Xiong'an 1.1

DESIGN ENERGY FUTURES

XIONG’AN 1.1

XIONG’AN -- Baiyangdian Wetland, April 2017 @Planet

PARTICIPANTS

M.S.ARCH. ‘17 Rongzhu Gu M.S.ARCH. ‘18 Chieh Wei Chiang Chun Yen Ku Yanhan Liu Bingyu Zeng M.S.ARCH. ‘19 Rukhasar SadikBagwan Samahr A M Baredooan Rivan Karem Evelina Vasiliauskaite Yagmur Yenice Yi Zhang B.ARCH. ‘19 Furui Sun Minglu Wei Ying Zuo

DESIGN ENERGY FUTURES

XIONG’AN 1.1

DEAN’S INTRODUCTION

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DESIGN ENERGY FUTURES

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THE GLOBAL SPREAD: XIONG’AN NEW AREA

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XIONG’AN 1.0 1.0

BARCH RESEARCH THESIS 26

DRAWING BAITA VILLAGE

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XIONG’AN, WETLAND URBANISM

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INTRODUCTION

MS RESEARCH THESIS 82

ANTHRO ECOLOGY: URBAN WATER ENVIRONMENT AND NEW WATERSCAPES

MS RESEARCH STUDIO 122

ECO-TOURISM: METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT

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THE URBAN LINEAR DEVELOPMENT OF FU RIVER

DEAN’S INTRODUCTION

DESIGN ENERGY FUTURES

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Slowly, over the last half century, and more rapidly during the last decade, urbanization, climate change, and technological disruption have combined to shape an ever more volatile and unpredictable world. And yet it is a world more interconnected and interdependent than at any time in human history. In this new world, ENERGY has become increasingly important and changes, even small-scale ones, in energy production or consumption, have national, regional, and often global implications.

Under pressure to address contemporary energy concerns, architects and urban designers have begun to develop strategies intended to reduce energy use at all stages of the design process. Sustainability, the most important and well known of these approaches, emphasizes the efficient management of resources and offers dramatic improvements over wasteful past practices. But in today’s volatile, inter-connected and interdependent world, such approaches are insufficient. And that is because sustainability is inherently conservative, focusing on the present rather than on what might exist in the future, on what is rather than on what might be.

Science fiction writer William Gibson rather presciently remarked some years ago about the future that it “is already here, it is just not evenly distributed.” The future, then, is not distinct from the present, but is instead part of a marbled temporality where future and present coexist but do not overlap.

Extrapolating from Gibson’s observation, we could say that the future is the name we give to all that we cannot know in advance, all that is

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unpredictable and uncertain. The future is real but inaccessible and it shapes all that we are and can become. And it is in the eddies and swirls of this unevenly distributed future, in the vortices of uncertainty and unpredictability, that we find inspiration to DESIGN the solutions required to address the energy challenges we face in the 21st century. Unsatisfied with the present, DESIGN is an inherently future-oriented practice. At its best, DESIGN speculates through an iterative, prototype-driven process to pose and solve problems unanticipated by the problems of the present.

Whether final built designs, or versions produced along the way, all designs are temporary, provisional solutions. We thus give the name FUTURES to these design prototypes—versions and final design alike—as each is not only a solution to an existing problem, but each is also a means by which to interrogate existing problems and formulate unanticipated problems and solutions. FUTURES are thus designs—industrial products, buildings, and urban designs—but they are also provocations that anticipate the unknown, the unpredictable, the future.

DESIGN ENERGY FUTURES names a disposition towards this new world. But it also names a new research and design program at Syracuse Architecture that leads to a Master of Science (MS) in Architecture. Led and coordinated

by Professor Fei Wang, the program focuses on energy and the built environment with research and design projects ranging across many scales, from urban design to high performance buildings, from VR and computational simulation to

material research and product design, and across a range of disciplinary practices.

Students are directed for the duration of the program by faculty actively engaged in externally sponsored research and design projects, and have numerous opportunities for research internships with faculty, affiliated offices, and industry sponsors. The program requires the completion of 30 credit hours, typically over the course of three semesters.

Coursework consists of two required studios paired with a research seminar and a series of electives meant to complement the studios. Applicants holding a professional degree in architecture, landscape architecture, urban design or urban planning are encouraged to apply. Applicants in related disciplines, including management, engineering, geography, graphic and product design many also be admitted at the discretion of the admissions committee in consultation with program administrators.

Michael Speaks, Ph.D. Dean and Professor Syracuse Architecture

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DEAN’S INTRODUCTION

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DEAN’S INTRODUCTION

THE GLOBAL SPREAD: XIONG’AN NEW AREA

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Rem Koolhaas suggested in his 2014 Venice Biennale catalogue that modernization began to accelerate in 1914 with the onset of the first world war, transforming national identity, and thus national architecture identity, into a Universal Modernism that today, more than 100 years later, can be seen in cities around the world.

Cities, Koolhaas suggests, and the buildings that define them, which in 1914 looked very different from one another, today look very much alike. Koolhaas’s assumption is that modernization begins in the West and quickly colonizes the rest of the world, leaving only “non-architectural” building practices and customs as traces of national architectural identity. That, in fact, is one of the story lines of the 2014 Venice Biennale.

If Koolhaas is right, modernization creates, as it byproduct, a paste of Universal Modernism made from the pulverized remnants of local, regional and national architecture identity, which is spread evenly around the world, pushed even into the most underdeveloped economic crevices, cracks and deformations, to create a uniformly smooth surface. Evidence of this spread has given adherents and antagonists alike reason to believe that global modernization is the completion of a linear process that began in the West and that has smoothed over and re-made the rest of the world in its image and likeness. But Koolhaas is not right.

Modernization is not homogeneous, and it is not linear.

Modernization does not begin in the West, as Koolhaas and many others believe, and spread around the world, transforming difference

into sameness. Rather, global modernization is heterogeneous and non-linear and is defined neither by space nor by time, but instead by speed. Global modernization is a humming, churning chaos that operates at different speeds in different zones, quarters, and districts of the city and, indeed, in different cities within different countries all around the world—all at the same time, all simultaneously. Even the paste of Universal Modernism is not uniform and smooth, but is revealed, upon closer inspection, as a fractal urban spread of pockets, bands and swirls, all modernizing unevenly, at a relentless, though uneven, pace.

Nowhere is this more evident than in Xiong’an New Area, which forms the spread of a very different temporality than the one imagined

by Koolhaas and other minor Enlightenment architects, urbanists and theorists. Our contemporary world is more unpredictable, interconnected, and more interdependent than Rem Koolhaas and the minor deities of contemporary Enlightenment thinking ever imagined. And by definition, so too is the city, which architects and urbanists are increasingly called upon to manage and smooth into the paste of Universal Modernism that Koolhaas and others simultaneously loath and love. Dependent on normative master planning and data-driven smart solutions, strategies that are inherently conservative rather than future oriented, our best architects and planners continue to focus on managing the present rather than on speculating about what might exist in the future.

As professionals, they focus on what is rather than on what might

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DEAN’S INTRODUCTION

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be. Accepting Xiong’an New Area as a spread of global modernization moving at differentiated speed and experienced as a marbleized temporality, the work featured in this catalogue proposes temporary design solutions and provocations that pose problems unanticipated by the present: Each studio presumes to suggest that the city is more important now than ever; each project is thus a speculative aspiration to access the real-but-ultimately-inaccessible temporality that is the future; and each student takes on the responsibility to become a designer and not merely an architect, planner or urbanist.

In May 2018, Fei Wang, Syracuse Architecture Assistant Professor and M.S. in Architecture Coordinator, published the work of M.S. in Architecture students from Fall 2017 and Undergraduate students from Spring 2018 as part of Design | Energy | Futures: Xiong’an 1.0.

The two studios worked within the M.S. in Architecture core research agenda to develop urban design proposals as well as post-industrial regeneration proposals for Xiong’an. The book and research are sponsored by the Shenzhen Institute of Building Research.

The projects featured in the catalogue were exhibited at the 2018 Venice Biennale as part of the “Time Space Existence” section curated by the European Cultural Center, and were shortlisted for the University Project Award. This same work was also exhibited in Summer 2018 at the World Innovation & Entrepreneurship Expo (WIEE) in Shanghai.

Supported by the National Ministry of Science and Technology and the

Shanghai Municipal Government, and situated within the framework of the Pujiang Innovation Forum, Tongji University initiated and hosted the WIEE to promote innovation and entrepreneurship in Shanghai but also, more broadly, in China. The Syracuse Architecture pavilion took the form of a shipping container where studio work and physical models were exhibited.

In addition, Professor Wang, along with Syracuse Architecture students Rongzhu Gu (MS ’17), Furui Sun (BArch ’19), Minglu Wei (BArch ’19), and Bingyu Zeng (MS ’18), were invited in Summer 2018 to collaborate with Syracuse Architecture partner and sponsor, Shenzhen IBR, to renovate three courtyard houses near Beijing in Rong County (the future Xiong’an New Area). These houses will serve as residential, working and cafeteria facilities for IBR employees. The students worked on new designs for the houses and installed many new housing features, including handmade color cement tiles and solar blocks. In addition, they transformed the alleyway into an outdoor E-Art Museum, and installed as the first show their own drawings of urban regeneration in Xiong’an and Shenzhen.

Michael Speaks, Ph.D. Dean and Professor Syracuse Architecture

DEAN’S INTRODUCTION

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XIONG’AN NEW AREA

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Syracuse Architecture Professor Fei Wang and MS and BArch students working in Xiong’an in the Summer of 2018

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Syracuse Architecture on Courtyard Houses Renovation in Xiong’an in the Summer of 2018 (Illustration by Minglu Wei)

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BARCH RESEARCH PROJECT

DRAWING BAITA VILLAGE

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Baita Village, located within the territory of Rongcheng County, Hebei Province, is situated to the west of the central axis of Xiong’an New Area. Xiong’an was announced in April 2017 as a new Special Economic Zone (SEZ), and is meant to funtion in parallel with other SEZs to transform and enhance economic and political developments in China.

