kells d. bronze doors of Hildesheim Answer: d Page ref: 142

14.

Which statement best describes the third church of the abbey of Cluny (Cluny III)? a. was the centerpiece of an influential monastic network b. was built to solidify the reign of Charlemagne in Saxony c. stood on one of the great pilgrimage routes to Spain d. imitated the circular plan of Byzantine churches Answer: a Page ref: 142

15.

Which describes distinguishing feature(s) of the medieval Romanesque style in architecture? a. highly decorated domed interiors b. rounded arches and barrel vaults c. a rectangular nave without transept d. exteriors decorated with marble and bronze Answer: b Page ref: 141-142

16.

Imagine that you are a medieval pilgrim entering a church to view the sacred relics displayed in the chapels that radiate from the apse. Entering from one end of the transept, what would you want to find to reach your destination? a. west portal b. ambulatory c. narthex d. clerestory Answer: b Page ref: 143

17.

Which would have decorated the portal of a Romanesque church? a. monophonic melisma b. manuscript illumination c. tympanum sculpture d. trivium relief Answer: c Page ref: 145

18.

Where would one find a carved scene of Christ at the Last Judgment judging the righteous and sinful? a. on the Bayeux Tapestry b. in the Song of Roland 37

c. on the tympanum of a Romanesque church d. described in a feudal oath of loyalty Answer: c Page ref: 145 19.

In or on which of these would one most likely find the bones of a Christian saint? a. a carved ivory Bible cover of the early Middle Ages b. a library at the School of Toledo c. the carved capitals of a Romanesque church d. a jeweled reliquary on the altar of a pilgrimage church Answer: d Page ref: 146

20.

In or on which of these would one expect to find a trope? a. a carved ivory Bible cover of the early Middle Ages b. the singing of a Gregorian chant c. the carved capitals of a Romanesque church d. a chapel of the abbey church of Cluny Answer: b Page ref: 147

21.

Which name or term is best associated with the development of sacred music in medieval Christianity? a.

St. Benedict b.

Guido of Arezzo c. archivolt d. interlace Answer: b Page ref: 147

22.

The musical trope Quem queritis (“Whom do you seek?”) played an important role in what event or process? a. the development of solmization techniques b. the codification of Gregorian chant under Charlemagne c. the origins of the earliest Church dramas d. the banning of instrumental music in the medieval Church Answer: c Page ref: 150

23.

Which of these figures engaged in a famous exchange of letters with a prominent medieval philosopher? a. abbess of Cluny b.

Hildegard c.

William the Conqueror d.

Héloïse Answer: d Page ref: 153

24.

Which phrase best describes the sculpted figures of the Mystic Mill, on a column capital of the church of La Madeleine at Vézelay? a. designed according to classical proportions b. based on Roman-style sculpture and painting c. grotesquely shaped to fit their architectural setting d. influenced by the lost traditions of free-standing sculpture 38

Answer: c Page ref: 145, 147 25.

Which statement best describes the abbey church of Ste.-Foy in Conques, France? a. an influential example of Romanesque architecture b. site of Charlemagne's coronation by the pope c. served as chapel for the three generations of Roman emperors d. based on the floor plan of San Vitale in Ravenna Answer: a Page ref: 143

26.

What phrase best describes John the Scot’s (or Erigena’s) book On Nature? a. the account of a medieval pilgrim's journey b. a Neoplatonic study of categories of being c. an epic reflecting chivalric and military values d. an important tract in the nominalist debate Answer: b Page ref: 151

27.

What work most actively engaged in the medieval disputes over the teachings of Church scholars? a.

Bayeux Tapestry b.

Song of Roland c.

Gislebertus’ sculpture d.

Abelard’s Sic et Non (For and Against) Answer: d Page ref: 154

28.

Which statement most accurately describes the clef? a. a song usually accompanied by an organ b. a medieval system of four-note chords c. first arose in the Muslim Spain d. established the key note of a musical staff Answer: d Page ref: 148

29.

What was it called when a musician elaborated on a musical syllable by adding a chain of additional notes? a. tympanum b. cantus c. melisma d. plainchant Answer: c Page ref: 147

30.

In what pursuit is solmization useful or important? a. musical education b.

Romanesque architecture c. medieval combat d. the chanson de geste Answer: a Page ref: 148

31.

Which of these figures was noted for assertive religious leadership, mystical religious writings, and the composition of exquisite sacred song?

39

a.

Charlemagne b.

Hrotsvit of Gandersheim c.

Peter Abelard d.

Hildegard of Bingen Answer: d Page ref: 149 32.

Which medieval work contained advice to the Jewish faithful, including instructions for pious charity? a.

Abelard’s Sic et Non (For and Against) b. the rule of St. Benedict c.

Hrotsvit’s religious dramas d.

Moses Maimonides’ Guide for the Perplexed Answer: d Page ref: 152

33.

Who would have most likely engaged in a questio? a.

Norman minstrel b. student of Abelard c.

Cluniac monk d.

Romanesque-style sculptor Answer: b Page ref: 153

34.

What work or topic would best serve to illustrate the culture of Anglo-Saxon England and its Nordic origins? a. the chevet configuration in medieval building b. the epic poem Beowulf c. the Guidonian staff d. the reliquary of Ste. Foye Answer: b Page ref: 129

35.

What work would teach you most about the campaign of William the Conqueror to defeat the English king? a. the Bayeux Tapestry b. the epic poem Beowulf c. the reliquary of Ste. Foye d. the Song of Roland Answer: a Page ref: 135

36.

The Caliphate of Córdoba is best associated with what phenomenon? a. development of the Romanesque style in architecture b. a flowering of Arabic learning and culture c. the invention of musical notation d. conflict between German rulers and the pope Answer: b Page ref: 136

37.

What organization or institution played a key role in transmitting the wisdom of Arabic civilization to Europe’s Christian intellectuals? a.

Abbey of Cluny b. the Court of Lions 40

c.

Holy Roman Empire d.

School of Toledo Answer: d Page ref: 137 38.

What term or topic would be most helpful in explaining the medieval cult of saints as a powerful force in medieval life? a. relic b. melisma c. manor d. questio Answer: a Page ref: 146

39.

What statement best describes the role in early medieval history of the Saxon rulers called the Ottonians? a. achieved reforms of monastic life and built a network of reformed abbeys b. promoted the unification and expansion of Gregorian-style music in Europe c. sought to establish a Holy Roman Empire modeled after Charlemagne’s regime d. restored the political power and authority of the pope in the German provinces Answer: c Page ref: 141

COMPLETION 40.

The enthusiasm of early medieval monks in Ireland and Britain for decorating sacred manuscripts gave rise to the style.

Answer: Hiberno-Saxon Page ref: 129

41.

The early medieval revival of learning and the arts under the patronage of Charlemagne is often termed the .

Answer: Carolingian Renaissance Page ref: 130

42.

The system of of oaths.

Answer: feudalism Page ref: 133

43.

The Rule of St. Benedict required that monks take vows of and to assure their concentration on spiritual concerns.

Answer: chastity; poverty; obedience Page ref: 138

44.

The of Muslim Spain.

Answer: Sephardic Page ref: 136-137

45.

In return for the gods’ gift of a fertile earth, the Maya of the Classic Maya were required to perform as part of their worship.

Answer: blood sacrifice Page ref: 140

in early medieval Europe linked vassals to lords by an exchange

,

,

Jews of Spain fostered learning and built grand synagogues in the capitals

41

46.

The , a model of intellectual rationalism and economic self-sufficiency, was influential in the design of medieval Europe’s great monastic abbeys.

Answer: plan of St. Gall Page ref: 138

47.

The public and arduous act of medieval pilgrimage was usually undertaken to or to .

Answer: do penance for sin; gain blessing from a saint Page ref: 146

48.

A medieval monk might be taught in the shelter of a manuscripts in a .

Answer: cloister; scriptorium Page ref: 138

49.

The development of greatly aided musical education in Europe’s monasteries and contributed to the complexity of Christian sacred music.

Answer: musical notation Page ref: 147-148

50.

The theme of a church portal’s sculptural decoration was established in the semi-circular space above the door called the and continued in both the beam above the door, called the , and the door’s decorative moldings, called the .

Answer: tympanum; lintel; archivolts Page ref: 145

and learn to copy

SHORT-ANSWER 51.

Define "the culture of the book" in the context of the Carolingian Renaissance.

52.

Briefly explain the feudal system of medieval Europe.

53.

Characterize the culture of Muslim Spain in terms of its artistic and intellectual achievements.

54.

Define the "monastic ideal" as established by the rule of St. Benedict.

55.

Describe Guido of Arezzo's role in the development of early medieval sacred music.

56.

Identify the principal characteristics of the Romanesque style in architecture.

57.

Summarize Peter Abelard's contribution to medieval philosophy.

ESSAY & DISCUSSION 58.

Discuss the role of Christian monasticism in sustaining European civilization during the early Middle Ages. Refer specifically to monasticism's contributions to the arts, learning, and education from the age of Charlemagne to Peter Abelard.

59.

Trace the development of sacred architecture during the early medieval period, from its origins in the Byzantine style to the high Romanesque style. In your answer, refer to both the construction and decoration of sacred buildings, and note important changes in the developing style of medieval architecture.

60.

Using examples from the early medieval period, analyze the medieval compromise between Christianity's teachings of peace and love and feudalism's values of war and personal loyalty. In

42

your examples, note the evidence of Christian belief and feudal practice, and analyze the compromise, tension, or conflict between these differing values.

43

7

The Late Middle Ages: The Gothic Awakening Test Item File

MULTIPLE-CHOICE 1.

Which statement best describes Marie de France? a. patron of Chrétien de Troyes and inspiration of the Arthur romances b. greatest female writer of the medieval romances called lais c. wife to a French and an English king, queen of southern France d. idealized love of Dante in his Divine Comedy Answer: b Page ref: 177

2.

Which is the term for the late medieval form of song that often mixed voices singing different poetic texts? a. duplum organum b. terza rima c.

Minnesang d. motet Answer: d Page ref: 169, 177

3.

What statement best describes Christine de Pisan? a. author of a philosophical dialogue praising women b. the Jewish author of a work on Aristotle and Hebrew scripture c. a Cluniac monk who later became an important pope d. a Chaucer character of frank sensuality and practicality Answer: a Page ref: 181

4.

Which figure benefited most directly from the “new Aristotle”—writings rediscovered through Arabic scholarship and translation? a.

Dante Alighieri b.

Thomas Aquinas c.

Giotto d.

Léonin Answer: b Page ref: 172-173

44

5.

Which of these figures employed the technique of fresco? a.

Giotto b.

Abbot Suger c.

Beatriz de Dia d.

Marie de France Answer: a Page ref: 183

6.

What best defines the term tenor? a. melodic line based on traditional plainchant b. supporting pier of a ribbed vault c. melody of a courtly love song d. central post of a door on a Gothic cathedral Answer: a Page ref: 167

7.

What best describes Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica? a. a synthesis of medieval knowledge about God and nature b. a collection of organal music compiled by Léonin c. a commentary by Dante on the Divine Comedy d. an organization of university professors Answer: a Page ref: 172-173

8.

Where in a Gothic cathedral would one expect to find a life-size sculpture standing on a pedestal or attached to a column? a. rose window b. archivolt c. door jamb d. tympanum Answer: c Page ref: 164-165

9.

The Gothic style originated in architectural innovations at what site? a. the Alhambra in Spain b.

Arena, or Scrovegni, Chapel c. abbey church of St. Denis d.

Chartres Cathedral Answer: c Page ref: 160-161

10.

What would have attracted most pilgrims to Chartres cathedral? a.

Dante's advice in the Divine Comedy b. a Crusade to regain Jerusalem from Muslims c. the fear of Viking invaders sweeping through Europe d. the chance to see a relic of the Virgin Mary Answer: d Page ref: 161

45

11.

Where were the rose windows of a Gothic church located? a. decorating the lintels b. above the three portals c. decorating the buttress d. along the door jambs Answer: b Page ref: 162

12.

Which of these themes was most important in Abbot Suger's development of the Gothic style? a. the church as a fortress against sin b. the renunciation of all material wealth c. the mysticism of light d. the discovery of Aristotle Answer: c Page ref: 160

13.

Where would one most likely encounter a troubadour? a. studying Aristotle in a medieval university b. serving an Ottonian emperor in Germany c. singing love songs at the court of Eleanor of Aquitaine d. instructing pilgrims at a Gothic cathedral Answer: c Page ref: 175

14.

What was the theologian Thomas Aquinas's goal in his life work? a. restore the validity of Church doctrine b. establish Latin as a universal language c. harmonize human reason and divine revelation d. challenge the pope's authority over church offices Answer: c Page ref: 172-173

15.

Which statement best describes the late Middle Ages’ fervent devotion to the Virgin Mary? a. helped inspire the construction of many Gothic cathedrals b. led to greater social equality for medieval women c. corresponded to the Egyptian cult of the goddess Isis d. had died out in Italy by the time of Dante Answer: a Page ref: 160

16.

What writings were "discovered" by Europe's scholars through Arabic translations and commentaries, prompting an intellectual revival in medieval schools and universities? a.

Aristotle's natural philosophy b. the Dead Sea scrolls c. the Books of Moses d.

Plato's dialogues Answer: a Page ref: 172

46

17.

A practitioner of scholasticism would most likely be found doing what? a. courting a young lady at the court of the French king b. chanting a polyphonic chant at Cluny c. dramatizing the "Slaughter of the Innocents" in a monastic church d. disputing a question of logic in a university class Answer: d Page ref: 171

18.

Which figure was a composer of bittersweet love songs in the troubadour tradition of southern France? a.

Léonin b.

Christine de Pisan c.

Geoffrey Chaucer d.

Beatriz de Dia Answer: d Page ref: 177

19.

Which of these figures is most closely associated with triplum organum? a.

Abbot Suger b.

Bernart de Ventadorn c.

Pope Gregory the Great d.

Pérotin Answer: d Page ref: 167

20.

