7.1
A QUICK REVIEW
CHAPTER
Alphabet Test
Alphabet Test is one of the important concepts of General Mental Ability Segment of Reasoning. This is also called Alphabetical Order. For solving the questions based on alphabetical order, the forward and backward position of all the alphabets along with its number should be kept in mind.
Following is the position of all the letters from LEFT to RIGHT (Forward).
ABCDEFGHIJKLM 12345678910111213
NOPQRSTUVWXYZ 14151617181920212223242526
From RIGHT to LEFT (Backward).
ABCDEFGHIJKLM 26252423222120191817161514
NOPQRSTUVWXYZ 13121110987654321
There are different forms of Alphabet Arrangements like arranging Words in Alphabetical Order, problems based on Letter-Word, Alphabetical Quibble and New Word Formation, etc.
Questions Asked in Alphabetical Order: Series of alphabets
Problems related to letter gap
Problems related to word formation
Words in the alphabetical order
Series of alphabets
Example: Which of the following options is third to the right of the 18th letter from the left in a forward series of the alphabet?
OPTIONS are (1)V(2)U(3)R(4)None of these Ans.: Eighteenth letter from the left in the forward series= ‘R’ Third letter to the right of eighteenth letter (R) = ‘U’ Hence U is the correct answer
Letter Gap
This question is purely based on your logic and how quickly you remember the alphabets.
Example: In the word ‘CONFUSED’, how many pairs of the letters have the same number of letters between them in the word as in alphabet?
OPTIONS are (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Ans.:
Please draw the lines and arrows as given below:
Therefore, Letter pairs = CF, NO, OS and ED (Total Four) Thus, option (d) is the correct answer.
Word formation
These questions require to have a good set of vocabulary.
Example: If the name of a game is formed by rearranging the letters of the word ‘AAKLBSTBLE’, then what will be the first and the last letter of the name?
OPTIONS are (1) B, L (2) T, B (3) B, T (4) K, L
Ans.: Here the name of the game that will be formed is ‘BASKETBALL’. Therefore, its first and last letters are B and L. Thus option (1) is the correct answer.
Alphabetical order
In these types of questions, there is a need to find which word will come first based on their alphabetical order.
Example: Arrange the question based on the initial letter of the word given in the alphabetical order.
1. Flower 2. Tower 3. Power 4. Shower
OPTIONS are (a) 1,2,3,4 (b) 2,3,1,4 (c) 4,3,2,1 (d) 1,3,4,2
Ans.: The arrangement in alphabetical order is “Flower, Power, Shower, Tower”.
Thus, option (d) is the correct answer.
7.2Alpha Numeric Sequence Puzzle
In Alpha numeric sequence puzzle, a mix up sentence consisting of some letters, numbers and symbols are given followed by some certain questions based on it.
Example: Study the following arrangement carefully and answer the questions given below:
9&AT5M4NKH2ACZSV3F1JLOQ5PR
Which of the following is the eighth to the right of the 17th letter from the right end?
OPTIONS are (1) F (2) M (3) K (4) B
Ans.:
17th letter from the right end = ‘H’ 8th letter to the right of 17th letter (H) = ‘F’ Hence ‘F’ is the correct answer Thus, option (1) is the correct answer.
7.3Analogy
Analogy means similarity.
As per New Concise Oxford Dictionary, “Analogy” means agreement, or similarity.
Analogue is the process of reasoning from parallel cases. Analogy means correspondence or relationships.
Structure of the question:
In this type of questions, two objects related in some way are given and third object is also given with four or five alternatives. You have to find out which one of the alternatives bears the same relation with the third objects as first and second objects are related.
Example: Find out the relationship between the first two words and choose the missing word from the given alternatives, which bears the same relationship to the third word, as the first two bear.
Apple : Fruit :: Potato : ?
OPTIONS are (1) Flower (2) Fruit (3) Sweet (4) Root
Answer : Option (4) ‘Apple’ is a ‘Fruit’ and similarly ‘Potato’ is a modified ‘Root’.
7.4Assertion and Reason
This type of reasoning questions consists of two statements: an assertion (statement of fact) and a reason (explanation for the assertion). You have to determine whether each statement is correct. If both the statements are correct, you have to determine whether the reason supports the assertion. Usually following possible outcomes are given in the question, to mark the answer:
(a) If both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) If both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) If (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) If (A) is false, but (R) is true.
(e) If Both (A) and (R) are false.
Practical steps for solving questions based on “Assertion and Reason”:
(1) Determine whether each statement is correct: First, check if the assertion is true or not. Then, check if reason is true or false.
(2) If any one or both is/are false, go with options (c) to (e), depending upon the case.