This documentation catalogue propose to draw a portrait of the development of Xiong’an by making use of affective imagery, narrative, and provocations. This portrait is by intention quite different from objective, “professional” documentation normally associated with such catalogues. Our intention is to picture the life of existing rural villages on by cataloging life on a more personal, emotional, microscopic level.

Minglu Wei Ying Zuo

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Baita Village

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Baita Village

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Baita Village

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Baita Village

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Baita Village

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Baita Village

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Baita Village

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Baita Village

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Baita Village

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Baita Village

XIONG’AN, WETLAND URBANISM

INTRODUCTION

XIONG’AN: WETLAND URBANISM

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China is currently developing a new area in the Beijing-TianjinHebei region that is meant to transform the north in the same way that the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone transformed the south and the Shanghai Pudong New Area transformed the east of China.

Established in April 2017, Xiong’an New Area is located about 100 km southwest of Beijing. Its primary function is to serve as a development hub for the Beijing-TianjinHebei (Jingjinji) economic triangle.

Additionally, “non-core” functions of the Chinese capital are expected eventually to migrate here, including offices of some state-owned enterprises, government agencies and research and development facilities. Xiong’an will spur economic growth and assume many of Beijing’s non-governmental

funtions.

As the government states, the establishment of the Xiong’an New Area in Hebei province is a “major historic and strategic choice made by the Communist Party of China Central Committee with President Xi Jinping as the core. It (the decision to set up the new area) is a strategy crucial for a millennium to come.” The area, about 100 km southwest of downtown Beijing, will span three counties that sit at the center of the triangular area formed

by Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei’s provincial capital, Shijiazhuang. The area has many positive geological advantages, convenient transportation, an excellent ecological environment, ample resources, and lots of room for development. It has an initial phase development area of 100 km,2 extending across 60 villages in Rongcheng and Anxin. The New Area will eventually expand in the future to more than 2000 km.2 The move will relocate from Beijing functions that are not related to the capital; explore a new model of optimized development in densely populated areas; and restructure the urban layout in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.

Xiong’an is unarguably the most ambitious urban planning initiative to emerge in the new century and is defined by seven major tasks: 1. To build a world-class, green modern, and smart new city; 2. To become a city with a scenic ecological environment, blue skies, fresh air, and clean water; 3. To develop high-end, innovative industries as new growth engines; 4. To create quality public services and infrastructure as well as a new urban management

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model; 5. To establish a fast, effective, and green transport network; 6. To initiate structural and institutional reforms that stimulate market vitality; 7. To open up to the outside world and become a new platform for foreign cooperation.

Baiyangdian Wetland is located southeast of Xion’an and is about one-fifth the new city’s size. It is the largest freshwater wetland in Northern China. It is referred to as the “Kidney of North China.”

Baiyangdian brings together nine of the upper reaches of the river water. The wetland is home to about 50 varieties of fish and multiple varieties of wild geese, duck, and birds. The wetland and side parks are also home to a vast number of lotus, reeds, and other plants.

Many locals make a living harvesting the fauna and flora of the lake.

The wetland has played a major role in the ecosystem of Northern China throughout history. Drought and the over-exploitation of groundwater, combined with the influx of industrial wastewater from upper streams, Baiyangdian Wetland today is plagued with water shortages and the pollution of ecological systems. With the establishment of Xiong’An New Area aries the challenge of building a future city upon a heavily-contaminated natural wetland. It is this challenge that faces planners and architects as they explore the full potential of Wetland Urbanism in relation to social, political, economic, cultural, and technological aspects.

In Fall 2018, the Syracuse Architecture MS Research Studio, led by Professor WANG Fei, began a research project intended to take

on these challenges by designing proposals for Xiong’an to become a networked artificial ecology, an urban wetland. Students explored the historic and existing conditions of Xiong’an and discovered wetland urban systems operating at various scales: global, regional, metropolitan, district, and architectural. One of the student projects, Designing Eco-Tourism in Baiyang Lake: Future Metropolitan Water District, argues for a sophisticated model of eco-tourism that would enable the wetlands to become a natural ecological system and a profitable industry that would create jobs for local residents. The other student project, The Urban Linear Development of Fu River, examines Baiyangdian Wetland’s ecosystem and its larger context, especially the upper stream of Fu River.

Another project, Infra-Waterscape: Cross-Scale Researches and Waterscape Strategies for Xiong’an New Area, focuses on “anthro-ecology” at different scales.

This book continues the work and ambition of Xiong’an 1.0 to use advanced, interdisciplinary design and research methods to create innovative, energy-efficient designs for the cites of the future.

Fei Wang MS Program Coordinator School of Architecture Syracuse University

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INTRODUCTION

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XIONG’AN -- Rongcheng County

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XIONG’AN --Anxin County

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XIONG’AN -- Xiongxian County

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XIONG’AN -- Baiyangdian Wetland

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XIONG’AN -- Baiyangdian Wetland

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XIONG’AN -- Baiyangdian Wetland

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XIONG’AN -- Baiyangdian Wetland

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MS Workshop: One Architecture & Urbanism

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MS Workshop: Michael Speaks

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MS Workshop: Ada Liu, Kari Ku & Bingyu Zeng

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MS Workshop: Designing Water Conference

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MS Workshop: Julia Czerniak

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MS Workshop: Planet

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MS Workshop: Minglu Wei

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MS Studio Review

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MS Studio Review

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MS Thesis Review

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MS Class of 2018 Gradation Ceremony

MS RESEARCH THESIS

ANTHRO ECOLOGY: URBAN WATER ENVIRONMENT AND NEW WATERSCAPES

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On April 1, 2017, the Chinese government announced the establishment of the Xiong’An New Area in Hebei province. While its main function is to serve as a development hub for the “JingJinJi (BeijingTianjin-Hebei)” economic triangle, it is also expected to offload the “non-capital” functions of Beijing and explore new urban development patterns. And it will be built on a heavily-contaminated natural wetland.

Beginning with the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, human activities have, over time, negatively impacted all natural eco-systems and the earth’s climate. There are many studies based on ecological urbanism and landscape urbanism. The focus of

my work, is somewhat different and focuses instead on “anthro-ecology, ” on units that can be assembled into larger, higher-level ecological systems.

The primary research object is the Baiyangdian Wetland. By studying the living (ingestion) pattern and polluting (excretion) patterns of the human ecosystem, my project develops a collection of ecological units (biotopes) suitable for different functional districts that can be assembled into larger, higher-level ecological units, each of which alleviates the city’s pressure on the Baiyangdian Wetland.

Bingyu Zeng

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MS Thesis Workshop: Stanislaus Fung

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On February 23, 2017, Xi Jinping inspected the Plan work of Xiong'an New Area in Hebei Province

On February 23, 2017, Xi Jinping inspected the ecological environment protection work of Xiong'an New Area in Baiyangdian, Hebei Province.

STRATEGIES

2017 Xinwen Lianbo, "Decision to set up Xiong'an New Area of Hebei Province"

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2015

POLICIES

Feb. 10

Feb. 29

After listening to the reports of the three provinces and cities of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, Xi Jinping, the general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, officially adopted the "Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development" as an important national strategy.

At the 9th meeting of the Central Financial and Economic Leading Group, General Secretary Xi Jinping deliberated and put forward the idea of “multiple points, one city, and old city reorganization” when deliberating on the “Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development plan”. One of the concerns of "one city" is to study and think about the construction of a new city outside Beijing.

Li Keqiang, the premier of the State Council, presided over the special meeting of the State Council and put forward specific requirements for the Beijing city sub-center and centralized carrying areas.

Building Concept

Mar. 26

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2016

Feb. 26

On March 26, the “New Urbanization Plan of Hebei Province” was released.

Although the regulation does not mention the “sub-center”, it is sure that it will resolve the capital function of Beijing (for example, to undertake some administrative units that dispel Beijing) and position Baoding as “the important city of supporting the capital”.

April.2, 10 Xi Jinping presided over the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee to study and review the "Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Collaborative Development Plan", and proposed to "deeply study and demonstrate the problem of the new city" "considering the appropriateness in Hebei The place to plan and build a modern new city led by the new development concept." Since then, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development leading group has taken the lead in organizing research and demonstration to establish a centralized carrying area.

Mar. 24 Xi Jinping presided over the meeting of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and agreed to be named "Xiong New District".

May. 27 The Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee reviewed the "Report on the Planning and Construction of the Beijing City Sub-center and the Research and Establishment of the Xiong'an New District of Hebei Province". This is the first time that the "Xiong New District" appeared in the title of the report. The meeting adopted the "Implementation Plan for the Establishment of Hebei Xiong'an New District" in principle, and the specific preparation work of the Xiong'an New District was immediately carried out under the condition of "high confidentiality".

May. 23 April. 3 ECONOMY: After the central government announced the establishment of the Xiong'an New District in Baoding City, Hebei Province, and set it as a key development zone, the local property prices soared more than double in one day. The government immediately took urgent measures to stabilize property prices, including closing the sale.

April. 23 ENVIRONMENT: Wang Jinnan, deputy director and chief engineer of the Environmental Planning Institute of the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, talked about the serious status quo of the water shortage and pollution in the new area. He believes that environmental issues are the biggest challenge facing the development of Xiong'an New District.