Which of these figures was most influential in the development of the codes and customs of courtly love? a.

Abbot Suger b.

Ibn Sina c.

Eleanor of Aquitaine d.

Geoffrey Chaucer Answer: c Page ref: 173

21.

What is the term for the verse form employed by Dante throughout his medieval epic, the Divine Comedy? a. duplum organum b. terza rima c.

Minnesang d. motet Answer: b Page ref: 178

22.

In what did Giotto's greatest achievement as a painter lie? a. creating emotionally and spatially unified scenes b. painting secular themes instead of religious images c. perfecting the combination of Italian and Byzantine styles d. applying the Gothic mysticism of light Answer: a Page ref: 182-183

47

23.

In Dante’s medieval epic, the Divine Comedy, what does the figure of Virgil symbolize? a. the punishment of sin b. romantic love c. divine revelation d. human reason Answer: d Page ref: 178

24.

What best describes Geoffrey Chaucer’s most significant achievement? a. decorating the Scrovegni Chapel b. composing medieval England’s greatest poem c. perfecting the International Gothic style d. writing a philosophical dialogue praising women Answer: b Page ref: 179

25.

Standing in the triforium gallery of a Gothic church, one could look down and see what? a. buttress b. nave arcade c. clerestory window d. a tympanum sculpture Answer: b Page ref: 161

26.

What was depicted in a typical morality play, such as Everyman? a. the vivid life and death of a Christian saint b. a scene from the Old or New Testaments c. the struggle between vice and virtue over a sinner's soul d. the reenactment of Christ's death and resurrection Answer: c Page ref: 170

27.

Which name is best associated with troubadour poetry and courtly love? a.

Abbot Suger b.

Bernart de Ventadorn c.

Christine de Pisan d.

Pérotin Answer: b Page ref: 175

28.

Which term or topic is best associated with the International Gothic style? a.

Doge’s Palace, Venice b.

Ars nova c. chivalric tournaments d.

Dante’s Paradiso Answer: a Page ref: 181

48

29.

What would one find in the Magnus Liber Organi? a. a collection of bawdy medieval tales b. examples of polyphonic sacred music c. the rediscovered works of Aristotle d. a romantic story of courtly love Answer: b Page ref: 167

30.

What term or topic is best associated with the rise of a well-trained and ambitious class of professional warriors in late medieval Europe? a. scholasticism b. chivalry c. terza rima d. lais Answer: b Page ref: 176

31.

What term or topic is best associated with parallel organum? a. troubadour and trobairitz b. musical polyphony c.

International Gothic d. rise of Church drama Answer: b Page ref: 167

32.

Which of these works would be the best source of information on the daily life of peasants and nobles in the late middle ages? a.

Très Riches Heures b.

Dante’s Inferno c.

Giotto's Pietà d.

Messe de Notre Dame Answer: a Page ref: 175

33.

Which of these was an erotic tale that was the most widely read work of the Middle Ages? a. the Roman de la Rose b.

Dante’s Divine Comedy c.

Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales d.

Aquinas’ Summa Theologica Answer: a Page ref: 177

34.

During what period and in what locale was the Gothic style of building at its height? a. the Muslim world during the early caliphates b. the ancient Near East about the time of Hammurabi c.

Italy in the time of Caesar Augustus d. medieval Europe about 1250 Answer: d Page ref: 160

49

35.

How is the quadrivium best defined? a. a method of notating music b. a verse form employed by Geoffrey Chaucer c. part of the medieval university curriculum d. the slow-moving ground melody of medieval chant Answer: c Page ref: 172

36.

What phenomenon is best described as a feature of the Gothic awakening? a. the successful defense against Viking attacks b. the dominance of Venice’s navy in the Mediterranean c. the vigorous growth of Europe’s towns and cities d. the resurgent power of the pope in European politics Answer: c Page ref: 157

COMPLETION 37.

Among the primary social and political factors in the Gothic awakening were the , the , and the , all developments of the years 1050-1300.

Answer: the Crusades; rise of strong monarchs; growth of towns and cities Page ref: 158-159

38.

One feature of the Mahayana Buddhist faith is the appeal to the powers of pious saints who have postponed their own salvation in order to assist others.

,

Answer: Bodhisattva Page ref: 168 39.

The invention of , a form of sacred polyphony, was primarily the achievement of the Notre Dame School of Music.

Answer: organum Page ref: 166-169

40.

The philosophical interests and methods of reconcile biblical teachings and the writings of Aristotle.

developed from the effort to

Answer: scholasticism Page ref: 171 41.

The innovative musical style called and flourished in late medieval courts.

was associated with Guillaume de Machaut

Answer: Ars nova Page ref: 179 42.

The Italian poet scholar.

was not only a master of the sonnet but also a learned classical

Answer: Petrarch Page ref: 180-181

50

43.

The masterpiece of Giotto’s pictorial revolution was his decoration of the located in Padua, Italy, with scenes of the Passion of Christ.

,

Answer: Scrovegni (or Arena) chapel Page ref: 182-183

SHORT ANSWER 44.

Describe the role of the Crusades in the cultural awakening of the late Middle Ages.

45.

Explain the combination of groin vault, pointed arch, and flying buttress that made possible the Gothic style in architecture.

46.

Identify the most important developments in the sacred music of the Gothic era.

47.

Characterize the influence of Arabic and Jewish scholars upon the rise of scholasticism in medieval Europe.

48.

Summarize the precepts of courtly love as professed in medieval literature and song.

49.

Briefly discuss pilgrimage as a motif in Dante's Divine Comedy and Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales.

50.

Identify the qualities in Giotto's work that made him the pioneer of a new age in painting.

ESSAY & DISCUSSION 51.

In the Middle Ages Christians came to believe that God could be experienced through works of art and nature. Discuss the Gothic cathedral as an attempt to experience God through the senses and intellect. In your answer refer to both the construction and decoration of the Gothic cathedral, and explain specifically how cathedral art appealed to the believer's eyes and his or her powers of understanding.

52.

Trace the theme of love, both worldly and religious, through the arts of the later Middle Ages. In several examples, show how love of God, love of the Virgin Mary, love of beauty, and love of woman and man were connected in the imagination of medieval poets and artists in architecture, poetry, and music.

51

8

The Renaissance Spirit in Italy Test Item File

MULTIPLE-CHOICE 1.

What best expresses the central thesis of Pico's Oration on the Dignity of Man, an essential example of Italian Renaissance humanism? a. power should be used with cunning and ruthlessness b. human weakness is to be gently denounced with laughter c. humanity is saved by the grace of a loving God d. humans are free to define their own nature as brutish or divine Answer: d Page ref: 187

2.

Masaccio's The Tribute Money, a scene of Jesus and his disciples painted in the 1420s, is notable for its pioneering use of what technique or subject? a. atmospheric or aerial perspective b. the subtle colors of oil paint on wood c. a pagan subject drawn from an ancient Roman poem d. careful rendering of the nude human anatomy Answer: a Page ref: 196

3.

A citizen of Florence would most likely have pointed with pride to which of these works as a symbol of the city’s achievement? a.

Brunelleschi's Cathedral dome b.

Michelangelo's Pietà c.

Machiavelli's The Prince d.

Botticelli's La Primavera (Birth of Spring) Answer: a Page ref: 195

4.

Which of these was among the contributions of Cosimo de' Medici, the merchant prince of Florence, as a humanist patron? a. initiating the plan to rebuild St. Peter's in Rome b. subsidizing an academy to study Plato and other ancient authors c. the construction of a cathedral in Milan d. commissioning Michelangelo to paint the pope's chapel Answer: b Page ref: 188 52

5.

Who won the competition to decorate the doors of the Florence Baptistery and spent the rest of his career engaged in this monumental project? a.

Michelangelo b.

Masaccio c.

Lorenzo Ghiberti d.

Filippo Brunelleschi Answer: c Page ref: 193-196

6.

Who lost the competition to decorate the doors of the Florence Baptistery and went on to give his architectural stamp to Renaissance Florence? a.

Filippo Brunelleschi b.

Michelangelo Buonarroti c.

Masaccio d.

Filippo Ghiberti Answer: a Page ref: 191

7.

What statement best describes the political principles of Renaissance civic humanism? a. deferred always to the political authority of the pope b. vigorously opposed the influence of pagan classical teachings c. taught always to seek family interest over the welfare of the city d. derived from the republican ideals of ancient Romans Answer: d Page ref: 188

8.

What would a follower of Savonarola in the year 1497 most likely have done? a. defended the Medicis’ patronage of the arts b. included pagan and mythological themes in his art c. tossed a Renaissance painting onto a “bonfire of vanities” d. approvingly compared Florence to ancient Athens and Rome Answer: c Page ref: 204

9.

What element or technique serves to unify and balance Raphael’s School of Athens, an imagined dialogue among the great philosophers and scientists of classical antiquity? a. a symmetrical architectural setting of receding barrel vaults b. a foreground portrait of Michelangelo in the guise of a Greek philosopher c. the delicate treatment of the female nude d. the consistent use of vivid word-painting Answer: a Page ref: 211

10.

In what context would one expect to hear the term uomo universale--the "well-rounded" man? a. being sung by the Sistine choir b. describing a Renaissance courtier c. discussing the technique of fresco painting d. being applied to the construction of a dome Answer: b 53

Page ref: 208 11.

What element of Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling best represents the painting’s Neoplatonic symbolism and the painter’s own religious feelings? a. the choice to paint the ceiling in fresco b. disguised portraits of other Renaissance artists in the painting c. the painter's idealized portrayal of the female nude d. the theme of the spirit in conflict with flesh Answer: d Page ref: 214-215

12.

The first freestanding bronze nude sculpture since Roman antiquity is attributed to what Florentine? a.

Sandro Botticelli b.

Lorenzo Ghiberti c.

Filippo Brunelleschi d.

Donatello Answer: d Page ref: 201

13.

How is the Great Zimbabwe in southeast Africa best described? a. a stone enclosure used as a royal residence b. a marble temple built on a flattened mountain c. a pyramidal stone altar employed for sacrifice d. a merchant who used wealth to patronize the arts Answer: a Page ref: 203

14.

How is the madrigal is best defined? a. a popular song usually in four voices b. the musical resting point that provides resolution c. a form of improvisational theater originating in Italy d. a part of the Christian mass as set to music Answer: a Page ref: 198

15.

Where would one expect to encounter a fresco? a. being sung by the Sistine choir b. in the print workshop of Aldus Manutius c. on the walls of the Vatican palace d. being played by a court musician Answer: c Page ref: 196

16.

In which of these works would one encounter the technique of sfumato, a dark and hazy variation of chiaroscuro? a.

Botticelli's La Primavera (Birth of Spring) b.

Bramante’s Tempietto c.

Michelangelo’s Pietà d.

Leonardo's Madonna of the Rocks 54

Answer: d Page ref: 207 17.

What best describes the Renaissance noblewoman Isabella d'Este? a. the intellectual companion of Michelangelo in Rome b. an important patron of Renaissance music and learning c. the subject of numerous portraits by Leonardo d. the deposed leader of Florence following the Medici era Answer: b Page ref: 208

18.

What northern composer served many European patrons, including Lorenzo de' Medici in Florence, with his eclectic musical talents? a.

Pico della Mirandola b.

Marsilio Ficino c.

Donato Bramante d.

Heinrich Isaac Answer: d Page ref: 198

19.

Of the artists called by Julius II to Rome, who was employed in decorating the rooms of the walls of the pope's apartments with great frescoes, as well as archaeological excavations and other projects? a.

Donato Bramante b.

Michelangelo Buonarroti c.

Raphael Sanzio d.

Leonardo da Vinci Answer: c Page ref: 211

20.

The terms capella and imitation would most likely be used in a discussion of what artist? a.

Raphael Sanzio b.

Michelangelo c.

Josquin des Préz d.

Marsilio Ficino Answer: c Page ref: 209-211

21.

Machiavelli wrote in The Prince that a "prince must not keep faith when by doing so it would be against his self-interest." What would a ruler following this precept most likely do? a. ruthlessly betray his friends to remain in power b. consult his priest before making important decisions c. carefully weigh the common good against his personal ambitions d. recognize the inherent rights of citizens to life and liberty Answer: a Page ref: 204-205

22.

The deeds of Renaissance condottieri would be most relevant to a discussion of what work? a.

Brunelleschi's Cathedral dome b.

Michelangelo's Pietà c.

Machiavelli's The Prince 55

d.

Botticelli's La Primavera (Birth of Spring) Answer: c Page ref: 188 23.

What best describes the significance of Sandro Botticelli’s La Primavera (Birth of Spring)? a. masterful and innovative use of linear perspective b. application of a mysterious sfumato across the surface c. blending of classical mythology with Christian symbols d. a grand pictorial scheme of interlocking triangles Answer: c Page ref: 196

24.

In a discussion of Maddalena Casulana, what name or term would most likely be prominent? a. chiaroscuro b. fresco c. civic humanism d. madrigal Answer: d Page ref: 198

25.

How is the technique of imitation in Renaissance music best defined? a. expressing the words' meaning in musical tones b. composing in several different melodic lines c. repeating, overlapping voices singing the same melody d. writing several compositions in the same form Answer: c Page ref: 211

26.

What architect was first designated to rebuild St. Peter's in Rome and also designed the classical temple named the “Tempietto”? a.

Donato Bramante b.

Filippo Brunelleschi c.

Michelangelo Buonarroti d.

Raphael Sanzio Answer: a Page ref: 215

27.

Which of these works might be said to possess the quality of terribilità—a fearsome power often attributed to Pope Julius II? a.

Michelangelo's Moses b. the School of Athens c.

Donatello's David d.

Bramante's design for St. Peter's Answer: a Page ref: 214

56

28.

A modern geologist or biologist would be most interested in which of these Renaissance works? a.

Machiavelli's Prince b.

Leonardo's Notebooks c.

Botticelli's Adoration of the Magi d.

Masaccio’s Holy Trinity Answer: b Page ref: 205-207

29.

