WETLAND ECOSYSTEM RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION INSTITUTE

DESIGN DISSERTATION REPORT ON

PROPOSED WETLAND ECOSYSTEM RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION INSTITUTE IN NANDUR MADHAMESHWAR, NASHIK, MAHARASHTRA

SUBMITTED BY

TANISHA JITENDRA SAXENA (BACHELORS OF ARCHITECTURE)

GUIDED BY PROF. AR. DIPALI VADHAVKAR 2020-2021

THAKUR SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING

KANDIVALI (E), MUMBAI

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled

“PROPOSED WETLAND ECOSYSTEM RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION INSTITUTE IN NANDUR MADHAMESHWAR,

NASHIK, MAHARASHTRA” is a bonafide work of

MISS TANISHA JITENDRA SAXENA

Submitted to the University of Mumbai in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of undergraduate in bachelors in architecture.

Name and Signature:

AR. DIPALI VADHAVKAR

(DESIGN GUIDE)

AR. DHIRAJ SALHOTRA (PRINCIPAL)

THAKUR SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

THESIS APPROVAL FOR DISSERTATION OF B. ARCH This Dissertation Report Entitled

“PROPOSED WETLAND ECOSYSTEM RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION INSTITUTE IN NANDUR MADHAMESHWAR, NASHIK, MAHARASHTRA” By

MISS TANISHA JITENDRA SAXENA

is approved for the degree of bachelor in Architecture.

External Examiners:

1.

DATE:

2.

PLACE:

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this written submission entitled " Proposed Wetland Ecosystem

Research and Conservation Institute in Nandur Madhameshwar, Nashik, Maharashtra” represent my ideas in my own words and has not been taken from the work of others (as from books, articles, essays, dissertations, other media and online); and where others' ideas have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the sources. Direct quotations from books, journal articles, internet sources, other texts, or any other source whatsoever are acknowledged, and the source cited are identified in the dissertation references. No material other than that cited and listed has been used.

I also declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea data fact source in my submission. I understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been appropriately cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

This work, or any part of it, has not been previously submitted by me or any other person for assessment on this or any other course of study.

Signature of the Student: Name of the Student: MISS TANISHA JITENDRA SAXENA Exam Roll No: 2016062 Date:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I, Tanisha Saxena, take this opportunity to gratefully acknowledge the assistance and contributions to everyone who has had faith in me and this project. The process of

learning and compiling of this dissertation has inspired me to research about important issues in the world.

I would like to express my deep sincere gratitude to my thesis guide Ar. Dipali Vadhavkar Professor of the Thakur School of Architecture and Planning at Mumbai University for giving me the opportunity to take up this research topic and providing invaluable guidance throughout. Her dynamism, vision, sincerity and motivation have

deeply inspired me. She has taught me the methodology to carry out the research and to present them as clearly as possible. From day one of the topic selection to the last day of formatting and improvisation she has guided with the same level of enthusiasm towards my project. It encouraged me to shape the best version of it, for which I am truly grateful.

I would also like to thank our Principal, Ar. Dhiraj Salhotra for his guidance and motivation not only for my project but also for all past 5 years. Thank you for making me see through different perspectives throughout. Your mentoring and guidance has made these 5 years very experiential.

Lastly, I would also like to thank my family and friends for their constant support.

Thank you for always believing in me.

Wetland Ecosystem Research and Conservation Institute

Tanisha Saxena B.Arch.

ABSTRACT

For many centuries, the importance of wetlands as an important natural resource has been neglected and therefore degraded. Wetlands are landscapes where the dominant factor determining its characteristics like nature of soil, types of flora fauna etc. is water. Water is the primary factor controlling the environment. Wetlands are diverse ecosystems and the only feature common to all wetlands is the presence of water at least periodically. These areas were either used for agriculture or construction processes or degraded to such a level due to over use and pollution that they could no longer perform their functions.

State of Maharashtra has a large number of unrecognized wetland bodies which require immediate attention before they degrade and dry. Deccan Plateau faces shortage of water during the summer season and thus to overcome this scarcity of water the British Government had designed Godavari Canal System by constructing dams across the river Darna at Nandgaon and at the confluence of rivers Godavari and Kadva at Nandur Madhameshwar in the years 1907-1913. The water stored in this canal is later then released to nearby areas like Aurangabad and Ahmednagar for irrigation and drinking purposes. This Wetland was formed due to continuous deposition of silt and organic matter which was carried by the

Godavari and Kadva river streams. This has led to the most distinctive and biologically rich Wetland in the state of Maharashtra. This Wetland Ecosystem is a home for major migratory birds and thus there is a need of high global conservation for the bio-diversity.

The wetland is a critical water resource for humans as well as numerous animal and plant species, which depend on its habitat for sustenance. Since fishing is not allowed in this wetland, a major variety of fishes are found here which acts as a refuge for fish from the outside areas. Ramsar Convention has taken up the role for the conservation of this unique wetland for protecting, propagating and developing this area for nature lovers and bird watchers.

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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1

Page No.

THE PROBLEM AND IT'S SETTING 1.1 Topic of Research

10

1.2 Background of the Study

10

1.3 Hypothesis

12

1.4 Architectural Thesis Aim

12

1.5 Objectives

12

1.6 Methodology of Research

12

1.7 Scope of the project

13

1.8 Limitations of the project

13

1.9 Significance of the Study

13

1.10 Inference

13

Chapter 2

IMPORTANCE OF WETLANDS

Page No.

2.1 Wetland Distribution in Maharashtra

14

2.2 Type-Wise distribution of Wetland in Maharashtra

15

2.3 Hydro-logical Conditions

18

2.4 Need for Wetland Conservation

19

2.5 Threats to existing Wetlands

20

2.6 Potential

21

2.7 Important Characteristics of Wetlands

22

2.8 Inference

23

7

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Chapter 3

WETLAND CONSERVATION BODIES

Tanisha Saxena B.Arch.

Page No.

3.1 Ramsar Convention of Wetland

24

3.2 National Wetland Conservation programme (NWCP)

32

3.3 Case Studies

33

3.3.1 Wular Lake, Jammu and Kashmir, India

33

3.3.2 Lonar Lake, Maharashtra, India

43

Chapter 4

INTRODUCTION TO RAMSAR SITE , Nandur Madhameshwar

Page No.

DATA COLLECTION 4.1 About the site

56

4.2 Importance of Nandur Madhameshwar as wetland

62

4.3 Present Condition of the Site

65

4.4 Statement of Significance of Nandur Madhameshwar as wetland

68

4.5 Comparative Analysis of Case studies and Site Study

70

4.6 Survey Analysis for Research

72

Chapter 5

CASE STUDIES

Page No.

5.1 Tsinghua Ocean Center, Shenzhen, China

76

5.2 Chu Hall – Solar Energy Research Center, Berkeley, United States

93

5.3 Stonehenge Visitor Center, Wiltshire, United Kingdom

104

5.4 Penguin Parade Visitor Center, Victoria, Australia

117

5.5 Jayaprakash Narayan Interpretation Center, Lucknow, India

131

5.6 Inferences of Case Studies

147

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Wetland Ecosystem Research and Conservation Institute

DESIGN PROPOSAL

Chapter 6

Tanisha Saxena B.Arch.

Page No.

6.1 Design Philosophy

148

6.2 Design Programme

149

6.3 Area Statement

151

SITE ANALYSIS

Chapter 7

Page No.

7.1 Site Selection and Justification

153

7.1.1 Location of the Site

153

7.1.2 Sun Path and Wind Direction

154

7.1.3 Climate and Environment

155

7.1.4 Topography and Contours

156

7.1.5 Road Network and Connectivity

157

7.1.6 S.W.O.T Analysis

157

Chapter 8

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES

Page No.

Bibliography

158

References

159

List of Figures

160

List of Charts

165

List of Tables

166

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Wetland Ecosystem Research and Conservation Institute

Chapter 1.

Tanisha Saxena B.Arch.

INTRODUCTION

THE PROBLEM AND IT'S SETTING 1.1 TOPIC OF RESEARCH The research topic for Architectural Design Intervention is the Wetland Ecosystem Research and Conservation Institute. The above topic deals with the study and research on various conservation strategies involved to protect and preserve the Wetlands as Ecosystems.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The Role of Wetlands is an Ecosystem. Wetlands are distinct ecosystems where water meets land. It is flooded by water either permanently or seasonally where there is sudden depression in land. Wetlands are

also considered the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems, serving as home to a wide range of plant and animal life. Wetlands are also known as the kidneys of Earth. They purify the waters that pass through them and distil out poisonous sediments, chemicals, and pollutants.

Figure 1 : Conceptual model of formation of Wetlands

Figure 2: Seep at low tide

Wetland protection is aimed at protecting and restoring areas such as swamps, marshes, and bogs where water occurs at or near the Earth's surface. Wetlands occupy at least six percent of the Earth and, because of the ecological services they offer, have become a focal issue for conservation.

With a large number of coastal and inland wetlands, the state of Maharashtra is blessed. These are one coastal wetland in Mumbai's Sewri and five inland wetlands in the districts of Ujni in Pune, NandurMadhyameshwar in Nashik, Jayakwadi in Aurangabad, Lonar in Buldhana, and Navegaon in Gondia. The

Nandur Madhyameshwar in Nashik is one of the most significant ones. The flow of water carries a lot of silt and organic matter and the same is deposited in Nandur Madhameshwar Lake. For the last few years, the deposition process has been going on and the water level in the lake has been shallow. The deposition of silt has also enriched the agricultural lands surrounding it and enriched the habitats in and around the body of water.

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Thus, the Lake area led to a wetland ecosystem that every winter attracted migratory birds visiting this location. During his visit to Nandur Madhameshwar, Dr. Salim Ali said that the site had been known to him since 1941, and he thought that this wetland had the potential to become Maharashtra’s “Bharatpur.”

As nature lovers raised their voices through the newspaper to stop the poaching of birds in the year 1982/83, the real focus on the area and demand for its protection began. The sanctuary of Nandur Madhameshwar includes 11 villages: i.

Nadur Madhameshwar

ii.

Kurudgaon

iii.

Chapadgaon

iv.

Khangaon-Thadi

v.

Dindori

vi.

Khathargaon

Nandur Madhameshwar Ramsar Site Boundary Road Network

Village

vii. Karanjgaon viii. Kothure ix.

Pimplas

x.

Manjargaon

xi.

Shivare having total area of 10012.73 ha.

Figure 3 : Villages in Nandur Madhameshwar Sanctuary

The dam built at the confluence of the Godavari and Kadwa rivers in 1907 created the Nandur Madhameshwar wetland, located in the vicinity of Nasik city in Niphad Tehsil. It was included in the Asian wetlands directory and became one of the first wetlands to be protected under the Ramsar Convention. Pursuant to Section 18 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, Madhmeshwar wetland was declared a wildlife sanctuary; accordingly, the Enquiry Officer should investigate and decide the rights of the citizens over the notified area.

The wetland is rich in biodiversity and has species representing both India's Western Ghats and the

Deccan Plateau Bio Geographical Zones. To date, 536 species of aquatic and terrestrial plants, eight species of mammals, 265 species of birds, 24 species of freshwater fish, and 41 species of butterflies from the area have been reported. Mumbai's Central Institute of Fisheries Education reported 24 fish species in the Nandur Madhameshwar wetland from ten families. However, it was only in 1994 that the Wildlife Wing of the Forest Department began efforts to protect, maintain and conserve it. The problems in settling the claims of local people, other agencies and departments on the land, the resource study of the area fluctuations in the population of migratory birds.

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1.3 HYPOTHESIS Wetlands have long been used as life support structures for millions of people.

The present scenario of freshwater wetlands in the state requires attention for Wetland Conservation to protect environmental impacts due to increased pollution for the betterment of our present and the future.

1.4 AIM OF THE PROJECT To design an Architectural intervention wherein the maintenance of the ecological character of Nandur Madhameshwar is achieved through research, training, and maintaining awareness.

1.5 OBJECTIVES •

To study the ecological character of the region.

•

To initiate Eco-Awareness activities.

•

To develop the area for Nature Education by promoting research and training.

•

To study the biodiversity of the region.

•

To develop Eco-Tourism in the region.

•

To maintain & conserve the area as a wetland.

1.6 METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

Chart 1 : Process of Research Methodology

Source : Author

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1.7 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT •

The scope of the project is to investigate the environmental concerns of the region.

•

It requires the region's protection of biodiversity.

•

The potential of the NMS for conservation, education & awareness is immense.

1.8 LIMITATIONS • Regulations of the Environmental policies that has already occurred impacts on the biodiversity due to pollution and degradation.

• Depletion of the Natural Resources and the loss of Flora and Fauna that has already occurred.

1.9 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY As represented by most in the development scenario, the immediate need for the wetlands to be protected is the supply of water to the growing human demands as needed and not the essential needs. The nature of

these requirements is also rapidly shifting from rural needs to semi-urban and urban areas with modern lifestyles with ever increasing consumption patterns.

Therefore, traditional values in water conservation, i.e. cultural, spiritual, ecological, biodiversity, habitats, hydrology, basic system of life support, utilitarian values, aesthetic value, should be examined.

Agriculture, the provision of urban water, industry and future values, etc. If we continue to exploit the current water scenario of these wetlands, there will no longer be water to support our immediate needs.

1.10 INFERENCE The coastal and inland wetlands have great potential in Maharashtra. In view of the current poor state of most wetlands due to anthropogenic effects, however, it is high time for urgent and effective steps to be taken to preserve and conserve these wetlands for today and for the future in a sustainable manner.

Through the new strategy, people should be supported and interested in wetland management at village level. In most parts of the state, proper water management and water use policies would offer water selfsufficiency with a minimum financial burden. To ensure the minimum water supply, otherwise known as environmental flow, to maintain the ecological functions in a healthy state, steps are to be implemented.

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Wetland Ecosystem Research and Conservation Institute

Chapter 2.

Tanisha Saxena B.Arch.

IMPORTANCE OF WETLANDS

2.1 WETLAND DISTRIBUTON IN MAHARASHTRA Compared to the total geographic area of 3,07,748 sq. km, which constitutes 3.30 percent of the total geographical area of the state, the wetland area in the 35 districts of Maharashtra state is estimated to be 10,14,522 ha. Due to the coastal wetlands, the district with the highest wetland area is Mumbai suburban (24.87 percent) and Mumbai Urban (11.06 percent) of their total area. The district of Pune has the state's largest inland wetlands (6.72 percent), primarily due to the number of major dams in the Western Ghats

portion of the district.

In recent decades, it is widely recognized that the environmental problems in the state, as in the entire world, have increased exponentially. As Maharashtra is India's leading industrialized and urbanized state, the gravity and complexity of these issues have become more severe. This degradation of biodiversity is associated with the loss of quality as well as quantity in the essential natural resources. Fresh water, a vital system that supports life, is one of the primary natural resources and is in decline. Life in mosaics of ecosystems and habitats, natural cycles and eventually biodiversity, including humans, are directly impacted by depletion and degradation of natural and manmade water supplies.

Chart 2 : Wetland Distribution in Maharashtra Source : Author

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2.2 TYPE-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF WETLANDS IN MAHARASHTRA • Modified National Wetland Classification system is used for mapping and organizing all the 19 wetland classes into a Level 3 hierarchical system.

• Level 1 and Level 2 is divided into two parts: The inland wetlands and the coastal wetlands. These wetlands are further divided into natural and man made types.

• 19 Wetland classes are placed under these levels and were confirmed by the pre-monsoon and the postmonsoon data.

Table 1 : Wetland Classification System and Coding Source : Ministry of Environment and Forest ; National Wetland Atlas

Table 2 : Wetland under Turbidity Levels Source : Ministry of Environment and Forest ; National Wetland Atlas

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COASTAL WETLANDS : Freshwater swamps and marshes, coastal beaches, rocky shorelines, estuarine salt marshes, mangrove swamps, seagrass beds, mud flats and sand bars are seasonal and relatively permanent coastal plain wetlands. Coastal wetlands are important habitats for a variety of plants and animals and are remarkable for their high productivity and biodiversity within the Great Lakes. Example : Sewri in Mumbai, Panje-Dongri in Navi Mumbai.

INLAND WETLANDS : Marshes and wet meadows dominated by herbaceous plants, swamps dominated by shrubs, and wooded swamps dominated by trees include inland wetlands. Many of these seasonal wetlands are (they are dry one or more seasons every year).

Example : Five inland wetlands namely Ujni in Pune, Nandur-Madhyameshwar in Nashik, Jayakwadi in Aurangabad, Lonar in Buldhana and Navegaon in Gondia districts.

Table 3 : Area Estimates of Wetlands in Maharashtra Source : Ministry of Environment and Forest ; National Wetland Atlas 16

Wetland Ecosystem Research and Conservation Institute

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Table 4 : Area Estimates of Wetlands in Nashik, Maharashtra Source : Ministry of Environment and Forest ; National Wetland Atlas

TANKS/ PONDS

17%

25%

53%

RESERVOIRS/ BARRAGES

RIVERS/ STREAMS Chart 3 : Natural Inland Wetlands in Nashik Source : Author 17

Wetland Ecosystem Research and Conservation Institute

Tanisha Saxena B.Arch.

2.3 HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS The hydrological conditions in a wetland have an effect on abiotic factors such as salinity, availability of soil oxygen and availability of nutrients. In turn, these variables greatly affect the flora and fauna present in a wetland.

“A Hydroperiod is defined as the periodic or regular occurrence

of

flooding

and/or

saturated

soil

conditions.” 1 A hydroperiod is calculated as the ratio of flood duration

divided by flood frequency over a given period of time.

The most important factor for the maintenance of the ecology of the wetlands and their processes is Hydrology.

Vegetative

composition

and

density,

primary

productivity, organic accumulation, nutrient cycling and availability, and types and density of aquatic and terrestrial fauna in a wetland are also directly influenced

by water depth and the natural hydroperiod in a wetland.

By

modifying

water

depths

and

altering

the

hydroperiods of the habitats, stormwater inflows into wetlands will directly influence the natural hydrology of wetlands. The effect on the quality of water in a wetland of stormwater runoff depends on the amount and composition of the stormwater.

The periods of saturation or dry out in wetlands have strong implications for the characteristic structures that develop in wetlands. This is known as hydroperiod.

FACTORS

INFLUENCING

HYDROLOGY

OF

WETLANDS : •

Precipitation

•

Surface water inflow and outflow

•

Groundwater exchange

•

Evapotranspiration

Figure 4 : Wetland Hydro-logical Processes

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2.4 NEED FOR WETLAND CONSERVATION The need for Wetland Conservation as portrayed in the most development scenarios, is the demand of humans as a want and not as a basic need. The overuse of water supply for construction and other modern technologies has degraded the quality and quantity of water with time. Also due to the current lifestyle

changes from rural to semi-urban and urban, where there is an increase in water consumption due to such patterns.

In state like Maharashtra, the problem of sustained water supply is because of the migration happening on large scale every day. Increase in population is another important factor for the overuse of water. The problem starts with water consumption increasing everyday and there is no or very less ways to reuse and save the water for future uses. It is, therefore required to start on the traditional values in water conservation i.e. cultural, spiritual, ecological aspects, biodiversity, habitats, hydrology, basic life support system, aesthetic value, agricultural needs, city water supply, industrial purposes, and future values, etc.