May. 11

2017

ECONOMY: The Central Government Organs Housing Fund Management Center issued the "Notice on Implementing the "Let's Carrying Out" Reform Spirit to Do a Good Job in the Payment of Housing Provident Funds", and announced the announcement of eight new measures for housing provident fund deposit services. Provided a series of supporting services for the central government in the areas of coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, integration of urban and rural development, employment and entrepreneurship, innovation and creation, and state-owned assets management.

July. 6 TRANSPORTATION: Beijing South Railway Station will operate two pairs of EMU trains in the direction of Baoding Station, stopping at Bazhou West, Baigou, Baiyangdian and Xushui. After the train started, it strengthened the convenience of railway transportation between Xiong'an New District and Beijing.

EDUCATION: On the afternoon of May 11, 2017, Hao Ping, secretary of the Party Committee of Peking University, led a delegation to visit Hebei.

Zhao Kezhi, secretary of the Hebei Provincial Party Committee and director of the Standing Committee of the Provincial People's Congress, Xu Qin, deputy secretary of the provincial party committee and governor, met with Hao Ping and his entourage.

The two sides fully exchanged views on strengthening the strategic cooperation between the province and the province and reached a five-point consensus.

August

Feb. 23

June. 21

April. 14

General Secretary Xi Jinping went to Anxin County, Hebei Province to investigate and hosted a symposium on the planning and construction of the Xiong'an New District in Hebei Province.

At the meeting on the planning and construction of the Xiong'an New District in Hebei Province, Xu Qin, the governor of Hebei Province, read the "Reply from the Central Authorities on the Establishment of the Administrative Organization of Hebei Xiong'an New District". The Office of the Central Organizing Committee decided to set up the CPC Hebei The Anxin District Working Committee and the Hebei Xiong'an New District Management Committee are the agencies of the provincial party committee and the provincial government. They are responsible for organizing and coordinating the new district, comprehensively developing and constructing management, and carrying out custody of Xiongxian, Rongcheng and Anxin counties and surrounding areas. The New District Management Committee is also guided by the State Council and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Collaborative Development Leading Group Office.

Chen Gang is the secretary of the Party Working Committee of the Xiong'an New District and the director of the Management Committee. Liu Baoling is the deputy secretary of the Party Working Committee of Renxiong New District and the executive deputy director of the Administrative Committee of Xiong'an New District.

The "Planning Outline of Hebei Xiong'an New District" was approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council.

April.1 On April 1, 2017, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued a notice and decided to establish the Xiong'an New District in Hebei. In the notice, the new district will be positioned as “a millennium plan and a national event”, “another new district with national significance after the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone and Shanghai Pudong New Area”. The main task of the new district is to become "the city of the non-capital functions of Beijing."

April.2 On April 2, 2017, at the meeting of leading cadres held in Rongcheng County, Party Xiaolong, deputy secretary of the Provisional Party Committee of the New District, said that he would “take control and control work as a top priority”, especially “land violations”. The meeting also announced that, according to the entrustment of the provincial government, the temporary party committee will take over the work of the cadres and freeze the personnel changes on April 2. On April 3, the temporary party committee of Xiong'an New District began to work in Rongcheng County.

ENVIRONMENT: Tsinghua University Xiong'an New Area Planning and Construction Development Summit Forum

November. 16

Feb. 28

ENVIRONMENT: The fifth Yellow River – Baiyangdian Water Transfer Project started to operate. It lasted for about 83 days, and the water replenishment was about 100 million cubic meters. The water level of Baiyangdian rised by about 80 centimeters.

TRANSPORTATION: The Jingxiong Intercity Railway started, and it is expected to be put into use at the end of 2020.

2018

Landscape Patterns In the previous part, we mentioned the three possible starting points of Anthropocene. In this part, I made a timeline of Baiyangdian area, of over 13,000 years.

PREHISTORIC PERIOD

QUATERNARY PERIOD Pleistocene

Paleolithic Age

The Formation of the Ancient Baiyangdian The evolution of anatomically modern humans took place. The depression in the central area of Hebei tends to fill in and form the ancient Baiyangdian Lake - the ancient lake basin of Wen'an.

Homo erectus, Homo sapiens appeared.

Neolithic Age

Holocene

Since 11700 years ago

The History of the Ancient Baiyangdian and the Formation of the Modern Baiyangdian The river system originating from Taihang Mountain formed an alluvial fan in the east side of Taihang Mountains. With the change of climate and sea water infiltration, the waters of the ancient Baiyangdian Lake expanded and sometimes shrunk.

The evolution of anatomically modern humans took place. The depression in the central area of Hebei tends to fill in and form the ancient Baiyangdian Lake - the ancient lake basin of Wen'an

Xushui Nanzhuang Heritage Site The discovery of early pottery was of great significance for studying the way of human life in the early Neolithic Age, the origin of pottery and the ecological environment at that time.

8000 BC Early Neolithic

8000 - 5500 BC

The Re-emergency of the Ancient Baiyangdian In the early Holocene period from 10,000 to 7500 years ago, the dried ancient Baiyangdian re-emerged.

Anthropocene [1]

Since 12000-15000 years ago

Athropocene [1] Agriculture Revolution

We can learn from this timeline the process of the development of the this area from every aspects.

We can also use this thumbnail to see what happens after each "starting point".

Early Anthropocene Model - Agricultural Revolution While much of the environmental change occurring on Earth is suspected to be a direct consequence of the Industrial Revolution, William Ruddiman has argued that the proposed Anthropocene began approximately 8,000 years ago with the development of farming and sedentary cultures. At this point, humans were dispersed across all of the continents (except Antarctica), and the Neolithic Revolution was ongoing. During this period, humans developed agriculture and animal husbandry to supplement or replace hunter-gatherer subsistence. Such innovations were followed by a wave of extinctions, beginning with large mammals and land birds. This wave was driven by both the direct activity of humans (e.g. hunting) and the indirect consequences of land-use change for agriculture.

7000 - 5000 BC Rongcheng Uphill Heritage Site I, Anxin Liangzhuang Heritage Site Lower Layer etc.

Typical cultural relics include millstone, pottery decorated with geometric patterns, and support arms. This kind of remains belongs to the Northern Fudi Phase I cultural system; and also has some similarities with the Cishan culture. The times should be roughly equal.

6500-5000 BC Early Neolithic North Fudi Phase I Culture

Anxin Liucun Heritage Site Lower Layer, North Rongcheng Hertiagge Site Typical cultural relics include pottery pots, pottery support arms, and different kinds of containers. This kind of remains is earlier than the Hougang Phase I culture, slightly later than the North Fudi Phase II culture, and belongs to a cultural relic of the Pre-Yangshao era, which can be called the second phase of North Fudi culture.

5000-4700 BC Neolithic North Fudi Phase II Culture Pre-Yangshao Culture

Anxin Liucun Heritage Site Upper Layer Typical pottery has terracotta pots, different forms of containers, tripods, etc. The cultural nature belongs to the first post culture.

4700-4000 BC Neolithic, Early Yangshao Era Culture Hougang Phase I Culture

Renqiu Sangezhuang Heritage Site The typical cultural relics are painted pottery pots, basin, etc., decorated with red and brown colors, and the patterns have curved triangles, dots, etc..

4000-3500 BC Neolothic, Mid-Yangshao Era Culture

Rongcheng Wufang Heritage Site The typical pottery is cylindrical cans and potteries, mainly red, with patterns such as strips, triangles, nets and diagonal stripes. The painted pottery is somewhat similar to the Big Sikong culture, and the age is roughly the same.

3500-3000 BC Late Neolothic, Late Yangshao Era Culture

5500 - 500 BC

Bronze Age

The Origin of Agriculture in the Yellow River Basin Relatively mature farming civilization appeared in the Yellow River watershed.

The Peak of the Ancient Baiyangdian During the Middle Holocene from 7500 to 2500 years ago, marine transgression occurred in the eastern part of the Hebei Plain. The sea level rose, and the river flow was obstructed. Simultaneously, the climate is humid and rainy; thus the river water was increasing.

The water area of Baiyangdian was expanding to the peak of the whole Holocene.

Since 3100-2700 BC

The earliest bronze artifacts have been found in the Majiayao culture site.

Rongcheng Uphill Heritage Site II, Xushui Baohe Heritage Site, etc.

Typical cultural relics include red-brown pottery pots, basins and muddy brown pottery figurines, and a small number of painted pottery. It belongs to the cultural heritage of the transition to the Longshan Era at the end of the Yangshao Era. The cultural nature basically belongs to the Xueshan Phase I Culture

3000-2600 BC Late Neolothic, Late Yangshao Era Culture Xueshan Phase I Culture

PRE-QIN PERIOD

2852-222 BC

The Three Sovereigns & Five Emperors Age

2852-2070 BC The Three Sovereigns: Fuxi, Nvwa, Shennong; The Five Emperors: Yellow Emperor, Zhuanxu, Emperor Ku Emperor Yao, Emperor Shun

The Three Sovereigns, were said to be god-kings, demigods or god emperors who used their abilities to improve the lives of their people and impart to them essential skills and knowledge. The Five Emperors are portrayed as exemplary sages who possessed great moral character and lived to a great age and ruled over a period of great peace.These kings are said to have helped introduce the use of fire, taught people how to build houses and invented farming. The Yellow Emperor's wife is credited with the invention of silk culture. The discovery of medicine, the invention of the calendar and Chinese script are also credited to the kings. After their era, Yu the Great founded the Xia Dynasty.

Rongcheng Hexi Heritage Site, Anxin Shenming Temple Heritage Site, Laicheng Heritage Site, Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritage Site, etc.

Typical culture relics includes gray pottery and black pottery.

The popular decorative patterns includes string, basket and square pattern. There are many similarities with the remains of the Longshan Era in the southern part of Hebei Province.