Which statement best describes Michelangelo's designs for the tomb of Julius II? a. combines symbols of pagan and Christian wisdom b. uses an innovative two-part shell as part of its structure c. expresses Neoplatonic ideas about different levels of spiritual existence d. depicts the mysterious powers of divine creation Answer: c Page ref: 214

30.

Which Florentine civic leader was the composer of popular carnival songs? a.

Cosimo de' Medici b.

Savonarola c.

Julius II d.

Lorenzo de' Medici Answer: d Page ref: 190-191

31.

Which of these works was executed under the patronage of the city of Florence, after a famous competition in 1401? a.

Ghiberti's Baptistery doors b.

Josquin's Ave Maria c.

Raphael's School of Athens d.

Bramante's Tempietto Answer: a Page ref: 191

COMPLETION 32.

Wealthy citizens called supported the arts and charity and controlled government in Italian Renaissance cities like Florence.

Answer: merchant princes Page ref: 188

33.

In the strict sense, a Renaissance humanist was someone who studied comprised the studia humanitatis.

Answer: Greek and Roman literature and philosophy Page ref: 187

34.

The Florentine artist Filippo Brunelleschi achieved his first success with his design for the Florence , which became a Florentine landmark.

Answer: Cathedral dome Page ref: 195

57

, which

35.

Expressing a song’s meaning in expressive musical tones is a technique called as frequently practiced in Italian Renaissance music.

Answer: word-painting Page ref: 211

,

36.

Italian Renaissance painting was revolutionized by the invention of perspective to create the illusion of three-dimensional space.

Answer: linear; atmospheric Page ref: 196, 201

37.

Derived from the Renaissance political tract The Prince, the term describe a ruthlessly calculating and callous policy.

Answer: Machiavellian Page ref: 204-205

38.

Pope Julius II was one of the most important Answer: patrons Page ref: 211

39.

The most ambitious and expensive artistic project of the Italian Renaissance was , which engaged dozens of architects and was not finished for 150 years.

Answer: St. Peter’s Page ref: 215-216

and

is still used to

of the Renaissance arts in Rome.

SHORT-ANSWER 40.

Briefly describe the social, political, and economic conditions in Italian cities that nurtured the creative spirit of the Renaissance.

41.

Identify the most important stylistic innovations in the arts and music that helped define the Florentine Renaissance style.

42.

Describe the achievement of early Renaissance sculpture.

43.

Summarize the rules of government prescribed in Machiavelli's The Prince.

44.

Compare the heroic style of the Renaissance in Rome to the early Renaissance style in Florence.

45.

Identify the elements of pagan and Christian values in Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling.

46.

Briefly discuss Michelangelo's design for the new St. Peter's as the culmination of Italian Renaissance sculpture.

ESSAY & DISCUSSION 47.

Compare the artistic styles of the early Italian Renaissance in Florence and the high Renaissance in Rome. Choosing examples from several arts or media, analyze the similarities and differences in these two phases of the Renaissance style.

48.

Discuss the relationship of patron and artist or philosopher during the early and high Renaissance in Italy. Discuss in detail at least three examples of this relationship and its impact on the art and ideas of the Italian Renaissance.

58

9

Reformation and Late Renaissance Test Item File

MULTIPLE-CHOICE 1.

Which of these was an important factor in the Low Countries' "commercial revolution”? a. accumulation of wealth in the hands of a merchant class b.

King Henry VIII's split with the Catholic church c. destruction of churches and religious art during peasant revolts d. the invention of linear and atmospheric perspective Answer: a Page ref: 224

2.

When Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses, in what city was he was standing? a.

Wittenberg b.

Rome c.

Florence d.

London Answer: a Page ref: 220

3.

Which did Francis I of France build to accommodate his court in a fashionable Italian-like style? a.

Villa Rotonda, Vicenza b. the Globe Theater c.

Teatro Olimpico d. chateau at Chambord Answer: d Page ref: 227

4.

Which picture contains a disguised symbol of the theme sic transit gloria mundi, or "thus passes worldly glory," a reminder that no one escapes death? a.

Holbein’s The Ambassadors b.

Grünewald’s The Crucifixion c.

Bosch’s Garden of Earthly Delights d.

Pontormo’s Deposition Answer: a Page ref: 225

59

5.

Which of these Northern Renaissance artists was noted for his dark vision of a wicked and foolish humanity? a.

Pieter Bruegel b.

Albrecht Dürer c.

Matthias Grünewald d.

Hieronymus Bosch Answer: d Page ref: 230

6.

One would likely hear the term madrigal in a discussion of what topic? a.

Palestrina’s harmonies b. the Lutheran Bible c.

Palladio’s classical designs d. music in Renaissance England Answer: d Page ref: 241

7.

What statement best describes the effect of Martin Luther's teachings? a. strengthened the Catholic Church's influence in northern Europe b. gave the individual believer more responsibility than the priest c. brought about a new respect for the arts in Christianity d. emphasized the role of good works in achieving salvation Answer: b Page ref: 220

8.

Which of these values is associated with the "Protestant ethic?" a. pursuit of individual freedom and choice b. preservation of traditional Church rituals c. generous patronage of art in the Church d. self-sacrifice and the virtues of work Answer: d Page ref: 223

9.

Which might most reasonably be cited as a cause of the Reformation? a.

Germans' resentment against the Church’s corruption b. interest in reform of monasteries and convents c. the discovery of territories in the New World d. the poverty of Northern European peasants Answer: a Page ref: 220

10.

Martin Luther's first attack on the Roman Catholic Church centered on what issue? a. the reliability of official Bible translations b.

Luther's desire to be elected a Church cardinal c. the sale of indulgences to raise funds for the Church d.

Church doctrine forbidding priests to marry Answer: c Page ref: 220

60

11.

Which of these terms is most closely associated with the religious ideas of John Calvin? a. utopianism b. indulgences c. evangelical humanism d. predestination Answer: d Page ref: 222

12.

What northern Renaissance writer's greatest work is devoted to a satirical exposure of religious corruption and prejudice? a.

Desiderius Erasmus b.

Pico della Mirandola c.

Machiavelli d.

Thomas More Answer: a Page ref: 234-236

13.

What northern Renaissance humanist writer expressed his philosophical skepticism in the form of personal essays? a.

William Shakespeare b.

Thomas More c.

Desiderius Erasmus d.

Michel de Montaigne Answer: d Page ref: 236

14.

What best describes Thomas More’s Utopia? a. depicts a fictional land of pious industry b. attacks Luther’s positions on human freedom c. praises England as the most virtuous of nations d. criticizes corruption through the satirical voice of Folly Answer: a Page ref: 236

15.

What two figures, both important in northern Renaissance thought, engaged in a spirited debate over the question of human sinfulness and the freedom of will? a.

Ben Jonson and Christopher Marlowe b.

Francis I and Ferdinand of Spain c.

Desiderius Erasmus and Martin Luther d.

Henry VIII and Pope Julius II Answer: c Page ref: 234-235

16.

Which is the best example of the vivid and precise realism of Northern Renaissance painting? a.

Van Eyck's Marriage of Arnolfini b.

Bruegel’s The Hunters’ Return c.

Parmigianino’s Madonna of the Long Neck d.

Tintoretto’s Last Supper Answer: a Page ref: 229

61

17.

What Northern Renaissance artist was most actively engaged in the religious debates of the Reformation and the most influenced by Italian humanism? a.

Pieter Bruegel b.

Albrecht Dürer c.

Matthias Grünewald d.

Hans Holbein Answer: b Page ref: 230-233

18.

What Northern Renaissance painting is part of an altarpiece—a folding wooden cabinet decorated with paintings? a.

El Greco's Burial of Count Orgaz b.

Dürer's Self-Portrait c.

Bosch’s Garden of Earthly Delights d.

Grünewald's Crucifixion Answer: d Page ref: 230

19.

Bruegel's The Hunters’ Return shows the painter's interest in what subject or method? a. applying the techniques of Florentine fresco b. the dramatic conflict between good and evil c. the humble life of villagers and peasants d. reconciling Greco-Roman and Christian ideas Answer: c Page ref: 233--234

20.

What is illustrated in Dürer's Knight, Death, and the Devil? a. desire to capture sweeping landscapes b. skill in the medium of line engraving c. indifference to religious themes and ideas d. revolutionary advances in oil painting Answer: b Page ref: 232-233

21.

Which of these was important in spreading Martin Luther's religious ideas? a.

Morley's Triumphes of Oriana b. the telescope c.

Shakespeare's Hamlet d. the printing press Answer: d Page ref: 220

22.

Which would one most likely hear at a Lutheran church service? a. a mass composed by Palestrina b. a madrigal sung in four parts c. a congregation singing a hymn in German d. a motet with a Latin text Answer: c Page ref: 221-222

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23.

Which Renaissance work would most likely have been encountered at the court of Elizabeth I? a.

El Greco painting the monarch’s portrait b. a performance of Palestrina's Mass of Pope Marcellus c. a theater set designed by Palladio d. performance of a motet by William Byrd Answer: d Page ref: 241

24.

Which of these works was dedicated to England's Elizabeth I? a.

Morley's Triumphes of Oriana b.

Luther's A Mighty Fortress is Our God c.

Shakespeare's Hamlet d.

Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion Answer: a Page ref: 241

25.

What composer is most closely associated with the conservative Catholic reaction against the Reformation? a.

William Byrd b.

Giovanni Gabrieli c.

Giovanni da Palestrina d.

Thomas Morley Answer: c Page ref: 243

26.

Which action came as a result of the Counter-Reformation? a.

Columbus' voyages to the New World b. innovations in theatrical set design c. censorship of artistic subjects d.

Francis I's support of Reformation ideas Answer: c Page ref: 243

27.

In what phenomenon did the Florentine Camerata play an important role? a. the development of a new theatrical art called opera b. the evolution of oil painting as a medium of secular art c. the reform of sacred music in Rome and Venice d. the stylistic innovations of mannerism Answer: a Page ref: 245

28.

Which term is associated with the musical works of Giovanni Gabrieli, composed for performance in St. Mark's of Venice? a. operatic b. polychoral c. baroque d. mannerist Answer: b Page ref: 246

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29.

Which Renaissance work is best categorized as mannerist--the conscious manipulation and distortion of high Renaissance techniques? a.

Dürer’s Self-Portrait b.

Parmigianino’s Madonna With the Long Neck c.

Palladio's Villa Rotonda d.

Bruegel's The Hunters’ Return Answer: b Page ref: 250-251

30.

Which statement best describes the music of Palestrina? a. directly appealed to emotions of worshippers b. pioneered the use of multiple choirs c. rejected intermingling of sacred and secular music d. attempted to involve church congregations in musical worship Answer: c Page ref: 243

31.

Which artist was the author of the Four Books of Architecture, an important influence on later architectural classicism? a.

Giorgione b.

Andrea Palladio c.

Jacopo Tintoretto d.

Giovanni da Palestrina Answer: b Page ref: 247

32.

The Teatro Olimpico illustrates the influence of what Renaissance technique, borrowed from painting? a. commedia dell'arte b. linear perspective c. blank verse d. chiaroscuro Answer: b Page ref: 244

33.

Which statement best describes Titian's late Renaissance masterpiece Bacchus and Ariadne, painted to decorate a duke's country home in Ferrara, Italy? a. follows Counter-Reformation's demands in its choice of a traditional Christian subject b. creates a quiet, dream-like mood by the use of a country setting c. manipulates the rules of linear perspective to create an off-center focal point d. creates a lively pagan scene through use of exuberant primary colors Answer: d Page ref: 248

34.

Which statement best describes El Greco's Burial of Count Orgaz? a. shows biblical characters in contemporary dress and setting b. combined Renaissance technique with intense religious feeling c. remarkable in its psychological insights into the painter's self d. characterized by harmonious geometric shapes and lines e. shows the painter’s avoidance of religious subjects Answer: b Page ref: 253 64

COMPLETION 35.

Louis XI of France and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain were examples of strong in Renaissance Europe who consolidated power and aided prosperous towns.

Answer: monarchs Page ref: 224

36.

Martin Luther rejected the traditional Christian idea that salvation could be earned by performing and insisted that only offered a path to salvation.

Answer: good works; faith Page ref: 220

37.

The Lutheran Reformation shared with northern humanism its criticism of its interest in translating .

Answer: Church corruption; ancient texts Page ref: 234

38.

The Ottoman Empire relied on an effective military corps called the recruited from Christian families.

Answer: Janissary Page ref: 228

39.

The values of the “Protestant ethic,” embodied in the lives of Calvinist city-dwellers, include the belief in and , among other principles.

Answer: hard work; thriftiness Page ref: 223

40.

The skeptical humanist Michel de Montaigne invented the introspective literary form known as the .

Answer: essay Page ref: 237

41.

The principal types or genres of drama in which Shakespeare excelled were , and .

Answer: chronicles (history plays); comedy; tragedy Page ref: 240

42.

The Catholic Church’s effort to oppose Lutheran Protestantism and roll back its advances was termed the .

Answer: Counter-Reformation Page ref: 243

43.

The immensely successful Venetian Renaissance painter known as for use of vibrant colors.

Answer: Titian Page ref: 248

65

and

, often

,

was famed

SHORT-ANSWER 44.

Summarize the Reformation's disagreements with traditional Catholic beliefs.

45.

Identify the most important political and economic factors in the rise of the Northern Renaissance.

46.

Compare Northern Renaissance painting with the Italian Renaissance in style and subject.

47.

Characterize the Christian humanism of northern Europe, as represented by the thought of Erasmus.

48.

Describe the social and religious circumstances that led to the success of Elizabethan theater.

49.

Compare the mood and style of the late Renaissance in Venice to the arts and music of the High Renaissance.

50.

Characterize the stylistic innovations of the mannerist style in painting and sculpture.

ESSAY & DISCUSSION 51.