Otherwise with the present condition of exploitation, the damage done to the Wetlands will reach to a point where there will no longer be resources available. It is therefore required to motivate people to participate in conserving water and to change the present attitude.

The goal of conserving is to preserve and restore the functions and values of urban wetlands and to provide information and promote research on how the functions have been changed and degraded by human activities. Monitoring the present conditions of wetland from time to time is critical to the sustainability of wetland protection.

Figure 5 : Need for Wetland Conservation 19

Wetland Ecosystem Research and Conservation Institute

Tanisha Saxena B.Arch.

2.5 THREATS TO EXISTING WETLANDS The nature of threats to fresh water wetlands in our country is uniform as there is overuse of this ecosystem worldwide. The major threats identified in the state of Maharashtra vary in character and intensity. The main causes of increasing threats being degradation in land use, catchment degradation, water overuse, decrease in ground water level, domestic and industrial pollution, Eutrophication.

Figure 6: conceptual diagram showing the relationships between wetland loss and degradation and the loss of ecosystem services Source : Global Wetland Outlook

•

Urbanization: The increasing development demands for the use of residential, industrial and other construction facilitates near the urban centres have led to the decline of Wetlands.

•

Agriculture: Since the importance of Wetlands are known to very less, large parts of wetlands are converted in paddy fields which is then used for grazing and other agricultural purposes. The hydrology is affected due to increase in construction work of dams and a large number of reservoirs.

•

Pollution: Wetlands act as natural process of water filters. They can filter up the fertilizers and pesticides but not the harmful chemical like mercury from the industries. Industrial pollution has led to decrease in the biodiversity sustaining in these Wetlands.

•

Climate Change: Biodiversity living in the Wetlands have adapted themselves with a certain degree of temperatures for it to sustain. But the continuous change in the climate due to carbon dioxide levels in atmosphere, increase in air temperature and floods has affected the flora and fauna dangerously.

•

Dredging: The removal of minerals and materials from a wetland is known as dredging. It lowers the water table of the Wetlands and causes them to dry up.

•

Draining: Water is drained from wetlands for personal uses by cutting ditches into the ground which collect and transport water out of the wetland to the nearby agricultural fields or villages

•

Introduced Species: Indian wetlands are threatened by introducing exotic plant species such as water hyacinth and Salvinia. They clog waterways and destroy the existing vegetation in the Wetlands.

•

Salinization: Salinization is caused due to the over withdrawal of groundwater for various purposes.

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2.6 POTENTIAL Although it is a necessary asset for our environment, the conservation of all the wetlands around the globe can not be done in one go. By using its available water, i.e. reservoirs, minor irrigation tanks and even local tanks and ponds, the potential of individual wetlands can be determined. Every social need is explicit, specific to the site and requires a definite water quality and quantity.

2.6.1 BIOLOGICAL •

Freshwater wetlands have the ability to absorb nutrients from the ground and thus they produce Biomass

•

This ability to produce biomass can be used for the research and management of alternative energy resource.

•

Freshwater wetlands are even comparable to tropical rainforests in plant productivity. In plant productivity, the Wetlands can be compared to Tropical rain forests because of the biological benefits they provide

•

Wetlands are home to almost half of the native birds existing in India.

•

It is rich in biology and it is the habitat for diverse variety of flora and fauna.

2.6.2 ECONOMICAL •

Drinking water quality : Due to Wetlands having their natural filters, it improves the water quality and thus making it fit for drinking. The filtration process in Wetlands can remove the undesired chemical substances from the water which is why it is healthier for drinking purposes.

•

Flood Control : Wetlands acts as natural buffers by soaking up and storing large amounts of flood water in them thus reducing the intensity of flood destruction. After the floods are slowed down and

rested, this stored water in the Wetlands are released thus reducing the damages to the properties and neighbouring areas.

•

Cleaning the water: Since natural wetlands are so efficient at removing pollutants from water and other desired chemicals, researchers construct systems that resemble some of the functions of natural wetlands. These constructed treatment wetlands use natural processes involving wetland vegetation, soils and their associated microbial life to improve water quality.

•

Fisheries: Fishing is one of the main economic activities resulting from the creation of such wetlands. Wetlands provide both marine and freshwater species with a consistent food supply, shelter and nursery grounds.

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2.6.3 RECREATIONAL •

Wetlands promote recreational facilities like bird watching, nature trails, hiking, and photography.

•

Wetlands have the tendency to increase the aesthetical and recreational environment in any state.

•

Tourists specially come for sunrise and sunsets because of the scenic beauty of the wetlands.

•

The most amazing sight is the migrating birds of various kinds during the peak season.

2.6.4 EDUCATIONAL •

Wetland conservation helps promote educational values through spreading awareness and conservation.

•

The unique combination of terrestrial and aquatic life in the Wetlands provide unique opportunities foe research and training for educational and scientific purposes.

•

Many endangered species and threatened flora and fauna are found in Wetlands which can be done

research on.

2.6.5 RELIGIOUS •

Wetlands are closely related to the spiritual significance like religion, cultural, traditional and historic importance.

•

The people living in villages next to the Wetland have a lot of religious and sentimental values attached to it.

•

From the view of tourist attraction, these Wetlands can teach a lot about Indian traditions and

spirituality..

2.7 IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF WETLANDS •

Nearly two third of the fishing harvest is provided by the Wetlands thus making it a very productive ecosystem.

•

Wetlands play an important role in the ecology of the existing watershed. The shallow water and the ability to absorb nutrients go hand in hand and this combination provides food and shelter to a wide variety of biodiversity.

•

The plants, microbes and the wildlife in the Wetlands filter the water, nitrogen and carbon dioxide levels in them. Thus they store carbon dioxide in the plants rather than releasing it out in the atmosphere.

•

The functions of Wetlands as natural barriers that trap and slowly release surface water, rain, snowmelt, groundwater and flood waters is excellent.

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Wetland Ecosystem Research and Conservation Institute •

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Wetlands generate resources that help in hydropower generation and is important for food and various raw materials.

•

The major role of these existing Wetlands are for travel, tourism, traditional and spiritual well being of the people.

•

Wetlands provide natural habitat for flora and fauna and support species that are nowhere else found or existing.

•

They also provide essential benefits for industry.

Dependence of human and plant life

Carbon Sequestration

Ecoloy of Watershed Natural barriers for flood waters

Productive Ecosystems

Natural groundwater Recharge and Discharge

Cultural and Spiritual values

Eco-Tourism Benefits for Fishing Industry Figure 7 : Characteristics of Wetlands Source : Author

2.8 INFERENCE The first and only Ramsar site in the state of Maharashtra is the Nandur Madhameshwar Bird Sanctuary.

It is located at the site of the Madhameshwar dam, built at the confluence of the Godavari and Kadwa rivers near Khangaon Thadi in the Nashik district of Niphad Tehsil. Human chaos around the wetlands is on the rise. Fish diversity in wetlands is decreasing and fishermen dependent on livelihood fisheries are

being kept away from wetlands by forest departments rather than engaging them in sustainable fishing activities. The above information concludes that the Nandur Madhameshwar site in the Nashik District is formed by the Godavari River as a natural inland wetland.

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Wetland Ecosystem Research and Conservation Institute

Chapter 3.

Tanisha Saxena B.Arch.

WETLAND CONSERVATION BODIES

3.1 RAMSAR CONVENTION OF WETLAND Human survival depend on Wetlands. The ecosystem provided by these wetlands are very efficient and productive lading to infinite benefits. The water bodies which are either seasonal or permanent provide a global water cycle for food, water, shelter, biodiversity and nutrients. The convention of these bodies on a global level is a must. Thus Ramsar Convention is a body that looks upon the conservation of these existing Wetlands and improving the present management strategies for the benefit of humans.

The

Convention

on

Wetlands

is

the

only

international legal treaty with a primary focus on

WISE USE OF WETLAND

wetlands, signed in 1971 in the Iranian city of

“Wise use” is at the heart of the

Ramsar and known as the Ramsar Convention2.

Convention and applies to all wetlands.

It came into force in 1975 and to date 170

It is defined as “the maintenance of

countries have joined as Contracting Parties. The

ecological character, achieved through

wise use framework developed by the Convention

the

provides a mechanism for ensuring that wetlands

approaches,

are incorporated into the global agenda for

sustainable development” 4 (Ramsar

sustainable development, supporting initiatives

Convention 2005).

relating to biodiversity, climate change, disaster

Wise use focuses on managing wetlands

risk reduction and land degradation.

and human needs across landscapes in

implementation within

of the

ecosystem context

of

collaboration with local communities,

RAMSAR DEFINATION The Convention defines wetlands rather

underpinned by good governance. While some wetland development is inevitable,

broadly as :

it is not suitable for every wetland.

“areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water,

Contracting Parties promote wise use

whether natural or artificial, permanent or

through national policies and legislation;

temporary, with water that is static or

inventory,

flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters”. 3

monitoring

and

research;

training, education and public awareness; and integrated site management plans.

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Under the “three pillars” 5 of the Convention, the Contracting Parties commit to: • Work towards the wise use of all their wetlands; • Designate suitable wetlands for the list of Wetlands of International Importance (the “Ramsar List”) and ensure their effective management; • Cooperate internationally on transboundary wetlands, shared wetland systems and shared species.

Figure 8: Ecosystem services from wetlands Source : Global Wetland Outlook

Globally, there are approximately 2300 Ramsar sites which are under conservation programs, covering an average area of about 2,5000,000 sq.m. This area is much larger than Greenland itself. All the sites observed should at least meet one criteria out of all the nine others. These criteria include the different types of wetlands existing, biodiversity existing and the community around it. Terrestrial and Coastal Wetland cover an average of 15-18% of Ramsar Sites.

Chart 4 : Site numbers and Areas of the site Source : rsis.ramsar.org

These Ramsar sites work on National and International levels. They not only look upon the significant value but also for the humanity. They select sites which matches few criteria from their list. This step makes the government of each country to commit towards taking Wetland Conservation as a serious issue and thus maintaining the ecological characteristics of it.

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3.1.1 RAMSAR CRITERIAS FOR IDENTIFYING WETLANDS OF INTERNATIONAL

IMPORTANCE 6 Group A of the Criteria. Sites containing representative, rare or unique wetland types Criterion 1: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it contains a representative, rare, or unique example of a natural or near-natural wetland type found within the appropriate biogeographic region.

Group B of the Criteria. Sites of international importance for conserving biological diversity Criteria based on

Chart 5 : Global rate of Ramsar Criteria Source : rsis.ramsar.org

Species and ecological communities Criterion 2: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it supports vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered species or threatened ecological communities.

Criterion 3: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it supports populations of plant and/or animal species important for maintaining the biological diversity of a particular biogeographic region.

Criterion 4: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it supports plant and/or animal species at a critical stage in their life cycles, or provides refuge during adverse conditions.

Specific criteria based on waterbirds Criterion 5: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it regularly supports 20,000 or more waterbirds.

Criterion 6: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it regularly supports 1% of the

individuals in a population of one species or subspecies of waterbird.

Specific criteria based on fish Criterion 7: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it supports a significant proportion of indigenous fish subspecies, species or families, life-history stages, species interactions and/or populations that are representative of wetland benefits and/or values and thereby contributes to global biological diversity.

Criterion 8: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it is an important source of food for fishes, spawning ground, nursery and/or migration path on which fish stocks, either within the

wetland or elsewhere, depend.

Specific criteria based on other taxa Criterion 9: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it regularly supports 1% of the individuals in a population of one species or subspecies of wetland-dependent nonavian animal species.

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3.1.2 RAMSAR ACCURACY OF GLOBAL AREA DATA The contributions to human well-being provided by wetlands have often been neglected or

underappreciated. Consequently, in development planning, wetland management has been underplayed.

For human survival, safe, natural wetlands are important. Yet there are many problems facing them. The Wetlands Convention (the Ramsar Convention) is the only international legal treaty which focuses primarily on wetlands. It works to encourage their protection and wise use internationally, ensuring that wetlands play a key role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.

Figure 9: Wetlands all over the world

The worldwide estimate of the inland and costal wetlands is more than 12.1 million sq.m. The permanent

Wetlands average up to 54% while the seasonal or the temporary ones are about 46%. Almost 93% od the wetlands are categorized under Inland Wetlands were as the remaining 7% fall for the coastal and marine Wetlands. Ramsar body has observed more than 2,300 sites all over the world and is still promoting the wise use through various awareness programs held on World’s Wetland day which is celebrated on the 2nd of February. These awareness strategies involve people to come together and educate themselves on the conservation strategies and they also provide cleaning drives to keep the environment around the Wetland clean.

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The wetlands all over the globe are in Asia (32% of the total global area), North America (27%), Latin America and the Caribbean (16%). Wetland areas in Europe (13%), Africa (10%) and Oceania (3%) are smaller.

Chart 6: Regional distribution (%) of wetland area Source : Global Wetland Outlook

Chart 7: Site numbers and Areas by region Source : rsis.ramsar.org

80% of the total wetland areas are under tidal areas, saltmarshes, and coral reefs. The smaller areas are covered by mangroves and sea grass. The coastal natural wetlands cover almost 34% of the saltmarshes whereas the maximum area in inland wetland is utilized by natural lakes (29%). 7

Chart 8: Relative areas (%) of natural marine/ coastal wetlands Source : Global Wetland Outlook

Chart 9: Relative areas (%) of natural inland wetland classes Source : Global Wetland Outlook

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3.1.3 RAMSAR HAS A KEY ROLE IN SUPPORTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Ramsar monitors the global status and patterns of wetlands, which helps to assess progress towards Sustainable Development Target 6. Inland, coastal and marine ecosystems, natural wetlands have declined; limited growth in artificial wetlands does not compensate. Populations of species relying on wetlands are declining and many are endangered. The standard of global water is only getting worse.

However, wetlands are vital to their ecosystem services: food and water protection, reduction of disaster risk and carbon sequestration, among others. Many terrestrial habitats far outweigh their economic and biodiversity importance.

Chart 10: Ramsar Sustainable Development Goals Source : Global Wetland Outlook

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3.1.4 INDIA AND THE RAMSAR CONVENTION India joined the Ramsar Convention on the 1st of February, 1982. Today, India has almost 37 to 40

recognized Ramsar sites in 16 different states. These wetlands are a part of the convention due to the threatened ecosystem and because of their economical values. The largest wetlands found in India include Vembanad lake, Chilika lake, Kolleru lake and Loktak Lake. These Wetlands are of international importance and are natural habitats for a variety of species living in it. Nandur Madyameshwar is the first site recognised in Maharashtra because of its significance of being the Bharatpur of India. Joining this Wetland was the Lonar lake which was added in the end of 2020 due to its crater priperties.

Figure 10: List of Ramsar Sites in India 30

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Wetlands which are recognized under the Ramsar convention are strictly monitored. These 37 sites fall under the International accord.

In the year 2020, the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change prepared a conservation strategy for the restoration of wetlands which includes : • Preparing baseline data, • Wetland health cards, • Enlisting wetland mitras and • Preparing targeted integrated management plans.

Chart 11: Global rate of Ramsar Criteria in India Source : rsis.ramsar.org

Chart 12 : Site numbers and Areas of the site in India Source : rsis.ramsar.org

Chart 13: Site numbers and Areas by region in India Source : rsis.ramsar.org 31

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3.2 NATIONAL WETLAND CONSERVATION PROGRAMME (NWCP) Ramsar being the National and International Convention, the government of India formulated its own National programme called as the National Wetland Conservation Programme in the year 1985-1986. The ministry ahs identified approximately 115 wetlands which are under threat and require immediate

management and conservation.

3.2.1 AIM OF THE SCHEME Conservation and wise use of wetlands in India so as to prevent their further degradation.

3.2.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE SCHEME The scheme was initiated with the following objectives:• Formulation of strict policies for the conservation and restoration of the degrading Wetlands.

• to prioritize the conservation of wetlands through intensive measures.

• to make sure that the program is well implemented • Inventory of the Wetlands are to be designed.

Chart 14: Objectives of NWCP Source : Author

3.2.3 PROPOSED FUNDING PATTERN UNDER THE SCHEME This program is divided under two components. The first one is the Management action plan also called the MAP and the other one is the Research Projects. Each state are supposed to identify the wetlands which are degrading and the State has to submit a management plan for a period of approximately 5 years. The factors responsible for the degrading wetland have to be considered and the management plan with suitable objectives is to be prepared. The approach should be multi-disciplinary and integrated.

After this Map is approved by the Central government and all the necessary changes are made to the action plan, the finds are given to the state on the basis of the requirements. The stakeholders are to be named in the project and the as per the Annual Plan of Operation, the funds are received.

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3.3 CASE STUDIES FOR WETLAND MANAGEMENT INDIA

3.3.1 WULAR LAKE, JAMMU AND KASHMIR, INDIA Wular Lake is located 34 km northwest of Srinagar city at an altitude of 1,530m amsl between 34020’ N latitude and 70024’ E longitude.

The wetland is elliptical in its shape having a length of 16km and its breadth being 7.6km. On the northeastern and the northwestern side are huge mountain ranges that are surrounding the lake. The low-

JAMMU & KASHMIR

lying areas on the western side of this Wetland, the area is bought under paddy cultivation and plantation of willows.

WULAR LAKE

Figure 12: Location of Wular Lake, Kashmir, India Source : Author

Wular Lake •Country: India •STATE: JAMMU AND KASHMIR •Site number: 461 •Area: 18,900 ha •Designation date: 23-03-1990 •Coordinates: 34°16'N 74°33'E Figure 11: Satellite image of Wular Lake

The largest freshwater lake within the Jhelum river basin is the Wular Lake in Kashmir. This lake plays a very important role in the hydrology by acting as an absorbing basin for the flood waters. This Wetland supports rich biodiversity and has a wide range of migratory water birds. This Wetland supports a large fishing ecosystem. The population living along this valley is

Figure 13: Wular Lake, Kashmir, India

supported by this fishing industry. The Wetland acts as revenue generation through fishing and various auctioning of water chestnut and other important spices. The natural beauty of the Wetland is enhanced by the coniferous forest and alpine pastures of land. This Wetland was added to the Ramsar sites in 1990 due to its socio-economic values and its rich biodiversity

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Almost all of Kashmir's wetlands are directly or indirectly connected to the River Jhelum, both longitudinally and altitudinally. Most of Jhelum's tributaries derive from glaciated lakes and control the river's lower flow. Valley lakes' functions and processes are linked to those of glaciated and pine forest lakes. Changes in land use affecting hydrological processes within catchments would have a significant effect on biodiversity and socio-economics. Therefore, without understanding the interconnected wetlands with their catchments at the river basin level, the management of these lakes can't be tackled at the server level.

River basin planning requires an understanding of the river basin's carrying capacity with a view to producing desired goods and services from a limited resource base and achieving an equitable quality of life while maintaining the region's desired environmental quality. Sustainable development planning requires trade-offs between desired levels of output and consumption. It also stresses the development of supporting structures within the generative capacity while preserving the consistency of the

environment. Therefore, the challenge is to preserve wetland habitats and their rich biodiversity while ensuring sustained economic benefits for dependent communities.