(3) If both are TRUE, determine whether the reason supports the assertion.
If YES, go with option (a) If NO, go with option (b).
Question 1
Assertion (A): Mahatma Gandhi is considered as “Father of the Nation” in India.
Reason (B): Mahatma Gandhi was the first Governor General of Independent India. Answer
Step 1 Determine correctness of the two statements Statement (A) is True. Statement (B) is False
Step 2 Since one of the statements is False The answer is option (C) i.e. “If A is true, but R is false.”
Question 2
Assertion (A): India’s ‘Republic Day’ falls on 26th January.
Reason (B): Constitution of India, declaring India as a republic, came into force on 26th January 1950.
Answer
Step 1 Determine correctness of the two statements
Statement (A) is True. Statement (B) is True.
Step 2 Whether one or both statements is/are False. NO
Step 3 When both the statements are True
7.5Blood Relations
The reason supports the assertion as (B) is the correct explanation of statement (A). The answer is (a) i.e. If both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Blood relatives means mother, father, child, brother, sister, grandparents, uncles, aunts, nieces, nephews, first cousins, and any of the foregoing relatives by adoption. The definition for an Indian childs “Blood Relative” shall be in accordance with the Indian Child Welfare Act which is mother, father, a person who has reached the age of eighteen and is the Indian child’s grandparent, aunt or uncle, brother or sister, brother-in-law or sister-in-law, niece or nephew, first or second cousin1
Generations in family tree:
I Grandfather, grandmother, maternal grandfather, maternal grandmother
II Mother, father, uncle, aunt, maternal uncle, maternal aunt
III Self, sister, sister-in-law, brother, brother-in-law
IV Son, daughter, nephew, niece Relations of Paternal side:
1Father’s fatherGrandfather
2Father’s motherGrandmother
3Father’s brotherUncle
4Father’s sisterAunt
5Children of uncleCousin
6Wife of uncleAunt
7Children of auntCousin
8Husband of auntUncle
Relations of Maternal side:
1Mother’s fatherMaternal grandfather
2Mother’s motherMaternal grandmother
3Mother’s brotherMaternal uncle
4Mother’s sisterAunt
5Children of maternal uncle Cousin
6Wife of maternal uncleMaternal aunt
7.6Decision Making
Decision Making is the process in which an outcome is derived by evaluating and analyzing the given information. The objective of Decision making is to reach a specific conclusion from the given data or a given set of conditions.
Under the decision-making questions, there is need to analyse and review the given information and based on the same need to answer the question.
There two types of questions:
Eligibility Test: In this type of questions, a set of necessary conditions/qualifications required to be fulfilled for a certain job/promotion/admission, etc. are given. The bio-data of some candidates are also given. It is required to evaluate and assess a candidate’s eligibility and thereby decide upon the appropriate course of action.
Passage based decision making: Usually a paragraph or group of statements is given followed by questions. The data is read carefully and accordingly the decision is taken.
7.7Inserting
Missing Characters
Inserting missing character is related with the filling of the missing spaces in letter and number puzzles given in pictorial forms.
Usually geometrical or any other figure is used to represent numbers or letters.
The types of questions include:
Number Puzzles : The rule may be addition, subtraction, multiplication, dividing, squaring or cubing of consecutive number, etc.
Letter Puzzles: The pattern may involve addition/ subtraction of the positional values of letters, operations on the positional values of the letters from the end of English Alphabet, etc.
Alpha-Numeric Puzzles: It involves combination of numbers and letters arranged according to some pattern.
7.8Logical Sequence of words
In this type, number of inter-related words are given. These words follow some logical sequence.
These words are required to be arranged in a logical sequence based on a common property.
Example 1
Arrange the following words in a logical order:
(1) Phrase (2) Letter (3) Word (4) Sentence Answer
Step 1 To find the logical property A group of letters makes a word. A group of words makes a phrase. A group of phrases makes a sentence.
Step 2 Logical sequence 2, 3, 1, 4
Example 2
Arrange the following words in a logical order:
(1) Consultation (2) Illness (3) Doctor (4) Treatment Answer
Step 1 To find the logical property Firstly, there must be illness. Then, a person will visit doctor for consultation with him. Then, he will undergo the treatment.
Step 2 Logical sequence 2, 3, 1, 4
7.9Logical Venn Diagram
Venn diagram is a graphical method of representing categorical propositions and testing the validity of categorical syllogisms.
It was devised by the English logician and philosopher John Venn.
Venn introduced the diagrams that bear his name as a means of representing relations of inclusion and exclusion between classes, or sets.