Discuss the Reformation as both a result of the Renaissance and a reaction against the Renaissance. In your answer, identify specific aspects or interests of the Reformation and discuss whether each is a result of or reaction against the Renaissance. You may want to consider such topics as: Renaissance humanism; art and the Church; the study of ancient languages; stress on individualism and freedom; the rise of printing; corruption in the Catholic Church; etc.

52.

Using selected examples from the Northern and Late Renaissance, discuss the influence of religious belief on the arts in this period. Choose your examples from several forms or media (for example, music, theater, and painting), and with each example show how its style or subject was affected by the religious disputes of the sixteenth century.

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10

The Spirit of Baroque Test Item File

MULTIPLE-CHOICE 1.

Of the baroque qualities below, which is most clearly illustrated in Bernini's Ecstasy of St. Teresa, centerpiece of the Cornaro Chapel? a. fascination with modern science and mathematics b. interest in religious emotion and human psychology c. neoclassical preference for order and balance d. dynamism created by conflicting lines Answer: b Page ref: 260-261

2.

In carrying the technique of chiaroscuro (dramatic light and shadow) to the cities of Florence and Naples, Artemisia Gentileschi spread the influence of what artist? a.

Caravaggio b.

Gianlorenzo Bernini c.

Nicolas Poussin d.

Johannes Vermeer Answer: a Page ref: 263

3.

What would one expect to hear during a performance of Monteverdi's Orfeo? a. a concerto grosso b. a hymn c. a recitative and aria d. a prelude and fugue Answer: c Page ref: 263-264

4.

What statement best describes the function of the Taj Mahal, in Agra, India? a. a mosque dedicated to the Mughal faithful b. a tomb for the wife of an emperor and himself c. a shrine marking the site of an incident in the life of Muhammad d. a temple where worshippers honor the Great Buddha Answer: b Page ref: 257

5.

What statement best describes Francesco Borromini, designer of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane? a.

Bernini’s architectural rival in baroque Rome b. a talented imitator of Caravaggio’s painting c. a genius of Italian opera in Venice d. an influential member of Louis XIV’s court at Versailles 67

Answer: a Page ref: 261 6.

In what regard is Velazquez's masterpiece The Maids of Honor (Las Meniñas), a scene in the artist’s royal studio, most remarkable? a. its complex arrangement of space b. a brilliant use of red, blue, and gold c. the novel treatment of a religious theme d. its mood of gaiety and self-indulgence Answer: a Page ref: 268

7.

Which of these painters was a portraitist at the baroque court of Philip IV of Spain? a.

Nicolas Poussin b.

Miguel de Cervantes c.

Diego Velazquez d.

Rembrandt Answer: c Page ref: 267-269

8.

Which of these statements best applies to Vivaldi’s Four Seasons? a. a masterpiece of the baroque concerto grosso b. applies recent innovations in the form of the aria c. composed for the court of Louis XIV of France d. marks the origin of baroque opera in Germany Answer: a Page ref: 264-265

9.

Of these, what would you most expect most of an empiricist? a. support without question the king’s power b. practice the spiritual exercises of St. Ignatius c. base conclusions on experimentation and observation d. speculate on the origins of civil society Answer: c Page ref: 282

10.

What term is best associated with the unification of European states like France and Spain under all-powerful monarchs, who used their power to subdue the nobility and bring central order to government? a. constitutional monarchy b. pessimism c. popular sovereignty d. absolutism Answer: d Page ref: 265

11.

According to Hobbes' version of the state of nature, analyzed in the Leviathan, for what reason does absolute political authority emerge to establish an orderly and civil society? a. as a result of divine intervention to protect humans from folly b. otherwise humans would destroy themselves in violence c. so that a more democratic form of government can be established d. so that society will obey the divine law of order and reason Answer: b Page ref: 265 68

12.

Which of these works would most likely be performed at the court of Louis XIV at Versailles? a. a ballet de cour by Lully b. a cantata by J. S. Bach c. a concerto grosso by Vivaldi d. an oratorio by Handel Answer: a Page ref: 273-274

13.

A portrait of Helena Fourment, the artists’ wife, would appear frequently in the works of which artist, famed for his skill as a diplomat and painter of the baroque nobility? a.

Diego Velazquez b.

Peter Paul Rubens c.

Johannes Vermeer d.

Rembrandt Answer: b Page ref: 274

14.

What would the Academy, as established under the rule of Louis XIV, most likely do? a. encourage innovative styles of painting b. oversee the Dutch market in paintings c. ensure a religious content in pictures d. impose absolutist neoclassical rules on artists Answer: d Page ref: 273

15.

Jean-Baptiste Lully was a central figure in the development of what baroque art? a.

French opera and ballet b. the commedia dell'arte c. neoclassical architecture d. the self-portrait in oil Answer: a Page ref: 273

16.

Which statement best describes the works of Molière? a. developed under the patronage of Louis XIV b. attracted a diverse audience to public theaters c. essential in the popularization of modern science d. showed the clear influence of Shakespeare Answer: a Page ref: 273

17.

Of the baroque qualities below, which is most clearly illustrated in Versailles Palace? a. quiet simplicity and modest scale b.

Catholic mysticism and emotionalism c. combination of neoclassical forms and baroque splendor d. preoccupation with baroque rationalism and science Answer: c Page ref: 270

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18.

What best describes the cantatas of J. S. Bach? a. were usually performed in the courts of German nobles b. adopted the musical form of concerto grosso c. served as an important part of Lutheran church worship d. marked the origin of baroque opera in Germany Answer: c Page ref: 277

19.

During a performance of a Bach concerto grosso, what one would expect to hear? a. musical themes based on classical mythology b. a supportive basso continuo c. a mixture of Latin and French texts d. a ballet interlude accompanied by dance Answer: b Page ref: 277

20.

Rembrandt's Sortie of Capt. Cocq's Company (Night Watch) is an example of what topic or subject? a. a still life b. a history painting c. a landscape d. a group portrait Answer: d Page ref: 280

21.

What interest did the Dutch painter Rembrandt shared with the Italian Caravaggio? a. still lives and genre pictures b. use of dramatic light and shadow c. mythological themes d. probing self-portraits Answer: b Page ref: 280-282

22.

Which of these baroque works best realizes the attempt to combine different arts in a single, dramatically unified whole? a.

Handel’s Messiah b.

Caravaggio’s Calling of St. Matthew c.

Bernini’s Cornaro Chapel d.

Rubens’ Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus Answer: c Page ref: 259

23.

What statement is most likely to describe a painting by Johannes Vermeer? a. commissioned by a prince b. painted at the court of Philip IV c. dedicated to a religious theme d. hung in a middle-class home Answer: d Page ref: 278-279

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24.

Of the baroque qualities listed below, which is most clearly illustrated in Rubens' Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus? a. love of elaboration and ornamentation b. elongated shapes and bizarre colors c. neoclassical order, harmony, and simplicity d. dynamic motion created by movement and ascending lines Answer: d Page ref: 274-275

25.

Which of these artists appealed most directly to a middle-class, urban public with a large part of his work? a.

Diego Velazquez b.

Peter Paul Rubens c.

Claudio Monteverdi d.

J. S. Bach Answer: d Page ref: 277-278

26.

From what idea or disposition did the philosopher René Descartes derive his dictum "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am")? a. a belief in the soul's immortality b. the effort to doubt everything c. an affirmation of God's existence d. solemn respect for the Church's authority Answer: b Page ref: 284-285

27.

Which of these figures is associated with the heliocentric theory of the universe, an important advance in the Scientific Revolution? a.

John Locke b.

Nicolaus Copernicus c.

René Descartes d.

Antonio Vivaldi Answer: b Page ref: 283

28.

Whose paintings are characterized by his mastery of light and naively intimate scenes? a.

Caravaggio b.

Nicolas Poussin c.

Johannes Vermeer d.

Peter Paul Rubens Answer: c Page ref: 279

29.

Which figure is associated with the “metaphysical poets,” a group of English baroque poets known for their intellectual wit? a.

John Donne b.

Jean Baptiste Lully c.

René Descartes d.

Francis Bacon Answer: a Page ref: 285-286

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30.

Which statement best applies to Bach's Brandenburg Concerto #2? a. involves the lead instruments in complex counterpoint b. applies recent innovations in the form of the aria c. appealed most to Protestant churchgoers d. marks the origin of baroque opera in Germany Answer: a Page ref: 277

31.

What baroque musical form, perfected by Handel and popular among his English audiences, consisted of stories (often biblical) that were set to music and performed in public halls? a. oratorio b. concerto grosso c. fugue d. opera Answer: a Page ref: 288

32.

What feature or description characterizes Christopher Wren's design for St. Paul's Cathedral? a. elaborate Italian baroque decoration b. use of an encircling monumental colonnade c. the strong influence of absolutist France d. compromise between native English and continental elements Answer: d Page ref: 286-287

33.

Whose most important work was a political treatise that helped justify the Glorious Revolution in England with his ideas of a balance between individual freedom and social order? a.

John Locke b.

Molière c.

Thomas Hobbes d.

Galileo Answer: a Page ref: 288

34.

Which of these is the best example of a native musical talent in the English baroque? a.

Purcell’s Dido and Aeneas b.

Vivaldi’s Four Seasons c.

Handel’s Messiah d.

Bach’s Brandenburg Concertos Answer: a Page ref: 288

COMPLETION 35.

In Spanish America, colonial authorities built Christianity over native religious faiths.

Answer: baroque-style churches Page ref: 266

72

to assert the triumph of

36.

Cervantes’ Don Quixote is primarily concerned with the philosophical problem of the tension or boundary between .

Answer: illusion and reality Page ref: 269

37.

The influence of the painter Caravaggio throughout Europe can be seen in his dramatic use of .

Answer: light and shadow or chiaroscuro Page ref: 262

38.

The innovations of J. S. Bach and other baroque composers were based on the perfection of the system.

Answer: major-minor key Page ref: 278

39.

The orderly and restrained works of painter Nicolas Poussin are examples of the baroque, which contrasts with the exuberant baroque style of Peter Paul Rubens.

Answer: neoclassical Page ref: 276

40.

In the Scientific Revolution, scientists based their conclusions on experimentation and observation, an approach called .

Answer: empiricism Page ref: 282

41.

The scientist Galileo Galilei was condemned by the Catholic Church because of his claim that .

Answer: the sun revolved around the earth Page ref: 284

42.

The disastrous fire of London in 1666 gave a remarkable opportunity to the amateur architect named .

Answer: Christopher Wren Page ref: 286-287

SHORT-ANSWER 43.

Identify the stylistic features of baroque art and music in Italy.

44.

Illustrate Bernini’s varied achievements in baroque architecture, sculpture, and design.

45.

Define absolutism and briefly illustrate its effects on the arts and thought in seventeenth-century Spain and France.

46.

Briefly summarize Johann Sebastian Bach's achievement as a composer.

47.

Explain the appeal of Dutch baroque painting to its patrons and public.

48.

Summarize the central principles of the Scientific Revolution.

49.

Characterize the seventeenth-century English spirit of compromise in the arts and politics.

73

ESSAY & DISCUSSION 50.

Define three essential elements of the baroque style in the arts and illustrate these elements with three detailed examples of baroque art. Choose your examples from two different artistic media (painting, music, architecture, sculpture, etc.).

51.

Discuss the relation between the baroque arts and the seventeenth-century artistic public. In your answer, choose three masterpieces of the baroque arts (painting, music, architecture, sculpture, theater) and explain how each work appealed to a distinctive audience. Be specific in connecting the artist's choice of style, theme, form, or mode of presentation to the tastes of a particular audience in seventeenth-century society.

74

11

The Spirit of Enlightenment Test Item File

MULTIPLE-CHOICE 1.

Which artist best depicted the urbane and somewhat melancholy revelries of the eighteenthcentury European aristocracy? a.

J. B. S. Chardin b.

Jacques-Louis David c.

Wolfgang Mozart d.

Antoine Watteau Answer: d Page ref: 292-293

2.

Which two artists are most closely associated with the rococo style in art? a.

Jacques Louis David and Thomas Jefferson b.

Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Mozart c.

Peter Paul Rubens and Nicolas Poussin d.

J.-H. Fragonard and Antoine Watteau Answer: d Page ref: 293-294

3.

In what phenomenon did the Parisian Madame Geoffrin play an important role? a. the success of the salon as an intellectual and social occasion b. the development of ballet as an independent art form c. ending the aristocracy's dominance in French art d. recovering the treasures of Pompeii and Herculaneum Answer: a Page ref: 292

4.

François Boucher's The Toilet of Venus most clearly illustrates what idea or topic? a. the legitimacy of absolute royal power b. tensions among the social classes of Europe c. a loving reconciliation of husband and wife d. the luxurious self-indulgence of the rococo style Answer: d Page ref: 294

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5.

Which of these would have been the most appropriate setting for a small rococo entertainment or a salon of Parisian wits and philosophers? a.

Church of the Vierzehnheiligen, Germany b. the Hôtel de Soubise, Paris c. the Residenz, Würzburg, Germany d.

Monticello, Virginia Answer: b Page ref: 292

6.

Which movement or style employed shell-like decoration and themes of playful sexuality or seduction? a. rococo b.

Storm and Stress c. the Encyclopedists d. neoclassicism Answer: a Page ref: 292

7.

Who created romanticized portraits that he called “fancy pictures” that appealed to the wealthy classes of eighteenth-century Britain? a.

Thomas Gainsborough b.

Antoine Watteau c.

Balthasar Neumann d.

William Hogarth Answer: a Page ref: 301

8.

Which statement best describes the aim of the Enlightenment philosophes? a. establishing the theoretical basis of modern science b. the practical application of reason to human problems c. the rediscovery of Europe's roots in classical civilization d. overthrowing the powers of absolutist monarchs Answer: b Page ref: 301

9.

What term describes the idea, popularized by J.-J. Rousseau, that human society originated in an agreement among naturally free individuals to establish the rule of law and civil society? a. neoclassicism b. the divine covenant c. sensibilité d. the social contract Answer: d Page ref: 302

10.

