(Housing as a Service) HaaS - future of the renting millennial.

HaaS -future of renting millenials Master Dissertation Project

[Image]

Tanisha Jain

KU Leuven, Faculty of Architecture, Campus Sint-Lucas Ghent International Master of Science in Architecture

Academic promotor: Luc Eeckhout Academic year: 2018-2019

Š All rights reserved under International Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo-copying, recording or by any information storage retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or specific copyright owners.

KU Leuven, Faculty of Architecture, Campus Sint-Lucas Ghent Belgium International Master of Science in Architecture Master Dissertation Author Tanisha Jain Academic promotor Luc Eeckhout Academic year 2018-2019 Publication June 2019

HaaS- Housing as a service Healing the city

Tanisha Jain

“In 2025 we will half all the extra space until 3 hectares per day. In 2040 we wont have any extra space anymore”

FOREWORD

The goal of my graduation project is to design a new typology of residential building where majority of daily and domestic life of the inhabitant is organized in the collective space of the residential building.

Inhabitants share work as well as domestic facilities and services towards maximised effeciency. The private domain of the inhabitant is minimized.

The ‘house’ or ‘home’ of a person, thus not any more is delimited to the private dwelling, but extends in the collective space of the residential building.

The reasons for this organizational model is to have a social, economical and practical foundation. Collective life brings many advantageous for every individual; a group transcends the possibilities and opportunities that an individual has.

I am proposing for space as not a commodity, but as a service, as a right.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

01

02 03

04

05

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INTRODUCTION Project Motivation What is HaaS Duality of ownership and usage When does one house become shared house Demand and supply Future scenario THE MASTERPLAN

OWN THEME Vision Context The city-housing scenario The village-local identity The building-heritage Co-housing and Sustainabilty Patterns of co-housing Relation with space Patterns of domestic activities Building vertical zoning

19 27

77

THE PROPOSAL What is existing What is proposed by developer What is proposed in project Design module Adaptability Healthy city- natural ventilation, light Summary Benefits BIBLIOGRAPHY

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1. INTRODUCTION

Project Motivation What is HaaS Duality of ownership and usage When does one house become shared house Demand and supply Future scenario

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Tanisha Jain

Project motivation -a starting point

My motivation and the starting point for this project is well demonstrated by the following example of a building project. It highlights the need of a housing model such as Haas, This building is located in Mumbai, an Indian megacity and the fourth most densely populated city of the world.

• City constitutes 32,000 inhabitants per sq.km.

• In this populous city, space is expensive.

Average public space-1.2m. pp.

C

learly, space is not a parameter while rating green building.

Given the context of the city, this private resdience for a family of 5 consists:

• • • • •

37,160 sq.m. floor area equivalance to 40 storey high building lobby alone consists 9 elevators parking for 168 cars New york architects perkins + wills, call it a sustainable building.

• considering city average, 1200 people could have lived in this space • 33:1 car to person ratio • sustainable building?

Image 1.1 Antilia, Mumbai, India.[livelaw.in] HaaS-future of renting millenials

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Image 1.2: Picture from the the book Material world: a global family potrait by Peter Menzel. The picture shows the enormous amount of stuff of an average American household.

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Tanisha Jain

What is ‘House as a service’ research questions

Consider the case of internet for instance. It is a service that users pay for. Users, irrespective of their economic or social status pay for it as per usage. If they have greater needs from it, like more gigabytes or faster speed, they pay more, if the requirements aren’t that many, they opt for a basic plan. They don’t own it. It is the same for everyone based in their chosen membership packageSimilarly, what if housing became a service? In todays time when the concept of “as a service” is catching on, we can get just about anything as a service: cars, infrastructure, databases, software, books, movies, the list is endless.

So, how about humans basic need of shelter, housing, to become a service? What if we paid for living in a house based on usage and membership, irrespective of other factors like how much money we have , what ethnicity we are.

What must a house like this have? What must be parameters of consideration? What can be shared?

What must still be private? What are boundaries?

There is a noteworthy number of individuals making Minimalism their way of life, due to a wide spectrum of reasons. Most common reasons for that shift, includes environmental concerns, financial concerns, and the desire to have more time and freedom enjoying life.

image 1.3: Example of internet service [author] HaaS-future of renting millenials

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Duality of ownership and usage Why own when you can share?

Airbnb, Uber, OpenDoor, Netflix, and others, have the type of business model that will be the most popular in upcoming years: the duality between ownership and usage.

One can argue that in order to use, we have to be owners; and that is what divides the previous economy from this new perspective, the Sharing

Economy.

You don’t need to own if you can borrow from someone providing the items as a service, after all, on average, over a year you use your drilling machine for a mere 12 minutes. Then why we have this urge in possessing one? Just to push us to have more storage and bigger houses and garages space?

So we learned and developed a sharing economy which as an economic system in which assets or services are shared between private individuals, either free or for a fee If a fully serviced well equiped house is offered.

How does one house become a shared house? practicalities-

Most recently there was a crossover between this two concepts, Sharing Economy and Minimalism, without compromising the conveniences of modern life: the co-living. Shared living spaces as kitchen, bathroom, living and dining room, with the intimacy for your own moments in one bedroom with, perhaps, an ensuite.

There is a slow but growing tendency in this real estate development model but we might foresee a few issues in it when the sharing tender moments face the financial issues related to this experience.

For example: How we charge, different individuals, that have different needs and different ways of life, living and sharing the same space?

Our current way of dealing with that is the same way we deal in a buffet restaurant business: taking an average cost doesn’t matter if somebody is paying for something that another client consumed.

It is not financially sustainable from the customer’s point of view, leading this model to a smaller market share on the real estate industry.

image 3: Sharing economy on the rise

Demand and Supply need for Haas

An increasing number of individuals stay unmarried and childless well into their thirties, have flexible or unstable jobs, and are often burdened by student debt or the slow growth of real incomes.

Consequently, households get smaller, and longer periods are spent with roommates and not spouses.

Changes in the nature of life and work is driving young professionals to favor on-demand access over long-term commitment, and to cluster around large cities with ecosystems that caters to their wants and aspirations.