Figure 14: Location of Jhelum Sub-basin within Indus Basin Source : Comprehensive Management Action Plan for Wular Lake, Kashmir

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Figure 15: Wular Lake and Associated Wetlands Source : Comprehensive Management Action Plan for Wular Lake, Kashmir

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3.3.1.1 KEY ISSUES BASED ON HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE WETLAND i.

Changes in the Hydrological regimes

The hydrology of the Wetland has undergone a lot of changes which has led to the degradation of the lake. The flow regimes in the past were that during flood and excess water, this wetland would store water and release it during the lean period. Today, this wetland stores water in the winter season when it is actually the lean phase of the Wetland. This indicates that the Wetland has the ability to dry quickly as in the summer season the high flow aren’t able to be stored. The hydrological regimes were regulated by the marshes, but the loss of marshes has led to the decline in the capacity of the Wetland.

ii.

Loss of water holding capacity

Over the last three decades, the holding capacity of the water has reduced by one-fifth. The factor leading to the reduced capacity of Wetland which would help in regulation of the regimes is the high draining ability. The other factor responsible for the degradation in the capacity is willow plantation.

iii. Deterioration of water quality

The most important factor for that has led to the deterioration of Wular Lake is the disposal of untreated sewage into the lake. Since the past few years there is a rapid increase in human settlements, but no facility for civic infrastructure is maintained which also leads to more and more of sewage dumping in the Wetland. Till today, the waste is disposed in this wetland as no waste disposal facility has been provided, thus leading to deterioration in the quality of water.

iv. Water allocation focused on human uses without considering the ecological requirements The water management in the Jhelum basin is on human uses, and particularly irrigation and hydropower

development, ignoring water allocation for maintenance of biodiversity and overall ecological integrity of the wetlands. The most important factor to maintain the biodiversity and the wetland as an ecosystem is Water. Though the Indus water treaty has prevented creation of any large water storage structures on the upstream reaches of the River Jhelum, expansion of developmental activities, are expected to gradually crowd out the water availability for maintenance of ecosystem functions. A balanced and smart approach to allocate water for human as well as the ecological needs is critical to sustainable management of wetlands of the basin, which includes Wular Lake as well.

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3.3.1.2 THREATS TO WATERBIRDS AND THEIR HABITAT The decline of the Wetland area due to its drying ability has led to the loss of flora and fauna. The lesser the cover plants, less shelter for water birds. The modification of habitat has led to major threat to migratory and breeding water birds.

The specific threats to waterbirds are: • One of the major threats to the existing water birds is poaching. A large number of geese and ducks are poached by the hunters in the unprotected areas. This has led to them migrating during the day time and returning at the night.

• The breeding success is lost by collecting the eggs and chicks of the nesting water birds.

• Spread of aquatic vegetation over the surfaces of open water areas leading to habitat loss of birds that exist on the open water.

• Heavy grazing has led to destruction of grounds of birds used for feeding and breeding.

• Loss of fish diversity due to over fishing activities.

• Decrease in the size and functions of many wetland areas affecting water birds due to encroachment

by the agricultural fields.

• Disposal of domestic waste directly into the Wetland leading to habitat degradation.

Chart 15 : Year wise distribution of water birds in Wular Lake Source : Wetlands International - South Asia 37

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3.3.1.3 THREATS TO FISH DIVERSITY Wular

Lake

being

the

largest

freshwater lake is an important source of

fisheries.

The

fisheries

is

a

combination of capture and culture in Wular Lake.

The annual requirement of table fish for Kashmir is 37,000 MT as per standard nutritional requirement of 11 kg / capita / annum consumption. The current production of the state from culture and capture fisheries is 19,500 MT / annum thereby indicating a deficit of more than 50% of fish requirement. The breeding migration starts in March/April and the spawning takes place in April /May and even up to June. There is no proper fishing management initiative taken up for monitoring the methodology used by

the fishermen.

Figure 16: Location of Fish landing centers in Wular lake Source : Comprehensive Management Action Plan for Wular Lake, Kashmir

Figure 17: Fishing in Wular lake 38

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3.3.1.4 DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES AROUND WULAR

HILL VILLAGES 12%

A total of 127 settlements are located around Wular Lake

and its catchments in the Bandipore, Sopore and Sonawari tehsils within the Baramulla district.

As per the 2001 census

8,

LAKESHORE the overall population of these VILLAGES 18%

settlements is 0.46 million, which is 9 percent of the

FOOTHILL VILLAGES 70%

state's population.

Inhabitants. Of this, the 31 settlements around Wular are inhabited by 18 percent; 70 percent within the foothills within 70 settlements and the rest within 26 hill settlements. With only 22 percent residing within the 36 urban settlements, the population is largely rural.

Chart 16: % distribution of types of Settlements around Wular lake Source : Wetlands International - South Asia

Foothill settlements have greater access to facilities than to settlements on the lakeshore and hills. In the foothill regions, access to fresh drinking water is more than comparable to the other two. In contrast to the foothill settlements, the lake shore receives only 46 percent and the hill communities receive only 52 percent of the total water. In lakeshore settlements, waterborne diseases are very common as there is no proper water maintenance and thus they use water from nullahs and wetlands without even filtering it.

They have much less access to flushing water, which leads to sewage dumping in the wetlands and nearby areas.

Figure 18: Location of Settlements around Wular lake Source : Comprehensive Management Action Plan for Wular Lake, Kashmir

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3.3.1.5 MANAGEMENT PLAN FRAMEWORK River basin planning includes an understanding of the river basin's carrying capacity in order to generate the necessary products and services from a limited resource base and to achieve a reasonable quality of life while preserving the desired quality of the environment in the region. Sustainable development planning calls for trade-offs between desired levels of production and consumption. It also emphasizes the development of mechanisms for supporting generative capacity while maintaining the quality of the environment. Therefore, the challenge is to conserve wetland ecosystems along with their rich biodiversity while offering sustained economic benefits to the ecosystems.

The River basin conservation approach has been received to address the administration issues of Wular Lake mulling over the outside, common, and instigated factors and their effect on the environments.

Wular Lake and its assets are basically adjusted to the hydrological systems and powerless to changes on account of anthropogenic weights. The pressure for fruitful administration of the lake, along these lines, is on the support of environment attributes and manageable use of its assets for the benefits of partners, especially neighborhood networks. Coordinated administration arranging, thusly, targets uniting partners at all levels and to think about their necessities and yearnings while guaranteeing the manageability of wetland environments inside the Jhelum River Basin.

The 'New Guidelines for Management Planning for Ramsar Sites and other wetland’s as received underscore on the assessment of biological and financial and social highlights to distinguish elements, goals and operational cutoff points for compelling rebuilding and the board of the lake environment. The assessment of the highlights prompted the distinguishing proof of the administration targets. The basic issues defying the lake were altogether examined to create reasoning for the administration destinations.

The administration arranging structure looks for harmony between environment protection for

guaranteeing the natural trustworthiness of Wular Lake and guaranteeing business security to the networks. It likewise tries to guarantee a compelling institutional instrument that fits arranging at different levels with the cooperation of all concerned partners to accomplish the goals of coordinated protection and jobs. To accomplish the abovementioned, the board arranging has been coordinated along with five subcomponents, viz land and water assets the executives, biodiversity protection, ecotourism advancement, business improvement, and institutional turn of events.

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Chart 17: Management Plan Framework Source : Wetlands International - South Asia

i.

Goal

The goal of the CMAP is conservation and sustainable development of Wular Lake within River Jhelum Basin for ecological security and livelihood improvement of local communities. 9

ii.

Purpose

The purpose is to establish effective management practices for restoration of Wular Lake within River Jhelum Basin for ecological and economic security of the people dependent upon the lake resources for their livelihoods.

The CMAP (Comprehensive Management Action Plan for Wular Lake) is based on the principles of management zoning which provide a basis for targeting interventions for achieving conservation and wise use of the wetlands.

iii. Project Outcomes: Catchment Conservation • Reduction in overall soil loss from degraded watersheds through enhancement of dense forest cover to 40% of direct catchment area, reduction in area under degraded pastures and erosion enhancing agro practices to less than 1% of the catchment area and reducing harvest of fuel wood by 50%.

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b. Water Management • Rejuvenation of hydrological functions of Wular lake through 54% enhancement to present water holding capacity and restoration of hydrological connectivity to the marshes.

• Reduce flooding by 70% in the flood prone areas in and around Wular Lake by enhancing water

holding capacity and establishing linkages with satellite wetlands through hydrological intervention.

• Water quality of Wular improved to B category as per CPCB designated best use criteria through management of sewage and sewerage from adjoining settlements and water quality regulations.

• Allocation of water for human and ecological purposes through formulation and operationalization of stakeholder endorsed water management plan.

c. Biodiversity Conservation • Enhancement of diversity of Schizothoracine and Mahseer fish species.

• Enhancement of water bird population through control of poaching, strengthening existing protected area network and habitat improvement.

• Optimization of economically important plant species through water level enhancement.

• Control of invasive species through effective flushing of lake.

d. Ecotourism Development • Development of ecotourism in and around Wular Lake for awareness generation and diversification of livelihoods of wetland dependent communities.

e. Sustainable Resource Development and livelihoods Improvement • Poverty within communities living around wetland and its catchments reduced by 50% through regeneration of resources and additional livelihood options.

• Enhanced quality of life of communities through access to safe drinking water, sanitation and rural markets.

f. Institutional Development • Establishment of an integrated policy framework for conservation and development of Wular and associated wetland.

• Enhanced awareness of decision makers and stakeholders on values, functions and attributes of Wular.

• Establishment of Hydrobiological and GIS laboratory.

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3.3.2 LONAR LAKE, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA (India’s Only Meteor Lake) Lonar Lake, additionally called Lonar crater, is a notified National Geo-heritage Monument, saline and soda lake, located at Lonar in Buldhana district, Maharashtra, India. Lonar crater lake is nearly circular in shape. It's the only lake in the world formed by a meteorite impact in basaltic rock. The impact is said to have come from the east coast. Its ages are estimated to be older than 500,000 years. located in Buldhana locale, Lonar lake is almost roundabout besides at

INDIA

the northern-eastern side, where gorge disintegration brought about by the waterway 'Dhara' has made little mud-level depressions. The downturn is encircled by steep slants. The drainage system holds all it's water and doesn't permit the water to surge to any outside bodies. An enormous segment of the lake is fairly shallow, which is around 2 meters of water during the storm months. The inner parts of the lake are described by fleeting substances like hyper saline, hyper antacid waters,

MAHARASHTRA

making it livable exclusively by safe organisms like methanogens and alkalophilic

microorganisms.

Around

ten

to

twenty types

of

phytoplankton have been recorded. The species variety diminishes towards the focal point of the lake as saltiness alkalinity builds, which

LONAR LAKE

makes the species hard to endure. The Lonar wetland gives a mosaic of living spaces new water ruling close to the edge and hyper salinesoluble water close profoundly.

Figure 19: Location of Lonar Lake, Maharashtra, India Source : Author

Figure 20: Geographic Map of Lonar Lake

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The territory of the river basin is encircled by dry deciduous vegetation with dispersed patches of semievergreen vegetation. The eastern and north-eastern pieces of the wetland uphold a decent measure of muddy freshwater vegetation on the mud pads. There are almost 12 different species of mammals found near the wetland, approximately 160 variety of birds, 50 species of reptiles and 10 species of amphibians. Additionally, almost 30 types of trees, 10 types of bushes, 13 types of climbers, 8 types of spices, and 6 types of grasses have likewise been accounted for making the wetland wealthy in biodiversity. The most striking element of the lake is its extraordinary saltiness and high alkalinity (pH 11). It is credited to the high centralization of salts like sodium chloride, carbonate, bicarbonate, and fluoride, which come from little streams joining the hole. As the water doesn't deplete away these substances settled underneath the surface. The lake has two sections with various compound pieces. The internal part (Alkaline) with pH 11 and the external part (Neutral) pH 7, each bearing different species.

3.3.2.1 APPROACH AND ACCESS The Lonar Wildlife Sanctuary is a small compact habitat block situated near Lonar-Mantha State

Highway No. 171. It is 21 km away from Mehkar Town and if the roadways are developed and maintained, it will be good tourist attraction in the state of Maharashtra. Mehkar being a main center on Washim-Aurangabad State Highway is a convenient base for this purpose. One can reach Mehkar by: Air - Aurangabad 105 km Rail - Shegaon & Akola Railway station of Central Railway.

Road - Buses, Taxis from all major cities in Vidharbha up to Mehkar and frequent Busservice and Taxi service available on Mehkar-Lonar State highway No. 171 Season - The best season for visit is from November to March.

At Present Lonar Wildlife Sanctuary covers an area of 383.22ha, which includes 266.08ha. reserve forest, 77.39ha. Revenue land of Crater area and 39.75ha of private land of which 21.39ha is acquired.

1.

Sanctuary Boundary

2.

Survey Number Line

3.

Sanctuary Number

4.

Private Land

5.

Revenue Land

6.

Tar Road

7.

Mettle Road

8.

Murum Road

9.

Old Plantation

Figure 21: Sanctuary Boundary of Lonar Lake, Maharashtra, India

350

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3.3.2.2 CLIMATE The climatic factors of the Lonar crater is that it experiences hot summer season and dry weather throughout the year, except during the monsoons. The Buldhana district experiences tropical type of climate and is situated at 654m above sea level. This district receives less rainfall in winter season than during the summers. Winter months are during the months of November and February, Summer season in the months of March to June and the rainy season during June to September. It receives the October showers as the post monsoon season. i.

Rainfall: The amount of rainfall received in each month is given in the table below. The most rainiest month is July with rainfall of 209mm. 600-800mm of rainfall is the average rainfall measured in Buldhana.

Chart 18: Climate and Rainfall analysis of Buldhana, India Source : Climate-Data.org

ii.

Temperature: The temperature in Buldhana District rises quickly after February till May as found

in the table above, which is the most dry and hot month of the year. In May the mean max temperature is 38.6°C and mean minimum temperature is 25.9˚C. The warmth in the mid-year season is serious during day and the evenings are calmer the daytime. The evening heat is now and then soothed by thundershowers with the appearance of Southwest storm by about early June. The night temperature is low after September. Both day and night temperature diminishes quickly from October till December, making it the coldest month in the year. The maximum temperature during December is 29.6°C and the minimum temperature is 9.6 °C. iii. Humidity: Besides during the Southwest storm season in the Buldhana locality, when moisture contents is between 60 to 80%, the air is for the most part dry over Lonar lake. The late spring months are the driest and the relative content of humidity is even under 20%. As the Lake is at a stature of 130m, slope territory is accessible and the breeze doesn't blow in the side of the cavity region. So the dampness around the Lonar Lake is in every case high.

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iv. Winds: Winds are usually light and breezy in the latter part of the hot season and in the early part of the monsoon season, with some speed increase. The winds during the post-monsoon and early cold

weather seasons are mainly from the North-East side or the East. Winds turn westerly to northwesterly in February and continue to flow until June. Winds between the South-West and the NorthWest are most frequent in the South-West monsoon season.

v.

Water: The most significant and important aspect of any ecosystem is water. Water plays a very important function in this crater lake as it has numerous chemical properties. The distribution and seasonality of water supplies affects the composition of the area's wildlife. In such water bodies, many aquatic floral and faunal species occur, thereby creating a distinct and special ecosystem.

Since there is a smooth rising and falling shape in the Lonar Wildlife Sanctuary area, there are mainly 3 streams passing through this area that drain into Lonar lake. The streams are mostly nonperennial in the sanctuary district, excluding the spring of the Dhar, Sitarani and Ramgaya. Water in such a spring is retained by de-silting method in the pinch time. Water conservation works are carried out by building anikats, earthen bunds, underground blinds, gabian bunds, de-silting of anikats and springs in order to increase the water available evenly in the sanctuary area during the summer season. In this area, however, excavation of bore wells is not feasible. Apart from this, saucer-shaped troughs that are artificially filled with water during this time are planned to be installed as a temporary arrangement. In nature, the lake's water is both salty and alkaline. The water pH tends to fluctuate with the temperature . Generally, it's higher in the summer and lower in the rainy season. The pH also varies between the shore and the middle of the crater lake, where it is between 10.5 and 11. To quench its thrust, an animal will walk up to an average distance of 2.5 km under normal circumstances. Therefore, the sanctuary area requires ample waterholes for the animals that live there to be readily available.

vi. Ground-Water: The water of this crater lake, from a hydrological point of view, is Saline. There is a perennial, sweet water spring outside the crater region. The general level of water varies from 10 to 15 m below ground level in this area. Since the region does not enjoy ample annual precipitation, most of the small streams and nalas dry up in summer outside the crater area. The Buldhana base encourages the flow of groundwater and, thus, several springs are found to originate from this contact. Recharge of groundwater takes place in the vicinity of Yeldari and Siddheshwar reservoirs.

Jayakwadi canals and Majalgaon dam are likely to impact the level of groundwater in the Godavari river. Similarly, the ground water would be affected by minor irrigation works and other water harvest/impoundment systems in the area of the Lonar crater.

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3.3.2.3 VEGETATION In the Lonar Wildlife asylum, the field vegetation is a kind of

Tropical Dry-deciduous Woodland. The width of the sanctuary is just 3.83sq.km. Incidental forms of trees, herbs, and bushes are included.

Only a few tree species support the hilly slopes, while the herbaceous types tend to be dominant. There are also a few trees, such as Adina cordifolia, Hamiltonia suaveolens, Dalbergia peniculata, Bauhinia lanzan, Terminialia peniculata,

Monocots. Trees such as Termininalia chebula, Terminalia aijuna, Anogeissus latifolia, Dalbergia latifolia, Tactona grandis, etc., are seen in the dry deciduous forest with more luxuriant vegetative growth.

The climate conditions in this region may be unfavorable for the flora to grow luxuriantly, but that does not make it an unworthy place for a large range of plants and animals to live.

In reality, a continuous pattern of deciduous forests, thorny woodlands and savannas, interfered with by rivers and streams, serves as the perfect combination to flourish and multiply in number for a wide variety of birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, insects, etc. It is important to point out here that, while the entire area around the Lonar crater is uniformly dry, it does not look like an arid region anywhere.

The apparent dryness is simply a consequence of seasonal monoculture, leaving large fields barren.

With the assistance of field workers, the survey number wise

Figure 22: Field Vegetation in Lonar Lake

Vegetation Forests 32.69

21.15

basic data of the crop existing in the region is compiled. The entire region is found to contain 21.15% of the Teak forest, 78.80% of the Mix forest, and 32.69% of the degraded area.

78.8

The area of the sanctuary with a density of less than 0.4 was taken as degraded forest and the area with no growth of trees was taken as either grassland or weed plantation infested area.

Teak Forest

Mix Forest

Degraded Area

Chart 19 : Types of Vegetation Forest Source : Author

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3.3.2.4 GEOLOGY, ROCK AND SOIL The Lonar Crater Lake also known as the meteor lake sits in a nearly circular depression with Rim and

Ejecta Blanket. It is surrounded by a steep escarpment on all sides at an even height of about 130 m above the level of the lake. The remaining sanctuary area remains largely geologically unmapped. The sanctuary field, however, has basalt lava flows underneath, which are typically dark clay, hard and compact. The black soil is loamy or clay. Typically this occurs as a thin mask over the weathered basalt or muiTum. Tills cover and some sandy and earthy material are mixed with boulders and pebbles of the country rock.