2600-2000 BC Late Neolothic, Longshan Era Culture Hougang Phase II Culture

Xia-Shang-Zhou Period

Emperor Yao Great Yu Controls the Water & Emperor Earlier than 2000BC when it was Emperor Yao Age, there was a great flood Shun Age in the Yellow River Basin, continued for several generations. Gun, Yu’s Father, was appointed by Emperor Yao to control the flood, but was failed.

He was punished and his son, Yu, was appointed to take Gun’s place. Yu used a different approach to abate the great flood, which in the end having achieved the success. Yu's approach seems to have involved an approach more oriented toward drainage and less towards containment with dams and dikes; and this thought (of dredging) has a profound effect in China’s future theories and practice of river harnessing. After his work, Yu was respected and supported by the public, and inaugurating dynastic rule in China by establishing the Xia Dynasty.

2050±150 BC

Yellow River Diversion According to geological studies, the Yellow River had a major change in 2050±150 BC, from east (Shandong into the sea) to north (Hebei and Tianjin) into the sea. Longshan culture in the west of Henan and the south of Shanxi was continued in the Erlitou culture; while the Longshan culture in Shandong, which flourished before the flood, declined at this time, and even began to retrogress.

2070-771 BC Xia-Shang-Zhou Period refers to Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, and West Zhou Dynasty

It was about 4000-2770 year ago when the three dynasties were flourished in the hinterland of the Central Plains of Ancient China; their splendid culture influenced the surrounding area.

The Baiyangdian area, which located in the lower reaches of the ancient Yellow River, is between the Central Plains of China and the northern part of Didi while it belonged to the Central Plains dynasties. Therefore, the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties actively expanded northward, focusing on the vigorous operation of the Baiyangdian area, making this area gradually become the enclosure barrier of the northern frontier. As the dynasty changed, the Baiyangdian area in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was, on the one hand the bridge between Yan State and Zhao State plus Qi State, and on the other hand was the front line of the defense between the two sides.

Anxin Xinkezhuang Heritage Site I, Rongcheng Uphill Heritage Site III, Bailong Heritage Site, Wufang Heritage Site, Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritage Site II, etc.

The northern boundary of the Central Plains dynasty was actively advancing northward and was close to the southern margin of the Baiyangdian area. Typical culture relics includes gray potteries, beans and other forms of containers. This is a special culture in the junction between the north and the south culture systems, which is called "Xia Yuegezhuang Culture", while it still has its own characteristics. This is the unique local culture of the Baiyangdian area, though it allied to the Central Plains culture circle, and is the alliance culture of the Central Plains dynasty expanding toward the north.

2070-1600 BC Xia Dynasty, Xia Yuegezhuang Culture

Central Plains Shang Culture: Rongcheng Uphill Heritage Site IV, Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritageg Site III; Northern Culture System: Anxin Xinkezhuang Heritage Site II The northern border of the Central Plains Dynasty has been pushed to the Baiyangdian area, and the northern culture has gradually been pushed out of this area. The cultural relics of the Shang Dynasty were more complicated than before, including at least two cultural systems: the Shang Culture system and the northern culture system. Typical culture relics of the former is similar to the remains of the Yinxu; and this culture belongs to the same culture system as the Yinxu culture, though it remains some characteristics that belong to the northern cultures.

1600-1406 BC Shang Dynasty, Central Plains Shang Culture, Northern Culture System

Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritage Site IV, etc.

The northern boundary of the Central Plains Zhou Dynasty had already advanced to the Yanshan, and the Baiyangdian area was developed into the backup zone of the northern boundary.

The Yan State managed the north at the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty. However, the historical records of the Yan State of the Western Zhou Dynasty are unclear, and the archaeological remains outside the Yan Capital are also limited.

Few sites are found in the Baiyangdian area during the Western Zhou Dynasty; main culture relics include the Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritage Site.

1406-771 BC Zhou Dynasty, Western Zhou Period Central Plains Western Zhou Culture

Iron Age

Since 9th century BC

The development of iron metallurgy was known by the 9th century BC. The large seal script is identified with a group of characters from a book entitled Shĭ Zhoù Piān (c. 800 BC)

The Spring and Autumn Period & Warning States Period

770-221 BC Xia-Shang-Zhou Period refers to Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, and West Zhou Dynasty

Time and Space (Atlas): A chronological and spatial research on Baiyangdian Wetland

Marquis of Yan moved the capital to Linyi in the early Spring and Autumn Period. During the Warring States Period, Wuyang City, which is now famous as the Yanxiadu Heritage site, was built on the north bank of Yishui.

For most time of the Warring States period, the southern part of the Yan State was boarded by Yishui, and the Baiyangdian area happened to be in the southern part of the Yan State. At the same time, it was also the near-capital area.

Another famous symbol of the southern part of the Yan State during the Warring States Period was the Southern Great Wall of Yan built along Yishui. The northern Great Wall of Yan State mainly defends the northern tribes such as Donghu and Shant, while the South Great Wall is mainly facing Zhao and Qi. The archaeological discovery of the Yannan Great Wall remains in the west from the Taihang Mountain in Yi County. It flows eastward through Xushui, Rongcheng, Anxin, Xiongxian, and Wen'an to Dacheng, with a total length of nearly 260 kilometers. This Great Wall is not only the southern boundary of the Yan State but also the dividing line between Yan and Zhao. It is also the frontier of the important cultural exchanges between Yan and Zhao.

Nanyang Heritage Site I of Rongcheng, Da Magezhuang Cemetery of Xushui, etc.

The relics of the Yan State in the Spring and Autumn Period were found to be less, mainly including the Nanyang Heritage Site I of Rongcheng and the Da Magezhuang Cemetery of Xushui. Typical pottery such as columns, cans and different form of containers and sacrificial wares.

770-256 BC Zhou Dynasty, Eastern Zhou Period Yan Culture of Eastern Zhou

Lower Capital of Yan The northern boundary of the Central Plains Zhou Dynasty had already advanced to the Yanshan, and the Baiyangdian area was developed into the backup zone of the northern boundary.

The Yan State managed the north at the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty. However, the historical records of the Yan State of the Western Zhou Dynasty are unclear, and the archaeological remains outside the Yan Capital are also limited.

Few sites are found in the Baiyangdian area during the Western Zhou Dynasty; main culture relics includes the Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritage Site.

Around 400 BC Mid-Warning States Period, Yan Culture

The Southern Great Wall of Yan The Southern Great Wall of Yan, or the Yishui Great Wall, was built to defend Yan from the attack of Zhao and Qi. It flows eastward through Xushui, Rongcheng, Anxin, Xiongxian, and Wen'an to Dacheng, with a total length of nearly 260 kilometers. This Great Wall is not only the southern boundary of the Yan State but also the dividing line between Yan and Zhao.

It is also the frontier of the important cultural exchanges between Yan and Zhao.

323-222 BC Late-Warning States Period, Yan State (Separated), Yan Culture

The Great Diversion of the Yu River Yu River was the ancient name of the Yellow River In the 5th year of the King Ding of Zhou Dynasty, the Yellow River retraced in Suxukou, Liyang (now southwest of Jun County, Henan Province), deviated from the old river channel of the Yellow River (Yu River), and enter the sea in Zhangwu (now northeast of Jixian County, Hebei Province). It was the first diversion after the flood abated by Yu the Great. The original old channel sometimes went water, and it was completely stopped in the middle of the Warring States period.

500 BC

The Desintegration of the Ancient Baiyangdian In the late Holocene, the climate turned to drought, and the precipitation became smaller. The Baiyangdian became shallower, and the water area became smaller, including partial drought. The ancient Baiyangdian gradually disintegrated.

Yishui and Baiyangdian Yishui is consisted with 3 branches, the north Yishui, the middle Yishui, and the south Yishui, which is the one that went into Baiyangdian.

QIN-HAN PERIOD

227 BC

Jing Ke Assassinates the Emperor of Qin Crown Prince Dan ordered Jing Ke to assassinate the emperor of Qin. Jing Ke bade his friend Jianli farewell in the south Yishui and set up his journey to Emperor Qin. Jing Ke failed.

221 BC-220 AD Xia-Shang-Zhou Period refers to Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, and West Zhou Dynasty

From the Qin Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, although the number of archaeological remains discovered in the Baiyangdian area is limited, the traditional features of cultural continuity remain. They have the distinct commonalities of the unified culture of the Central Plains dynasty, and more or less contain some regional culture, especially the factors of northern culture.

Qin Dynasty

221-206 BC

Qin unified the Central Plains, set prefectures and counties.

Baiyangdian area is located in Yi County, Guangyang Prefecture.

West-Han Dynasty

206 BC - 25 AD

The You prefecture was established in the Western Han Dynasty, and the Baiyangdian area was divided into both Rongcheng County and Yi County.

East-Han Dynasty

25-220 AD

The Ji prefecture was established in the Western Han Dynasty, and the Baiyangdian area was located here.

THE PERIOD OF THE THREE KINGDOMS, JIN DYNASTY, AND THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN DYNASTIES

195-220 AD

Cao Cao develops the canals system In order to unify the north, Cao Cao has developed a number of canals for the purpose of military transportation, forming the current Haihe system, which has a certain impact on the changes of Baiyangdian waters.

250-305 AD

Juelidian, the old name of Baiyangdian Zuo Si, Wei Capital Ode Zuo Si, was a Chinese writer and poet who lived in the Western Jin Dynasty.

Baiyangdian was recorded as Juelidian in Wei Capital Ode, one of his famous works, the Three Capitals Odes, which caused a phenomenal sale in Luoyang.