But traditional urban rental markets are often averse to these kind of tenants. Historical supply is skewed towards multi-bedroom family dwellings; new developments target the high-end in order to avoid rent controls or cater to foreign investors; and many studio and 1-bedroom units are occupied by older and/or low-income tenants under various subsidies and stabilization programs or are (illegally) sublet to short-term visitors.

Securing a lease takes many weeks and involves scouring multiple listings sites, visiting various properties, dealing with brokers, paying direct/ indirect commissions, sharing private information, paying notable upfront fees, and facing uncomfortable financial and legal obligations.

Moving is expensive and settling-in costs even more for installing AC units, buying/selling furniture to fit into the new space, and activating various services and utilities.

Tenants can save rent by moving farther away from the center or sharing a lease. However, this usually means spending even more time to search for a decent apartment, dealing with less professional landlords and brokers, and being exposed to a plethora of risks associated with roommates.

image 1.4: Example of internet service [author]

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image 1.5: Collectivist reconstruction of dwelling [The minimum dwelling by Karel Tiege, 1932] 16

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Future scenario It is not a new thing, communal living has always been a solution to common problems like rapid urbanisation, loneliness, and high living costs.

Who is it for? How has it changed our society?

What are we sharing?

But what does co-living look like in the future?

2030

+

1.2 bn

70% people in cities

we are alot closer now

we share goods and services more than ever before

image 1.6: Future scenario [UN, department social and economic affairs, illustration by author]

2. MASTERPLAN

Ghent Existing Muide site location Healing the city projects Group connections Muide existing Muide proposed

R4

R4

N9 0

N7

R40

Gent Dampoort

A14

Gent-Sint-Pieters

A10

N9

N43

Image 2.1 : Ghent exiting map [drawn collectively by studio group]

The site is located in the Ghent is a port city. It is also a univeristy city.

city

of

Ghent.

The studio of eight, is working together here towards with a bigger vision of one planet thinking. Scale of city, village , building and detail is all considered for the intervention.

Voorhaven Old Harbour

Neighborhood

Green Belt

Housing

Public Services & Recreative Spaces

Groot Dok

New Harbour

N

Zoning

Image 2.2: Muide, project location map [drawn collectively by studio group]

Within Ghent, the projects of the studio- Healing the city, are located on Muide. Muide has the old harbour on one side and the new harbour on the other.

Image 2.3 : Muide map with studio projects [drawn collectively by studio group] The studio has chosen to work along axis indicated. The themes are energy, water, mobility, materials, food, fabric fact recycling, adaptability and space.

While this project deals with space- in a way of re-inventing how space can be used as ‘not a commodity’ but as a service.

Mobility

Adaptability

Waste

Food

Energy

Textile

Haas

Water

Image 2.4 : Group connections [drawn collectively by studio group]

These themes have inter-connections and rely on each other for efficient functioning as a village.

Principle functioning of HaaS, first, reduces energy and water demands drastically due to it’s shared living system; and second, caters to the reduced demands by means of renewable resources.

Modules from materials project and textile factory are used in exhibition spaces. The open public space is available for the whole viillage.

ADAPTABILITY Urban scale - Focal points High-rise buildings possible Adjusted scale - correct scale to be researched (4-6 storeys) Social housing Buildings recommended to acquire To be urbanized industrial areas Industrial harbor hangars - Structure to be maintained

MOBILITY Water mobility Train tracks Fast speed roads Bus and tram mobility Bike mobility Bus stops Tram stops

C

Cambio stops

GREEN Green areas

ENERGY Gas station and electricity building Electricity post

C

12

C

C

Image 2.5 Muide scale- current scenario. [drawn collectively by studio group]

ADAPTABILITY Adjusted scale - correct scale to be researched (4-6 storeys) Social housing Buildings recommended to acquire To be urbanized industrial areas Industrial harbor hangars - Structure to be maintained

WATER Water Pond C

MOBILITY Water mobility Train tracks Fast speed roads Bus and tram mobility Bike mobility Bus stops Tram stops

C

Cambio stops Water-bus stops

C 2H

ENERGY Gas station and electricity building Electricity post

2H

Floating element

2H

12

GREEN Green areas Green belt C

Streets with new trees Residential streets Meulesteedsesteenweg/Muidepoort/Voormuide

WASTE Waste container port

C

Waste collector point 2H

Second hand market Up-cycling center

C

Repair School

Image 2.6: Muide scale- proposed scenario. [drawn collectively by studio group]

3. HAAS AS THE NEW HOUSING MODEL IN GHENT

Vision Context The city-housing scenario The village-local identity The building-heritage Co-housing and Sustainabilty Patterns of co-housing Relation with space Patterns of domestic activities Building vertical zoning

Vision

Figure 3.1:Advantages of collective living: Enabling numerous new diverse and divergent possibilities for every individual inhabitant. Better quality of life at affordable price.

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Vision

Figure 3.2: Making efficient use of tools, services and facilities through sharing.

Figure 3.3: By sharing appliances, services and facilities the cost of living can be enormously reduced.

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Tanisha Jain

Figure 3.4: Increasing the space of the inhabitants while at the same time decreasing the total amount of (costly) space.

Figure 3.5: Strongly improving individual life through a high level of social cohesion and communal identity.

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Context 1.The City Gent - renting model due to students Gent is one of the most important cities in Belgium and one that houses more students. Due to the high amount of students, families are pushed to abandon the city center and the neighbourhoods around because of the high rentals of the housing that are growing more and more.

Most of the family housing are transformed in kots or small apartments for students and this rentals appear more beneficial for students than for families.

N9

A common scenario in Gent is, when owner rents a house, family with a medium salary is able to pay 1200 Euro per month. However if the same house is rented to students by dividing in 3 rooms and each student pays per room 450 Euro, owner can have 1500 Euro,or even more.

A10

N43

More rent can be acquired from students instead of local families.

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R4

R4

0

N7

R40

Gent Dampoort

A14

Gent-Sint-Pieters

N9

HaaS-future of renting millenials

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A young city

-targetting students and ‘starters’ Apart from Students, Gent also has an influx of interns, short and long term job seekers, travellers, from various countries.