Figure 23: Geology Map of Lonar Lake, Maharashtra, India

i.

Drainage: The Lonar lake is fed mainly by the seasonal runoff confined to its outskirts and also by three springs of ravine water. Dhar, the largest spring in this area, is at the head of the ravine. The second spring of the Sitanahnii north-eastern slope is present along the same ravine, but at a lower altitude. Ramgaya takes place on the south-eastern face of the third spring, which is near to the water level of the lake. There is no significant current flowing in the remaining portion of the sanctuary area. These ravines flow to the south-east region in the monsoon season and die mostly during the rest of the year.

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Terrain: The Lonar wildlife sanctuary area sloping towards the South-East is at an elevation of about 1551 to 1952 ft. The tract of the plateau is mostly steep sloped, mixed with open grasslands and wooded areas. The elevation of this Wetland is 1952 ft. at highest point above mean sea level and that of lowest point is 1551ft. above mean sea level. Various streams are flowing from the hilly area of the crater, but most of it dry during the summer season. The slopes of the hills and interior valley portions have good and thick vegetation. Most of the area is covered with a thin veneer of black clayey soil consisting of Illite, Kaolinite and Montmoriilonite, with small concentrations of calcium carbonate. The lava sequence is the area has a general south-easterly gentle gradient. The Ajanta stream flow shows a flat easterly gradient of 1 in 700 to 1100 in the southern parts of the area, while in the northern parts it varies from 1 in 260 to 415 southeastward. In the case of Chikhali stream flow, the gradient changes from 450 SES wards to 1 in 325 SE in the northwestern parts of the area. The Chikhali as well as Buldhana flow show a southerly gradient of 1 in 400 and 1

in 300 respectively in the northeastern part of the area. The basaltic flows in the northern part of the area are affected by two parallel gravity faults trending ENE, WSW, which are accompanied by bracciation and silicification.

An elevation of 1551 to 1952 ft. above mean sea level Black and brown plastic clayey soil consisting of Illite, Kaolinite and Montmoriilonite Green vegetation surrounding the crater lake acting as food for various herbivores

Figure 24: Terrain Map of Lonar Lake, Maharashtra, India

Roads

Agriculture/Fallow

Wetland

Settlements

Plantation

Wetland Boundary

Scrub

Wildlife Sanctuary and Ramsar Boundary

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3.3.2.5 PHYSICAL SET-UP OF LONAR CRATER Lonar crater has an almost perfectly circular shape (circularity index exceeding 0.9) with five strong

distinguishable zones.

• The outermost Ejecta Blanket which is known to be the elevated part of the crater formed by molten lava • The crater rim which was formed due to lifting of the rock beds upwards due to the impact.

• The slopes of the crater.

• The crater basin.

• The crater lake formed by the water from the volcanic activity and has special geological characteristics, thus requires conservation strategies to be implemented.

i.

Ejecta Blanket:

Basalt rock was turned into molten material by the heat produced by the high velocity impact and subsequent explosion, which was then expelled and flung all over the crater. In nature, the basaltic layer produced is almost 400 mm thick. To form the "Ejecta Blanket" this molten layer then cooled off. The ejecta has a continuous blanket stretching outward to an average of 1350 m. Gently (2 ° to 6 °) away from the crater from the crater's rim and slopes. The material ejected from the pulverized fragments, including some large stones, was discovered as far as 2 km from the crater. This Ejecta Blanket has very gentle slopes away from the crater that essentially merges into the countryside around it. Because of these characteristics, significant portions of the Ejecta Blanket are either under Lonar town or under the agricultural lands surrounding the crater, remaining as the least prominent part of the crater.

ii.

The Rim:

The Lonar crater has a 30 m high rim with an average diameter of 1830 m at the crest of the rim. For much of its length, the crest runs at an altitude of 590 m, rising locally to over 600 m. In the steeper section, and then a thick layer of debris, particularly in the lower part, the slope of the inner rim wall averages 26 ° and exposes bedrock. Except in the north-eastern section of the crater where the rim has been severely cut back and a large spring near Lonar village problems through the deep gully into the crater, the gullying method has formed moderately. When it struck the planet, geologists inferred the trajectory of the meteor as coming from the north-east. On the basis of the sharp depression mentioned above, this conclusion was derived precisely. It is also clear that there is no water course that could possibly have carved this depression out.

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A natural succession of five Deccan Trap flows separated by thin paleosols of red bole is exposed by the inner rim of the crater. Between elevations of 520 m and 585 m, flows are seen. The bedrock reveals a

quaquaversal dip in the crater that ranges from 800 to 230, but the same is sub-horizontal away from it.

Though fragmentary and chaotic, coherent overturned units are most of the debris on the rim crest, an inverted stratigraphy of ejecta exists. In the north-eastern portion of the rim wall, the black, artificial, pre-crater soil caps the upturned top of the basalt series at around 585 m elevation. The debris at the crest overlying the soil is 5 m thick and includes a shock-melted fragment. The same horizon exposed in the gullies, at the elevation of 560 m south of the crater, is too far out to be uplifted and may reflect the pre-impact surface level. The uplifted bedrock thus represents 25 m of the new rim's thickness in height and the remaining 5 m are the expelled rocks.

iii. Slopes of the Crater : As measured from the crest of the rim, the slopes of the crater are very steep and descend to an average depth of 450 feet. These slopes are made up mainly of the andestitic lavas which tend to have quaquaversal dips, away from the lake. The steepness of the eastern and western slopes reveals a marked difference. The western slopes average 26 ° and frequently show the underlying rock-beds. With a broad gully (Ghat) formation, the eastern slopes are gentler in the north-eastern part towards Lonar region, where a perennial spring originates and flows into the crater. A number of streams are fed by this source, of which only two are perennial. Of these, the greater one spouts at the highest point of the Ghat and is known as the primary Dhara. In the monsoon and winter months (almost 45 cm thick jet of sweet water), the yield of this spring is very substantial and, even in summer, it is adequate to provide potable water to almost half of the population of the town of Lonar. The second stream originates from the top of the Ghat, about 200 feet lower down, and is called Sita-Nahani. This stream's water is also potable. There is another spring that flows for nearly eight months at the top of the Ghat. Inside the new forest nursery, which also tends to be perennial, there is a fourth spring towards the bottom of the crater. This spring is installed with a small tank and its water is potable.

The slopes cover much of the areas with bushy vegetation. However, the vegetation appears to be of a stunted form and fully deciduous in nature due to low precipitation obtained in the region, steepness of the slopes and exposed rock-beds.

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iv. Crater Basin or Floor: It consists mainly of three areas - 1) slightly elevated plains and gentle slopes between the rim and the

lake shore; 2) the lake shoreline, and 3) the lake itself. The crater floor is considerably flat. In some areas, the plain land and slopes are covered with trees, while some parts are barren. At the base of the ravine, there is a 21.26 ha patch of cultivated land that is fed by the annual Dhara spring. A number of seasonal streams flowing down the rim slopes conflict with the basin, eventually entering the lake. The basin acts as a percolation basin, being slightly below the level of the surrounding countryside.

Hydrologically, it is important to note that sweet and potable water is created by digging a pit here in the basin, a little away from the saline lake. At the southern edge, there is an old pucca well drilled right into the earth, which provides potable water all year round. Also, the existence of luxuriant vegetation

reaching very close to the shores suggests the presence under the floor of sweet water reserves.

v.

Crater lake:

The nearly circular depression has saline water with a mean diameter of 1.2 km and a maximum depth of 5.50 m. 137m below the crater rim is the saline water bath. In nature, the lake's water is both salty and alkaline. The water's pH fluctuates with the temperature. Generally, the pH level of this salty water is higher in the summer and lower in the rainy season. The pH also varies from center to shore, where it is in the 10.5 to 11 range. The lake's salinity is due to the dissolved carbonates found in it, so individuals often name it the lake of saline soda. Salinity has decreased to almost 100 ppt today from 300 ppt in 1958.

Slope of the Crater

Crater basin

Ejecta Blanket

The Crater Rim

The saline Crater Lake Figure 25: Physical set-up of Lonar Lake, Maharashtra, India

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3.3.2.6 CURRENT STATUS OF LONAR LAKE Recently, the water of Lonar Lake in Maharashtra's Buldhana district turned into a pink color, arousing

curiosity among lakhs of people, including scientists. Reportedly, it has turned out that because of the Haloarchaea microbes present in the salty water, the pink color can be attributed.

Due to the large presence of the salt-loving 'Haloarchaea' microbes, the color of Lonar lake water in Maharashtra's Buldhana district turned pink, a probe conducted by a Pune-based institute has concluded.

Haloarchaea is a species of bacteria that produces pink pigment and is found in saline water. In June, the state forest department reportedly told the Bombay High Court last month about collecting water samples from the lake and sending them to the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute

(NEER) based in Nagpur and the Agharkar Research Institute in Pune for investigation. 10

At a pH of 10.5, the lake has saline water. In addition, there is a large amount of algae in the lake.

Salinity, along with algae, may be a big reason for this move, according to a member of the Lonar Lake Conservation and Growth Committee. The fall in water levels due to the scorching summer could also have improved its salinity. Another scientific speculation is about any modifications in the presence of fungi. Typically, the fungi present in the lake give the water a greenish colour. There may have been a biological transition in the crater, according to some scientists. Scientists speculate on Halobacterium and Dunaliella salina growth and increased carotenoid growth. Also, it is recognized that the water contains calcium carbonate in it with also tends to turn the water color to pink.

Figure 26: Water in this crater lake turned pink

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3.3.2.7 STRATEGIES OF MANAGEMENT The approach to achieve the objectives of management of Lonar Wildlife Sanctuary would be to

continue and strengthen the present activities initiated after the formation of this wildlife division and also to identify and implement a new activities for better development. As a matter of fact, conservation of biodiversity is a holistic approach and long term perspective initiative. Therefore, these require continuous changing long-term management system. Moreover, ecosystems are dynamic entity where continuous natural processes take place. Therefore, the strategy prescription in this management plan is a first step for the fulfillment of objectives. Naturally the activities in this plan are directed more towards understanding the biodiversity and various ecological factors affecting that area. So, various activities prescribed in the site management plan have been grouped as follows:

i.

Zonation: In order to achieve the management objectives, the sanctuary area should be defined regarding its classification and various uses and development thereof, wherein appropriate activities in specific areas are allocated. So, the area of Lonar Wildlife Sanctuary is divided into two zones for management purpose. (a)Core Zone, (b) Tourism Zone.

(a) Core Zone: • Conservation of biodiversity to ensure the naturally existing ecological species and process is maintained.

• The protection of water spread area of the Lonar Crater lake which is included in the sanctuary area to its desired life expectancy.

• To explore and identify the floral and faunal wealth of the area in order to ensure-gene-pool conservation by way of research and monitoring. (b) Tourism Zone: • Eco-tourism is again essential activity to develop a sense of awareness among people for biodiversity conservation, in order to meet the objectives of making visitors aware of the sanctuary resource and its significance, some forest area of the sanctuary, mostly peripheral, is demarcated for entry and movement of people by imposing certain regulations.

• Information on the nature and importance of wildlife and forests, and its beneficial impact on the environment could be given to the visitors.

ii.

Habitat improvement measures:

• Preparation of Cover maps where various types of covers (caves, burrows) in different compartments can be mapped.

• Water management would include maintenance and strengthening of all the existing waterholes, creation of new waterholes and artificial supply of water.

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• Preparation of Cover maps where various types of covers (caves, burrows) in different compartments can be mapped.

• Water management would include maintenance and strengthening of all the existing waterholes, creation of new waterholes and artificial supply of water.

• Creation of new waterholes to augment the water scarce area in the sanctuary.

• Certain areas in the sanctuary requires immediate need for artificial water supply.

• Maintenance of waterholes is required to ensure longer and reliable water for animals and other species.

• Soil Conservation works to stop soil erosion due to uncontrolled grazing in the southern part of the area and to increase water availability.

iii. Monitoring Wildlife health: • Monitoring Wildlife health, is an important aspect in protected area management because communicable diseases of viral, bacterial, protozoan and rickettsia origin may dwindle the wild animal population due to death, increase in the vulnerability to predation, reduction in competitive ability etc.

•

For proper Monitoring Wildlife health and protective measures to be taken, the veterinary unit of State Govt, available at village Lonar would be utilized. This unit would be responsible for

• Assessment of cattle population in and around sanctuary area.

• Vaccination of domestic cattle.

• Veterinary Care and Formation of Wildlife Rescue Centre • Population Estimation

v.

Wildlife tourism:

• An Eco-tourism complex is proposed to be created on southern part of the sanctuary near village Lonar .

•

Imparting a sense of awareness and concern towards the interdependence and relationship between plants, animals and abiotic Eco-system component in the minds of the visitors would be a focal point in developing nature trails.

vi. Research and Monitoring: • Research and monitoring is an integral part of the scientific wildlife management.

• Though, detailed research studies are not expected, certain studies for collection of basic data will be done.

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Chapter 4.

Tanisha Saxena B.Arch.

INTRODUCTION TO RAMSAR SITE, Nandur Madhameshwar

4.1 ABOUT THE SITE 4.1.1 LOCATION OF THE SITE The Nandur Madhameshwar Wildlife sanctuary is located at a distance of 40 kilometers east of Nashik in the Niphad Taluka district of Nashik in the state of Maharashtra.

Nashik Railway Station is about 55 kilometers away. The township of

Niphad is 12 km north of Nandur Madhameshwar. It's easily accessible from both Nashik and Niphad. State transport buses often travel to connect Nandur Madhameshwar with major connected space cities.

4.1.2 CLIMATE The region experiences semi arid tropical type of climate with an average annual rainfall of 500 to 600 mm. The summer season temperature ranges from 25 degree Celsius to 43 degree Celsius. The winter temperature from 26 degree Celsius reduces to 4 degree Celsius.

4.1.3 GEOLOGY In the upstream area of the Nandur Madhameshwar Region, the rock is generally of basaltic origin and the soil is generally black cotton soil.

Figure 27: Location Map of Nandur Madhameshwar, Nashik, India Source : Author

Figure 28: Details of Nandur Madhameshwar

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4.1.4 AREA OF THE SITE The State Government of Maharashtra vide its No.WLP/1085/CR-75/F-5 (II) Dt.25.2.86 under section 18 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act.1972 declared said area as wildlife sanctuary to be called as

“Nandur

Madhameshwar

Wildlife

Sanctuary “ particulars of area included in the Nandur Madhameshwar sanctuary is as under. The total area of the existing sanctuary as per notifications, issued by

the

Govt.of

Maharashtra

Vide

No.NO/D/WLP/1085/CR/75/F (V) (II) 25.2.86 is 10012.937 ha. 11

Figure 29: Map showing Nandur Madhameshwar Sanctuary Boundary

4.1.5 VEGETATION As a result of vast siltation, the wetland created along with tiny lsland sustain the distinctive aquatic vegetation. There are numerous shallow stretches of water that are created on the banks of the river. The primary Godavari & Kadwa river course, however, is deep. The pools of shallow water are rich in algae, and therefore the partially submerged area has dense aquatic vegetation growth. The marsh is roofed by the reeds' growth. There was a major invasion of the water hyacinth and even Parthenium. In the past, around 216 plant species were listed in the Nandur Madhmeshwar wetland.

4.1.6 FOOD There are numerous tree species such as Ficus, Acacia, Mango, Tamarind, Neem etc in the area adjacent to the lake. The basin is abundant in algae, which is the food of a variety of waders. The lake has a number of fish, crabs, snails, prawns, amphibians, micro-invertebrates, insects, etc. In the vicinity of the lake, a vast tract of plain land is under cultivation. Sugarcane, maize, grams, onion, vegetables etc. are mostly the crop.

4.1.7 SPECIES DIVERSITY In Nandur Madhmeshwar, the number and form of birds are remarkably massive. Reports from the 2013 Bird Census estimate the number of migratory birds at about 41819. The wetland is rich biologically.

There are 240 species of resident and migratory birds, and 24 species of fish from the area are identified by the Fisheries Department.

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4.1.8 DISTRIBUTION OF BIRDS At present, Nandur Madhameshwar wetland's most important resource is its Biological wealth, since it is the home of a wide range of flora and fauna. According to Niphad's Pakshi Mitra Mandal (Friends of Birds Group). In addition to Nasik, 231 species of resident and migratory birds and 24 species of fish in this region have been recorded. According to Almeida, Mr. M. R. 463 plant species, with over 80 aquatic species included.

During the bird migration season (October-Novernber to February-March) each year, the area attracts lots of migratory birds from far off places, chiefly various species of ducks, storks. Cranes, ibises. The use of Nandur Madhameshwar reservoir for irrigation is highly significant in addition to the region being so rich in avifaunal and floral values. Similarly, religious significance is given to the situation of the Nandur Madhameshwar dam at the confluence of the rivers Godavari and Kadwa, and near the various temples.

45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000

5000

Grebes Flamingos Geese and Ducks Rails, Gallinules and Coots

Herons Cranes Jacanas Cormorants

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1990

1989

1988

1987

0

Storks Waders Ibises Others

Chart 20 : Year wise Waterbird Census at Nandur Madhameshwar Wildlife Sanctuary Source : rsis.ramsar.org

It is seen that migratory bird creatures, for example, Carmorants , ibises , Openbilled storks and so forth are for all time dwelling consistently. Flying creatures like Brahminy ducks, ibise, storks have delayed their stay in the Sanctuary. Migratory birds, for example, Brahminy ducks, Coots, Dabchicks, Shoveller, Wigeon are found in the Interior water bodies. In each colder time of year the assembly of thousands of

transitory winged animals are seen in the region of Nandur Madhameshwar repository. The transitory flying creatures visit the other waterbodies likewise in the region of Nandur Madhameshwar.

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4.1.9 ORIGIN OF THE SITE In early centuries, human civilizations and their socio-social qualities have fundamentally been formed by wetlands, for example, the waterways, lakes, swamps and numerous different kinds of water environments. Antiquated Indian writing is loaded with fables and stories portraying the estimation of wetlands. Notwithstanding, during the new past wetlands were carelessly obliterated to make land for 'improvement' and just lately their utilizations and qualities have started to be perceived and acknowledged. The significance of wetlands, the manner in which they support natural variety, hold and pull in transitory winged animals is notable. How these wetlands can be secured, overseen and monitored

are significant issues. Nandur Madhameshwar wetland, arranged in the closeness of Nasik city in Niphad Tehsil, was framed by the dam developed at the confluence of Godavari and Kadwa streams in 1907.

The tremendous region of the Deccan level, in Maharashtra state in India faces water scarcity in summer, regardless of sufficient amount of rainfall and precipitation. The waterways flowing through this parcel are brimming with water, every so often threatening to flood in the storm. It is a particular circumstance.

To ease the nonstop enduring of the shortage influenced individuals of Nasik and Ahmednagar locale, the British Government planned the Godavari channel framework conspire by building dams across the

Darna waterway at Nandgaon and at the confluence of the Godavari and Kadwa streams at NandurMadhameshwar in 1907-1913.