With what term or concept did Adam Smith describe the principle that individuals pursuing their individual self-interest would naturally create prosperity and happiness for all? a. enlightenment b. invisible hand c. categorical imperative d. general will Answer: b Page ref: 303-304 76

11.

What would an eighteenth-century deist most likely have done? a. constructed a country home in the Palladian style b. practiced spiritual exercises to achieve religious insight c. questioned the right of humans to overthrow governments d. doubted the revelations of the Christian Bible Answer: d Page ref: 301

12.

J.-J. Rousseau's novel titled Émile would today be most influential in what field of study? a. the economic study of free markets b. the philosophical basis of modern science c. the philosophy of education d. the nature of religious experience Answer: c Page ref: 302

13.

Which most directly expresses the neoclassical desire for simplicity and classical decoration? a.

Mozart's operas b.

Gabriel’s Petit Trianon c.

Samuel Richardson's novels d.

Neumann’s Church of the Vierzehnheiligen Answer: b Page ref: 312

14.

Which of these works best illustrates the fashion of sensibilité by its appeal to moralizing sentiment? a.

Greuze's The Bride of the Village b.

Goethe's Götz von Berlichingen c.

Mozart's Symphony #40 in G minor d.

Hogarth's The Marriage Contract Answer: a Page ref: 305

15.

What was the most notable achievement of Marie-Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun? a. reform the practice of ballet dance b. paint flattering portraits of Europe's nobility c. establish a famous salon in rococo Paris d. compose popular operas performed in Vienna and Prague Answer: b Page ref: 295-297

16.

Which statement best describes the works of J.-H. Fragonard, creator of The Progress of Love? a. defined the form of the Classical symphony b. embodied the light-hearted charm of the rococo c. criticized the softness and indulgence of contemporary painting d. established the bourgeois sentimental drama in Germany Answer: b Page ref: 294

77

17.

Which work best embodies the principles of eighteenth-century neoclassicism? a.

Fragonard’s The Swing b.

Hogarth's Marriage Contract c.

David's Oath of the Horatii d.

Mozart's Marriage of Figaro Answer: c Page ref: 315

18.

The Marriage of Figaro by W. A. Mozart is an example of what musical form? a. symphony b. opera c. oratorio d. motet Answer: b Page ref: 309

19.

Which of these works might have been most influenced by Palladio's book of classical designs, an important document in eighteenth-century neoclassicism? a.

Jefferson’s Monticello b.

Haydn’s London symphonies c.

Boffrand’s Hôtel de Soubise d.

Noverre’s ballet d’action Answer: a Page ref: 312

20.

In Rousseau's Social Contract, what was the term for the collective desire of citizens as guided by public virtue? a.

Leviathan b. covenant c. general will d. categorical imperative Answer: c Page ref: 303

21.

Marie Anne de Cupis de Camargo was a central figure in the development of what art? a. ballet dance b.

French neoclassical theater c. the symphony d.

British portrait painting Answer: a Page ref: 297

22.

In which of these works might one expect to read the impassioned letters of a virtuous servant? a.

Richardson's Pamela b.

Goethe's Götz von Berlichingen c.

Voltaire's Candide d.

Swift's Gulliver's Travels Answer: a Page ref: 306

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23.

What term or phrase is best applied to Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin’s painting Boy Spinning Top? a. sensibilité b. bourgeois influence c. fête galante d. pastel Answer: b Page ref: 304

24.

Which of these is a pictorial example of satire—the effort to improve society by humorous criticism of its folly and foibles? a.

Jacques-Louis David’s Oath of the Horatii b.

Francois Boucher’s Toilet of Venus c.

William Hogarth’s The Marriage Contract d.

Greuze's The Bride of the Village Answer: c Page ref: 317

25.

Which of these would one expect to hear in the sonata allegro movement of a Classical symphony? a. a recitative b. the libretto c.

Storm and Stress d. the development Answer: d Page ref: 310

26.

What best describes the achievement of Jonathan Swift? a. a satirical commentator on human folly b. the ingenious architectural adapter of neoclassical styles c. the author of an influential epistolary novel d. a leading composer of the Classical period Answer: a Page ref: 317-318

27.

What best states the hero’s thoughts at the end of Voltaire’s tale Candide? a. we must work without theorizing b. humans are by nature corrupt and sinful c. we live in the best of all possible worlds d. philosophy can ultimately solve the universe's mysteries Answer: a Page ref: 318

28.

How is the hanamichi best described? a. the orchestra that accompanies a kabuki performance b. a form of multi-colored wood block printing c. the policy of closing Japan to foreign influence d. a ramp used for actors’ stylized entrances and exits Answer: d Page ref: 307

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29.

What figure popularized the taste for the austere works of ancient Greece? a.

William Hogarth b.

Thomas Jefferson c.

Johann J. Winckelmann d.

Francois Boucher Answer: c Page ref: 311

30.

Which of these is most directly involved or employed in an opera performance? a. sensibilité b. the exposition c. a libretto d.

Storm and Stress Answer: c Page ref: 309

31.

Which of these literary works is an example of the epistolary novel? a.

Richardson's Pamela b.

J.-J. Rousseau’s Social Contract c.

Voltaire's Candide d.

Swift's Gulliver's Travels Answer: a Page ref: 306

32.

Which movement or style aimed to compile all human knowledge as a practical guide to the improvement of the human condition? a. rococo b.

Storm and Stress c. the Encyclopedists d. neoclassicism Answer: c Page ref: 301

33.

Which movement or style aimed to free Germany from artificial imitations of French culture? a. cult of sensibilité b. the sentimental drama c. the Encyclopedists d. neoclassicism Answer: b Page ref: 307

COMPLETION 34.

Women played an important role in eighteenth-century society by sponsoring weekly gatherings of intellectuals for conversation and musical entertainment.

Answer: salons Page ref: 292

35.

Many Enlightenment philosophes held the deist belief that God created the universe to work according to .

Answer: rational laws Page ref: 301 80

,

36.

The philosopher J. J. Rousseau imagined that humans originally lived as state of nature and formed society by exchanging natural liberty for Answer: noble savages / civil Page ref: 302-303

in a liberty.

37.

The novel, composed of letters by a fictional character, was a typical form of eighteenth-century prose fiction.

Answer: epistolary Page ref: 305

38.

In Japan’s “floating world” of urban entertainment districts, the form of theater employed colorful costumes and elaborate staging.

Answer: kabuki Page ref: 307

39.

The passionate German authors associated with the praising genius and protesting injustice.

Answer: Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress) Page ref: 308

40.

The sonata form of a classical symphony’s first movement is divided into , and .

Answer: exposition; development; recapitulation Page ref: 310

41.

The eighteenth-century taste for ancient styles of art and decoration was termed , the conscious effort to revive the values of Greek and Roman antiquity.

Answer: neoclassicism Page ref: 311

42.

The most important British practitioners of eighteenth-century satire were the writer , author of Gulliver’s Travels, and the artist , famed for his mockery of social climbers.

Answer: Jonathan Swift; William Hogarth Page ref: 316-317

movement wrote works

,

SHORT-ANSWER 43.

Describe the rococo style in painting and architecture.

44.

Summarize the program of the Enlightenment philosophes.

45.

Define the concept of the social contract and explain its importance in eighteenth-century political philosophy.

46.

Identify the most important forms, styles, and themes in the arts and literature that appealed to a middle-class public.

47.

Describe briefly the Japanese kabuki theater and compare it to another form of theatrical entertainment.

48.

Explain the structure of the neoclassical symphony.

49.

Define satire and illustrate its importance in the eighteenth century with examples from the arts and literature.

81

ESSAY & DISCUSSION 50.

Define neoclassicism and illustrate its influence in eighteenth-century Europe by discussing three related examples of literature and the arts. Choose your examples from three different artistic or literary forms (that is, painting, architecture, music, the novel, or opera) and show how the examples are related in their application of neoclassical ideas.

51.

Choose three works of contrasting mood from the art, literature, and music of the eighteenth century. Discuss each work in light of the feeling it creates in the viewer, listener, or reader, noting the particular artistic choices and methods that contribute to this mood.

82

12

Revolution and Romanticism Test Item File

MULTIPLE-CHOICE 1.

What philosophical or religious idea exercised the greatest influence on Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence? a.

John Locke's concept of rights belonging to the people b. the biblical idea of a covenant between God and the people c.

Thomas Hobbes' notion of the divine right of kings d. the doctrine that all humans are prone to sin and error Answer: a Page ref: 321-322

2.

Which topic best describes the principal concern of the liberal revolutions of 1776 and 1789? a. exploration of the human imagination and its fascination with evil b. freedom from tyranny and arbitrary government authority c. reconciliation of government with the teachings of the Bible d. balancing competing factions in a smoothly functioning society Answer: b Page ref: 3269

3.

With what term or concept did the Federalist write James Madison describe the self-regulating interaction among branches of government in the U.S. Constitution? a. invisible hand b. idée fixe c. dialectic d. checks and balances Answer: d Page ref: 322

4.

What leading painter of the French Revolution shifted his allegiance to Napoleon and became the “First Painter” of imperial France? a.

J. M. W. Turner b.

Antonio Canova c.

Eugène Delacroix d.

Jacques-Louis David Answer: d Page ref: 323

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5.

Which of these best illustrates Napoleon's desire to recast Paris in the style of the great imperial capital Rome? a. the Houses of Parliament b.

Arc de Triomphe de l’Étoile c.

Brighton Pavilion d.

Fonthill Abbey Answer: b Page ref: 323

6.

Which statement best describes the tone of sculptural works of Antonio Canova, as evidenced in his reclining figure of Pauline Bonaparte as Venus? a. coolly neoclassical in their style b. enthusiastic in their French patriotism c. tortured by demonic visions and horrific images d. realistic in their attention to ordinary detail Answer: a Page ref: 325

7.

Which statement best describes the Industrial Revolution as it had progressed by the year 1820? a. relied principally on immigrant labor from Africa and Asia b. transformed textile production through the introduction of power machinery c. began in the North American colonies of Britain and France d. substantially improved living conditions for urban factory laborers Answer: b Page ref: 327

8.

“It is indeed a wonderful sensation to see such an individual who, here concentrated into a single point, reaches out over the world and dominates it.” To whom was the philosopher G. W. F. Hegel referring here, seeing in this individual the embodiment of the World-Spirit? a.

George Washington b.

Napoleon Bonaparte c.

Thomas Jefferson d.

Ludwig van Beethoven Answer: b Page ref: 328

9.

How did Ludwig van Beethoven substantially alter the Classical symphony form of Haydn and Mozart? a. eliminated the symphony's fourth movement b. selectively reduced the number of instruments in the orchestra c. used the motif to expand and unify the symphony structure d. emphasized the classical simplicity of his mentors' style Answer: c Page ref: 332

10.

What was a central argument in Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto? a. bourgeois society represents the ultimate stage of human social development b. the proletariat will soon join with factory owners in overthrowing capitalism c. history advances by a dialectical struggle between classes d. the future holds little promise of technological progress Answer: c Page ref: 328

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11.

Which figure, inspired by the principles of the French revolution, led the inhabitants of his Caribbean island home against the power of the Napoleonic empire? a.

George Washington b.

Thomas Jefferson c.

Símon Bolívar d.

Toussaint l’Ouverture Answer: d Page ref: 326

12.

Which of these works was most influenced by Lord Byron's vision of a rebellious and selfdestructive hero? a.

Schubert’s The Erlking b.

Delacroix's The Death of Sardanapalus c.

Beethoven's Symphony #5 d.

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein Answer: b Page ref: 330-331

13.

What statement best describes Goya's Executions of the Third of May, 1808? a. evokes an atmosphere of exotic pleasure and sensual delight b. expresses a romantic protest against tyranny and oppression c. shows the influence of classical sculpture in its treatment of the figure d. creates a mysterious landscape through effects of light and color Answer: b Page ref: 336-337

14.

The romantic hero who strives excessively for greater love, power, and knowledge, is best exemplified by what figure? a.

Goethe's Faust b.

Frankenstein’s creature c.

Lord Byron d.

Thomas Jefferson Answer: a Page ref: 329

15.

Which of these works celebrated the romantic belief in political freedom and social unity? a.

J. M. W. Turner’s Slave Ship b.

Friedrich's Wanderer Above the Mists c.

Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People d.

Bierstadt’s Among the Sierra Nevada Answer: c Page ref: 331

16.

Which of these romantic works inspired a set of illustrations by Delacroix, several Lieder by Schubert, and an opera by Charles Gounod? a.

Mary Shelley, Frankenstein b.

Goethe, Faust c.

David, Napoleon Crossing the Alps d.

Berlioz, Symphonie fantastique Answer: b Page ref: 329-330

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17.

What aspect of the romantic sensibility is best expressed in Albert Bierstadt’s painting Among the Sierra Nevada? a. search of exotic pleasure and sensual delight b. the protest against tyranny and inhumanity c. a nostalgic attraction to the medieval past d. fascination with the unspoiled beauty of nature Answer: d Page ref: 339

18.

What poet wrote a sprawling dramatic poem based on the medieval legend of a scholar who sells his soul to the devil? a.

William Wordsworth b.

Lord Byron c.

William Blake d.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Answer: d Page ref: 329

19.

For what reason would Turner's The Slave Ship have been criticized by traditional art critics? a. depicted a commonplace scene from ordinary life b. disregarded precise detail in favor of atmospheric color and light c. depicted mythological creatures and fantastic scenes d. incorporated classical sculpture and architecture Answer: b Page ref: 338-339

20.

Which of these would one most likely visualize during the last movement of Berlioz' Symphonie fantastique? a. a murderer’s march to the scaffold b. ancient Greek celebrants c.

Dante rowing across a river of Hell d. travelers on a modern railway Answer: a Page ref: 334

21.

In what kind of work would one most likely expect to encounter the technique of the idée fixe? a. a painting by Francisco Goya b. a drama by Goethe c. a symphony by Hector Berlioz d. a building by A. N. Pugin Answer: c Page ref: 334

22.