Further, many ‘starter’ families also like to move to Gent, attracted by its’s balanced work and social life possibilities.

Over the years, the age group of 25-29 has increased consistently comprising a majority of the cities population.

Y

oungsters aged between 20-34 comprise 16 % of Gent’s total population.

Image 3.7: Population trend in Gent as per age group. [StadGent] 34

Tanisha Jain

Locals are moving out There are too many cars and bikes. Acoustic contamination and pollution are a reason of concern as well. People are moving out of Gent towards the outskirts increasingly, seeking silent and green areas close to nature.

Low density Like almost every city in Belgium, Gent follows the line of sprawled cities. Here we can find very low densities because the model of housing is not more than three storeys in height.

This is because the city is almost unchanged with the passing of decades.

People are still building with this model because they really want to live in this sprawled cities.

Public space By designing that space in order to be shared, you provide an extra space for people to enjoy, usually big open valuable spaces close to big infrastructures, like the canal. At the same time you create social control, and a certain feeling of belonging and responsibility. Both, people and companies take care of it, as it is for their own interest, bringing back social control. Furthermore, by increasing the quality of public space, companies also feel the obligation to answer in a proper way with their factories to that space, as their faรงades will become the image of their companies, in front of a valuable public space.

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2. The village-local identity

A working-class neighborhood with a unique history. MuideMeulestede occupies a separate place in Ghent. (Schier) island and old port. Rich in heritage, but also small and densely populated.

Squeezed between the water and the port, with a population that is very diverse: a mix of old Gentenaars, young families, artists and creatives, and a large Turkish community.

A neighborhood with a strong identity.

There were often initiatives with Ghent resonance, such as Iron Muide or Meulestee Koers.

Newcomers are enamoured quickly and don’t want to leave.

Since the port activity has stopped, the neighborhood has been looking for a new identity.

When the first lofts were developed in the 90s, it was said that the Muide would soon develop into a kind of Ghent’s Docklands or Eilandje.

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Image 3.8: Emigrant families enjoying a sunny day [ŠFrederiek vande velde]

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Image 3.8: Rock ‘n Roll concert, part of Iron Muide 2017 in park at Makelaarsstraat [ŠRudy Tollenaere ]

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Neighbourhood Walks amidst the neighbourhood gave the impression that Muide is a humble neighbourhood.

It is characterized by small and old houses for big families.

Further research confirmed this observation, as demonstrated by information from stad Ghent as below.

Muide has the lowest net income per taxpayer as per most recent survey. While the average net income is 22,033 for the city of Ghent, for inhabitants of Muide, it is 16,669. This is the lowest compared to some other neighbourhoods of Ghent in the sample.

This is in relation to the fact that rent prices are lower here compared to city centre and most other neighbourhoods.

A

verage income of Muide inhabitants is 25 % less than average income of the city.

Image 3.9: Average net income per person in various neighbourhoods [gent.buurtmonitor.be]

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Muide is a humble district, where initial inhabitants have been replaced over the years, mainly by migrants, turning it in a very multicultural place.

This can be seen very evidently by the typologies of shops and cafes in the neighbourhood.

D

ense nighbourhood comprising of mostly migrants, 1.489 people registered as of 2017.

Image 3.10 :Number of migrants in neighbourhoods,Muide and surrounding. [gent.buurtmonitor.be]

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Loods 22 and 23 In this context, new proposals for already renovated shed 22 and soon to be renovated shed 23 came about.

Loods 22 comprises of : 21 lofts of floor area 550 sq.m. each.

Each loft is designed for a maximum of a

couple or a small family.

Currently the following companies : ACA IT solutions - IT provider

Chilli - graphic design and multimedia

Denc - the architectural firm

Intrinsiq - a market research agency

Isencia - business company

Oink - advertising agency

Osar Architects - Antwerp architectural firm

Wijs - web design and online marketing

These luxurious ‘high-end’ lofts have gentrified Muide into seperated cultural communities that don’t have a common space and activities for interaction.

An almost duplicate of this building is proposed as Loods 23, it consists similar lofts and office spaces.

In the given context of the neighbourhood, this, has been proposed ?!

Image 3.11: Render of proposed high-end lofts [Compagnie-O]

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What must be considered Co-existance For sustainable urban planning, building according to needs of people is imperative. A solution for the co-existence of this multi-cultural neighbourhood must be implemented.

For any new project in this neighbourhood, the characterstichs and lifestyles of people must be kept in mind. A space where people from diverse backgrounds - cultural, demographic, age, etc can all benefit from.

Minimal impact It must be priorotised to generate minimal impact, trying to achieve the most with the less as possible intervention. Not only in terms of costs, but also in preserving the image of the site, generating the least impact for the inhabitants. The space needs to be optimized.

Use of existing resources This a key element of the project. It’s not about figuring out completely new setups, applying tabula rasa, but trying to read the qualities of the area, which are present, maybe hidden under several layers which have overlapped throughout years of history.

In the case of the project, these key resources which were underrated are the water-side providing a potential people gathering element, the powerful image of industrial heritage, together with the historical attatchment.

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3. The building-heritage

Loodsen 22 and 23 are part of de voorhaven, the largest protected cityscape in ghent. Locus developments has been working here and converting these heritage into high-end residential lofts and a commercial hub.

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Tanisha Jain

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A breif history 1882 | First stone laying of the voorhaven

1930 | Voorhaven becomes back port.

On june 11, 1882, the minister of public works laid the first stone of the quay wall of the front gate.

The Voorhaven was built by the young city engineer Emile Braun - the later liberal mayor of Ghent. He built the new outer harbor with a quay length of more than 1 km with the very latest construction techniques. Braun doubled the capacity of the Ghent seaport in one fell swoop.

Due to an ever-growing tonnage of ships, the Voorhaven soon became much too small. New and larger docks were built more to the east and north. Since the establishment of the Municipal Autonomous Company “Ghent Port Company AMC� at the beginning of this century, the Voorhaven is no longer included in the port area.