Nandur Madhyameshwar receives water from the Gangapur and Darna reservoirs. At the origin of Tryambakeshwar, an earthen damn was constructed at the confluence of Goadavari and Kadwa river called as the Nandur Madhyameshwar dam. With the progression of time, silt and other organic materials kept on getting deposited. Hence the man-made store and encompassing regions (for example farming fields having winter crop) transformed into a decent wetland environment.

Figure 30: Nandur Madhameshwar Wetland at Niphad, Nashik 59

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Figure 31: Newspaper Article declaring Nandur as Ramsar's Site

Dr. Salim Ali. during his trip to the Nandur Madhameshwar wetland on March 6,1983 remarked that the site was known to him and other members of the Bombay Natural History Society since 1941 and suggested that it had the potential to become the Bharatpur of Maharashtra. The first survey was undertaken by the BNHS (Bombay Natural History Society) in 1975. Mr. Debi Goenka and Mr. Lavkumar Khacher undertook a survey in 1982 (Khacher 1983). The conservation of this

Wetland is under the Ramsar Convention. However, real attention and demand for its protection started when nature lovers raised their voice through newspapers to prevent poaching of birds in the wetland in 1982—83.

Figure 32: Decline in Wetland Birds

Figure 33: Need for Wetland Conservation 60

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The Government of Maharashtra declared it a closed area in 1983 and declared it a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1986, in compliance with the provisions of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, in response to their demands and having identified the ecological significance of the area. The February 25, 1986 notification notes the specifics of the area for the Nandur Madhameshwar Wildlife Sanctuary as follows: •

Water spread area (under Irrigation Department) =1757.92 ha

•

Area under Revenue Department

= 2 I .86 ha

•

Village area (Private lands)

= 8 I 77.87 ha

•

Forest area (under Forest Department)

= 55.06 ha

•

Total area

= 10012.73 ha or 100.125q. km.

Thus the Wildlife Sanctuary has 81.7% private land,17.8% land belonging to the Irrigation and Revenue Departments, and just about 0.5% forest land.

Forest area (under Forest Department) 14%

Water spread area (under Irrigation Department) Area under 20% Revenue Department 8%

Village area (Private lands) 58%

Water spread area (under Irrigation Department) Area under Revenue Department Village area (Private lands) Forest area (under Forest Department) Chart 21: Area Distribution of Nandur Madhameshwar Wildlife Sanctuary Source : Author 61

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4.2 IMPORTANCE OF NANDUR MADHAMESHWAR AS WETLAND 4.2.1 BIOLOGICAL This wetland is primarily formed as a result of silt deposition. In addition to the permanent island close to Manjargaon, numerous small islands are created. Various shallow stretches of water on the riverbanks have also been formed.

The main course of the Kadwa and Godavari streams is deep. The shallow pools of water are rich in partly submerged algae with a dense growth of aquatic vegetation. The marsh is covered in large part by good reed growth.

The water hyacinth formed a massive invasion.

Additionally, parthenium growth is growing.

Ipomea fitulosa, Ipomea aquatica, Hydrophila auriculata, Phylanodiflora, polygonum glabrum,

rumex detatus, hydrilla, Elchornia species, Typha

species,

Pontamogeton

species,

Paspslidum species. Almedia (1983) described 80 species of aquatic plants. Mango, Tamarind, Neem,

Acacias

etc.

Tree

species

ficus

magnoliopsid genus. The wetland of Nandur Madhameshwar is biologically rich and is home to various kinds of flora and fauna. The bird

migration

season

runs

from

October

to

November. Annually through Feb-March. The region

attracts

numerous

migratory birds

returning from far away places during this season.

Ducks,

Storks,

Ibises,

Cranes,

Flamingos and Weaders are the main migration birds. The scene at Nandur Madhameshwar is wonderful in the migration season, as one can encounter large flocks of different species of birds together.

Figure 34: Biodiversity of Nandur Madhameshwar Wetland 62

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4.2.2 ECONOMICAL • The Nandur Madhyameshwar Wetland before the development and maintenance was a dry weir.

• The economy of the region was changed after the construction of the dam which was used to provide water in the surrounding areas for irrigation and other purposes.

• The major economical activity found here is the fishing industry.

• Galpera or seasonal cropping which is carried out as the water recedes is another important economical activity present at the site.

4.2.3 RECREATIONAL • This Wetland is worth for its aesthetic and recreational qualities.

• The sunrise and sunset is the ultimate scenic beauty for all the tourists and the nature lovers.

• The sight of the migratory birds and the native birds found here is pleasing and satisfying.

4.2.4 SCIENTIFIC • This wetland is a advanced ecosystem with interlinkages of alternative wetlands within the proximity.

•

The main water course of river Godavari & Kadwa, the small islands, shallow water lake, adjoining cultivation field, all other village forms a unique complex chain of wetland.

4.2.5 EDUCATIONAL • The conservation and educational scope provided by this Wetland is tremendous.

• Awareness programs and training can be provided to people and thus improving the employment rate.

• The conservation biology of various resident birds, the migratory patterns, the habit & home ground of various species inhabiting the reservoir, the special ecological niches, interlinkages between the various parts of the ecosystem are source of the many aspects of ecological studies.

4.2.6 RELIGIOUS VALUES

• There are spiritual temples around Nandur Madhameshwar reservoir like Siddeshwer at Karanjgaon, Sangameshwer & Nawsya Ganpati at Khangaon Thadi, Mrugwadeshwer at Nandur Madhameshwer.

•

Piligrims & tourist are visiting these Temples every year.

• These sites of religious importance needs to be developed from the view of tourist attraction. It can become one of the best tourist places in the State as there are a large number of nature lovers out there.

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Siddeshwer at Karanjgaon

Sangameshwer at Khangaon Thadi

NANDUR MADHYAMESHWAR MARUTI WETLAND TEMPLE

Figure 35: Map showing Niphad District, Nashik Source : Direct Census Handbook, Nashik

Tanisha Saxena B.Arch.

Mrugwadeshwer at Nandur Madhameshwer

Figure 36: Religious Temples around the Reservoir

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4.3 PRESENT CONDITION OF THE SITE (NMR) 4.3.1 THE EXISTING SITUATION In the paper, Nandur Madhameshwar Sactuary, the Enquiry Officer, reported that 1176,457 Ha. Space should be designated as a sanctuary that restricts areas owned by the Departments of Irrigation, Revenue and Forest. It irrigates the surrounding area of the Sanctuary. Cash crops are therefore entirely cultivated.

People do not rely on any forest produce, but within the sanctuary region, they send their cattle to graze.

The invasion may have to be removed from the sanctuary room. Similarly, some individuals deliberately take water from the sanctuary area, and so this activity should be stopped. People are conscious of birds and their migration. They do not bother the birds, but their behaviors such as grazing, fishing and agriculture keep the birds from damaging and disrupting their surroundings. Fishing & farming rights are denied. Local residents are currently moving through the water reservoir area to reach their own expanding areas. It's important to stop this operation. The ecosystem is disrupted by equally professional grazers with their livestock & foreign laborers brought to cut the sugar cane.

4.3.2 DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME & CONSERVATION ISSUES The sanctuary has tourist facilities such as a rest house, dormitory, waiting rooms, watch gallery, observation towers, greenhouse, etc. Similarly, the Khangaon-Thadi Interpretation Centre is under construction. Tourists are familiar with birds and their surroundings. The water level fluctuates over the year, which is beyond the forest department's management. Similarly, there is a dry spell in the summer season. Therefore, during the last phase of the program, water reservoirs were dug at entirely different

locations to mitigate certain scenarios. The major problems with conservation are providing facilities of breeding for resident birds , dominant fishing by locals, establishing nesting and resting site in sanctuary.

Jetties were constructed at completely different locations.

Urgent action is needed for the treatment of domestic sewage and industrial waste, particularly in Tapovan (at Nashik city). This will help to preserve these stretches, which are the most contaminated part of the river. Water recharging is another field that needs focus. By channeling the excess water into the river, it will be important to find ways and means to recharge the river with rain water and filter from the

surrounding area. To ensure the minimum water supply, otherwise known as environmental flow, to maintain the ecological functions in a healthy state, steps are to be implemented. The lack of this flow adversely affects the nutrient load as well as the distribution of nutrients. The lack of this flow adversely affects the loading of nutrients as also the distribution and recruitment of fish species.

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4.3.3 POLLUTION ISSUES IN NANDUR MADHYAMESHWAR DAM AND CONTROL MEASURES At Nandur Madhmeshwer Sanctuary, water contamination is primarily observed, affecting not only water quality but also wetland biodiversity. Therefore, with the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB), Nashik, this problem was addressed.

• No factory or firm in the Nandur Madhmeshwer Sanctuary area is permitted. But, in Nashik district, Satpur and Ambad MIDC are located along the River Godavari.

•

No factory or business in the District of Nashik is allowed to release toxic waste into river water. The process for periodic emission control and default action is carried out by the MPCB.

• The process for periodic emission control and default action is carried out by the MPCB.No toxic waste is released into river water from any factory or business in Nashik District. However, to some degree, domestic waste water from Nashik town is released into the water of the river and a PIL has been filed in Hon. • In this sense, the NIRI-an agency was named to provide recommendations for the management of Godavari river water pollution. For research, a water sample from the Godavari river is taken periodically by the MPCB. 4.3.4 FISHERY DEVELOPMENT IN THE GODAVARI RIVER BASIN One of the most sacred rivers of India is considered to be the Godhavari River. The 'Vridha Ganga' or 'Dakshina Ganga' is also referred to as it. People assume that taking a holy dip in the water would rid them of all their sins. The river has been exposed to tremendous tension, being the ultimate sink to anything and anything drained by surface runoff. As a consequence, both qualitatively and quantitatively, fishing has suffered. It is therefore important to pay particular attention to the improvement of environmental conditions for eco-restoration and to the creation of river management standards from the fishery point of view.

The water quality of the River Godavari was found to be suitable for the spread of fishing in NandurMadhyameshwar, among the stations surveyed. Fishing activity was minimal and fish catching was moderate, with small, mostly minnows, most of the fish caught. At Nandur-Madhyameshwar, no commercially relevant catch was observed.

The study was carried out by fishery department in collaboration with the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) with the following objectives : •

To evaluate the water quality of River Godavari.

•

To study the fish biodiversity in the river

•

To study the quality of riverine environment, particularly in the river stretches identified by MPCB in

•

relation to fishery status

•

To study the changes in fish diversity and productivity with respect to water quality changes.

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4.3.5 IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH NEEDS • Fluctuating water level in the repository: As water from the Darna and Gangapur dam is delivered occasionally for water system,

the

water

level

in

Nandur

Madhameshwar supply keeps fluctuating.

•

Once in a while the wetland is filled to limit and there are not really any shallow lakes for waders. At the point when all the water is delivered through waterways, the wetland gets dry.

• Research is needed to know the quality and the level of water in the reservoir to maintain and regulate it.

• Temporary refuge water bodies are present for the migratory birds in case of the water in the wetland is full or temporarily dry.

• Thus necessary protection measure are needed to maintain the bird species.

• This turns into a quite period for flying creatures.

Chart 22: Identification of Research Needs in Nandur Madhyameshwar

Source : Author

• The relocation example and development of winged creatures in the closeness should be embraced.

• The settling, reproducing of occupant winged creatures, especially swallows.

• Impact of siltation in the store on the floral and faunal qualities of the wetland.

• Impact of water science on the wetland biological system.

• Impact of intrusion of weeds, for example,

Ipomoea, Eichhornia and Parthenium on the wetland environment.

Figure 37: Migratory Birds which nest and breed 67

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4.4 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE OF NANDUR MADHYAMESHWAR AS WETLAND • Around the reservoir, which is surrounded by cultivated revenue and private land, there is almost a total lack of tree cover.

• Shallow water pools are algae-rich and partly submerged by aquatic vegetation growth.

• Support reeds in marshy areas.

• In 1987-88, an area of 0.55 sq.km was planted. To provide shelter for terrestrial birds and to initiate forestation in order to control soil erosion.

• In the lake and grass along the river banks, weeds such as water hyacinth are rapidly spreading.

• Aquatic vegetation removal for fuel has also been reported.

• In 1982, the Cliff Swallows breeding colony was noted here (BNHS 2002)Land along the riverbanks and edges of the reservoir are being cultivated , predominantly with sugarcane .To some extent ,Wablers, Bayas and some other species may find these suitable for roosting, but danger of chemical fertilizer and pesticide leaching into the reservoir from fields is very high.

• Village livestock graze unregulated on the banks of the lake.

• Temporary, but regular build-up of agriculture labor (for sugarcane harvest )is also reported to add pressure on areas adjoining this wetland.

• Galpera area is cultivated with cash crops like onions, sugarcane and grapes . Fertilizers and pesticides are used .Run-off from the fields seeps into the reservoir. Potassium and nitrogen seeping into the water kills fish and degrades water quality.

• Siltation is bound to increase if tilling of fields is permitted in the draw- down area of the reservoir. Alternate use such as growing harvestable fodder grass and horticulture ,in the same area ,could be explored instead.

• Water hyacinth infestation can suffocate and replace the original aquatic flora.

• Considering the high rate of siltation , a proposal was made to build another dam close to the existing one. Dr. Salim Ali had however suggested that desilting of the existing reservoir will be more beneficial ecologically and economically. Desilting of reservoir was started in 2 November ,2000 by Irrigation Department which was later stopped by Chief wildlife warden on 12 Feb. 2002.Irrigation department wanted to desilt the reservoir up to 250m from the edge of the Dam. • The water quality of the River Godavari was found to be suitable for the spread of fishing in

Nandur-Madhyameshwar, among the stations studied.

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Figure 38: Significance of Nandur Madhameshwar as a Wetland

Tanisha Saxena B.Arch.

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4.5 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ALLIED CASE STUDIES AND SITE STUDY

Table 5 : Comparative Analysis of Allied Case studies with Site Study (i)

Source : Author

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Table 6 : Comparative Analysis of Allied Case studies with Site Study (ii)

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Source : Author

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4.6 SURVEY ANALYSIS FOR RESEARCH

Chart 23 : Survey Chart (i) Source : Author

Chart 24 : Survey Chart (ii) Source : Author

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Chart 25 : Survey Chart (iii) Source : Author

Chart 26 : Survey Chart (iv) Source : Author

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Chart 27 : Survey Chart (v) Source : Author

Chart 28 : Survey Chart (vi) Source : Author

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Chart 29 : Survey Chart (vii) Source : Author

Chart 30 : Survey Chart (viii) Source : Author

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Chapter 5.

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CASE STUDIES

5.1 TSINGHUA OCEAN CENTER, CHINA CASE STUDY – 1 (INTERNET CASE STUDY)

ARCHITECTS: OPEN Architecture LOCATION: Shenzhen, China

LOCAL DESIGN INSTITUTE: Shenzhen Institute of Building Research Co., Ltd CLIENT: Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University BUILDING AREA: 15,884 sq. m LAND AREA: 2,439 sq. m YEAR: 2016 TYPE: Research and Office Building

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5.1.1 INTRODUCTION Why this project?

The designers, LI Hu, HUANG Wenjing of the Tsinghua Ocean Center designed this structure where there could be an interaction of the people with the sole purpose to participate and socialize. It is a building where intelligent brains may encounter each other and inter-disciplinary communication happens naturally.

Thus this structure will present an idea as to how an Research Institute should encourage people to

develop a new attitude of humanistic concern and not that of an ordinary place where people work to invent theories.

5.1.2 LOCATION Tsinghua

Ocean

Center was designed in the year 2018 by the Architects LI Hu, HUANG This

Wenjing.

structure

is

located the East side of

the

Tsinghua

graduate

school

campus which is in Shenzhen

Xili

University Town in

Figure 39: Location Map of Tsinghua Ocean Centre, Shenzhen, China

China. It is designed as a deep ocean research base in the University of Tsinghua. The spaces are divided into two parts. A laboratory to cater the ocean research whereas the office building for it’s administration purposes. It is a key building in the town of Shenzhen Xili University of China. The verticality of the building catches the eye of every person walking by it. The play of the greens with the built structure is an important aspect to attract common people towards understanding the building.

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5.1.3 ENVIRONMENT AND MICRO-CLIMATE Located to the South of the Tropic of Cancer, the city of Shenzhen in China experiences a maritime type of climate. The weather in the city can be describes as mild and breezy with a good amount of rainfall and sunshine all year round. The city does not have extreme type of climate i.e. not too hot during the summer season and not too cold during the winter season.

Chart 31 : Climate and Rainfall analysis of Shenzhen, China Source : timeanddate.com

• The local climate of the city of Shenzhen plays a very important role in the architectural language of the building.

• The micro-climate of the building is regulated by the abundant open spaces which helps creating a semi outdoor spaces in the design.

• The slab used for construction is of the thin typology which helps increase the natural ventilation in the building.

• The heat gain of the spaces in the interior parts of the building is decreased by shading devices which don’t hamper the view for the laboratories and office.

• Since it is an Open Architecture design, various passive strategies are used to increase the efficiency of the building and to make sure the energy consumed is minimum.

E

W

CAMPUS QUAD

VERTICAL CAMPUS Figure 40: Conceptual diagram of micro climate analysis of Tsinghua Ocean Centre

OCEAN CENTER 78

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SHOP

MULTI-MEDIA SPACE

BAR

CAFE

Figure 41: Axonometric view of Ground floor plan

EXHIBITION HALL

LOBBY

Figure 42: Axonometric view of Exhibition hall and Lobby space 79

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SIGHTVIEWING STUDY/OFFICE DECK

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BRAIN-STORM AREA

GROUP STUDY OFFICE

Figure 43: Axonometric view of Office space

• The design takes the organization of public spaces as a starting point within the overall campus.

• The building folds the axis to extend it upward, with abundant public spaces injected along the way, instead of terminating the main axis of the campus on the plane.

• Here, to form a lively vertical quad system, the conventional quad typology for university campuses is re-interpreted.

•

In this vertical campus, the semi-autonomous yet interdependent relationship between research centers can be visualized - a shared public level is sandwiched between every two research centers.

• Within each research center, a vertical gap separates the laboratories and offices, with stairs linking various horizontal and vertical public spaces together.

• The space is specially designed with a brain storming area, where new ideologies and interpretation of the research needs can take place.

• As time passes, the plants will flourish in these shared spaces and expand the greenery on the ground all the way up to the 60-meter-high roof garden.

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5.1.4 UTILITY AND SACE ENHANCEMENT LABORATORY PLAN

PUBLIC SPACE PLAN

Figure 44: Conceptual layout of Space Enhancement

• The most unique laboratory of this Ocean Center is the deep-sea research tank hidden underneath the entry plaza.

• The basement is lit by three concrete cone shaped skylights that are responsible for natural light to enter in the basement from all the direction possible.

• These skylights form an abstract sculpture at the entrance Plaza.

• There is a symphony of light play every day due to the brise soleil on the façade of the structure.

• The public spaces which are blue in color, gradually change their shade to deep color from the bottom to light color on the top.

• It recalls the memory of a ship with round windows and play of colors on the façade.

Figure 45: Deep Sea Research Tank in Basement

Figure 46: Round windows on the facade 81

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5.1.5 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CIRCULATION

Figure 47: Roof plan indicating horizontal and vertical circulation

• The horizontal and vertical structural cores are placed at the both the ends of the building.

• Laboratories which require shafts and other mechanical rooms are organized at both ends of the building, which then delivers the various building mechanical systems horizontally through the ceilings of the central corridor to different laboratories.