Venn diagrams consist of two or three intersecting circles, each representing a class and each labeled with an uppercase letter. Lowercase x’s and shading are used to indicate the
existence and non-existence, respectively, of some (at least one) member of a given class.
Venn diagram glossary
Set A
Set: A collection of things. Given the versatility of Venn diagrams, the things can really be anything. The things may be called items, objects, members or similar terms.
Union: A B and usually read as ‘A union B’. It represents all items in the sets.
Intersection: A B. The items that overlap in the sets.
Disjoint sets: If A and B are two sets such that A B =
7.10Number, Ranking and Time Sequence Test
Number Test: Under this type, generally a set, group or series of numerals is given. The question requires to trace out numerals following certain conditions. The condition may be in the form of specified mentioned positions after shuffling according to a given parameter.
Ranking Test: These questions are based upon ranks given to persons or objects. Generally the rank of a person is given both from the top as well as from the bottom. The question requires to determine the total number of persons. It may also relate to interchanging of positions of two persons.
Example: Mohan is eighteenth from the right end in a row of 70 boys. What is his position from the left end?
Answer: Clearly, number of boys towards the left of Mohan = (70 – 18) = 52.
So, Mohan is 53rd from the left end.
Time Sequence Test: These may be related to finding out the birthday of one person on the basis of birthdays of certain persons with some mathematical chain between them.
Example: Kushal remembers that his brother’s birthday is after fifteenth but before eighteenth of February whereas his sister Suman remembers that her brother’s birthday is after sixteenth but before nineteenth of February. On which day in February is Kushal’s brother’s birthday?
Answer: 17th
7.11Syllogism
Syllogism is a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from two or three given propositions or statements. It uses deductive reasoning rather than inductive reasoning. You have to take the given statements to be true, even if they are at a variance from established facts.
There are two standard methods for solving questions of syllogism:
Analytical Method
Venn Diagram
Meaning of phrases used in Syllogism: All A are B A = B
7.12Truth
Tellers and Liars1
Truth-tellers and liars problems (also called Knights and Knaves problems) are logic puzzles in which a set of statements is provided, but some of the statements are true and some of the statements are false. The goal of the puzzle is to determine which statements are true based on the information given.
Systematic Case work of solving truth-tellers
Specifically, one can simply consider each possible “case,” and see if this case is possible according to the given information. For example, consider this solution to the problem above using systematic casework.
However, when using systematic casework, it’s important to try to have as few cases as possible. For example, instead of working through the four cases of truths and lies, it might be simpler to consider the two cases of which person is which:
Three common shortcuts: proving the right answer via contradiction; conditioning on specific constraints; identifying and eliminating contradictory statements.
Legal Aptitude & Logical Reasoning (Paper 2) | CRACKER
AUTHOR : K.M. BANSAL, RITIKA GODHWANI, PRAVEEN BALDUA
PUBLISHER : TAXMANN
DATE OF PUBLICATION : JUNE 2025
EDITION : 4TH EDITION
ISBN NO : 9789357786041
NO. OF PAGES : 468
BINDING TYPE : PAPERBACK
DESCRIPTION
Legal Aptitude & Logical Reasoning | CRACKER is a focused and up-to-date study companion specifically designed for the CS-Executive Entrance Test (CSEET) – Paper 2. It meticulously follows the latest CSEET syllabus, covering the Legal Aptitude and Logical Reasoning components. The book equips aspirants with ample practice questions, memory-based previous exam questions, and a rapid revision tool, offering a wholesome exam preparation experience.
The Present Publication is the 4th Edition for the July/Nov. 2025 & Jan. 2026 Exams. This book is authored by CA. (Dr) K.M. Bansal, Adv. Ritika Godhwani and Praveen Baldua, with the following noteworthy features:
• [Latest Syllabus Adherence] Strictly designed as per the newest guidelines prescribed by ICSI for CSEET – Paper 2
• [Topic-wise Question Arrangement] Each chapter presents a systematic collection of questions based on specific sub-topics, making revision and practice more focused and efficient
• [Memory-based Past Exam Questions] Incorporates questions recalled from previous exam sessions (including May 2025), offering insights into the question patterns and difficulty levels
• [Rapid Reviser] A concise yet impactful revision tool that highlights critical concepts and saves time during the final phase of preparation
• [Mock & e-Bulletin Questions] Incorporates practice questions from official ICSI e-Bulletins and Mock Test Papers to diversify problem-solving approaches
• [Chapter-wise Mapping with ICSI Study Material] Ensures quick cross-referencing to the prescribed ICSI study material, helping learners reinforce conceptual clarity
• [Solved Papers with Suggested Answers] Concludes with a fully solved May 2025 exam paper detailing step-by-step solutions for enhanced understanding