1885 - 1890 | Six Monumental sheds built at the voorhavenkaai for cotton storage.

1990 | Shed 22 and 23 are saved from the demolition.

At the end of the 19th century, Ghent was one of the most important textile cities in Europe.

Everywhere in the city center - up to the Castle of the Counts - you found dozens of huge spinning mills. Cotton was supplied by ship and stored in the steel sheds. The sheds were partly built with recovery material from the world exhibition in Antwerp in 1885. Steam trains brought the cotton to the spinning mills in and around Ghent via 6 railway lines along the sheds.

At the end of the 1980s, warehouse 21 was also demolished. The electric motor company EMR replaced it. Even worse, the City of Ghent had also issued a demolition permit for warehouses 22 and 23. After more than 12 years of ongoing negotiations, the City of Ghent eventually sold a major part of the Voorhaven in 2002.

Image 3.22: Six sheds built at the voorhavenkaai for cotton storage. [loods23.be]

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Image 3.24: Section of loods 22 when the harbour was still in use. [loods23.be] 2002 - 2010 | Various monuments are renovated The city of Ghent has partially renovated the protected harbor cranes on warehouse 20 and the fencing around the Voorhaven. The city also installed the Voorhavenpark and renewed some cobblestone streets in the neighborhood. The city realized social housing in the fire station on Londenstraat.

Locus developements converted LOODS 22 into a commercial and residential space, leasing out “hip place for companies� and 21 residential lofts.

Image 3.23: Voorhaven becomes back port. [loods23.be]

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Image 3.24: shedd 22 then. [loods23.be]

2010 | Loods 22 is open for occupancy.

TODAY | Loods 23 is getting renovated.

Voorhaven has gentrified Muide with more affluent families and private company offices .

The adjacent structure with a higher ceiling is getting renovated at phenomenon speed. It is planned to be almost the same as loods 22.

Image 3.25: shedd 22 now. [loods23.be]

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Image 3.26: Proposal for shed 2. [loods23.be]

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Shared-housing & Sustainability why a shared house?

Co-housing promotes social, economic and environmental sustainability, through the following means: Social Sustainability:

• Diverse, inter-generational communities. Co-

housing communities include people with different ages, backgrounds, family types, racial heritage, religious and political affiliations.

• Public participation. Co-housing reaches

out to the greater community to attract people to the process. There is no social agenda beyond creating a warm and friendly neighbourhood with the opportunity for more connection with neighbours.

• Respect and care for community life. The extensive common facilities are designed to create opportunities for spontaneous connection and support the social fabric of the community.

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• Reduced need for external human resources and

infrastructures. In a community where people know their neighbours, there is considerable opportunity for the natural connections and support that reduce the burdens of day to day living. Daycare is often provided collaboratively . The little things that make living independently challenging for elders can be supplied naturally in a co-housing community, reducing the need for outside support.

• Safety and Security. “Safety is in knowing your neighbours – not in walls and barriers.”

Economic Sustainability:

• Access to shared spaces reduces individual

home size needs. Guest room, craft room, meeting room, office, children’s play area, etc. can be shared in common. Individual homes can be smaller when there is easily accessible space available for common use.

• Access to shared resources allows individuals to decrease material possessions without impacting on quality of life. Because of the social fabric of the community the sharing of computers, printers, fax machines, camping and sports equipment, freezers, tools, and even automobiles are a natural part of daily life.

• Work

at home reduces transportation requirements.

Social isolation and infrastructure cost for equipment, common barriers associated with working at home, are no longer applicable in co-housing. Homebased occupations are also supported with advanced telecommunication capabilities.

In the age of digital nomads, this is win-win.

• Accountability and transparency are an

integral part of the process. Decisions are made by 100% consensus. All members have equal access to information and equal responsibility for the decisions that are made. This promotes responsible citizenship and can begin to reduce the tremendous liability issues that our culture faces.

Environmental Sustainability:

• Social

interaction encourages proenvironmental behaviour.

Research has indicated that influence, exchange, cooperation and support all contribute to increased levels of pro-environmental behaviour in co-housing communities.

• In-house

co-working space increases networking and collaborative possibilties.

• Human resources are more readily accessible in a connected community. Co-housing provides an environment where the exchange of knowledge, skills, expertise and time is a common occurrence. Shared child-care and coordinated running of errands are two examples reducing the demands of daily life.

• Efficient use of land. Co-housing provides

the opportunity for higher-density, yet family oriented socially and sustainable development. Typically sites are chosen within easy access of public transportation and walking distance from many services.

• Aging in place is supported. Buildings are

designed for aging in place and the social support available in the community allows elders to live on their own longer than in traditional housing.

• Market demand supports value. Experience has shown that co-housing communities have excellent resale value. People are willing to pay for the added quality and community benefits.

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• Transportation

alternatives.

Substantial bicycle storage and easy opportunities for car sharing because of the socially connected community have created a documented reduction in automobile ownership and usage.

• Energy efficiency and use of alternative energy

• Organic gardening. Wherever possible organic

• By re-developing an existing building in

gardening is incorporated, providing the opportunity for a locally generated food source.

• Preserving natural habitat. Where communities have located in areas with more land, care has been taken to preserve as much natural habitat as possible and cluster the housing in order to have a lower impact on the environment.

• Effective waste and water management.

Construction site recycling is typical for new development. In completed communities composting and recycling are taken to another level by including community collection systems for waste that is not typically picked up

by IVAGO. At project site, gray water recycling has also been incorporated. Rain barrels further reduce demands on potable water supplies.

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sources. Cost benefit analysis causes members to pay a higher capital cost for an in-floor radiant heating system using an energy efficient boiler augmented with solar hot water panels.

its entirety, tremendous amounts of green house gas emission is avoided. The whole steel structure is used as is, re-birthing the embodied energy used decades ago and preventing further enrgy spent.

• Sharing resources and bulk purchasing.

Extensive common facilities shared by the community supports the social fabric, which makes the sharing of resources a daily reality.

Why now Ghent

Shared-living, whether through public realm, work-space or housing, has long been of interest to our practice.