Which of these paintings is notable for the vitality of its treatment of light and color, a method that influenced other painters? a.

David's Napoleon Crossing the Alps b.

Goya's Witches' Sabbath c.

Constable's The White Horse d.

Ingres' Turkish Bath Answer: c Page ref: 338

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23.

What romantic-era philosopher proposed that the mind possessed imaginative or “transcendental” powers to give shape and order to sense experience? a.

Immanuel Kant b.

Lord Byron c.

Albert Bierstadt d.

J. A. D. Ingres Answer: a Page ref: 337

24.

"The world is too much with us; late and soon, Getting and spending we lay waste our powers . . ."

What romantic idea is expressed in these lines from a poem by William Wordsworth? a. people lack the education they need to improve themselves b. humans are too easily distracted from nature by material pursuits c. society's institutions are responsible for human misery and corruption d. only by striving for wider experience do humans express their inner selves Answer: b Page ref: 337

25.

Which of these best expresses the romantic fascination with picturesque Gothic architecture? a.

La Madeleine in Paris b.

Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile c.

Nash's Royal Pavilion, Brighton d.

John Wyatt’s Fonthill Abbey Answer: d Page ref: 340

26.

"Would men but generously snap our chains, and be content with rational fellowship instead of slavish obedience, they would find us more observant daughters, more affectionate sisters, more faithful wives, more reasonable mothers . . ." These lines are from an early feminist manifesto by what author? a.

Mary Shelley b.

Marie Guillemine Benoist c.

Mary Wollstonecraft d.

Clara Schumann Answer: c Page ref: 335-335

27.

Which phrase best describes program music, a frequent format of music in the romantic era? a. is usually accompanied by a chorus b. is based on a novel or other literary work c. has a clear four-part structure d. explicitly tells a story or describes a place Answer: d Page ref: 334

28.

J. A. D. Ingres' The Turkish Bath is an example of what romantic theme? a. interest in the exotic b. nostalgia for the past c. heroic individualism d. interest in the evil and grotesque Answer: a Page ref: 343

87

29.

Which statement best applies to Goya’s etching The Sleep of Reason Brings Forth Monsters, a scene of an artist asleep at his desk? a. anticipates the impressionists in its hazy effects of light and color b. recalls the neoclassical values of strict balance and organization c. searches for the underlying geometric shapes in nature d. realizes the romantic fascination with evil, the grotesque and bizarre Answer: d Page ref: 343

30.

Which of these was a novel of willful and tortured souls living in the wild English countryside, buffeted by romantic passion and moral dilemma? a.

Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre b.

Goethe’s Faust c.

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein d.

Francisco Goya’s Sleep of Reason Answer: a Page ref: 343

31.

In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, how is the central figure of the doctor best characterized? a. a lover who is spurned by his beloved b. a Byronic rebel who would destroy the world c. a Christ-like hero who sacrifices himself to save humanity d. a Prometheus with God-like ambitions but morally blind Answer: d Page ref: 344

32.

Who was the author of the poem “London” and other romantic protests against the effects of industrial urban life on children and the poor? a.

William Blake b.

Mary Wollstonecraft c.

H. D. Thoreau d.

Charles Gounod Answer: a Page ref: 335

33.

Which of these was famed as a virtuoso pianist and composer of romantic nocturnes and preludes? a.

Frédéric Chopin b.

Robert Schumann c.

Hector Berlioz d.

William Blake Answer: a Page ref: 333

34.

Which is the best example of romantic exoticism – the Western fascination with the styles and subjects of Islamic and Asian civilizations? a.

Francisco Goya’s Sleep of Reason b.

Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre c.

La Madeleine in Paris d.

Nash's Royal Pavilion, Brighton Answer: d Page ref: 342

88

COMPLETION 35.

The U.S. Constitution’s balance of powers and protection of individual rights were debated in a series of essays called the papers.

Answer: Federalist Page ref: 322

36.

In August, 1789, revolutionary delegates in France issued the establishing the principles of liberal constitutional government in France.

Answer: Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen Page ref: 322-323

37.

Napoleon Bonaparte modeled the artistic symbols of his French empire after the empire of , imitating its triumphal arches and grand buildings.

Answer: ancient Rome Page ref: 323

38.

The Spanish Creole leader named Spanish colonial rule in the 1820s.

Answer: Simón Bolívar Page ref: 326

39.

Advocates of a society called for the collective ownership of society’s resources and more equal distribution of wealth.

Answer: socialist or communist Page ref: 328

40.

Niccolò Paganini, composer and violinist, was the most famous of the musical who dazzled Europe with their spectacular performing ability.

Answer: virtuosos Page ref: 333

41.

The story of the aspiring medieval doctor named Goethe, but also romantic artists and composers.

Answer: Faust Page ref: 329

42.

Mary Wollstonecraft was a central figure of , the nineteenth-century movement to claim for women the universal rights proclaimed in revolutionary declarations.

Answer: romantic feminism Page ref: 335-336

43.

The painters of the North American landscape.

Answer: Hudson River School Page ref: 339

44.

E. A. Poe and Mary Shelley wrote masterpieces of the genre called characterized by horror, supernatural effects, and a medieval setting.

Answer: the Gothic novel

at Versailles,

led South American revolutions against

inspired not only the poet

embodied the American love of nature in their views of the

89

, tales

Page ref: 343

SHORT-ANSWER 45.

Identify the philosophical and political ideas that motivated the revolutionary wave in North America, France, and South America.

46.

Characterize Napoleon’s use of the arts to legitimize his reign as ruler of post-revolutionary France.

47.

Explain the dynamic motive forces of history, according to the “dialectical” principles of Hegel and Marx.

48.

Identify one romantic hero, either historical or fictional, and identify the hero's essentially romantic characteristics.

49.

Characterize romanticism in music, identifying its effects on different musical forms.

50.

Link the different elements of romanticism to particular historical and social circumstances in the romantic era.

51.

Cite examples of the romantic fascination with evil, the demonic, and the grotesque.

ESSAY & DISCUSSION 52.

Illustrate the concept of the romantic hero by discussing three examples from the romantic era.

Choose your examples of historical, literary, and artistic figures so as to provide a comprehensive view of the romantic hero.

53.

In the view of some critics and historians, romanticism is more a sensibility than a style or movement. Analyze the romantic sensibility by discussing its several dimensions or aspects, illustrating with carefully chosen examples of romantic art, music, and literature.

90

13

The Industrial Age: The Spirit of Materialism Test Item File

MULTIPLE-CHOICE 1.

Which example best illustrates the Victorian spirit of progress and the use of new industrial materials? a.

L. C. Tiffany’s colored glass b.

Manet's Luncheon on the Grass c.

Paxton's Crystal Palace d.

Bonheur's The Horse Fair Answer: c Page ref: 347-348

2.

In which work is the principle of “natural selection” a central concept? a.

Dickens’ David Copperfield b.

J. S. Mill’s On Liberty c.

Baudelaire's Flowers of Evil d.

Darwin’s Origin of Species Answer: d Page ref: 349

3.

What statement best expresses the utilitarian philosophy of J. S. Mill? a. all ideas come from God and deserve to be heard b. actions are right insofar as they promote happiness c. all species, including humans, are engaged in the struggle to survive d. the strong must be free to create their own value system Answer: b Page ref: 348-349

4.

What made Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace notable? a. use of neoclassical motifs b. iron-and-glass construction c.

Art Nouveau-style decoration d.

Gothic gloominess and mystery Answer: b Page ref: 347-348

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5.

Why would traditional art critics in 1850 have criticized Gustave Courbet's Burial at Ornans? a. it depicted a commonplace scene from ordinary life b. it used brilliant and bizarre color combinations c. it depicted mythological creatures and fantastic scenes d. it imitated classical sculpture and architecture Answer: a Page ref: 350

6.

Which statement best describes a central principle of “social” Darwinism? a. divisions in society result from a competitive struggle for life b. all should strive for the greatest good for the greatest number c. liberal society will evolve into a community utopia d. history progresses through the struggle of the rational and the real Answer: a Page ref: 349

7.

Which of these works would properly be classified as "realist"—aiming to depict its subject in full detail and with honesty? a.

Renoir's Le Moulin de la Galette b.

Flaubert's Madame Bovary c.

Baudelaire's Flowers of Evil d.

Van Gogh's Starry Night Answer: b Page ref: 354

8.

Which of these decadent and mystical artists helped inspire a movement called l'art pour l'art — "art for art's sake"— with morbidly erotic poetry? a.

Claude Monet b.

Richard Wagner c.

Gustave Courbet d.

Charles Baudelaire Answer: d Page ref: 363

9.

In whose world would one expect to find a Leitmotif? a.

Henrik Ibsen b.

Georges Seurat c.

Richard Wagner d.

Claude Monet Answer: c Page ref: 359

10.

Which statement best describes Richard Wagner's cycle of four operas titled Ring of the Nibelung? a. important in the development of late nineteenth-century ballet b. experimented with the tonalities of exotic instruments c. adapted the love stories and gay tales of traditional opera d. synthesized orchestral music, song, and staging in a “total” art work Answer: d Page ref: 358-359

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11.

What composer achieved innovations in orchestration and tonality that are often called "impressionism in music"? a.

Claude Debussy b.

Johannes Brahms c.

Giuseppe Verdi d.

Richard Wagner Answer: a Page ref: 364

12.

The literary names of Gustave Flaubert and Henrik Ibsen are closely associated with what "-ism"? a. realism b. symbolism c. impressionism d. socialism Answer: a Page ref: 354, 377

13.

Why would the artistic public of the 1860s most likely have rejected Edouard Manet's Luncheon on the Grass? a. the work's sketchy brush strokes seemed amateurish b. the picture placed a bold nude woman in a contemporary setting c. the work seemed to call for violent uprisings of urban workers d. the work depicted exotic tropical scenes in garish colors Answer: b Page ref: 350

14.

In explaining the importance of Baron Haussmann’s new Paris, which cheerfully destroyed traditional neighborhoods in favor of efficient boulevards and up-to-date apartment buildings, what term would you most appropriately use? a. realism b.

Art Nouveau c. nationalism d. modernity Answer: d Page ref: 360-361

15.

Which term is best associated with Louis Sullivan’s Wainright Building in St. Louis and other "Chicago-style" skyscrapers? a. exoticism b. the steel-cage frame c. post-impressionism d. iron-and-glass construction Answer: b Page ref: 357

16.

How is the style of Art Nouveau best described? a. sought to depict things as they really are b. imitated models from the classical past c. expressed intense inner feelings and states of mind d. employed floral and vegetal motifs Answer: d Page ref: 363 93

17.

Which statement best describes the statue of the novelist Balzac sculpted by Auguste Rodin? a. was quickly recognized as a masterpiece by critics b. consciously imitated the style of classical Greece c. suggests the appetites and energy of its famous subject d. sought to achieve a flawlessly smooth surface Answer: c Page ref: 367-368

18.

What stylistic term is best associated with the flowing lines and vegetal decoration of Gaudí’s Casa Milá in Barcelona? a. post-impressionism b. architectural nationalism c.

Art Nouveau d.

Gothic revival Answer: c Page ref: 364

19.

Which phrase best describes the music of Claude Debussy, as exemplified in works like Prelude to ‘Afternoon of a Satyr’ and Claire de lune (Moonlight)? a. static compositions based on tonal colors and harmonic innovation b. based on interwoven Leitmotiven (“leading motives”) c. earned him praise as Europe’s greatest operatic composer d. continued the abstract music tradition of Mozart and Beethoven Answer: a Page ref: 364

20.

In what European city would one have seen the first impressionist exhibition? a.

Berlin b.

London c.

Paris d.

Munich Answer: c Page ref: 368

21.

For what shortcoming would a tradition-minded connoisseur most likely have criticized early impressionist paintings? a. overuse of classical images b. depiction of evil and violence c. use of dull earth colors d. amateurish sketchiness Answer: d Page ref: 369

22.

What pair of painters sought to develop beyond the impressionist style in the direction of greater formal order and abstraction? a.

Edouard Manet and Edgar Degas b.

Claude Monet and Auguste Renoir c.

Rosa Bonheur and Thomas Eakins d.

Paul Cézanne and Georges Seurat Answer: d Page ref: 372

94

23.

What technique of the impressionist and post-impressionist styles, visible especially in Mary Cassatt's later works, was adapted from Japanese ukiyo-e prints? a. repetition of the circle and square to create order and regularity b. sketchy brushwork lending a sense of spontaneity c. precise observation of realistic detail d. flattened perspective and unbroken fields of bright color Answer: d Page ref: 372

24.

What characteristic of the impressionist style is best illustrated by Renoir's Le Moulin de la Galette? a. use of recurring formal shapes such as the cube and sphere b. gaiety of life communicated through light and color c. graphically realistic treatment of scientific and sporting subjects d. careful observation of the human figure in awkward postures Answer: b Page ref: 371

25.

What American impressionist painter was known for paintings focused on the intimacy of mother and child? a.

Edgar Degas b.

Mary Cassatt c.

Auguste Renoir d.

Claude Monet Answer: b Page ref: 371-372

26.

What pair of painters best defines the pure impressionist style of brilliant color and vibrant brushwork? a.

Edouard Manet and Edgar Degas b.

Claude Monet and Pierre-Auguste Renoir c.

Gustave Courbet and Honoré Daumier d.

Paul Cézanne and Georges Seurat Answer: b Page ref: 368-369

27.

Which is a post-impressionist work that used vivid colors to achieve greater emotional power and expressiveness than the impressionists did themselves? a.

Manet's Bar at the Folies-Bergère b.

Seurat's Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte c.

Van Gogh's Starry Night d.

Daumier's Rue Transnonain Answer: c Page ref: 376

28.

Which of these characteristics best describes Georges Seurat's Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte? a. use of color and symbolism to impart a concentrated emotional intensity b. painstaking method of applying tiny dots of color c. attempt to catch a fleeting impression of light and color d. unbroken expanses of brilliant color in search of satisfying design Answer: b Page ref: 372 95

29.