466 AD

Baiyangdian Area in the Northern Wei Dynasty Li Daoyuan recorded the Dawodian and Xiaowodian in the south of Rongcheng County in the Yishui Chapter of the Commentary on the Water Classic*. According to researches, it is currently Dawangdian and Xiaowangdian in the Baiyangdian area

220-589 AD

It is a period of chaos in the history of China for four hundred years. The dynasty is changing rapidly, and there are situations in which multiple regimes coexist. For a long time, it is a confrontation between the North and the South.

The Three Kingdoms

220-280 AD

The Three Kingdoms was the tripartite division of China between the states of Wei(Cao), Shu(Liu), and Wu(Sun). It started with the end of the Han Dynasty and was followed by the Jin Dynasty. Baiyangdian area is located in the sphere of influence of the Wei State.

Baiyangdian area is located in the sphere of influence of the Wei State.

220-265 AD Wei State; King: Cao Pi

Jin Dynasty

265-420 AD

There are two main divisions in the history of the dynasty. The Western Jin was established as a successor state to Cao Wei, and had its capital at Luoyang and Chang'an. Western Jin reunited China in 280, but fairly shortly thereafter fell into a succession crisis, civil war, and invasion by the "Five Barbarians". The rebels and invaders began to establish new self-proclaimed states in the Yellow River valley in 304, inaugurating the "Sixteen Kingdoms" era. These states immediately began fighting each other and the Jin Empire, leading to the second division of the dynasty, the Eastern Jin when Sima Rui moved the capital to Jiankang (modern Nanjing); and Baiyangdian area was under the control of the north regime.

The Northern and Southern Dynasties

4.Feb.265-11.Dec.316 AD

The Western Jin Dynasty The Western Jin Dynasty was the only period of great unification in the period of the Three Kingdoms, Jin Dynasty, and the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

The Eastern Jin Dynasty; The Period of the Five Barbarians and the Sixteen Kingdoms; Although the Eastern Jin Dynasty is a continuation of the Sima regime, most of its ruling areas are in Jiangdong, also known as Jiang Zuo. At that time, the regimes established by many nomadic peoples in the north fought for years, and the history was called the period of the Five Barbarians and the Sixteen Kingdoms.

The South Regime: The Eastern Jin Dynasty 317-420 AD

The North Regime: The Five Barbarians and The Sixteen Kingdoms 304-439 AD

Baiyangdian area was under the control of the north regime in the period of the Five Barbarians and the Sixteen Kingdoms.

420-589 AD The South Regime:

The North Regime: the Northern Wei 386-534 AD

Song 420-479

534 AD Renqiu Huanglei Xing’s Family Graveyard This family graveyard is currently located in Zanhuang County, Hebei Province, which is to the southwest of Xiong’an New Area. It migrated to the current location in 534 AD, the last year of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

The Southern and Northern Dynasties began with the establishment of Liu Song in Liu Jinyu's Eastern Jin in 420, and the annihilation of the South Chen in 589. They are called the Northern and Southern Dynasties since the two forces are facing each other for a long time. The Southern Dynasties (Southern Regime) included the four dynasties of Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen; the Northern Dynasties (Northern Regime) included the Five Dynasties which are the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty.

Qi 479-502 Liang 502-557

*The Commentary on the Water Classic The Commentary on the Water Classic is a work on the ancient geography of China, describing the traditional understanding of its waterways and ancient canals, compiled by Li Daoyuan during the Northern Wei Dynasty.

The book is divided into sections by river, each described with its source, course, and major tributaries, including cultural and historical notes.

the Eastern Wei 534-550 the Western Wei 535-557 the Northern Qi 550-577 the Northern Zhou 557-581

Chen 557-589

SUI-TANG PERIOD

581-907 AD

The Sui Dynasty

581-619 AD

The Sui and Tang Dynasties were the two great unified dynasties after a long period of chaos. This period is the second great reunification of China after the Qin-Han period.

The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is located in eastern China. It has a total length of 1,794 kilometers. It runs from Beijing to Hangzhou, flowing through the four provinces of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang, communicating with the five major river systems of Hai River, Yellow River, Huai River, Yangtze River, and Qiantang River. The Sui government formed the canal waterway on the basis of the Han Trench, which is initially built in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Baiyangdian area belongs to the system of Hai River.

Baiyangdian area was located in the rural places of the Zhuo Prefecture, Shanggu Prefecture and Hejian Prefecture.

The Tang Dynasty

However, the excavation of the Yongji Canal (now the South Canal) has blocked the flood discharge from the rivers that originated in the Taihang Mountains, causing the flood in the middle and lower reaches of the river, and the water in the low-lying area formed lakes. New Book of Tang, Geography Treaties records that "there are ninety-nine lakes" which refers to the current Baiyangdian.

618-907 AD

Baiyangdian area was located in the rural places of the You Prefecture and Yi Prefecture, Hebei Dao.

FIVE DYNASTIES AND TEN KINGDOMS PERIOD, AND THE LIAO, SONG, JIN, AND WESTERN XIA

907-1279 AD The Waqiao Pass and the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan & Yun 924 AD Post-Tang

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Khitan in the northeast became stronger and repeatedly committed to the south. By the time of the Five Dynasties Period, the Khitan continued to expand its territory, thus, wars happened in the area of the Three Passes (Waqiao Pass, Yijin Pass, and Yukou Pass). In 924 AD, the Khitan invaded and occupied Waqiao Pass.

938 AD Post-Jin

Later, Shi Jingtang borrowed troops from Khitan, destroyed the Post-Tang and established the Post-Jin. Therefore, according to the agreement, Shi Jingtang ceded the Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures to the Khitan.

From then on, the Three Passes belonged to the Khitan.

959 AD Post-Zhou

The King of the Post-Zhou led the army to crusade the Liao and recovered the Yan Prefecture, Mo Prefecture, Ning Prefecture and the Three Passes in the Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures. Since then, the Three Passes have become the northern frontier of the Central Plains regime.

This is the last political upheaval period during the Chinese feudal society, which has last for nearly 400 years.

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period was an era of political upheaval in 10th-century Imperial China.

916-1125 AD Five states quickly succeeded one another in the Central Plain, and more than a dozen concurrent states were The Five Dynasties established elsewhere, mainly and Ten Kingdoms in South China. It was the last period was an era of prolonged period of multiple political upheaval in political division in Chinese 10th-century Imperial imperial history.

China. Five states quickly succeeded one another in the Central Plain, and more than a dozen concurrent states were established elsewhere, mainly in South China.

It was the last prolonged period of multiple political division in Chinese imperial history.

907-979 AD

Liao Dynasty

1038-1227 AD

Western Xia Dynasty

Jin 1115-1234 AD Dynasty

Nothern Song Dynasty

960-1127 AD

Southern Song Dynasty

1127-1279 AD

YUAN DYNASTY, MING DYNASTY, AND QING DYNASTY

The Great Wall of Water In the early years of the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Three Passes became the northern border of the Song. The Northern Song Dynasty gathered heavy troops here to prevent the invasion of the Khitan and Liao. The Three Passes was surrounded by plains. With no favorable terrain to help the defense, the Song government reconstructed the rivers to form a large number of lakes. The lakes were all connected with each other, forming a Great Wall of Water, with a twist of 800 miles and a width of 60 miles. The Great Wall of Water has played an important role in preventing the south invasion of Liao.

The Yuan Dynasty

1271-1368 AD

The Ming Dynasty

1368-1644 AD

Building Palaces Leads to Environmental Degradation The capital cities of Yuan and Ming are both in Beijing. The emperor cut down the forests on Taihang mountain for the construction of the palaces, destroying the vegetation, causing soil erosion in the mountains. The river originated in the Taihang Mountains was silted up, and the sediments were deposited and retreated, resulting in decadence.

1367 AD

938-1367 AD The Loss of the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun (Baiyangdian Area belonged to the Mo Prefecture) In 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang ended the rule of Mongols in China, and the Sixteen Prefectures were also recovered.

1488 AD

The Rivers Were Silted Up And The Baiyangdian Lakes Dried Out Baiyangdian, located in the lower reaches of the Tanghe River and the Shahe River which originated in the Taihang Mountains, has been silted up into flat by 1488. According to the Region's annals of Xin’an County, the center of this area has become the horse-racing field.

The Baiyangdian Area Became Lakes Again According to the Comprehensive Geography of the Great Qing Dynasty, the Zhulong River bursted its bank and flowed to the Baiyangdian area, making the Baiyangdian area into lakes again.

1517 AD

Environmental Degradation

The Qing Dynasty

1532 AD

Floods Began to Occur Frequently According to the History of the Ming Dynasty, after the Baiyangdian area became a lake again, floods began to occur frequently. In 1532, Xu Yuanzhang, the Ministry of Industry, was ordered to relieve the disaster.

1540 AD

The Baiyangdian Lakes Has Beautiful Scenery and is Rich in Aquatic Plant, yet there were many floods at that time.

According to the revised Hejian Fuzhi, Baiyangdian has a circumference of 30 kilometers and is rich in aquatic plants and looks very large. There were many poems comparing Baiyangdian with West Lake, Dongting Lake, and Taihu Lake to praise its beauty. However, the dam of Baiyangdian was short and low and there were many floods at that time.

1725 AD

The Baiyangdian Area Became a Transportation Hub The Baiyangdian dam is very short and not strong enough, so it often breaks, and the flood is serious. In 1725, the Zhulong River burst its bank, and the Baiyangdian dam broke. According to the Annals of Renqiu County, the Qing government built a new dam in 1725, and 11 bridges and a pavilion were built as a hub to connect the north-south land routes and the east-west water routes.

1726 AD

Farm Lands In 1726, the Qing government established relevant departments here to opened up farm lands in Anzhou and Renqiu.