The original propulsion for this was a concern with why, as a society, we have generally moved away from shared-living and towards individual homes—espcially in cities such as Ghent, where housing shortages, inflated prices, and increasing levels of loneliness mean that shared living models are becoming increasingly relevant, and where alternative ideas for living more densely and sustainably are needed. It was also born of a curiosity to ‘get under the skin’ of a form of housing from the perspective of those who live there.

Patterns of co-housing In conventional homes, there is very little overlap between the intimate household spheres relating to daily activities , rituals and interaction. Within shared living schemes, however, there is often a greater need (and range of variables) to negotiate a balance between intimacy and privacy.

to be bought and cooked for the right amount of people, requiring coordination and effort. While, more informal or chance encounters such as in the laundry room, are also vital to building a sense of community, and even to building friendships, but require less intimate contact.

Spheres of sharing relate to the different spaces and daily routines that generate intimacy, with certain activities and spaces closer to our common conception of what is private. For instance , sharing meals on a daily basis gets closer to the innermost privacy of household than sharing a washing machine or guest-bedroom.

Based on this understanding, the following speres of sharing are formulated as a yardstick to study and analyse varied sharing-systems within a co-housing institution.

This will further help formulating a new desirable sharing-system well suited for the project.

The most formal and intimate spheres of sharing are around daily communal meals, as food needs

PRIVACY SLEEPING TOILET single multiple group public

Fig 3.27: Spheres of sharing [illustration by author] HaaS-future of renting millenials

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Different co-housing communities illustrate varying appetites for (and potential combinations of) sharing suited to those involved, relatIng to physical spaces as well as social activities or support. The diagrams below provide examples of different spheres of sharing across the selected co-housing schemes.

Narcomfin Moscow,Russia 1928-30

Centraal wonen de Hilversum meent Hilversum, Netherlands 1970-77

Shared ammenities: Laundry room, gymnasium, library, central kitchen, dining room, (kindergarten was designed but never built)

Shared ammenities: each cluster of 4-5 units shares garden, kitchen, dining, living room, laundary room. Whole community shares a coomon house, library, sauna, workshop, gym, guest house, youth centre and garden.

Eating: Shared meals everyday

Collective facilities with private sleeping cells.

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Eating: Varies between clusters, from two to five meals per week.

Interconnected clusters-Private dwellings clustered into small groups with some shared facilities.

Saettedammen Hillerod, Denmark 1969-72

Windsong co-housing Langley, Canada 1994-98

Shared ammenities: A coomon house with large kitchen, dining area, laundry room, children’s play room, shared garden, play space.

Shared ammenities: Kitchen, laundary room, childrens play room, guest room, studio, vegetable garden, parking garage.

Eating: Each family cooks and clears up one meal in the communal dining room once per month.

Residents eat together two-three times per week. (once per week minimum)

Eating: Potluck meals are held six times per week, which residents sign up for. Formal meals prepared by the cooking teams occur less often and are usually themed.

Individual residential units with common facilities in a seperate unit shared by all residents.

Covered shared circulation, individualresidential units under a single roof.

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Relation with spaceStudy of minimal houses Domestic transformer -Gary chang’s apartment Hong kong, 2006 Area in model- 27 sq.m.

Person- 1-2 (couple) In Hong Kong, because of the space, apartments are small and expensive. Chang, an architect, designed a apartment that is able to change into 24 different designs, all by just sliding panels and walls.

This small luxury apartment is equipped with jacuzzi tub, enclosure, one bedroom, living room, study room, kitchen, laundry, and plenty of storage.

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Fig 3.29a: Domestic transformer [asiasociety. org]; below Fig 3.29b: working model

Tiny miss dolly on wheels, house on wheels, Australia, 2018 Area in mdel-15 sq.m.

Person- 1-2 (couple)+ occasional guest Dolly’s tiny house on wheels is an example of a super customised living space specifically designed for the inhabitants needs. She has really taken advantage of her height and designed a home where she can stand in her loft and create an additional room downstairs which gives her plenty of space for a walk-in wardrobe, a tiny house luxury!

This house is equipped with bathroom, one bedroom loft, living room/kitchen, study room/ guest loft, walk-in closet,and fair amount of storage.

Fig 3.30a: Dolly’s house. [livingbiginatinyhouse. com]; below Fig 3.30b: working model

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Duque de alba, apartment building, Madrid, 2003 Area in model- 32 sq.m.

Person- 1-2 (couple) + occasional guest This compact apartment located in the heart of Madrid ‘s historic center provides a decent and comfortable living environment for a single person. the loft incorporates a series of smart storage solutions. The plywood furniture, compact and specially designed for this place was entirely built in a carpenter shop .

This apartment is equipped with shower, one bedroom loft, living room, dining/study table, pantry, walk-in closet, and fair amount of storage.

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Fig 3.31a: Prefab. module [beriotbernardini. net]; below Fig 3.30b: working model

Relation with space: study of typical houses Generic house in Belgium, Duplex, Wetteren, 2019 Area- 1200 sq.m Person- 4: Family of 4 + occasional guest This typical house consists a master bedroom for the parents, a bedrooms each for their two kids, and two additional bedrooms with attached bathroom and toilet for prospective guests.

single

multiple

community

public

Fig 3.32: Typical family house HaaS-future of renting millenials

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One loft in loods 23 (proposed), Loft, Gent, 2020 Area- 180 sq.m Person- 2: Childless couple + occasional guest/ young starter family

This loft consists a master bedroom with a bath, a smaller room for study, and possible space for guest or young child.

Fig 3.32b: Loft originally prposed 60

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single

multiple

community

public

One loft in loods 23 (design), Loft, Gent, 2020 Area- 180 sq.m Person- 5: 4 living cells for individuals or couple.

This loft consists sleeping cells, study, and big living room with a pantry. single

multiple

community

public

Fig 3.32c: Modules integrated in design proposal HaaS-future of renting millenials

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Less space OR More space ?

Bedroom

Sleeping

20 sq.m.

20 sq.m.

Working

Bathroom 12 sq.m.