• This type of planning leaves the floors required for the research open and flexibility in the design to re partition whenever the changes are needed.

• The planning of the research labs are according to the basic module.

• Offices and other ancillary spaces which needs to be quite and calm are placed in the vicinity.

• The roof of the building is designed to have a small open air theater which can act as a view point from where people could have a look at the city and the mountains surrounding it. 12 • It also has a Shenzhen Wildlife Zoo nearby, so people could actually enjoy the view of the animals grazing.

Figure 48: Horizontal and Vertical circulation- floor to floor

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Figure 49: Vertical structural core design

Figure 50: Open Air Theatre at the roof level

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5.1.6 SITE PLAN WITH CIRCULATION AND FLOOR PLANS

Figure 51: Site plan with circulation of Tsinghua Ocean Centre

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BASEMENT-2 PLAN

Figure 52: Basement Plan of Tsinghua Ocean Centre

1.

FIRE POOL

5.

ASSEMBLY SPACE

2.

MEP

6.

NETWORK ROOM

3.

HIGH PRESSURE LAB

7.

SUBMERSIBLE EXPERIMENT

4.

INSTRUMENT STORAGE ROOM

CISTERN

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GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Figure 53: Ground Floor Plan of Tsinghua Ocean Centre

1.

LOBBY

5.

OFFICES

2.

EXHIBITION HALL

6.

NETWORK ROOM

3.

LOADING DECK

7.

SPICEMEN ROOM

4.

FIRE CONTROL ROOM

8.

STORAGE

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SECOND FLOOR PLAN

Figure 54: Second Floor Plan of Tsinghua Ocean Centre

1.

CONCENIENCE STORE

4. CAFÉ COUNTER

2.

MULTI-MEDIA SPACE

5. SERVICE ROOM

3.

PUBLIC SPACE

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

Figure 55: Third Floor Plan of Tsinghua Ocean Centre

1.

LARGE CONFERENCE ROOM

2.

CONFERENCE ROOMS

3.

LABORATORIES 87

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FIFTH FLOOR PLAN

Figure 56: Fifth Floor Plan of Tsinghua Ocean Centre

1.

PUBLIC FLOOR (COMMUNICATION SPACE)

2.

PUBLIC CONFERENCE ROOM

3.

PUBLIC CLASSROOMS

14TH FLOOR PLAN

Figure 57: Fourteen Floor Plan of Tsinghua Ocean Centre

1.

LABORATORIES

2.

OFFICES

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5.1.7 SITE SECTION 1-1

Figure 58: Section through Tsinghua Ocean Centre

1. EXPERIMENTAL CISTERN

7. LECTURE HALL

2. MEP

8. CONFERENCE ROOM

3. LOBBY

9. REFERENCE ROOM

4. EXHIBITION HALL

10. PUBLIC FLOOR

5. CONVENIENCE STORE

11. LABS

6. MUTI-MEDIA SPACE

12. ROOF GARDEN

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5.1.8 SITE ELEVATIONS EAST SIDE ELEVATION

NORTH SIDE ELEVATION

Figure 59: Elevations of Tsinghua Ocean Centre

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5.1.9 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

1. EXTRUDE CEMENT PANEL 2. C-PROFILE STEEL CHANNEL 3. MB STAINLESS STEEL BOLY 4. GALVANIZED STEEL TUBE 5. M12 EXPANSION BOLT 6. PVDF ALUMINIUM DROP CEILING 7. CURTAIN WALL 8. PLANTS: CONCRETE SLOPING LAYER 9. GRANITE PARAPET: STEEL ANGLE FRAME 10. STEEL PLATE 11. GRANITE WINDOW SILL 12. GRAVEL 13. GRANITE PARAPET COVER 14. FRITTED GLASS 15. FIXED DESK 16. CIRCULAR WINDOW 17. PLANTS: GEOWEB CONNECTED WITH STEEL JOIST

Figure 60: Wall Construction Details of Tsinghua Ocean Centre

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Figure 61: Skylight Construction Details of Tsinghua Ocean Centre

1.

HEXAGON PERMEABLE BRICK

3.

FROSTED ISOLATED GLASS UNIT

2.

GALVANIZED SHEET IRON BEAD

4.

FIBRE CEMENT PRESSURE BOARD CEILING

5.1.10 SITE VIEW

Figure 62: Site view of Tsinghua Ocean Centre

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5.2 CHU HALL – SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER,

UNITED STATES CASE STUDY – 2 (INTERNET CASE STUDY)

ARCHITECTS: Smith Group LOCATION: Berkeley, United States BUILDING AREA: 4,000 sq. m

COST: $36,500,000 CLIENT: University of California, Berkeley YEAR: 2015 TYPE: Laboratory and Research Centre

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5.2.1 INTRODUCTION Why this project?

Chu Hall is a National Laboratory of Solar energy research center located in Berkeley, United States. It is named after the former U.S Secretary of The department of energy and Berkeley lab director named Steven Chu.

This project is a mix of an interactive hub and collaborative research taking place in a three story building. The designed spaces help the researchers for interdisciplinary interaction, also providing a flexible environment for new ideology to develop. The design and construction of the building voluntarily responded to the Department of Energy’s mandate of 30% energy savings based on ASHRAE 90.1. LEED Gold certification is targeted.

5.2.2 LOCATION

The site is located on Berkeley Hills which is among one of the most expansive hills of California, USA. In the University of California, The Solar Energy Research Center (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) is an energy research facility to provide solutions for the next generations. It is located in the Old neighborhood, where challenges about artificial photosynthesis and energy management is aimed at. It is known to replicate Mother Nature’s mysteries.

Figure 63: Location Map of Chu Hall, Berkeley, United States

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5.2.3 ENVIRONMENT AND MICRO-CLIMATE The climate of Berkeley, California, United States is warm and temperate throughout the year. The amount of rainfall received by the city is more in the winter season than in summers. The average range of temperature in this city is 14.4 °C | 57.9 °F. The rainfall received annually is approximately 591mm or 23.3 inch.

Chart 32 : Climate and Rainfall analysis of Berkeley, United States Source : Climate-Data.org

• The micro-climate of this site plays a very important

role

in

regulating

the

energy

efficiency of the building.

• Labs and Offices are provided with large windows

for

natural

light

and

friendly

environment throughout the day.

• Since the climate is human friendly, there is a large open plaza and a green roof provided,

which acts as a connecting medium to the nearby buildings.

• This enhances the working environment of the place and thus promotes healthy and a collaborative environment where the research can be held.

• Laboratories are provided by natural lighting through roof exhaust.

• It

is

designed

to

ensure

light

sensitive

environment.

Figure 64: Light sensitive environment in Chu Hall 95

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5.2.4 USER BEHAVIOUR AND REQUIREMENTS The Solar Energy Research Center is a three floor building where each level is designed with a special architectural components.13 • LEVEL ONE – PLINTH This level is the largest and take up to more than half of the built up area of the structure. It is almost 50% of the total structure and is designed as an ultra low vibration space for laboratories which are sensitive

towards vibration and lighting.

• LEVEL TWO – BREEZEWAY As the name suggests, this space is designed for interdisciplinary interactions and is located at the ground level. The designed spaces on this floor includes: Main entrance to the structure, Entrance lobby, Investigation rooms, office spaces, Theory labs for research and Conference rooms.

• LEVEL THREE – CORONA Different from the name, this level is just a small floor which is rectangular and has only spaces that require security and defined functions. It houses Wet Laboratories and spaces where they need to assemble

nanoscale components into active systems.

Figure 65: Entrance of Chu Hall, Berkeley, United States

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Figure 66: Open light sensitive Offices at Chu Hall

Figure 67: Light Sensitive Laboratories at Chu Hall 97

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Figure 68: Floor-wise distribution of spaces at Chu Hall 98

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5.2.5 UTILITY AND SACE ENHANCEMENT • The space enhancement of this structure done by providing a large open courtyard space which acts as a connectivity between The Chu Hall and the Old town neighborhood.

• This space is used by the Chu Hall researchers as a meeting and an interactive space with the Old

town neighborhood researchers.

• Scientific collaboration and interaction inside and outside the laboratory is achieved through large activity spaces which are open and help create flexible environment for opportunities.

• All the specialized laboratory instruments and requirements required for solar fuel generation to develop artificially is provided through state of art

facility.

Figure 69: Large Windows enhancing the space and utility in Chu Hall Research Centre

Figure 70: Large Open Courtyard Acting as a Connectivity 99

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Sustainable design Strategies: • "The design and construction of the building voluntarily responded to the Department of Energy's mandate of 30 percent energy savings based on ASHRAE 90.1., following Chu Hall's mission to "create sustainable, carbon-neutral energy sources, LEED Gold is targeted for certification.

• In Chu Hall, lighting and water conservation measures are important.

• A narrow building footprint with plentiful windows and skylights on levels 2 and 3 allows daylight to enter and minimizes lighting consumption.

• LED lighting and energy efficient lighting, lighting controls-Occupancy light sensors and daylight sensors are used, as well as daylight harvesting with light that dims when there is sufficient daylight.

•

With energy-saving plumbing fixtures, water-efficient landscaping with an effective drip irrigation system, and drought-resistant plant selection, water consumption is reduced by 30 percent.

• Mechanical energy-efficient characteristics and sustainable design components include runaround heat recovery, which uses the excess heat energy of the building in the winter to heat the outside air brought into the building and cool it in the summer.

•

High-efficiency condensing boilers, high-efficiency chillers with variable frequency drives, hybrid

evaporative pre-cooling system, and VAV individual office are provided.

• Chu Hall's other sustainability features include a level 1 green roof on the north and south sections to provide thermal insulating characteristics and mitigate heat gain, along with an east-west axis facing south with the smallest façade.

• On the exterior, energy efficient, low-E glazing is used. By using adjacent parking, onsite growth was limited, creating decreased paved areas and more native plantings.

Figure 71: Energy efficient exterior glazing 100

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5.2.6 SITE PLAN

Figure 72: Site plan of Chu Hall

UNDER-GROUND FLOOR PLAN

OPEN LAB OPEN OFFICE BUILDING SUPPORT VERTICLE CIRCULATION

Figure 73: Underground Floor plan of Chu Hall

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GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Figure 74: Ground Floor plan of Chu Hall

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

OPEN LAB

SUPPORT LAB

OPEN OFFICE

PRIVATE OFFICE

BUILDING SUPPORT

INTERACTION SPACE

VERTICLE CIRCULATION

LAB TECH DESK

Figure 75: First Floor plan of Chu Hall

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5.2.7 SITE SECTION

SITE SECTION A-A Figure 76: Section A-A’ through Chu Hall

SITE SECTION B-B Figure 77: Section B-B’ through Chu Hall 103

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5.3 STONEHENGE VISITOR CENTER, UNITED KINGDOM CASE STUDY – 2 (INTERNET CASE STUDY)

ARCHITECTS: Denton Corker Marshall LOCATION: Wiltshire, United Kingdom BUILDING AREA: 5,000 sq. m YEAR: 2013 TYPE: Public Center for Heritage site 5.3.1 INTRODUCTION Why this project?

Stonehenge located in Wiltshire of The United Kingdom is one of the World’s Heritage Site. It plays a very significant role as a tourist point of view. It receives almost one million visitors each year. This project provides with better understanding of the Interpretation of the Stonehenge. It not only provides essential visitor amenities but also, for the first time at Stonehenge, exceptional interpretative exhibitions and dedicated educational facilities which will allow a greater understanding and enjoyment of Stonehenge and the wider site.

Thus, this gives a better picture for how a Visitor Center and an Interpretation Center can play a very

important role to the dedicated site.

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5.3.2 LOCATION The Stonehenge Visitor’s Center is located in Salisbury SP4 7DE, United Kingdom. Located 1.5 miles to the west of the stone circle at Airman’s Corner, the Stonehenge Visitor Center is out of sight from the World Heritage Site but is one of the most visited place. Whenever any tourist visits the Stonehenge, they make it a point to visit the Visitor Center which is a mix of the landscape and Sustainability of the structure.

Figure 78: Location of Stonehenge to Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre

W

E

Figure 79: Location of Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre 105

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5.3.3 ENVIRONMENT AND MICRO-CLIMATE The climate of Salisbury, United Kingdom is warm and temperate throughout the year. The amount of rainfall received by the city is significant throughout the year, even during the driest months. The average range of temperature in this city is 9.8 °C | 49.7 °F. The rainfall received annually is approximately 743mm or 29.3 inch.

Chart 33 : Climate and Rainfall analysis of Salisbury, United Kingdom Source : Climate-Data.org

• The architectural language of the building is represented by the Stonehenge.

• Where the Stones are exposed, massive and purposefully positioned, the center is sheltered, lightweight and informal.

• And where the Stones seem embedded into the earth, the center rests on its surface.

• The canopy type of planning takes in a lot of natural light inside the structure for internal seating from the West side.

• The micro climate of the structure is maintained by the natural sun shading qualities of the canopy which promotes ventilation naturally and thus reducing the need for any mechanical ventilation required or any heating pumps during the winters for efficient insulation.

Figure 80: Internal seating with natural light at Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre

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5.3.4 USER BEHAVIOUR AND REQUIREMENTS • There are facilities dedicated on the site for education and interpretation purposes.

• It has a museum which tells the story about the heritage structure which was constructed 5000 years ago.

• The interior of this structure is divided into two contrasting spaces which offer the visitors different experience.

• One is an atmospheric exhibition space which is cladded in timber and the other is an open and bright

café surrounded by shops and educational areas.

• The idea was to connect the free flowing landscape with the interior of the building providing unique user experience.

Figure 81: Museum and Exhibition space at Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre

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5.3.5 UTILITY AND SACE ENHANCEMENT Sustainable design Strategies: • Landscape around the structure plays a very important role.

• It is designed sensitively to sit and enjoy the

landscape acknowledging the openness and natural light.

• The fundamental concept of the design was the ability to return the site to its current state.

• The above concept is achieved by designing a concrete shaft which sits in the soil with minimal excavation in the ground.

• The construction techniques used are modern using steel columns and very light framed walls.

• To allow the depth of the foundation to be minimized, semi external spaces are provided.

• If the building is to be heating without any use of the fossil fuels, an open loop ground source heating system that pumps underground water through a unit to extract/ inject heat energy can be used.

• The walls of the structure are fully insulated cavity walls with a lot of steel columns supporting them.

• The timber pod is constructed of structurally insulated panels (SIPS), which enables efficiencies

in construction whilst minimizing material waste

Figure 82: Perforated Canopy design at Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre

and ensuring the building is well insulated.

Figure 83: Steel Columns supporting undulating canopy 108

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• The structure is ventilated by mixed mode. Even when the external conditions don’t allow the building to be naturally ventilated, it has an efficient mechanical system that allows the heat energy in the exhaust air to be recovered and transferred to the supply air, thereby reducing the load on the heating plant and saving energy.

• There is an efficient rainwater harvesting system provided in the structure. The grey water which includes the rainwater from the roof of the building will be reused for flushing purposes at the visitor center. 14 • The water required for drinking and other personal use will be drawn from the aquifer which will act as a local and a renewable source of water.

Figure 84: Timber Cladded façade at Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre

Figure 85: Steel Columns at Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre 109

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5.3.6 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS • Barrie Marshall, director at Denton Corker Marshall, said: “The design of the Center is based on the idea that it is a prelude to the Stones, and its architectural form and character should in no way diminish their visual impact, sense of timeless strength and powerful sculptural composition.

• The design is covered by an undulating canopy which is fine and perforated to give the sense of lights while walking down those passages.

• Oversailing them all, and resting on 211 irregularly placed sloping columns, is a steel canopy clad on the underside with zinc metal panels and shaped with a complex geometry reflecting the local landforms.

• The platform of the design sitting within the rolling landform of the Salisbury plain, is made up of a limestone.

• The Center has been designed environmental friendly and plays an efficient role in Energy and water management strategies.

• The use of Natural resources has been minimized for the structure to be Sustainable in nature.

Figure 86: Landscape and structure connectivity at Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre 110

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• The design is finished with three naturally available materials.

• The first and the largest clad of the structure is designed with sweet chestnut timber.

• This part contains Museums, and other services required to run the building.

• The next largest clad after the Museum is the Educational and Interpretation facilities along with cafe and many retail stores.

• This clad is furnished in glass and gives a great view flowing into the landscape.

• The last clad is furnished in zinc and is the smallest of them all, comprising of entry ticketing and guide facilities.

GLASS CLAD

ZINC CLAD

SWEET CHESTNUT

TIMBR CLAD Figure 87: Elevation of Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre

Figure 88: Sweet Chestnut Timber Cladded Façade at Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre

Figure 89: Glass Clad Façade at Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre 111

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• The canopy used to shed the structure is 3600sq.m of VMZINC composite panels in Quartz-Zinc.

• There is a perforation pattern designed on the extended part of the canopy which is made up of 0.5mm zinc sheets combined together between mineral-rich polyethylene core.

• Despite the panels being so thin and light in weight, they provide excellent stability and are smooth and rigid.

• Thus it can be installed up to 6 meters.

• Zinc material was chosen for its sustainable properties and because it retains it color easily.

• The substructure of the Center is designed in the minimal way possible to reduce the impact on the environment if ever the building has to be removed.

Figure 90: Construction of Roof and Columns of Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre

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5.3.7 SITE PLAN WITH CIRCULATION AND FLOOR PLAN

Figure 91: Site Plan with Circulation of Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre 113

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GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Figure 92: Ground floor plan of Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre

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5.3.8 SITE SECTION

SITE SECTION A-A

SITE SECTION B-B

Figure 93: Site Section of Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre 115

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5.3.9 SITE ELEVATIONS EAST SIDE ELEVATION

NORTH SIDE ELEVATION

WEST SIDE ELEVATION

Figure 94: Site Elevations of Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre

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5.4 PENGUIN PERADE VISITOR CENTER, AUSTRALIA CASE STUDY – 3 (INTERNET CASE STUDY)

ARCHITECTS: Terrior LOCATION: Isla Phillip, Victoria, Australia CLIENT: Phillip Island Nature Park

BUILDING AREA: 4,950 sq. m YEAR: 2019 TYPE: Conservation and Interpretation Centre 5.4.1 INTRODUCTION Why this project?

For almost a century, people from all around the world have been coming to watch little penguins come on the shore of the Phillip island. The experience of the Penguin Parade every year is the number one wildlife attraction, where up to 4000 visitors are addressed every evening. This project helps to interact

with the penguins in a sensitive landscape suited for both human and them.

Thus, this Visitor Center has helped to carry out the conservation and encourage tourism at the same time all over the globe.

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5.4.2 LOCATION The Penguin Parade Visitor Center is located at 1019 Ventnor Road, Summerland, Victoria 3922, Australia. This intense geometric structure was designed by Terroir in the year 2019 with the intend of the building reaching out in the landscapes. It sits on the ecotourism park i.e. Phillip Island Nature Park which supports up to 32,000 Little penguins.

It is located 90 minutes away from the famous city Melbourne and is the largest colonies of Penguins in Australia.