1744 AD

Shipping Route From Baoding to Tianjin Was Built In 1744, the Qing government rebuilt the existing ancient river channel, introduced the Tanghe water into the Fu River, and opened the shipping route from Baoding to Tianjin (through Baiyangdian).

1636-1912 AD

Geological change Water Projects

Industrial Revolution Crutzen* proposed the Industrial Revolution as the start of Anthropocene.

Lovelock proposes that the Anthropocene began with the first application of the Newcomen atmospheric engine in 1712. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change takes the pre-industrial era (chosen as the year 1750) as the baseline related to changes in long-lived, well mixed greenhouse gases. Although it is apparent that the Industrial Revolution ushered in an unprecedented global human impact on the planet, much of Earth's landscape already had been profoundly modified by human activities. The human impact on Earth has grown progressively, with few substantial slowdowns.

Anthropocene [2] Industrial Revolution

*Crutzen, P. J. (2002). “Geology of Mankind”. Nature.

Dynasties or Geological Time

Literary or History Records

Second Industrial Revolution

1870-1914

REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Renqiu Six Sceneries In the middle of Qianlong, Liu Tong, the magistrate of the Renqiu County, rebuilt the Dam. The economy of Baiyangdian Area has developed and the natural scenery is more beautiful after those constructions. The emperors built a number of Palaces along Baiyangdian to see the beautiful natural scenery.

1912-1949 AD

World War I

1914-1918

Anti-Japanese War

1937-1945 AD

19371945 AD

In 1937 AD, the Anti-Japanese War broke out. The Baiyangdian, because of its complicated territory, became an anti-Japanese base. The Yanling Team, led by the Communist Party of China, attacked the Japanese motorboat and smashed the enemy. In May 1940, during the extremely difficult period of the anti-Japanese War, the Renqiu County Party Committee and the county government transferred to Liu Lizhuang and Hao Zhuang (formerly Renqiu, now belonging to Anxin County, Xiong’An New Area) on the edge of Baiyangdian. In 1945, the Japanese aggressors surrendered, and Baiyangdian returned to the hands of the people.

Since July 16, 1945

Anthropocene [3] Atomic Age

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

1949 AD

1954.8 AD 1955 AD 1956.8 AD

1962 AD

Anthropocene

1st Water Transfer Project From 1981 to June 1984, Baiyangdian successively transferred 293 million cubic meters of water from the upstream reservoir. However, due to various consumptions on the way, Baiyangdian only received 0.87 billion cubic meters.

Yuecheng-Baiyangdian Water Transfer Project From February to June 2004, the Ministry of Water Resources and Hebei Province implemented the Yuecheng-Baiyangdian water transfer project, transferring water from the Yuecheng Reservoir, which is more than 400 kilometers away from Baiyangdian. This will help making Baiyangdian increase by 159 million cubic meters.

Important Events

Yellow River-Baiyangdian Water Transfer Project The fifth Yellow River – Baiyangdian Water Transfer Project started to operate. It lasted for about 83 days, and the water replenishment was about 100 million cubic meters. The water level of Baiyangdian rised by about 80 centimeters.

Floods Water Level: 11.31m / 37.106 ft Amount of Fishing and Catching 8.85 million Kg Floods Water Level: 11.30m / 37.073 ft

Reeds The area of the reeds field in Baiyangdian Area: 20,900 acre Production: 700,000,000 Kg Floods Water Level: 11.58m / 38 ft

1964 AD

Reeds The area of the reeds field in Baiyangdian Area: 12,850 acre

1965 AD

The Rivers were Silted up and the Transportation Stopped The water ways from Baoding to Baiyangdian and from Baiyangdain to Tianjin stopped.

1970 AD

1970 AD

19811984 AD

1982 AD

1983.71988.8 AD 2003 AD

Historic Sites

Reeds The area of the reeds field in Baiyangdian Area: 14,000 acre Production: 350,000,000 Kg

1965 AD

1966.1-8 AD

Project: Zaolinzhuang Hub Project The Zaolinzhuang Hub Project was completed, which increased the flood discharge capacity of Baiyangdian, and to a certain extent, the artificial regulation of the Baiyangdian stagnation flood has been realized.

Project: Daqing River New Building Hub The Daqing River New Building Hub was built in Rongcheng County, which increased the water source of Baiyangdian; However, it also increased the burden of Baiyangdian's flood levitation.

Digital Revolution

Since 1949 AD

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the party and the government control Baiyangdian comprehensively. The ecology of the Baiyangdian area is getting better, but still faced some problems.

1963.8 AD

Periods

World War I

Anthropocene [3] Atomic Age The Anthropological Working Group recommended that the first time humans conduct atomic bomb testing on July 16, 1945 be the beginning of the Anthropocene.

Since 1947 AD

Project: Zaolinzhuang Flood Relief Channel

Description

Industrial Revolution

1760-1840

1939-1945

The Waqiao Pass and the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan & Yun

Anthropocene [2]

Since 1712

Agriculture

938-1367 AD The Loss of the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun (Baiyangdian Area belonged to the Mo Prefecture) The Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun, comprise a historical region in northern China along the Great Wall in present-day Beijing and Tianjin Municipalities and northern Hebei and Shanxi Province, that were ceded by the Shatuo Turk Emperor Shi Jingtang of the Later Jin to the Khitan Liao dynasty in 938. The subsequent Later Zhou and Song Dynasties sought to recover the ceded northern territories. In 1123, the Jurchens ceded most of the territories except Yunzhou to the Song, but retook them in 1125. The loss of the Sixteen Prefectures exposed the plains of central China to further incursions by the Jurchens (the ancestor of Manchus) and the Mongols.

In 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang ended the rule of Mongols in China, and the Sixteen Prefectures were also recovered.

907-1279 AD

In the 13th century, the Yuan Dynasty was established, ending the split of more than 400 years since the end of the Tang Dynasty. The three dynasties of the Yuan, Ming and Qing were basically in a unified state, and Beijing was the capital for most of the time, so historians often called them together.

Description

84

602 BC

2004.2-6 AD 2005 AD

The Baiyangdian Lakes Dried Out Water Level < 6.5m / 21.325ft Amount of Fishing and Catching 2.7 million Kg Artificial fish farming developed gradually since 1970s

Reeds The area of the reeds field in Baiyangdian Area: 19,110 acre Production: 44,500,000 Kg The Baiyangdian Lakes Dried out for Five Consecutive Years Water Level < 6.5m / 21.325ft The Baiyangdian Lakes Dried Out Water Level < 6.5m / 21.325ft The Baiyangdian Lakes Dried Out Water Level < 6.5m / 21.325ft

2017.4.1 The Foundation of Xiong’An New Area 2017.11.16 AD Ecological Water Transfer Projects So far, the government has carried out 24 ecological water supplements in Baiyangdian area, including upstream reservoir water transfer and inter-basin water transfer.

PREHISTORIC PERIOD

QUATERNARY PERIOD Pleistocene

Paleolithic Age

The Formation of the Ancient Baiyangdian The evolution of anatomically modern humans took place. The depression in the central area of Hebei tends to fill in and form the ancient Baiyangdian Lake - the ancient lake basin of Wen'an.

Homo erectus, Homo sapiens appeared.

Neolithic Age

Since 11700 years ago

Xushui Nanzhuang Heritage Site The discovery of early pottery was of great significance for studying the way of human life in the early Neolithic Age, the origin of pottery and the ecological environment at that time.

Holocene

The History of the Ancient Baiyangdian and the Formation of the Modern Baiyangdian The river system originating from Taihang Mountain formed an alluvial fan in the east side of Taihang Mountains. With the change of climate and sea water infiltration, the waters of the ancient Baiyangdian Lake expanded and sometimes shrunk.

The evolution of anatomically modern humans took place. The depression in the central area of Hebei tends to fill in and form the ancient Baiyangdian Lake - the ancient lake basin of Wen'an

8000 BC Early Neolithic

8000 - 5500 BC

The Re-emergency of the Ancient Baiyangdian In the early Holocene period from 10,000 to 7500 years ago, the dried ancient Baiyangdian re-emerged.

Since 12000-15000 years ago

Anthropocene [1]

Early Anthropocene Model - Agricultural Revolution While much of the environmental change occurring on Earth is suspected to be a direct consequence of the Industrial Revolution, William Ruddiman has argued that the proposed Anthropocene began approximately 8,000 years ago with the development of farming and sedentary cultures. At this point, humans were dispersed across all of the continents (except Antarctica), and the Neolithic Revolution was ongoing. During this period, humans developed agriculture and animal husbandry to supplement or replace hunter-gatherer subsistence. Such innovations were followed by a wave of extinctions, beginning with large mammals and land birds. This wave was driven by both the direct activity of humans (e.g. hunting) and the indirect consequences of land-use change for agriculture.

Changes of Routes of Yeller River

7000 - 5000 BC

85

Rongcheng Uphill Heritage Site I, Anxin Liangzhuang Heritage Site Lower Layer etc.

Typical cultural relics include millstone, pottery decorated with geometric patterns, and support arms. This kind of remains belongs to the Northern Fudi Phase I cultural system; and also has some similarities with the Cishan culture. The times should be roughly equal.

6500-5000 BC Early Neolithic North Fudi Phase I Culture

Anxin Liucun Heritage Site Lower Layer, North Rongcheng Hertiagge Site Typical cultural relics include pottery pots, pottery support arms, and different kinds of containers. This kind of remains is earlier than the Hougang Phase I culture, slightly later than the North Fudi Phase II culture, and belongs to a cultural relic of the Pre-Yangshao era, which can be called the second phase of North Fudi culture.