12 sq.m.

Living cell-module 180 sq.m.

Toilet Shower Laundry

Living room 50 sq.m.

Relaxing Meeting

Kitchen 15 sq.m.

Eating

Centralised and collectivised 200 sq.m. + 200 sq.m.

Cooking Gym Yoga Daycare Cinema Storage

Total sq.m.

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Bar Workshop

Total sq.m.

Fig 3.33: The living cell, although ‘lesser’ space actually translates to much more space and possibilities. [author]

Space<<Consumption<<carbon emmision The lesser space we acquire, the lesser our sonsumptions would be.

But in the Haas model, ‘lesser’ space although giving benefits of reduced costs, still translates to more space with increased functionality and possibilties. The lifestyle is significantly improves but at lesser costs still.

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Patterns of domestic activities

Sleeping

Dressing

The activities before going to sleep and after waking up are the most intimate for person(s).

Where sleeping is the main activity in the bedroom, the spaces around it are much less used.

These are for accessing the bed and become leftover spaces that are filled with functions such as storage, dressing and even working; activities that can easily be done in other settings.

People need their visual privacy while dressing.

Dressing is a transitional activity, done between phases or activities during the day. People dress after waking up or going to bed, after a shower, and before/after going out of the house. The bedroom and the bathroom are closely connected.

Therefore, dressing needs to be in close connection with these two activities, preferably in between.

Toilet

Personal care

Privacy is very important for people to go comfortably to a toilet.

Communal toilets as they had in Roman ages, donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t give persons the privacy they need when going to the toilet to defecate. Therefore, a toilet should afford as much olfactory, visual and acoustical privacy as possible. Best is to enter a toilet through an already more private zone or the give the toilet two entries.

The bathing area should afford a level of privacy for persons to be naked privately and comfortably.

It should be positioned between the private realms and common areas. The path to the bathing area should not be visible from the common area. Bathing is not only an act of personal cleaning, but also of relaxation and pleasure.

At the same time, It is also a space that can be used in the multiple sphere and not neccesarily private.

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Cleaning

Communal storage

People keep spaces clean they feel responsible for.

The collective space needs to be subdivided into zones. The private zone is the responsibility of the resident or residents; the zone of the residential group takes care of the areas that are the domain of this group. External cleaners should clean the collective space that is used by all.

People have a lot of stuff that they don’t (or only sporadically) use.

This can be stored communally. Communal storage needs a caretaker that keeps an eye on this. An online system in the building should make the users of the building able to control and plan the time they can use and access these things according to their needs.

Laundry

Personal storage

Because most households have a private laundry machine, doing laundry is an expensive activity.

The activity ‘doing laundry’ doesn’t need to afford any privacy. Its sporadic use makes it possible to share a laundry machine with multiple households. This is more cost efficient.

A launderette is a setting for social interaction with each other. The launderette, besides its functionality, should afford this social interaction.

The private dwellings need space for private storage, although minimized, for emotional stuff only.

A simple way of providing a more spatial feeling of the dwelling is through the addition of more storage space. Particularly in a collectively used building, in where the dwelling is reduced to a minimum the presence of enough storage space is important. The dwelling should at least afford 15 percent of the space for storage.

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Relaxing

Cooking

People need to relax and forget about their daily work or routine.

Relaxing, most often, allows for a certain level of social interaction. Therefore, people can relax among others. These settings need to facilitate a person in acoustical privacy, for him or her to be able to watch TV or read, while still signaling to others the possibility to interfere.

Cooking is much more than an activity with the means of producing food.

Although the goal is for people to provide a meal cooking includes much more than only in its functionality. People cook to relax, for many it is a hobby. Cooking doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t need much privacy and even has a high social dimension.

It can be facilitated in collective space.

Eating

Shared tools

Eating and drinking are social activities.

The activities eating and cooking afford a high level of social interaction. Only exceptionally people want to eat alone. Communal eating binds people together and makes them become members of a group. But more importantly, activities that involve eating and drinking are the activities for people to meet others.

Items such as tools are used barely a couple of hours per year, per family.

It is economical and environmentally sustainable to be sharing possession of these. This could include hardware tools to fix bikes, electronic devices-small or big, gardening tools, small portable furniture, knitting, sewing, inflatable pool etc. This adds a social element as well, obliging one to be disciplined and considerate of others needs together with own needs.

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Workspace

Waste and water management

The development of multimedia and the Internet affords people much more mobility in their choice for a workplace. They can work where they have a laptop. However, for a place to afford persons to work comfortably the workplace should be well defined. The environment needs to be both flexible and various.

A study/library, bar can be a part of it.

Staying in a community helps strenghen values like being more responsible about your waste, and consumption of resources like electricity and water. People are more mindful , and if someone forgets another person can prevent wastage.

In proposed building inhabitants help create bio-gas from kitchen waste.

Private workspace

Gardening/bio waste

Studying or working at home is a necessary space in a dwelling.

One often needs privacy to concentrate on work better. This workspace must be separated from communal workspace as that can be noisy or distracting. Such workspace although private , may not necessarily fall under the inner-most sphere of privacy as one can study or work in smaller groups of two or three.

Not only do people like to be outside, they like to be in touch with nature as well. The urban environment affords this need through public green parks.

The collective garden should be enriched with many fruit and vegetable plants that can be eaten for people to have a collectively shared goal of gardening.

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Outside collective-Workshop

Entertaining guests

The collective home should not become an introverted community, isolated from its surroundings.

Although the collective home can afford many of daily activities on small scale, public life should not be excluded. The collective home should be visually and physically connected with its surroundings through activities and settings that afford a hig level of social interaction and that are inviting for public life.

The collective space needs to facilitate different settings of social interaction, meeting and hosting.

The residents should be able to facilitate interaction and meeting with others: A meal with friends; a birthday with the family; and a meeting with clients. The collective space needs to afford both a variety of activity-settings and sitting spaces for meeting , hosting and entertaining.

Time with family

Time alone

Only when there is a balance of privacy and communality people can live collectively.