Who was an impressionist painter whose works are marked by careful observation of the human figure, often in awkward movements and positions? a.

Paul Cézanne b.

Edouard Manet c.

Edgar Degas d.

Honoré Daumier Answer: c Page ref: 371

30.

What pair of painters responded to the impressionist style by seeking more intense expressiveness of color and design? a.

Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin b.

Claude Monet and Mary Cassatt c.

Rosa Bonheur and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec d.

Paul Cézanne and Georges Seurat Answer: a Page ref: 375-376

31.

How is Fyodor Dostoevsky's tale of the "Grand Inquisitor," from his novel The Brothers Karamazov, best described? a. a feminist protest against the traditional family b. an anguished anticipation of the conditions of mass society c. an ironic examination of romantic love in the modern era d. a savage critique of religion's role in imperialist oppression Answer: d Page ref: 378

32.

Which work develops and applies the concept of the Übermensch—a type of humans willing to reach “beyond good and evil” and create their own values? a.

Friedrich Nietzsche’s Thus Spoke Zarathustra b.

Flaubert’s Madame Bovary c.

Ibsen’s A Doll’s House d.

Darwin’s Origin of Species Answer: a Page ref: 379

33.

What Japanese art, perfected by the artists Hiroshige and Hokusai, exercised a great influence on European artists of the late nineteenth century? a. gamelan orchestra b. the realist novel c. iron-and-glass construction d. the color wood-block print Answer: d Page ref: 370

34.

What figure understood the human will in light of his pessimistic conclusion that “life is given us, not to be enjoyed, but to be overcome”? a.

Arthur Schopenhauer b.

Anton Chekhov c.

Gustave Courbet d.

Charles Baudelaire Answer: a Page ref: 378 96

COMPLETION 35.

According to utilitarian philosophy, all action should strive to achieve greatest number.

Answer: the greatest pleasure Page ref: 348

for the

36.

The American artists and American-style matter-of-factness.

Answer: Winslow Homer; Thomas Eakins Page ref: 352

37.

With works such as David Copperfield and Bleak House, Charles Dickens was recognized as a leading practitioner of the novel.

Answer: realist Page ref: 353

38.

Henri Labrouste’s reading room for the national library in Paris, France, took advantage of the new combination of and as building materials.

Answer: iron; glass Page ref: 355

39.

American architect Louis Sullivan invented the modern construction.

Answer: skyscraper; steel-cage Page ref: 357

40.

In his late masterpieces, Giuseppe Verdi brilliantly adapted to opera the tragedies and comedies of dramatist .

Answer: William Shakespeare Page ref: 358

41.

Marius Petipa was the creative genius behind the development of the dance still performed across the world.

Answer: Russian classical ballet Page ref: 362

42.

The flowing lines of the style can be seen in the buildings of the Spaniard Antonio Gaudí and the glass art of L. C. Tiffany.

Answer: Art Nouveau Page ref: 364

combined realist technique with

97

by using a method of

, a style of

SHORT-ANSWER 43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

Summarize the principal values or beliefs of the Victorians—the prosperous middle classes of nineteenth-century industrial societies.

Illustrate the “spirit of progress” in later nineteenth-century society with examples from science, politics, architecture, and city planning.

Define the realist style as practiced in nineteenth-century art and literature, citing examples from different arts.

Identify Richard Wagner's most significant musical innovations.

Illustrate the late romantic sensibility in poetry, design, sculpture, and music.

Characterize the “pure impressionist” style of Monet and Renoir.

Summarize Dostoevsky's and Nietzsche’s criticisms of modern Western society and its materialist values.

ESSAY & DISCUSSION 50.

Trace the development of nineteenth-century European painting from realism to impressionism to post-impressionism. Carefully define the stylistic and thematic concerns of each phase of this development, and show how each phase developed from previous stages. Refer to specific artists and works in each phase.

51.

Evaluate modernity as a shaping force in nineteenth-century Western civilization, noting both its positive and negative effects as reflected in the works of artists and thinkers of the industrial age.

98

14

The Spirit of Modernism Test Item File

MULTIPLE-CHOICE 1.

Which would provide the best illustration of Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity, first published in 1905? a. rolling a pair of dice to simulate radioactive decay of an atom b. the simultaneous points of view in a cubist painting c. the arc of an apple dropped from a speeding plane d. traveling in a spaceship from the earth at nearly the speed of light Answer: d Page ref: 382

2.

Which can be counted as a direct result of the "Great War"? a. the invention and spread of the automobile b. the growing popularity of television and radio c. a revival of interest in traditional arts such as furniture-making d. the convulsion of Russia by social and political revolution Answer: d Page ref: 383

3.

The documentary photographs of Dorothea Lange and Walker Evans are associated with what important historical event or phenomenon in the era 1910-45? a. the Great War in Europe b. the rise of fascism in Germany c. the New Deal in the U.S. d. the Bolsheviks and the Russian Revolution Answer: c Page ref: 385

4.

Which pair of works could both be classified as documentary in purpose—that is, intending to record social reality directly and truthfully? a.

Joyce, Ulysses, and Eliot, The Waste Land b.

Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother, and Riefenstahl, Triumph of the Will c.

Magritte, The Key of Dreams, and Miró, Birth of the World d.

Stravinsky, Rite of Spring, and Copland, Appalachian Spring Answer: b Page ref: 384-385

99

5.

The landmark film of Leni Riefenstahl titled Triumph of the Will, with its visually stunning shots of massed crowds, is most closely associated with what historical phenomenon? a. the Great War of 1914-1918 b. the rise of fascism in Germany c. the hardships of the Great Depression d.

Lenin’s rise to power in the Russian Revolution Answer: b Page ref: 384

6.

Which of these works best illustrates cubism’s effort to analyze subjects into planes, angles, and geometric shapes, in an attempt to show the object simultaneously from different perspectives? a.

Serge Eisenstein, Battleship Potemkin b.

Rivera, Enslavement of the Indians c.

Braque, The Portuguese d.

Brancusi, Bird in Space Answer: c Page ref: 386, 389

7.

What work is associated with Die Brücke, a movement of German expressionist artists of the 1920s? a.

Picasso's Three Musicians b.

Kafka’s The Metamorphosis c.

Copland’s Appalachian Spring d.

Kirchner’s Street, Berlin Answer: d Page ref: 392

8.

Which statement best describes Picasso's Three Musicians? a. clearly realizes the "expressionist" mode of modern art b. illustrates the painter's feelings of mistrust toward women c. its bright colors and irregular shapes give it a humorous tone d. use of soft, spherical shapes create a mood of mysterious calm Answer: c Page ref: 389

9.

With what phenomenon of modernist culture would you associate Marcel Duchamp’s readymades, sculptures made of ordinary objects like bicycle wheels or urinals? a. dada’s challenge to conventional definitions of art b. the documentary effort to communicate truth through art c. art deco’s commercially appealing mix of elegance and luxury d. the use of montage to create an emotion in the viewer Answer: a Page ref: 394-395

10.

Which of these works shows most clearly modernism's interest in "primitivism?" a.

Miró’s Birth of the World b.

Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon c.

Schoenberg's Pierrot Lunaire d.

Malevich's Black Square Answer: b Page ref: 386

100

11.

Which statement best describes Henri Matisse's The Joy of Life, dating from about 1905-6? a. a non-objective painting of abstract color and shape b. sought to create an expressive mood with rounded shapes c. mocks the hallowed aura of traditional art d. demonstrates the influence of Freudian psychology Answer: b Page ref: 391

12.

Who was closely associated with the Bauhaus school in Germany and was an important innovator in modern architecture? a.

Walter Gropius b.

Leni Riefenstahl c.

Charles Ives d.

Duke Ellington Answer: a Page ref: 401

13.

“Roped together like two mountain-climbers,” as one said, what two artists invented the analytic and synthetic methods of cubist painting? a.

Marcel Duchamp and Henri Matisse b.

Salvador Dali and Joan Miró c.

Paul Klee and Walter Gropius d.

Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso Answer: d Page ref: 386

14.

Which statement best describes Wassily Kandinsky’s Improvisation 28? a. painted on a geometric grid that dissolves object into planes and angular shapes b. used multiple rhythms to create jarring dislocations of rhythm c. its swirling lines and color have no reference to figure or story d. used atonal harmonies to create an atmosphere of dissonance Answer: c Page ref: 394

15.

Which work is best classified as surrealist? a.

Picasso's Three Musicians b.

Charles Ives’ Three Pieces in New England c.

Wright's "Fallingwater" d.

De Chirico's The Mystery and Melancholy of a Street Answer: d Page ref: 396

16.

What best describes Paul Klee’s mystical and child-like painting All Around the Fish? a. employs biomorphic shapes in playful combination b. applies the streamlined design principles of art deco c. synthesizes modernist techniques in the artist’s private vision d. consciously borrows images and methods from African art Answer: c Page ref: 394

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17.

Which modernist figure argued that women who wanted to write needed above all an income independent of men and "a room of one's own?" a.

Dorothea Lange b.

T. S. Eliot c.

Virginia Woolf d.

Leni Riefenstahl Answer: c Page ref: 398-399

18.

Which statement best describes the literary works of Franz Kafka? a. his novels and stories are mostly set in Dublin, Ireland b. central characters are caught in absurd and terrifying circumstances c. novels are thinly disguised memoirs of the author's youth d. works are filled with allusions to art, music, and religious ritual Answer: b Page ref: 399

19.

Which of these works is associated with a twentieth-century attempt to revive the great Renaissance fresco tradition of decorating building walls with monumental paintings? a.

Rivera, Enslavement of the Indians b.

Salvador Dali, Persistence of Memory c.

Brancusi, Bird in Space d.

Kahlo, The Broken Column Answer: a Page ref: 404

20.

Which of these is the best example of a surrealist work that explores the inner world of dream, emotion, and imagination? a.

Picasso's Guernica b.

Stravinsky's Rite of Spring c.

Dalí’s The Persistence of Memory d.

Le Corbusier’s Villa Savoye Answer: c Page ref: 398

21.

What term is best associated with Freud's theory of the human psyche? a. dada b. collage c. futurism d. libido Answer: d Page ref: 395

22.

Which of these statements best describes the principles of architectural modernism, as illustrated in Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye? a. use of forms from classical Greece and Rome b. preference for bright, even gaudy exterior color c. rejection of decoration in favor of a pure glass or concrete skin d. a belief that buildings should reflect local traditions and styles Answer: c Page ref: 401

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23.

Which statement best describes Picasso's Guernica as a work of art? a. exalts the values of industrial civilization b. uses cubist abstraction to protest technological war c. celebrates the stylized symbols and rituals of Nazism d. eloquently defends film's value as art Answer: b Page ref: 404

24.

Which statement best describes the music of Alban Berg’s opera Wozzeck? a. based on traditional American folk songs b. employed improvisation and a swinging rhythm c. written after the composer left New Orleans for Chicago d. created a disturbing mood by atonal harmonies and dissonance Answer: d Page ref: 401

25.

Which of these best expresses the American idiom of modernism in the arts? a.

Nolde's Still Life of Masks b.

Schoenberg's Pierrot Lunaire c.

Braque's The Portuguese d.

Charles Ives’ Three Pieces in New England Answer: d Page ref: 409

26.

“I pursue the inner, hidden reality, the very essence of objects in their own intrinsic fundamental nature.” The author of this statement might have illustrated it with what work of his or her own? a.

Duchamp’s L.H.O.O.Q b.

Brancusi’s Bird in Space c.

Braque's Le Courrier d.

Hopper’s Nighthawks Answer: b Page ref: 391

27.

Which pair of figures played a central role in the invention of modern dance? a.

Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington b.

Sergei Diaghilev and Vaslav Nijinsky c.

Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque d.

Arnold Schoenberg and Alban Berg Answer: b Page ref: 400

28.

What would one expect to encounter in listening to Igor Stravinsky's score for Rite of Spring? a. the sonata form b. polyrhythm and dissonance c. an operatic aria d. electronic instruments Answer: b Page ref: 400

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29.

Which figure would most likely have applied the techniques of the twelve-tone method? a.

Louis Armstrong b.

Sergei Diaghilev c.

Sigmund Freud d.

Arnold Schoenberg Answer: d Page ref: 401

30.

Which statement best describes Duke Ellington? a. composed his works principally for jazz ensembles b. strongly influenced by the atonal methods of Schoenberg c. author of the jazz-influenced work Threepenny Opera d. successfully collaborated with Sergei Diaghilev Answer: a Page ref: 410

31.

Who fashioned a system of teaching modern dance that made it as rigorous as classical ballet? a.

Isadora Duncan b.

Georgia O'Keeffe c.

Martha Graham d.

Willa Cather Answer: c Page ref: 409

32.

Which statement best describes the technique of jazz? a. arranged notes in an arbitrary series or row b. based on improvisation and a swinging rhythm c. first employed in symphonic and operatic settings d. was slow to influence modernist composers Answer: b Page ref: 409

33.

Which statement best describes the architect Frank Lloyd Wright? a. was a central figure of the Bauhaus movement in Germany b. believed a building should connect its occupants and surroundings c. was the inventor of architectural modernism in the U.S. d. envisioned "radiant cities" of skyscrapers and super-highways Answer: b Page ref: 409

34.

Louis Armstrong's 1920s recordings with the “Hot Five” and “Hot Seven” established what aspect of Armstrong's musical achievement? a. the musician’s unparalleled genius for the jazz solo b. the incorporation of atonal harmonies into jazz c. composing jazz for a large orchestra of varied musicians d. the merger of jazz with American popular theater Answer: a Page ref: 409

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35.

What best describes the style of art deco? a. sought to purify architecture of decorative facades b. combined sleek shapes with eclectic decorative motifs c. found in “primitive” art a universal visual language d. borrowed decorative elements from neoclassical traditions Answer: b Page ref: 401-403

COMPLETION 36.

photographers and filmmakers attempted to make a straightforward photographic record of the visual facts of social reality.