5000-4700 BC Neolithic North Fudi Phase II Culture Pre-Yangshao Culture

Anxin Liucun Heritage Site Upper Layer Typical pottery has terracotta pots, different forms of containers, tripods, etc. The cultural nature belongs to the first post culture.

4700-4000 BC Neolithic, Early Yangshao Era Culture Hougang Phase I Culture

Renqiu Sangezhuang Heritage Site The typical cultural relics are painted pottery pots, basin, etc., decorated with red and brown colors, and the patterns have curved triangles, dots, etc..

4000-3500 BC Neolothic, Mid-Yangshao Era Culture

Rongcheng Wufang Heritage Site The typical pottery is cylindrical cans and potteries, mainly red, with patterns such as strips, triangles, nets and diagonal stripes. The painted pottery is somewhat similar to the Big Sikong culture, and the age is roughly the same.

3500-3000 BC Late Neolothic, Late Yangshao Era Culture

Bronze Age

5500 - 500 BC

Since 3100-2700 BC

The earliest bronze artifacts have been found in the Majiayao culture site.

Rongcheng Uphill Heritage Site II, Xushui Baohe Heritage Site, etc.

Typical cultural relics include red-brown pottery pots, basins and muddy brown pottery figurines, and a small number of painted pottery. It belongs to the cultural heritage of the transition to the Longshan Era at the end of the Yangshao Era. The cultural nature basically belongs to the Xueshan Phase I Culture

3000-2600 BC Late Neolothic, Late Yangshao Era Culture Xueshan Phase I Culture

The Origin of Agriculture in the Yellow River Basin Relatively mature farming civilization appeared in the Yellow River watershed.

The Peak of the Ancient Baiyangdian During the Middle Holocene from 7500 to 2500 years ago, marine transgression occurred in the eastern part of the Hebei Plain. The sea level rose, and the river flow was obstructed. Simultaneously, the climate is humid and rainy; thus the river water was increasing.

The water area of Baiyangdian was expanding to the peak of the whole Holocene.

PRE-QIN PERIOD The Three Sovereigns & Five Emperors Age The Three Sovereigns, were said to be god-kings, demigods or god emperors who used their abilities to improve the lives of their people and impart to them essential skills and knowledge. The Five Emperors are portrayed as exemplary sages who possessed great moral character and lived to a great age and ruled over a period of great peace.These kings are said to have helped introduce the use of fire, taught people how to build houses and invented farming. The Yellow Emperor's wife is credited with the invention of silk culture. The discovery of medicine, the invention of the calendar and Chinese script are also credited to the kings. After their era, Yu the Great founded the Xia Dynasty.

Time and Space (Atlas): A chronological and spatial research on Baiyangdian Wetland

Rongcheng Hexi Heritage Site, Anxin Shenming Temple Heritage Site, Laicheng Heritage Site, Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritage Site, etc.

Typical culture relics includes gray pottery and black pottery.

The popular decorative patterns includes string, basket and square pattern. There are many similarities with the remains of the Longshan Era in the southern part of Hebei Province.

86

Xia-Shang-Zhou Period It was about 4000-2770 year ago when the three dynasties were flourished in the hinterland of the Central Plains of Ancient China; their splendid culture influenced the surrounding area.

The Baiyangdian area, which located in the lower reaches of the ancient Yellow River, is between the Central Plains of China and the northern part of Didi while it belonged to the Central Plains dynasties. Therefore, the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties actively expanded northward, focusing on the vigorous operation of the Baiyangdian area, making this area gradually become the enclosure barrier of the northern frontier. As the dynasty changed, the Baiyangdian area in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was, on the one hand the bridge between Yan State and Zhao State plus Qi State, and on the other hand was the front line of the defense between the two sides.

Anxin Xinkezhuang Heritage Site I, Rongcheng Uphill Heritage Site III, Bailong Heritage Site, Wufang Heritage Site, Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritage Site II, etc.

The northern boundary of the Central Plains dynasty was actively advancing northward and was close to the southern margin of the Baiyangdian area. Typical culture relics includes gray potteries, beans and other forms of containers. This is a special culture in the junction between the north and the south culture systems, which is called "Xia Yuegezhuang Culture", while it still has its own characteristics. This is the unique local culture of the Baiyangdian area, though it allied to the Central Plains culture circle, and is the alliance culture of the Central Plains dynasty expanding toward the north.

Central Plains Shang Culture: Rongcheng Uphill Heritage Site IV, Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritageg Site III; Northern Culture System: Anxin Xinkezhuang Heritage Site II The northern border of the Central Plains Dynasty has been pushed to the Baiyangdian area, and the northern culture has gradually been pushed out of this area. The cultural relics of the Shang Dynasty were more complicated than before, including at least two cultural systems: the Shang Culture system and the northern culture system. Typical culture relics of the former is similar to the remains of the Yinxu; and this culture belongs to the same culture system as the Yinxu culture, though it remains some characteristics that belong to the northern cultures.

Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritage Site IV, etc.

The northern boundary of the Central Plains Zhou Dynasty had already advanced to the Yanshan, and the Baiyangdian area was developed into the backup zone of the northern boundary.

The Yan State managed the north at the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty. However, the historical records of the Yan State of the Western Zhou Dynasty are unclear, and the archaeological remains outside the Yan Capital are also limited.

Few sites are found in the Baiyangdian area during the Western Zhou Dynasty; main culture relics include the Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritage Site.

2852-222 BC

2852-2070 BC The Three Sovereigns: Fuxi, Nvwa, Shennong; The Five Emperors: Yellow Emperor, Zhuanxu, Emperor Ku Emperor Yao, Emperor Shun

2600-2000 BC Late Neolothic, Longshan Era Culture Hougang Phase II Culture

2070-771 BC Xia-Shang-Zhou Period refers to Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, and West Zhou Dynasty

2070-1600 BC Xia Dynasty, Xia Yuegezhuang Culture

1600-1406 BC Shang Dynasty, Central Plains Shang Culture, Northern Culture System

1406-771 BC Zhou Dynasty, Western Zhou Period Central Plains Western Zhou Culture

Emperor Yao Great Yu Controls the Water & Emperor Earlier than 2000BC when it was Emperor Yao Age, there was a great flood Shun Age in the Yellow River Basin, continued for several generations. Gun, Yu’s Father, was appointed by Emperor Yao to control the flood, but was failed.

He was punished and his son, Yu, was appointed to take Gun’s place. Yu used a different approach to abate the great flood, which in the end having achieved the success. Yu's approach seems to have involved an approach more oriented toward drainage and less towards containment with dams and dikes; and this thought (of dredging) has a profound effect in China’s future theories and practice of river harnessing. After his work, Yu was respected and supported by the public, and inaugurating dynastic rule in China by establishing the Xia Dynasty.

2050±150 BC

Yellow River Diversion According to geological studies, the Yellow River had a major change in 2050±150 BC, from east (Shandong into the sea) to north (Hebei and Tianjin) into the sea. Longshan culture in the west of Henan and the south of Shanxi was continued in the Erlitou culture; while the Longshan culture in Shandong, which flourished before the flood, declined at this time, and even began to retrogress.

Iron Age

Since 9th century BC

The development of iron metallurgy was known by the 9th century BC. The large seal script is identified with a group of characters from a book entitled Shĭ Zhoù Piān (c. 800 BC)

The Spring and Autumn Period & Warning States Period

Time and Space (Atlas): A chronological and spatial research on Baiyangdian Wetland

Marquis of Yan moved the capital to Linyi in the early Spring and Autumn Period. During the Warring States Period, Wuyang City, which is now famous as the Yanxiadu Heritage site, was built on the north bank of Yishui.

For most time of the Warring States period, the southern part of the Yan State was boarded by Yishui, and the Baiyangdian area happened to be in the southern part of the Yan State. At the same time, it was also the near-capital area.

Another famous symbol of the southern part of the Yan State during the Warring States Period was the Southern Great Wall of Yan built along Yishui. The northern Great Wall of Yan State mainly defends the northern tribes such as Donghu and Shant, while the South Great Wall is mainly facing Zhao and Qi. The archaeological discovery of the Yannan Great Wall remains in the west from the Taihang Mountain in Yi County. It flows eastward through Xushui, Rongcheng, Anxin, Xiongxian, and Wen'an to Dacheng, with a total length of nearly 260 kilometers. This Great Wall is not only the southern boundary of the Yan State but also the dividing line between Yan and Zhao. It is also the frontier of the important cultural exchanges between Yan and Zhao.

770-221 BC Xia-Shang-Zhou Period refers to Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, and West Zhou Dynasty

Nanyang Heritage Site I of Rongcheng, Da Magezhuang Cemetery of Xushui, etc.

The relics of the Yan State in the Spring and Autumn Period were found to be less, mainly including the Nanyang Heritage Site I of Rongcheng and the Da Magezhuang Cemetery of Xushui. Typical pottery such as columns, cans and different form of containers and sacrificial wares.

770-256 BC Zhou Dynasty, Eastern Zhou Period Yan Culture of Eastern Zhou

Lower Capital of Yan The northern boundary of the Central Plains Zhou Dynasty had already advanced to the Yanshan, and the Baiyangdian area was developed into the backup zone of the northern boundary.

The Yan State managed the north at the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty. However, the historical records of the Yan State of the Western Zhou Dynasty are unclear, and the archaeological remains outside the Yan Capital are also limited.

Few sites are found in the Baiyangdian area during the Western Zhou Dynasty; main culture relics includes the Renqiu Yabazhuang Heritage Site.

Around 400 BC Mid-Warning States Period, Yan Culture

The Southern Great Wall of Yan The Southern Great Wall of Yan, or the Yishui Great Wall, was built to defend Yan from the attack of Zhao and Qi. It flows eastward through Xushui, Rongcheng, Anxin, Xiongxian, and Wen'an to Dacheng, with a total length of nearly 260 kilometers. This Great Wall is not only the southern boundary of the Yan State but also the dividing line between Yan and Zhao.