E

W

Figure 95: Location Plan of Penguin Parade Visitor Centre at Victoria, Australia

Figure 96: Penguin Parade Visitor Centre at Victoria, Australia

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5.4.3 ENVIRONMENT AND MICRO-CLIMATE The climate of Victoria, Australia is warm and temperate throughout the year. The region lies 35m above sea level. The amount of rainfall received by the city is significant throughout the year, even during the driest months. The average range of temperature in this city is 14.8 °C | 58.6 °F. The rainfall received annually is approximately 666mm or 26.2 inch. The lowest temperature recorded in this city is 9.4 °C |

48.9 °F.

Chart 34 : Climate and Rainfall analysis of Victoria, Australia Source : Climate-Data.org

• The building is designed at the junction of three different type of landscape features i.e. coastal dunes, headland and wetland. 15 • The not so extreme type of climate makes the design to respond to its form and experiential quality for the users.

• The interpretation is promoted by the spatial organization of the building around the three different types of landscapes.

• The siting provided between all the landscapes not only formally negotiates the boundary

Figure 97: Night view of Penguin Parade Visitor Centre at Victoria, Australia

between each landscape but provides 7 hectares of new penguin habitat.

• This decision – positioning the client of the project to be the penguin population itself – is continued in the way visitors are taken from arrival, through the building and landscape in a way that minimizes their impact and any adverse

overlaps with the population.

• The project is designed keeping in mind the iconography, experiential and the functions of the

design

interpretation.

promoting

conservation

and

Figure 98: Roof Plan of Penguin Parade Visitor Centre at Victoria, Australia 119

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5.4.4 USER BEHAVIOUR AND REQUIREMENTS • The design concept of the building is based on its sharp and angular form which was intended to make the building thin.

• This forms gives the structure a very light appearance, playing around the light and shade.

• The building has entrance at the north and has a south exit. Thus providing people with a great experience.

• This visitor Center is divided into different zones.

• It includes an Interpretation space, scientific and educational facilities, retail and hospitality and a theater.

• The interiors of this Center is directly related to the structural geometry and gives an intensity of the Geometry.

• There is a reception and ticketing counter just after you pass by the educational and multipurpose block.

• It has café, restaurant and retail facilities which helps in revenue generation.

Figure 99: Structural Geometry of Penguin Parade Visitor Centre at Victoria, Australia

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Figure 100: Ticket Booth of Penguin Parade Visitor Centre at Victoria, Australia

Figure 101: Cafeteria of Penguin Parade Visitor Centre at Victoria, Australia

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Figure 102: Conference Room of Penguin Parade Visitor Centre at Victoria, Australia

Figure 103: Exhibition Space of Penguin Parade Visitor Centre at Victoria, Australia 122

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5.4.5 UTILITY AND SACE ENHANCEMENT

Figure 104: Boardwalk connecting interior to the penguin habitat

Figure 105: Wooden Deck for viewing

Figure 106: High volume event space

• The building consist of a 80m long spine which is intended to connect the urban and the penguin world together.

• It’s the ultimate junction of three different types of landscapes and it provides with various functions wrapped in landscape atmosphere.

• There is a third space of seating, interpretative elements and threshold between the interiors and the spine.

• It has a boardwalk that connects the people to the penguin habitat.

• At the end of the boardwalk is an abstract form of wooden deck from where people could gaze and connect with the penguins.

• This is intended to give a very sophisticated experience to the visitors.

• These kind of structures promote ecological and environmental tourism.

• The interior geometry of the structure talks about high volume event space.

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5.4.6 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Figure 107: Zinc cladded façade of Penguin Parade Visitor Centre

• The star shaped Visitor Center’s exterior is cladded with zinc and has geometric interior designed with concrete, glass and ply.

• The major challenge was to treat the interior of the building with acoustics and also not to hamper the differential spaces of the building geometry.

• The materials were selected according to the strict rules of the fire safety to ensure any damage.

• Not only did the center's large open spaces, high ceilings, and irregular triangular shapes call for a high-performing, integrated acoustic solution—but the chosen product needed to be light-weight, easy to install, and easy to cut on-site to achieve the desired aesthetic.

• Autex GreenStuf Soffit and Slab Liner was specified in the main hall.

• Black Autex 50mm Quietspace Panel was installed in the theatre. 16 • Autex Vertiface in ‘Myst’ was applied in both the education center and administration areas.

Figure 108: Interior spaces designed with concrete, glass and ply 124

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5.4.7 SITE PLAN WITH CIRCULATION AND FLOOR PLAN

Figure 109: Site Plan and Circulation of Penguin Parade Visitor centre

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GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Figure 110: Ground floor Plan of Penguin Parade Visitor centre

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GROUND FLOOR PLAN WITH FURNITURE

Figure 111: Ground floor plan with furniture of Penguin Parade Visitor centre 127

Entry Plaza

Kitchen

Figure 112: Site Elevations of Penguin Parade Visitor centre

South Deck

Education and Multi-purpose

Retail

Theater

Cafe

Kitchen

Kitchen

South Deck

Service area and Loading

South Exit

Interpretation Area

Staff area

Restaurant Retail

Timber Deck

Restaurant

Theater

Entry Plaza

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5.4.8 SITE ELEVATION

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Cafe

Timber Deck

Main Entry

Education and Multi-purpose

SITE ELEVATIONS

Figure 113: Site Elevations (ii) of Penguin Parade Visitor centre

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5.4.9 SITE VIEW

BOTTOM VIEW WITH INTERNAL PLANNING

AXONOMETRIC VIEW

Figure 114: Site View of Penguin Parade Visitor centre

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5.5 JAYAPRAKASH NARAYAN INTERPRETATION CENTER, INDIA CASE STUDY – 4 (INTERNET CASE STUDY)

ARCHITECTS: Archohm LOCATION: Lucknow, India CLIENT: Lucknow Development Authority

BUILDING AREA: 3500 sq. m SITE AREA: 18.6 acre (75,464 sq.m) YEAR: 2016 TYPE: Museum of Socialism and Interpretation Center 5.5.1 INTRODUCTION Why this project?

The ideology of this project is to create a history for the future generations while narrating the current one. It reflects Socialism and reflects the journey in both experience and space making. The firm and bold form of the structure promotes empowerment saying that be it a building or a man, one must not feel intimidated by the history.

Thus this project will link socialism with Interpretation activities which can be a start towards a better future.

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• Jayaprakash Narayan was born on 11th October, 1902 and was known as the “Hero of Quit India Movement”. 17 • He was a political leader, Independence activist, socialist and theorist.

• The Interpretation Centre is based on the ideology of a public architecture reflecting the views and mindsets of various civic authorities, historians, curators, and general public.

•

The building is designed to communicate to the users the importance of an Interpretation Centre with the ideology of Socialism and about the visions and goal of Jayaprakash Narayan.

• Shri Akhilesh Yadav, the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh came up with the idea of designing a

Figure 115: Jayaprakash Narayan

Centre dedicated to him.

• Along with the adjoining International Convention Centre, the Interpretation Centre is inserted as an anchor point on one of the principal nodes of the city so that it takes on the onus of becoming a contemporary landmark and hopes to inspire the development of the urban fabric around it.

Figure 116: Concept and ideology behind the design 132

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5.5.2 LOCATION The

Jayaprakash

Narayan

Interpretation Center is located at Vipin Khand, Gomti Nagar Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226010. It is 25kms away from the Lucknow Airport. A few kilometres away is the Gomti Riverfront

Park

and

the

JPN

International Centre. This Centre is designed for leisure and recreational purposes. Thus the Interpretation Centre forms the gateway for the

tourists coming along these sites.

Figure 117: Location map showing JPN International Centre and Museum of Socialism

Figure 118: Location map showing Museum of Socialism

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5.5.3 ENVIRONMENT AND MICRO-CLIMATE The climate of Lucknow, India is mild, warm and temperate throughout the year. The region lies 121m above sea level. The amount of rainfall received by the city is very less in Winters as compared to the Summer and the Rainy Seasons. The average range of temperature in this city is 25.7 °C | 78.3 °F. May is the hottest of all the months in this city and it experiences Loo during these summer months. The amount of precipitation received in this city is approximately 1001mm or 39.4 inch. The lowest temperature recorded in this city is in the month of January i.e16.0°C | 60.8 °F.

Chart 35: Climate and Rainfall analysis of Lucknow, India Source : Climate-Data.org

• As compared to a facade, the inclusion of a 'skin' means that the building wears a layered exterior coating.

• The custom-designed terracotta tiles with an air-gap between this layer and the actual wall are dryclad.

• A measurable degree of thermal and sound insulation is given by this space filled with rock wool.

•

While the former keeps the much-visited place cool and relaxed, the latter, along with a host of other steps, helps reduce the cacophony of the city and allows the immersive museum experience to be smooth and untouched by noise.

•

In addition, the perforated terracotta tiles allow for airflow and ventilation.

• The landscape is a key component of the project, featuring a smooth sinuous drive into the complex, a 'introductory walk' into the entrance foyer and is commonly used as inserts, pauses and even termination nodes to compliment the Interpretation Centre's built environment before being literally and metaphorically swept off its feet in the Convention Centre's skies.

• An urban forest itself is an indicator of the homage paid to nature that the organization is parked in a perceptibly vast green domain.

• Landscaped open spaces provide respite from the museum's otherwise intensely immersive experience, providing spaces for reflection and realization in a leisurely way.

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Figure 119: Open Air Theatre at Museum of Socialism

Figure 120: Entrance of Museum of Socialism 135

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5.5.4 USER BEHAVIOUR AND REQUIREMENTS • The JPN Museum is a gateway framing the Centre placed as a wedged-shaped monument with a massive arch carved out of the mass; its nine meter height and twenty meter ambitious span are clearly attempts to push the limits of structural design and construction.

• The wedge shaped museum is actually a slice of the same shape and size carved out from the mass of

the international Centre building - leaving in its place, a void that opens up the Centre.

• Its stepped roof terminates in a pavilion that gifts a panoramic view of the R.M. Lohia Park and the Convention Centre.

• The museum within is an experience in space design with the depiction of Jayaprakash Narayan as a chronological narrative of a linear journey.

• It is divided into two zones; the zone of absorption and the zone of reflection.

• As the names suggest, these spaces enable absorption of information triggering curiosity and contemplation which then is expected to lead to reflection and assimilation.

• Thus the museum is not just a container that preserves frozen albeit inspiring moments of a past but breeds them and ensures that they percolate into current reality, and lay the foundation for the future.

Figure 121: Concept and form of Museum of Socialism 136

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Figure 122: Jayaprakash Narayan International Centre

Figure 123: Jayaprakash Narayan International Centre (ii)

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• The entrance of this structure is a triple height volume, which gives a perception of scale to this project.

• The project with its three dimensional properties gives a surrealism and multi dimensional effect.

• The structure is designed with the play of levels, volumes and its functions.

• On the first floor is the photo gallery which extends up to another level.

• The volume of this area is created with skylights which makes the diffused light enter.

•

The experience of space making is achieved by placing volumes within volumes to add the complexity and experience for the users.

• Mass and void are like a coin's two sides, positive and negative, constructed and unbuilt, metaphorical strengths and weaknesses; architecture expressed together.

• The third level is the Interpretation zone with museums and walls of display which gives information of the history but remembering the present.

• The last level of the structure has a restaurant which gives a nice view to the users utilizing it.

• An open air theater is designed with vast steps and is intended to share space to bring out socialism in people.

E

W

RESTAURANT

REFLECTION ZONE SELF-REALIZATION

INTERPRETATION ZONE

ZONE Figure 124: Floor wise distribution of zones at JPN Interpretation Centre

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Figure 125: Open Amphitheatre at JPN Interpretation Centre

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Figure 126: Museum at JPN Interpretation Centre

Figure 127: Museum and Interpretation zone at JPN Interpretation Centre

Figure 128: Reflection zone at JPN Interpretation Centre 139

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5.5.5 UTILITY AND SACE ENHANCEMENT The Elements – Water, Light, and Air • Natural light is meant to express that it is not easy to come by; but at the same time, it allows leverage to be exerted and its presence to be sensed, understood and respected.

•

The facades have been built as blank walls on the exterior with an introverted character expected of the institution.

• When within, however, light is sent on a wild goose chase so that it is regulated when it returns and its tonality is most suitable for the visual spread and to illuminate the minds that consume it. The tonality correlates to the mood of the room.

• Although informative spaces are dimly lit, contemplative spaces are washed in muted light to create an ethereal "lightness of being.” 18 Modulated light often enables continuously occupied spaces to "be cool by nature" and to sort themselves out climate-wise.

• At the lowest level, sunken courtyards usher in light, but only after reining in its harshness.

• Similarly, light wells carry in diffuse light-light that has been stripped of its strength and harshness all along the steps of the congregation, to offer relief to the spaces beneath.

• In the sunken courtyards, the pavilion lies inside a body of water. Consequently, a surreal character, a lightness that makes light of the massiveness, appears to float and offer itself.

• Water is used as a means of contemplation; in an introspective mood, a reflection of the building reiterating its purpose and of oneself.

• Water, however, has also been used from an ecological point of view as a landscape element; it is an

easy and passive means of cooling air; the air cooled as a result of water interaction rises and ventilates the atmosphere of the spaces without much ado.

Figure 129: Elements of JPN Interpretation Centre 140

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5.5.6 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS • The best material for the construction of this building was concrete, since the building was sculptural in nature.

• Since

the

Institution

demanded

a

contemporary look, Terracotta cladding was used which represents light, warm, earthy and textures.

• On the steps of the structure, Granite as a material is used to inflamed and honed textures to depict strong personality.

• The intention of choosing such materials was to promote timelessness.

• The air gap between the tiles provide insulation for thermal temperatures and also for sound.

• It gives the museum users undisrupted experience from the outside noise.

Figure 130: Construction of JPN Interpretation Centre

Figure 131: Sectional Wall Detail of JPN Interpretation Centre 141

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5.5.7 SITE PLAN WITH CIRCULATION AND FLOOR PLAN

JAYAPRAKASH NARAYAN INTERNATIONAL CENTER

JAYAPRAKASH NARAYAN INTERPRETATION CENTER

Figure 132: Site Plan with Circulation of JPN Interpretation Centre 142

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GROUND FLOOR PLAN WITH FURNITURE

Self-realization zone

Figure 133: Ground floor plan of JPN Interpretation Centre

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BASEMENT PLAN

Figure 134: Basement Plan of JPN Interpretation Centre

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

Reflection zone

Figure 135: First floor plan of JPN Interpretation Centre 144

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SECOND FLOOR PLAN

Interpretation zone

Figure 136: Second floor plan of JPN Interpretation Centre

TERRACE FLOOR PLAN

Figure 137: Terrace floor plan of JPN Interpretation Centre 145

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5.5.8 SITE SECTION

SITE SECTION A-A

SITE SECTION B-B Figure 138: Site Sections of JPN Interpretation Centre 146

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5.6 INFERENCES

Table 7 : Inferences of Case studies Source : Author

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Chapter 6.

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DESIGN PROGRAMMING

6.1 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY 6.1.1 PROJECT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

The goal of the project is to conserve and interpret the Wetland Ecosystem of Nandur Madhyameshwar in Nashik. The project aims at conserving the wetland and its biodiversity through research and awareness practices.

Moreover, to create a new experience through public interaction with the designed spaces and spreading awareness by promoting tourism and research facilities.

After the above case studies, the objectives of the project is: • To imbibe empathy towards conserving wetlands near us by spreading awareness.

• To study the biodiversity of the region by research and training activities.

• To design spaces where people could connect with the concept of wetlands an ecosystem.

• To promote tourism and nature trails around the site.

Figure 139: Design Philosophy

EMPATHIZE: Conduct research to develop an understanding of your users.

DEFINE: Combine all your research & identify where your users needs an intervention / design.

IDEATE: Generate a range of crazy, creative ideas.

PROTOTYPE: Build real, tactile representations for a range of your ideas.

TEST: Return to your users for feedback.

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6.2 DESIGN PROGRAMME RESEARCH CENTER (PRIVATE SPACE)

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30%

It aims to provide solutions to the deteriorating Wetland and its biodiversity. The condition of the water and the species needs to be maintained and researched to provide solutions for the betterment of the Nandur Madhyameshwar Wetland in Nashik. The designated space is going to be the primary and a

private entity where only researchers are allowed to

use this space.

LAY OFF LOBBY + SECURITY

LOCKER ROOM + SANITIZATION

DRY LABORATORIES

MAPPING ROOM

SPECIMEN ROOM

WET LABORATORIES

OFFICES

INSTRUMENT STORAGE ROOM

HIGH PRESSURE LABORATORIES

LIBRARY + COMPUTER LAB

HERBARIUM

RESEARCHER BEDROOMS

GREEN HOUSE SPACE

WASHROOMS Chart 36: Design requirements for Research Centre Source : Author

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20%

The museum is composed of Exhibitions and workshop spaces to raise awareness about the importance of conserving Wetlands. Moreover, The 4D/5D cinema or the A.V rooms would help people

visualize the present condition of the site and why

is it important to conserve and maintain many more wetlands like these.

RETAIL SHOPS

SOUVENIR SHOPS

RETAIL SHOPS

ARRIVAL HALL + SECURITY MULTIPURPOSE HALL

EXHIBITION SPACE

INTERPRETATION ZONE

INTERACTIVE EXHIBITION SPACE

WORKSHOPS PUBLIC GATHERING SPACE

LECTURE HALLS

CAFETERIA

4D/5D THEATER

A.V ROOM

Chart 37 : Design requirements for Visitor’s Centre Source : Author

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6.3 AREA STATEMENT

Table 8 : Area Statement for Design Proposal (i) Source : Author

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Table 9 : Area Statement for Design Proposal (ii) Source : Author

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Chapter 7.

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SITE ANALYSIS

7.1 SITE SELECTION & JUSTIFICATION • The selected site has an existing Nature Interpretation Center which is around 0.5 acres. This Center is long lost and is no longer functioning.

• This dam fall under the Nandur Madhyameshwar Wildlife Sanctuary and thus the site inside this sanctuary can be a major tourist attraction in the city.

• The surrounding areas of the plot are barren land and thus it gives the site the flexibility to connect the nature lovers to the Wetland and have a nature trail designed around it.

7.1.1 LOCATION OF THE SITE • The site selected is located in Niphad Tehsil of Nashik district in Maharashtra.

• Co-ordinates

of

the

site

are:

20.01055162172743,

74.1365949748101.

• The area of the site is 6 acres.

• The site is approximately 350m away from the Nandur Madhyameshwar dam.

Figure 140: Location Map of site for Wetland Ecosystem Research and Conservation Institute

Figure 141: Location of exact site Source : Author 153

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7.1.2 SUN PATH AND WIND DIRECTION • The sun direction of the site is from East to West.

• The wind direction in the mornings is from South-East direction and during the nighttime it is from

North-West.

Figure 142: Sun path and wind Direction Analysis

Chart 38: Wind Speed in Niphad District, Nashik Source : andrewmarsh.com

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7.1.3 CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT • The Niphad Tehsil lies 577m above sea level and it experiences tropical type of climate.

• It receives more rainfall during the Summer season than in Winters.

• The lowest precipitation received by this tehsil is 0mm in the month of February.

• The

highest

amount

of

precipitation is received in the month of July which is about 248mm.

• The humidity level in this area is

measured up to 23%.

• May is the hottest month in this area with an average temperature of 29.5 °C. • The coldest month is January which experiences about 20.4 °C. • This type of climate is very suitable for tourism purposes.