Answer: Documentary Page ref: 385

37.

The cubists Picasso and Braque invented the technique of other objects directly to the canvas.

Answer: collage Page ref: 389

38.

The attempt to remove all representation and employ pure line, color, or shape leads to art.

by gluing paper and

Answer: non-objective or non-figurative Page ref: 389 39.

Freud saw as the psychic repository of powerful but suppressed and “forgotten” thoughts and desires that still affect human behavior.

Answer: the unconscious Page ref: 397

40.

The poet Waste Land.

Answer: T. S. Eliot Page ref: 399

41.

Arnold Schoenberg replaced traditional musical tonality with a system based on the , a sequence of twelve notes repeated through the composition.

Answer: tone-row Page ref: 401

42.

The dramatist Bertolt Brecht tried to create an attitude of critical detachment with his techniques of dramatic acting and staging called the theater.

Answer: epic Page ref: 403

43.

With her inventiveness and spontaneity, the free-spirited Isadora Duncan helped create the art of .

Answer: modern dance Page ref: 409

created a landmark of modernist poetry in his allusive work The

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44.

The flowering of arts and letters called the African-Americans’ artistic aspirations.

Answer: Harlem Renaissance Page ref: 407

produced powerful expressions of

SHORT-ANSWER 45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

Identify the historical events and forces that shaped the rise of modern mass society.

Describe the trend toward formal abstraction in modernist art begun by Picasso and cubism.

Define primitivism and characterize its role in modernist culture.

Summarize Freud's view of the role of sexuality in human thought.

Identify the principal techniques and themes of modernism in literature.

Describe the modernist style in architecture.

Illustrate the influence of politics on modernist works of art.

Identify one significant American contributor in each of the modernist arts of literature, dance, and music.

ESSAY & DISCUSSION 53.

Analyze the modernist revolution in two different artistic media (for example, music, architecture, painting, sculpture, literature, dance, or theater), identifying the decisive innovations or trends in the two media that broke with traditional art and established the modernist style. In your answer, be sure to discuss specific examples from each medium and to show how each example helped define the modernist artistic revolution.

54.

Discuss in detail the unique contribution of artists in North America to the rise of modernism.

Illustrate your discussion with detailed examples of artists from different media (literature, music, dance, etc.), and stress the unique or special character of their work, especially as compared with European modernism.

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15

The Contemporary Spirit Test Item File

MULTIPLE-CHOICE 1.

What post-war American group of poets and novelists explored themes of rootlessness and the endless quest for meaning? a. the Beats b. the regionalists c. the pop artists d. the confessional poets Answer: a Page ref: 414

2.

Which term is best associated with the international political situation of the 1950s, in the aftermath of World War II and the defeat of fascism? a. the Great Depression b. post-modernism c.

Cold War d. global terror Answer: c Page ref: 414

3.

Which best defines Mahatma Gandhi’s principle of satyagraha, which he and his followers employed to win India’s independence from colonial rule in 1948? a. determined pursuit of military superiority b. peaceful non-cooperation with unjust laws c. achieving a stable balance between competing powers d. mobilizing social elites in the cause of the dispossessed Answer: b Page ref: 415

4.

Which statement best describes the appeal of existentialism? a. represented a new American dominance of Western styles in art b. vigorously applied the lessons of modern physics c. searched for authentic freedom in an absurd world d. helped explain the origins of the Cold War Answer: c Page ref: 414-416

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5.

Which statement best describes the work of Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath? a. wrote self-consciously metaphysical stories about labyrinthine fictional worlds b. dealt principally with African-American characters and social life c. composed poetry in a “confessional” vein, with graphic images of female sexuality d. was strongly influenced by the Beatles and other groups of 1960s rock-and-roll Answer: c Page ref: 414

6.

Which statement best describes Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man? a. dramatizes the atheistic branch of existentialist philosophy b. a largely autobiographical story of a poet’s unhappy life c. explores an absurd world beyond logic and decency d. illustrates a young black man’s struggle to find his own identity Answer: d Page ref: 417

7.

Who is best categorized as an “abstract expressionist” painter of the New York school? a.

Jackson Pollock b.

Andy Warhol c.

Robert Smithson d.

Judy Chicago Answer: a Page ref: 418

8.

Which work is a masterpiece of the theater of the absurd? a.

Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot b.

Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart c.

Allen Ginsberg’s Howl d.

Tony Kushner’s Angels America Answer: a Page ref: 417

9.

Which work can be seen as an application of the surrealist technique of automatic creation— “in which the artist allows the unconscious rather than the conscious will to stimulate the act of creation”? a.

Romare Bearden, Baptism b.

Xu Bing, A Book from the Sky c.

Jackson Pollock, Number 1 d.

David Smith, Cubi I Answer: c Page ref: 419

10.

Which statement best describes the art of Robert Rauschenberg, creator of Monogram? a. experimented with “combine” paintings of several media b. employed a rigorous method of “automatic” painting and free association c. crossed over the division between traditional art and mass culture d. consciously imitated the methods of baroque masters Answer: a Page ref: 419

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11.

Which work shows the sculptor’s training in automobile assembly plants and his attempt to unite art with industrial design and technology? a.

Henry Moore, Recumbent Figure b.

David Smith, Cubi XVIII c.

Christo and Jeanne-Claude, Wrapped Reichstag d.

Louise Nevelson, Black Wall Answer: b Page ref: 424

12.

The term “pop art” is best applied to which work? a.

Le Corbusier’s Notre-Dame-du-Haut b.

Warhol’s 200 Campbell’s Soup Cans c.

Maya Lin’s Vietnam War Memorial d.

García Márquez’ One Hundred Days of Solitude Answer: b Page ref: 419

13.

Which of these works is properly described as a mobile, composed of shapes suspended in the air? a.

Kiefer’s Die Meistersinger b.

Rauschenberg’s Monogram c.

Chuck Close’s Phil d.

Calder’s Spring Blossoms Answer: d Page ref: 423-424

14.

Which artist expanded the definition of music by inventing a music of chance and random sound? a.

Jenny Holzer b.

Romare Bearden c.

Philip Glass d.

John Cage Answer: d Page ref: 428-429

15.

What American musical form rose to prominence in the age of rock-and-roll and made its African-American practitioners international pop stars? a. rhythm-and-blues b. raga c. fugue d. be-bop Answer: a Page ref: 429

16.

Which work best applies the belief that architecture should resemble sculpture in its flowing line and organic shape? a.

F. L. Wright’s Guggenheim Museum b.

Piano and Rogers’ Pompidou Center c.

Charles Moore’s Piazza d’Italia d.

Michael Graves’ Portland Public Services Building Answer: a Page ref: 427

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17.

Which structure best illustrates the architectural principles of the International Style—glass-andsteel towers of unadorned purity? a.

Charles Moore’s Piazza d’Italia b.

Michael Graves’ Portland Public Services Building c.

Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim Museum Bilbao d.

Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson’s Seagram Building Answer: d Page ref: 425

18.

Which of these works was a pioneering work of musical minimalism, carrying the style to a much wider audience? a.

Philip Glass, Einstein on the Beach b.

Pierre Boulez, Structures I c.

Samuel Beckett, Waiting for Godot d.

August Wilson, Fences Answer: a Page ref: 432

19.

Which statement best describes the artistic style of Romare Bearden, whose works celebrated African-American ritual and community? a. constructed earth art in primeval natural settings b. created mosaics of photomontage, cloth, and ordinary objects c. adapted Indian musical forms and techniques to his avant-garde musical style d. created mobiles of cut-out shapes suspended in the air Answer: b Page ref: 437

20.

Which of these works is a large-scale assemblage of discarded wooden shapes, a symbol of the refuse of modern urban society? a.

Alexander Calder, Spring Blossoms b.

David Smith, Cubi XVIII c.

Judy Chicago, Dinner Party d.

Louise Nevelson, Black Wall Answer: d Page ref: 424-425

21.

Which is best described with the term earth art, a mode of minimalism that merged sculpture with the landscape? a.

Alexander Calder, Spring Blossoms b.

Le Corbusier’s Notre-Dame-du-Haut c.

Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty d.

Henry Moore, Recumbent Figure Answer: c Page ref: 434

22.

Whose most important works were a series of ten plays depicting African-American experience in twentieth-century America? a.

J. L. Borges b.

Philip Glass c.

August Wilson d.

Donald Judd Answer: c Page ref: 437 110

23.

Which of these statements best describes the artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude? a. were directly influenced by the drip method of Jackson Pollock b. have provided striking production sets for minimalist musical performances c. extended the technique of collage in their “combines” of painting and sculpture d. use spacious natural and urban sites for unique sculptures on a large scale Answer: d Page ref: 414, 434

24.

Which is best associated with “post-modernism,” especially in its irreverent spirit and pastiche of different historical styles? a.

Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot b.

Jörn Utzon’s Sydney Opera House c.

Simone de Beauvoir’s Second Sex d.

Charles Moore’s Piazza d’Italia Answer: d Page ref: 430

25.

What dance choreographer collaborated with John Cage, Robert Rauschenberg, and other figures of the avant-garde scene? a.

Joseph Heller b.

Merce Cunningham c.

Philip Johnson d.

Alvin Ailey Answer: b Page ref: 422

26.

Which statement best describes the work of the Argentinean Jorge Luis Borges? a. wrote self-consciously metaphysical stories about labyrinthine fictional worlds b. dealt principally with African-American characters and social life c. composed poetry in a “confessional” vein, with graphic images of female sexuality d. was strongly influenced by the Beatles and other groups of 1960s rock-and-roll Answer: a Page ref: 436

27.

The fiction of Gabriel García Márquez, notably his novel One Hundred Years of Solitude, is best described by which term? a. organic b. magic realism c. beat d. existentialist Answer: b Page ref: 436

28.

What best describes Judy Chicago’s most famous work, the Dinner Party? a. a set of intensely personal poems about her experience as mother and housewife b. a controversial art installation commemorating women heroes c. a cycle of dramas depicting African-American characters and social life d. an acclaimed dance performance with the American Dance Theater Answer: b Page ref: 438

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29.

Which work illustrates the global culture and the international careers of many artists in the late twentieth century? a.

Mark Rothko, Rothko Chapel b.

Warhol, 200 Campbell’s Soup Cans c.

Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty d.

Cai Guo-Qiang, Transient Rainbow Answer: d Page ref: 442

30.

Who is the novelist whose existential hero suffers from the now-famous “Catch-22”? a.

Joseph Heller b.

Robert Rauschenberg c.

Philip Johnson d.

Toni Morrison Answer: a Page ref: 417

31.

What is most distinctive about the paintings of Chuck Close, as evident in his portrait of Philip Glass titled Phil? a. use of dream images b. bizarre combinations of color c. use of junk and garbage d. extreme photographic realism Answer: d Page ref: 433-434

32.

Which work embodies the artist’s political activism and the incorporation of African-American quilt-making traditions? a.

Faith Ringgold’s Tar Beach b.

Judy Chicago’s Dinner Party c.

Simone de Beauvoir’s Second Sex d.

Judy Pfaff’s Dragon Answer: a Page ref: 439

33.

Subtitled A Gay Fantasia on National Themes, what two-part play treated themes of homosexuality, AIDS, and politics in the 1980s? a.

J. P. Sartre’s No Exit b.

August Wilson’s Fences c.

Simone de Beauvoir’s Second Sex d.

Tony Kushner’s Angels in America Answer: d Page ref: 441

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COMPLETION 34.

According to the existential philosopher Sartre, humans lived in a condition of absolute , where existence precedes essence.

Answer: freedom Page ref: 416

35.

The term artistic experiment.

Answer: avant-garde Page ref: 421

36.

The soup-can images and pop-star portraits of Andy Warhol helped define an artistic trend called art.

Answer: pop Page ref: 419

37.

“Less is more!” was the slogan that Ludwig Mies van der Rohe proposed for the austere glass-andmetal office towers he built in post-World War II U.S. cities, defining the Style in architecture.

Answer: International Page ref: 425

38.

Milton Babbitt and Karlheinz Stockhausen were central figures in the effort to achieve total control over the musical performance by using music.

Answer: electronic Page ref: 428

39.

The late-twentieth-century style called hybrids of different styles and cultures.

Answer: post-modernism Page ref: 429

40.

J. L. Borges, the Argentinean writer, helped define a mode of storytelling called because it told stories about stories and created fiction about fictions.

Answer: meta-fiction Page ref: 436

41.

Judy Pfaff’s Dragon and other works like it that are created for a particular site and occasion and then dismantled, are called art.

Answer: installation Page ref: 435

was applied to artists who sought always to define the newest wave of

often produced works that were eclectic

SHORT-ANSWER 42.

Illustrate the varied responses of artists and thinkers to the holocausts of war and the rise of consumer society.

43.

Summarize existentialism’s view of the human condition in the modern world.

44.

Describe the situation of the existential hero as depicted in post-war drama and fiction.

45.

Illustrate the different trends of the arts in the post-war period.

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46.

Summarize the artistic goals of the International Style in architecture.

47.

Contrast the post-war avant-garde in music with developments in popular music.

48.

Define the post-modern sensibility and cite examples from different media.

49.

Summarize the effect of colonial, women’s, and civil rights struggles on the character of Western civilization.

50.

Identify principal examples of the emerging global culture at the beginning of the twenty-first century.

ESSAY & DISCUSSION 51.

It may be said that existentialism asserted the absolute freedom of human action in a world without absolute values. Evaluate the arts in the post-1945 period as the realization of absolute freedom in the choice of subject, form, and style. Assess the advantages and disadvantages of absolute artistic freedom, illustrating with examples from several artistic media or forms.

52.

Argue either that contemporary art and literature are an extension and elaboration of modernist styles, or that the contemporary scene represents a fundamentally new and unprecedented development in the history of Western civilization. Support your position with examples and illustrations drawn from at least two different artistic media or forms (painting, sculpture, architecture, music, dance, theater, fiction, poetry, etc.).

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