Every family in a communal environment needs a private domain to where they can retreat to, according to their need for privacy; a place of their own. The dwelling needs to afford the family or couple a high level of privacy from its surroundings; it needs to be a domain of the private with strong territorial boundaries, enclosed from the collective spaces.

People need to have the opportunity for solitude and privacy: A place to be alone.

Similar as the dwelling is a private domain for the family, the dwelling also needs to afford privacy. If the dwelling stands in a larger collective, the need for privacy of one member still affords the other its need for social interaction. He or she simply can enter the collective surrounding. But each member should be able to be away from the community.

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Wellness

Shared cars and bikes

People need access to wellness or fitness activities.

It is hence imperative to have spaces for yoga, gym , spa etc. as one of the services or shared facilities. This could be possibly open to public/ non-members as well. Wellness institutions are a big part of oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lifestyle, and by having one just in your building for free makes it easier to lead a healthy life.

People have a lot of stuff that they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t (or only sporadically) use.

This can be stored communally. Communal stuff and storage needs the return of a caretaker that keeps an eye on this. An online system in the building should make the users of the building able to control and plan the time they can use and access these things according to their needs.

Cinema/rentable meeting room

Childcare

A small cinema for the inhabitants with scheduled movie nights as part of the collective space.

This will also double as space for public lectures or presentations. It can be used as confrence room as part of the co-working space which can also be availed by public when required.

A kind of shared responsibility for child care can happen in this community setting.

Here people know and trust one another. Here parents think of children less as their possesion and are comfortable leaving them with another community member or in common spaces where other children and guardians are also present.

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Where would the domestic activities lie in the spheres of privacy?

Single

sleeping

dressing

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Multiple and Group

time alone

time with family

personal care

workspace

toilet

personal storage

relaxing

Community

Public

eating

cooking

outdoor col. workshop

private workspace

cleaning

laundry

outdoor col. workshop

private workspace

storage

entertaining guests

shared car garage

childcare

shared tools

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SINGLE

MULTUPLE

COMMUNITY

PUBLIC

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Activities layout in building as per spheres of privacy.

Derived scheme of design proposal.

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04 PROPOSALS

What is existing What is proposed by developer Proposals analytics What is proposed in project Proposals analytics Design module Circulation Adaptability Healthy city- natural ventilation, light Schemes Benefits

Existing plan structure

48 meter

102 meter

Ground level

48 meter

102 meter

First floor level +5.50 m

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Image 4.1,4.2,4.3:Existing structure ŠDirk Valvekens

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Existing proposed plan by Locus

Ground level

First floor level +5.50 m

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Image 4.4, 4.5: Renders of proposed building ŠCompagnie-O

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Modules

Module-1 5-7 people. Big family/ combination of individuals/couples for 4 rooms

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Module-2 1-2 people. Individual or couple.

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Sections

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Roof plan (Solar (to be calculated)

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Adaptable office space sample

Fig4. : Sample placement according to business plan.

Fig4. : Sample placement according to business plan.

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Adaptable public space

Fig4. : Sample scenario during a exhibition.

Fig4. : Sample scenario during workshops.

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Natural Ventilation

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Statistics- comparison in energy per person.

-carbon footprint reduction

By calculating what is in individual cell, adding the multiple, community and public which is divided by number it is shared by we get the following figures.

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Statistics- comparison in energy per person.

-carbon footprint reduction

By calculating what is in individual cell, adding the multiple, community and public which is divided by number it is shared by we get the following figures. decreasing energy demand decreasing energy demand

increasing renewable energy source increasing renewable energy source

original proposed

design proposed

10,120 kWh

5,550 kWh

original proposed

design proposed

6,290 kWh

1,110 kWh

annual energy consumption by appliances- in loft -

annual energy consumption by appliances- per person

Reduction= 82%

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Summary 1. Co-existence

• Minimal impact to be made. ‘High-end’

proposal is causing gentrification. Only a contextual inclusive development must be made.

• Creation of (adaptable) public space to facilitate and activate.

2. Space << consumption <<carbon footprint

• Lesser the space, lesser is the consumption, hence, lesser the cumulative carbon footprint.

• Wasteful unused spaces in households must be monitored.

• Lesser space could actually mean more space.

3. Shared economy- No need to own everything

• Not every commodity needs to be owned by every individual.

• Sharing appliances, spaces, services, cars etc.

facilitates social, economic and environmental sustainability.

4. Service- based, community living

• • • •

childcare/petsitting cooking with your community making the building work. waste, water, energy systems. Service is currency.

5. Defined spheres of privacy

• In a shared system, extent of sharing would be

different for every context based on multiple factors.

• This must be based on who would live there, and daily activities in the space.

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Direct impact

I have to cook only once per two weeks.

I never have to clean or maintain a car, it is always ready when I want it .

I work from home everyday and get free coffee and juice during work hours.

Daycare has never been easier.

I can access a gym, yoga class, or other recreational class right in my building.

I don’t have to buy a printer, scanner or internet connection to work from home.

I don’t have to worry about buying home appliances or furniture.

I have the best possible lifestyle in the most affordable price, it’s feels like an elite membership club.

I meet new people and clients, and connect with an interesting reality while exploring a unique city.

My monthly expenditure has halved since I moced here.