Chart 39: Rainfall and Humidity analysis of Niphad, Nashik Source : Climate-Data.org

Chart 40: Climate and Rainfall analysis of Niphad, Nashik Source : Climate-Data.org

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7.1.4 TOPOGRAPHY AND CONTOURS • The topography of the land is barren land with vegetations on the site.

• Contours are formed on the site because it is located along the river and at a certain height.

• It increases from 516.2m and elevates up to 534.8m.

Figure 143: Contour Map of the Site in Nashik Source : Author

Figure 144: Site Section through Wetland and of the Site in Nashik Source : Author

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7.1.5 ROAD NETWORK • The primary road is the Aurangabad-Nashik Highway. It is NH 30. This highway is approximately 6m wide.

• The secondary roads are about 3m and not well developed.

SECONDARY ROAD

PRIMARY ROAD

Figure 145: Road Connection of the Site in Nashik and Nandur Madhameshwar Wetland Source : Author

7.1.6 SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTH •

The surroundings of the site is not developed

WEAKNESS •

The connectivity to the site is not proper as no

or under any construction, which gives the flexibility to design.

•

•

There is only one kaccha road of about 3m,

The site is located in Nashik which is very well

connected through railways, highways.

•

primary road leads to the site.

which can only act as service road.

•

In the south side of the site are a number of

The site is located in Wildlife Sanctuary thus

illegal settlements which can obstruct the view

the tourist attraction in this site is quite high.

of the site.

THREATS

OPPORTUNITIES •

The climate of the site can help grow a wide

•

range of vegetation.

•

Nature trails and Trekking can be promoted.

The Biodiversity of the Wetland can be disturbed because of the tourism planned.

•

Water quality can be affected too.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY •

1Hydroperiod

| Definition of Hydroperiod by Merriam-Webster (merriam-webster.com)Wetland –

Wikipedia •

2Global

Wetland Outlook - The Ramsar Convention Role Global Wetland Outlook (ramsar.org)

•

3Global

Wetland Outlook - State of the world’s wetlands and their services to people 2018 Global

Wetland Outlook (ramsar.org) •

4

Ramsar Handbook 4th Edition- Handbook 1- “ Wise Use of Wetlands” hbk4-01.pdf (ramsar.org)

•

5 The

•

6ramsarsites_criteria_eng.pdf

•

7Global

Convention on Wetlands and its mission | Ramsar

Wetland Outlook - Area of natural inland wetlands is changing and generally declining Global

Wetland Outlook (ramsar.org) •

8Comprehensive

Management Action Plan for Wular lake, Kashmir

rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/57361729/documents/IN461mgt.pdf •

9Comprehensive

Management Action Plan for Wular lake, Kashmir – Wetland’s International – South

Asia – Management Planning Framework rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/57361729/documents/IN461mgt.pdf •

10Scientists

reveal why Lonar Lake in Maharashtra turned pink in colour | Times of India Travel

(indiatimes.com) •

11Site

Management Plan – Nandur Madhameshwar, Nashik – The Resources

IN2410_mgt181223_1.pdf (ramsar.org) •

12Tsinghua

Ocean Center / OPEN Architecture | ArchDaily

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•

13Chu

•

14Stonehenge

•

15Penguin Parade

•

16Acoustics

Tanisha Saxena B.Arch.

Hall - Solar Energy Research Center / SmithGroup | ArchDaily Visitor Centre | Denton Corker Marshall, Pilkington, VMZinc USA | Archello Visitor Center / TERROIR | ArchDaily

for Penguin Parade Visitor’s Center Penguin Parade Visitor Centre | Autex

(autexglobal.com) •

17Jayaprakash

•

18Interpretation

Narayan – Wikipedia center for Jayaprakash Narayan (museum of socialism) | Lucknow Interpretation

center for Jayaprakash Narayan (museum of socialism) | Lucknow | Architecturever

REFERENCES • Global Wetland Outlook: State of the World’s Wetlands and their Services to People. Gland, Switzerland: Ramsar Convention Secretariat.

• An Introduction to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, 7th ed. Ramsar Convention Secretariat,

Gland, Switzerland.

• National Wetland Atlas : Wetlands of International Importance by Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India.

• National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems (NPCA) by Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India.

• Ramsar Handbook 5th edition Ramsar Convention Secretariat, Gland, Switzerland.

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 : Conceptual model of formation of Wetlands ………………………………………..

10

Figure 2: Seep at low tide ............................................................................................................

10

Figure 3 : Villages in Nandur Madhameshwar Sanctuary............................................................

11

Figure 4 : Wetland Hydro-logical Processes................................................................................

18

Figure 5 : Need for Wetland Conservation...................................................................................

19

Figure 6: conceptual diagram showing the relationships between wetland loss and degradation and the loss of ecosystem services....................................................................

20

Figure 7 : Characteristics of Wetlands..........................................................................................

23

Figure 8: Ecosystem services from wetlands...............................................................................

25

Figure 9: Wetlands all over the world..........................................................................................

27

Figure 10: List of Ramsar Sites in India......................................................................................

30

Figure 11: Satellite image of Wular Lake....................................................................................

33

Figure 12: Location of Wular Lake, Kashmir, India...................................................................

33

Figure 13: Wular Lake, Kashmir, India......................................................................................

33

Figure 14: Location of Jhelum Sub-basin within Indus Basin....................................................

34

Figure 15: Wular Lake and Associated Wetlands.......................................................................

35

Figure 16: Location of Fish landing centers in Wular lake.........................................................

38

Figure 17: Fishing in Wular lake.................................................................................................

38

Figure 18: Location of Settlements around Wular lake..............................................................

39

Figure 19: Location of Lonar Lake, Maharashtra, India............................................................

43

Figure 20: Geographic Map of Lonar Lake...............................................................................

43

Figure 21: Sanctuary Boundary of Lonar Lake, Maharashtra, India.........................................

44

Figure 22: Field Vegetation in Lonar Lake ...............................................................................

47

Figure 23: Geology Map of Lonar Lake, Maharashtra, India....................................................

48

Figure 24: Terrain Map of Lonar Lake, Maharashtra, India......................................................

49

Figure 25: Physical set-up of Lonar Lake, Maharashtra, India.................................................

52

Figure 26: Water in this crater lake turned pink........................................................................

53

Figure 27: Location Map of Nandur Madhameshwar, Nashik, India........................................

56

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Figure 28: Details of Nandur Madhameshwar..........................................................................

56

Figure 29: Map showing Nandur Madhameshwar Sanctuary Boundary..................................

57

Figure 30: Nandur Madhameshwar Wetland at Niphad, Nashik...............................................

59

Figure 31: Newspaper Article declaring Nandur as Ramsar's Site............................................

60

Figure 32: Decline in Wetland Birds.........................................................................................

60

Figure 33: Need for Wetland Conservation...............................................................................

60

Figure 34: Biodiversity of Nandur Madhameshwar Wetland....................................................

62

Figure 35: Map showing Niphad District, Nashik....................................................................

64

Figure 36: Religious Temples around the Reservoir.................................................................

64

Figure 37: Migratory Birds which nest and breed.....................................................................

67

Figure 38: Significance of Nandur Madhameshwar as a Wetland.............................................

69

Figure 39: Location Map of Tsinghua Ocean Centre, Shenzhen, China...................................

77

Figure 40: Conceptual diagram of micro climate analysis of Tsinghua Ocean Centre.............

78

Figure 41: Axonometric view of Ground floor plan..................................................................

79

Figure 42: Axonometric view of Exhibition hall and Lobby space...........................................

79

Figure 43: Axonometric view of Office space...........................................................................

80

Figure 44: Conceptual layout of Space Enhancement...............................................................

81

Figure 45: Deep Sea Research Tank in Basement.....................................................................

81

Figure 46: Round windows on the facade.................................................................................

81

Figure 47: Roof plan indicating horizontal and vertical circulation.........................................

82

Figure 48: Horizontal and Vertical circulation- floor to floor..................................................

82

Figure 49: Vertical structural core design.................................................................................

83

Figure 50: Open Air Theatre at the roof level...........................................................................

83

Figure 51: Site plan with circulation of Tsinghua Ocean Centre..............................................

84

Figure 52: Basement Plan of Tsinghua Ocean Centre...............................................................

85

Figure 53: Ground Floor Plan of Tsinghua Ocean Centre.........................................................

86

Figure 54: Second Floor Plan of Tsinghua Ocean Centre.........................................................

87

Figure 55: Third Floor Plan of Tsinghua Ocean Centre............................................................

87

Figure 56: Fifth Floor Plan of Tsinghua Ocean Centre.............................................................

88

Figure 57: Fourteen Floor Plan of Tsinghua Ocean Centre.......................................................

88

Figure 58: Section through Tsinghua Ocean Centre..................................................................

89

Figure 59: Elevations of Tsinghua Ocean Centre……………………………………………...

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Figure 59: Elevations of Tsinghua Ocean Centre.....................................................................

90

Figure 60: Wall Construction Details of Tsinghua Ocean Centre............................................

91

Figure 61: Skylight Construction Details of Tsinghua Ocean Centre......................................

92

Figure 62: Site view of Tsinghua Ocean Centre.......................................................................

92

Figure 63: Location Map of Chu Hall, Berkeley, United States...............................................

94

Figure 64: Light sensitive environment in Chu Hall................................................................

95

Figure 65: Entrance of Chu Hall, Berkeley, United States.......................................................

96

Figure 66: Open light sensitive Offices at Chu Hall.................................................................

97

Figure 67: Light Sensitive Laboratories at Chu Hall................................................................

97

Figure 68: Floor-wise distribution of spaces at Chu Hall.........................................................

98

Figure 69: Large Windows enhancing the space and utility in Chu Hall Research Centre......

99

Figure 70: Large Open Courtyard Acting as a Connectivity....................................................

99

Figure 71: Energy efficient exterior glazing............................................................................

100

Figure 72: Site plan of Chu Hall..............................................................................................

101

Figure 73: Underground Floor plan of Chu Hall.....................................................................

101

Figure 74: Ground Floor plan of Chu Hall..............................................................................

102

Figure 75: First Floor plan of Chu Hall...................................................................................

102

Figure 76: Section A-A’ through Chu Hall..............................................................................

103

Figure 77: Section B-B’ through Chu Hall..............................................................................

103

Figure 78: Location of Stonehenge to Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre.......................................

105

Figure 79: Location of Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre...............................................................

105

Figure 80: Internal seating with natural light at Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre........................

106

Figure 81: Museum and Exhibition space at Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre.............................

107

Figure 82: Perforated Canopy design at Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre....................................

108

Figure 83: Steel Columns supporting undulating canopy.......................................................

108

Figure 84: Timber Cladded façade at Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre........................................

109

Figure 85: Steel Columns at Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre......................................................

109

Figure 86: Landscape and structure connectivity at Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre..................

110

Figure 87: Elevation of Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre..............................................................

111

Figure 88: Sweet Chestnut Timber Cladded Façade at Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre.............

111

Figure 89: Glass Clad Façade at Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre.................................................

111

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Figure 90: Construction of Roof and Columns of Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre......................... 112 Figure 91: Site Plan with Circulation of Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre........................................

113

Figure 92: Ground floor plan of Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre.....................................................

114

Figure 93: Site Section of Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre..........................................................

115

Figure 94: Site Elevation of Stonehenge Visitor’s Centre............................................................... 116 Figure 95: Location Plan of Penguin Parade Visitor Centre at Victoria, Australia...................... 118 Figure 96: Penguin Parade Visitor Centre at Victoria, Australia ................................................. 118 Figure 97: Night view of Penguin Parade Visitor Centre at Victoria, Australia..........................

119

Figure 98: Roof Plan of Penguin Parade Visitor Centre at Victoria, Australia............................

119

Figure 99: Structural Geometry of Penguin Parade Visitor Centre at Victoria, Australia...........

120

Figure 100: Ticket Booth of Penguin Parade Visitor Centre at Victoria, Australia.....................

121

Figure 101: Cafeteria of Penguin Parade Visitor Centre at Victoria, Australia...........................

121

Figure 102: Conference Room of Penguin Parade Visitor Centre at Victoria, Australia.............

122

Figure 103: Exhibition Space of Penguin Parade Visitor Centre at Victoria, Australia .............. 122 Figure 104: Boardwalk connecting interior to the penguin habitat.............................................. 123 Figure 105: Wooden Deck for viewing........................................................................................

123

Figure 106: High volume event space.........................................................................................

123

Figure 107: Zinc cladded façade of Penguin Parade Visitor Centre............................................

124

Figure 108: Interior spaces designed with concrete, glass and ply.............................................

124

Figure 109: Site Plan and Circulation of Penguin Parade Visitor centre....................................

125

Figure 110: Ground floor Plan of Penguin Parade Visitor centre...............................................

126

Figure 111: Ground floor plan with furniture of Penguin Parade Visitor centre........................

127

Figure 112: Site Elevations of Penguin Parade Visitor centre...................................................

128

Figure 113: Site Elevations (ii) of Penguin Parade Visitor centre..............................................

129

Figure 114: Site View of Penguin Parade Visitor centre............................................................

130

Figure 115: Jayaprakash Narayan..............................................................................................

132

Figure 116: Concept and ideology behind the design...............................................................

132

Figure 117: Location map showing JPN International Centre and Museum of Socialism.......

133

Figure 118: Location map showing Museum of Socialism.......................................................

133

Figure 119: Open Air Theatre at Museum of Socialism............................................................

135

Figure 120: Entrance of Museum of Socialism.........................................................................

135

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Figure 121: Concept and form of Museum of Socialism…………………………………………

136

Figure 122: Jayaprakash Narayan International Centre………………………………………….

137

Figure 123: Jayaprakash Narayan International Centre (ii)……………………………………...

137

Figure 124: Floor wise distribution of zones at JPN Interpretation Centre……………………...

139

Figure 125: Open Amphitheatre at JPN Interpretation Centre…………………………………...

139

Figure 126: Museum at JPN Interpretation Centre……………………………………………….

139

Figure 127: Museum and Interpretation zone at JPN Interpretation Centre……………………..

139

Figure 128: Reflection zone at JPN Interpretation Centre……………………………………….

139

Figure 129: Elements of JPN Interpretation Centre………………………………………………

140

Figure 130: Construction of JPN Interpretation Centre…………………………………………..

141

Figure 131: Sectional Wall Detail of JPN Interpretation Centre…………………………………

141

Figure 132: Site Plan with Circulation of JPN Interpretation Centre…………………………….

142

Figure 133: Ground floor plan of JPN Interpretation Centre…………………………………….

143

Figure 134: Basement Plan of JPN Interpretation Centre………………………………………..

144

Figure 135: First floor plan of JPN Interpretation Centre………………………………………..

144

Figure 136: Second floor plan of JPN Interpretation Centre…………………………………….

145

Figure 137: Terrace floor plan of JPN Interpretation Centre………………………………….....

145

Figure 138: Site Sections of JPN Interpretation Centre……………………………………….....

146

Figure 139: Design Philosophy………………………………………………………………......

147

Figure 140: Location Map of site for Wetland Ecosystem Research and Conservation Institute..

153

Figure 141: Location of exact site………………………………………………………………..

153

Figure 142: Sun path and wind Direction Analysis………………………………………………

154

Figure 143: Contour Map of the Site in Nashik………………………………………………….

156

Figure 144: Site Section through Wetland and of the Site in Nashik……………………………

156

Figure 145: Road Connection of the Site in Nashik and Nandur Madhameshwar Wetland…….

157

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LIST OF CHARTS Chart 1 : Process of Research Methodology ……………………………………………...

9

Chart 2 : Wetland Distribution in Maharashtra …………………………………………...

11

Chart 3 : Natural Inland Wetlands in Nashik …………………………………………….

14

Chart 4 : Site numbers and Areas of the site ……………………………………………..

22

Chart 5 : Global rate of Ramsar Criteria …………………………………………………

23

Chart 6: Regional distribution (%) of wetland area ……………………………………..

25

Chart 7: Site numbers and Areas by region ……………………………………………..

25

Chart 8: Relative areas (%) of natural marine/ coastal wetlands ………………………..

25

Chart 9: Relative areas (%) of natural inland wetland classes ………………………….

25

Chart 10: Ramsar Sustainable Development Goals………………………………………

26

Chart 11: Global rate of Ramsar Criteria in India ……………………………………….

28

Chart 12 : Site numbers and Areas of the site in India …………………………………..

28

Chart 13: Site numbers and Areas by region in India …………......................................

28

Chart 14: Objectives of NWCP ………………………………………………………….

29

Chart 15 : Year wise distribution of water birds in Wular Lake …………………………

34

Chart 16: % distribution of types of Settlements around Wular lake……………………

36

Chart 17: Management Plan Framework

38

Chart 18: Climate and Rainfall analysis of Buldhana, India ……………………………..

42

Chart 19 : Types of Vegetation Forest ……………………………………………………

44

Chart 20 : Year wise Water bird Census at Nandur Madhameshwar Wildlife Sanctuary … 55 Chart 21: Area Distribution of Nandur Madhameshwar Wildlife Sanctuary ……………

58

Chart 22: Identification of Research Needs in Nandur Madhameshwar …………………

63

Chart 23 : Survey Chart (i) ……………………………………………………………….

68

Chart 24 : Survey Chart (ii) ……………………………………………………………….

68

Chart 25 : Survey Chart (iii) ………………………………………………………………. 69 Chart 26 : Survey Chart (iv) ………………………………………………………………. 69 Chart 27 : Survey Chart (v) ……………………………………………………………….

70

Chart 28 : Survey Chart (vi) ………………………………………………………………. 70

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Chart 29 : Survey Chart (vii) ………………………………………………………………. 71 Chart 30 : Survey Chart (viii) ……………………………………………………………… 71 Chart 31 : Climate and Rainfall analysis of Shenzhen, China …………………………...... 74 Chart 32 : Climate and Rainfall analysis of Berkeley, United States ……………………… 91 Chart 33 : Climate and Rainfall analysis of Salisbury, United Kingdom …………………. 102 Chart 34 : Climate and Rainfall analysis of Victoria, Australia …………………………… 115 Chart 35: Climate and Rainfall analysis of Lucknow, India ………………………………. 130 Chart 36: Design requirements for Research Centre ……………………………………… 145 Chart 37 : Design requirements for Visitor’s Centre ……………………………………… 146 Chart 38: Wind Speed in Niphad District, Nashik ………………………………………… 150 Chart 39: Rainfall and Humidity analysis of Niphad, Nashik …………………………….

151

Chart 40: Climate and Rainfall analysis of Niphad, Nashik ……………………………… 151

LIST OF TABLES Table 1 : Wetland Classification System and Coding ……………………………………

12

Table 2 : Wetland under Turbidity Levels ……………………………………………….

12

Table 3 : Area Estimates of Wetlands in Maharashtra …………………………………..

13

Table 4 : Area Estimates of Wetlands in Nashik, Maharashtra …………………………

14

Table 5 : Comparative Analysis of Allied Case studies with Site Study (i) ……………..

66

Table 6 : Comparative Analysis of Allied Case studies with Site Study (ii) ……………..

67

Table 7 : Inferences of Case studies ………………………………………………………

143

Table 8 : Area Statement for Design Proposal (i) …………………………………………

147

Table 9 : Area Statement for Design Proposal (ii) ………………………………………… 148

166