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5. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

https://www.globalgoals.org/ http://www.samenhuizen.net/ http://commonstransition.org/commons-transition-plan-city-ghent/ https://gent.buurtmonitor.be/ https://www.ivago.be/thuisafval/afvalgids/diversen#banden https://loods23.be/nl/ http://onesharedhouse2030.com/survey/ https://juunoo.com/wat-is-juunoo/ https://stad.gent/wonen-verbouwen/stadsvernieuwing/noorden/herinrichting-voorhaven https://livezoku.com/explore/ http://theconversation.com/four-reasons-to-consider-co-housing-and-housing-cooperatives-for-alternative-living https://issuu.com/studioweave/docs/living_closer_for_online_sharing_re https://www.compagnie-o.be/projecten/2/hangar-22-ghent https://cohousing.ca/about-cohousing/cohousing-sustainability/ https://issuu.com/antonas/docs/karel-teige-the-minimum-dwelling https://www.un.org/development/desa/

• nov 2017, the airbnb for affordable housing is here fastcodesign by katharine schwab

• aug 2017, in the ’90s, we had ‘friends.’ now they call it co-living new • • • • • • • • •

york times by penelope green jul 2015, un projects world population to reach 8.5 billion by 2030, driven by growth in developing countries united nations jan 2016, where are the world’s newest cities … and why do they all look the same? the guardian by adam greenfield dec 2016, overpopulation: where do we put the next billion humans? by cecille de jesus apr 2016, millennials want experiences not possessions, say co-living entrepreneurs dezeen by jessica mairs may 2016, happy together: why give up dorm life? the new yorker by lizzie widdicombe mar 2016, shared housing is nothing new but the number of young people living with roommates has doubled since 1980 and some entrepreneurs see an opportunity the guardian by jana kasperkevic jul 2015, the millennial commune new york times by ronda kaysen nov 2015, dorms for grownups: a solution for lonely millennials? the atlantic by alana semuels dec 2015, why china’s millennials are happy to own nothing bloom-

• • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • •

berg by bloomberg news dec 2015, millennials coming of age goldman sachs global investment research by jeremy rifkin mar 2016, the internet of things is going to need an internet of me medium by simon carroll life at home: what makes a home ikea may 2016, kitchenless city: architectural systems for social welfare harvard wheelwright prize by anna puigjaner feb 2016, eco living japan: sustainable ideas for living green tuttle publishing by deanna macdonald jan 2012paved, but still alive new york times by michael kimmelman feb 2012, rethinking a lot: the design and culture of parking mit press by eran ben-joseph oct 2016, the future of mobility initiative what would mobility look like in the next decade? mckinsey & co apr 2012, home cooking and eating habits: global survey strategic analysis euromonitor international by eileen bevis may 2011, the truth about youth mccann worldgroup mar 2015, the slow death of the homecooked meal washington post by roberto a ferdman oct 2014, smart homes of the future will know us by our heartbeats wired magazine by richard l tso feb 2012‘home, and not some house’: young people’s sensory construction of family relationships in domestic spaces children’s geographies volume 10, 2012 - issue 1 by sarah wilson, kathrin houmøller, sarah bernays jan 2007, designing mindful interaction: the category of performative object mit press design issues, by kristina niedderer jan 2003, to do or to have? that is the question journal of personality and social psychology, 85, 1193-1202 by leaf van boven, thomas gilovich aug 2015, party of 1: we are eating a lot of meals alone npr by allision aubrey, maria godoy dec 2015, “three million people move to cities every week”: so how can cities plan for migrants? city metric by michael collyer apr 2016, 6 new ways we’re living today psychology today by bella depaulo jun 2015, america is no longer a nation of nuclear families quartz by bella depaulo aug 2015, how we live now: redefining home and family in the 21st century atrian books/beyond words by bella depaulo HaaS-future of renting millenials

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• nov 2015, rise of solo living in chinese households: 58 million single households china daily

• mar 2016, the lonely city: adventures in the art of being alone pica• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 104

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dor by olivia laing mar 2016, there are 107 million single americans. why do politicians rarely mention us? the washington post by vicky larsson apr 2016, your future home will be designed for sharing (by airbnb) fast company by jessica leber mar 2016, ‘my neighbour avoids me… i was very unhappy’: your tales of urban loneliness the guardian by francesca perry sep 2015, life of solitude: a loneliness crisis in looming the globe and mail by elisabeth renzetti sep 2014, record share of americans have never married pew research center by wendy wang, kim parker oct 2015, population ageing and sustainable development united nations department of social and economic affairs jul 2015, cohousing: the sharing economy explained treehugger by lloyd alter may 2015, half of full-time american employees spend more time at work than with family financial juneteenth by ryan brennan jun 2016, communal living moves upmarket in london, new york and hong kong financial times by hugo cox dec 2015, new york city’s first micro-apartments are slightly larger than a one-car garage tech insider by leanna garfield feb 2015, moving to where the price is right urbanland by patrick j kiger aug 2014, the death of neighborhoods planetizen by maayan dembo apr 2016, podshare: pod-based co-working and co-living community flourishing in la treehugger by kimberly mok mar 2014, the power of office design- 10 major trends to watch smart company by melinda oliver mar 2015, huge rise in number of families living in temporary accomodation the guardian by hilary osborne nov 2015, ikea’s refugee shelters feature door locks and solar panels pbs newshour by corinne segal jan 2013, boardinghouses: where the city was born. how a vanished way of living shaped america — and what it might offer us today boston globe by ruth graham feb 2011, soviet communal living: an oral history of the kommunalka palgrave macmillan by paola messana dec 2011, why some russians miss the soviet kommunalka pri by brigid mccarthy

• apr 2007, the boardinghouse in nineteenth-century america johns hopkins university press by wendy gamber

• feb 2016, a brief history of co-living spaces the atlantic: citylab by • • • • • • • • • • •

jessica leigh hester jul 2013, is it time to bring back the boarding house? the atlantic: citylab by emily badger feb 2015, not a group house, not a commune: europe experiments with co-housing npr by lauren frayer, ari shapiro may 2011, creating cohousing: building sustainable communities new society publishers by kathryn mccamant, charles durrett nov 2004, the cohousing handbook: building a place for community new society publishers by chris scotthanson, kelly scotthanson mar 1994, cohousing: a contemporary approach to housing ourselves ten speed press by kathryn mccamant, charles durrett mar 2013, growing community: how to find new cohousing members habitat press by charles durrett, bernice gonzalez, joanna winter jan 2018, optimizing human community sizes elsevier by robin i.m. dunbar and richard sosis apr 2018, young britons have never been unhappier, research suggests the guardian by nicola slawso. cover graphics ©casaneutral private house and collective home, warner van haaren

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Proposed new organizational model provides a social, economical and practical foundation. Collective life brings many advantageous for every individual; a group transcends the possibilities and opportunities that an individual has.

I am proposing for space as not a commodity, but as a service, as a right.