It is also the frontier of the important cultural exchanges between Yan and Zhao.

323-222 BC Late-Warning States Period, Yan State (Separated), Yan Culture

QIN-HAN PERIOD

From the Qin Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, although the number of archaeological remains discovered in the Baiyangdian area is limited, the traditional features of cultural continuity remain. They have the distinct commonalities of the unified culture of the Central Plains dynasty, and more or less contain some regional culture, especially the factors of northern culture.

Qin Dynasty

602 BC

The Great Diversion of the Yu River Yu River was the ancient name of the Yellow River In the 5th year of the King Ding of Zhou Dynasty, the Yellow River retraced in Suxukou, Liyang (now southwest of Jun County, Henan Province), deviated from the old river channel of the Yellow River (Yu River), and enter the sea in Zhangwu (now northeast of Jixian County, Hebei Province). It was the first diversion after the flood abated by Yu the Great. The original old channel sometimes went water, and it was completely stopped in the middle of the Warring States period.

500 BC

The Desintegration of the Ancient Baiyangdian In the late Holocene, the climate turned to drought, and the precipitation became smaller. The Baiyangdian became shallower, and the water area became smaller, including partial drought. The ancient Baiyangdian gradually disintegrated.

Yishui and Baiyangdian Yishui is consisted with 3 branches, the north Yishui, the middle Yishui, and the south Yishui, which is the one that went into Baiyangdian.

227 BC

Jing Ke Assassinates the Emperor of Qin Crown Prince Dan ordered Jing Ke to assassinate the emperor of Qin. Jing Ke bade his friend Jianli farewell in the south Yishui and set up his journey to Emperor Qin. Jing Ke failed.

221 BC-220 AD Xia-Shang-Zhou Period refers to Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, and West Zhou Dynasty

221-206 BC

Qin unified the Central Plains, set prefectures and counties.

Baiyangdian area is located in Yi County, Guangyang Prefecture.

West-Han Dynasty

206 BC - 25 AD

The You prefecture was established in the Western Han Dynasty, and the Baiyangdian area was divided into both Rongcheng County and Yi County.

East-Han Dynasty 88

The Ji prefecture was established in the Western Han Dynasty, and the Baiyangdian area was located here.

25-220 AD 195-220 AD

Cao Cao develops the canals system In order to unify the north, Cao Cao has developed a number of canals for the purpose of military transportation, forming the current Haihe system, which has a certain impact on the changes of Baiyangdian waters.

THE PERIOD OF THE THREE KINGDOMS, JIN DYNASTY, AND THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN DYNASTIES

220-589 AD

It is a period of chaos in the history of China for four hundred years. The dynasty is changing rapidly, and there are situations in which multiple regimes coexist. For a long time, it is a confrontation between the North and the South.

The Three Kingdoms

220-280 AD

The Three Kingdoms was the tripartite division of China between the states of Wei(Cao), Shu(Liu), and Wu(Sun). It started with the end of the Han Dynasty and was followed by the Jin Dynasty. Baiyangdian area is located in the sphere of influence of the Wei State.

Baiyangdian area is located in the sphere of influence of the Wei State.

220-265 AD Wei State; King: Cao Pi

Time and Space (Atlas): A chronological and spatial research on Baiyangdian Wetland

Jin Dynasty There are two main divisions in the history of the dynasty. The Western Jin was established as a successor state to Cao Wei, and had its capital at Luoyang and Chang'an. Western Jin reunited China in 280, but fairly shortly thereafter fell into a succession crisis, civil war, and invasion by the "Five Barbarians". The rebels and invaders began to establish new self-proclaimed states in the Yellow River valley in 304, inaugurating the "Sixteen Kingdoms" era. These states immediately began fighting each other and the Jin Empire, leading to the second division of the dynasty, the Eastern Jin when Sima Rui moved the capital to Jiankang (modern Nanjing); and Baiyangdian area was under the control of the north regime.

The Northern and Southern Dynasties The Southern and Northern Dynasties began with the establishment of Liu Song in Liu Jinyu's Eastern Jin in 420, and the annihilation of the South Chen in 589. They are called the Northern and Southern Dynasties since the two forces are facing each other for a long time. The Southern Dynasties (Southern Regime) included the four dynasties of Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen; the Northern Dynasties (Northern Regime) included the Five Dynasties which are the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty.

265-420 AD

250-305 AD

The Eastern Jin Dynasty; The Period of the Five Barbarians and the Sixteen Kingdoms; Although the Eastern Jin Dynasty is a continuation of the Sima regime, most of its ruling areas are in Jiangdong, also known as Jiang Zuo. At that time, the regimes established by many nomadic peoples in the north fought for years, and the history was called the period of the Five Barbarians and the Sixteen Kingdoms.

The South Regime: The Eastern Jin Dynasty 317-420 AD

The North Regime: The Five Barbarians and The Sixteen Kingdoms 304-439 AD

Juelidian, the old name of Baiyangdian Zuo Si, Wei Capital Ode Zuo Si, was a Chinese writer and poet who lived in the Western Jin Dynasty.

Baiyangdian was recorded as Juelidian in Wei Capital Ode, one of his famous works, the Three Capitals Odes, which caused a phenomenal sale in Luoyang.

Baiyangdian area was under the control of the north regime in the period of the Five Barbarians and the Sixteen Kingdoms.

420-589 AD The South Regime:

The North Regime: the Northern Wei 386-534 AD

Song 420-479

534 AD Renqiu Huanglei Xingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Family Graveyard This family graveyard is currently located in Zanhuang County, Hebei Province, which is to the southwest of Xiongâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an New Area. It migrated to the current location in 534 AD, the last year of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

Qi 479-502 Liang 502-557 Chen 557-589

SUI-TANG PERIOD

the Eastern Wei 534-550 the Western Wei 535-557 the Northern Qi 550-577 the Northern Zhou 557-581

The Sui Dynasty

581-619 AD

Baiyangdian area was located in the rural places of the Zhuo Prefecture, Shanggu Prefecture and Hejian Prefecture.

Baiyangdian area was located in the rural places of the You Prefecture and Yi Prefecture, Hebei Dao.

466 AD

Baiyangdian Area in the Northern Wei Dynasty Li Daoyuan recorded the Dawodian and Xiaowodian in the south of Rongcheng County in the Yishui Chapter of the Commentary on the Water Classic*. According to researches, it is currently Dawangdian and Xiaowangdian in the Baiyangdian area *The Commentary on the Water Classic The Commentary on the Water Classic is a work on the ancient geography of China, describing the traditional understanding of its waterways and ancient canals, compiled by Li Daoyuan during the Northern Wei Dynasty.

The book is divided into sections by river, each described with its source, course, and major tributaries, including cultural and historical notes.

581-907 AD

The Sui and Tang Dynasties were the two great unified dynasties after a long period of chaos. This period is the second great reunification of China after the Qin-Han period.

The Tang Dynasty 90

4.Feb.265-11.Dec.316 AD

The Western Jin Dynasty The Western Jin Dynasty was the only period of great unification in the period of the Three Kingdoms, Jin Dynasty, and the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

618-907 AD

The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is located in eastern China. It has a total length of 1,794 kilometers. It runs from Beijing to Hangzhou, flowing through the four provinces of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang, communicating with the five major river systems of Hai River, Yellow River, Huai River, Yangtze River, and Qiantang River. The Sui government formed the canal waterway on the basis of the Han Trench, which is initially built in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Baiyangdian area belongs to the system of Hai River.

However, the excavation of the Yongji Canal (now the South Canal) has blocked the flood discharge from the rivers that originated in the Taihang Mountains, causing the flood in the middle and lower reaches of the river, and the water in the low-lying area formed lakes. New Book of Tang, Geography Treaties records that "there are ninety-nine lakes" which refers to the current Baiyangdian.

FIVE DYNASTIES AND TEN KINGDOMS PERIOD, AND THE LIAO, SONG, JIN, AND WESTERN XIA

907-1279 AD The Waqiao Pass and the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan & Yun 924 AD Post-Tang

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Khitan in the northeast became stronger and repeatedly committed to the south. By the time of the Five Dynasties Period, the Khitan continued to expand its territory, thus, wars happened in the area of the Three Passes (Waqiao Pass, Yijin Pass, and Yukou Pass). In 924 AD, the Khitan invaded and occupied Waqiao Pass.

938 AD Post-Jin

Later, Shi Jingtang borrowed troops from Khitan, destroyed the Post-Tang and established the Post-Jin. Therefore, according to the agreement, Shi Jingtang ceded the Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures to the Khitan.

From then on, the Three Passes belonged to the Khitan.

959 AD Post-Zhou

The King of the Post-Zhou led the army to crusade the Liao and recovered the Yan Prefecture, Mo Prefecture, Ning Prefecture and the Three Passes in the Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures. Since then, the Three Passes have become the northern frontier of the Central Plains regime.

This is the last political upheaval period during the Chinese feudal society, which has last for nearly 400 years.

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period was an era of political upheaval in 10th-century Imperial China.

916-1125 AD Five states quickly succeeded one another in the Central Plain, and more than a dozen concurrent states were The Five Dynasties established elsewhere, mainly and Ten Kingdoms in South China. It was the last period was an era of prolonged period of multiple political upheaval in political division in Chinese 10th-century Imperial imperial history.

China. Five states quickly succeeded one another in the Central Plain, and more than a dozen concurrent states were established elsewhere, mainly in South China.

It was the last prolonged period of multiple political division in Chinese imperial history.

907-979 AD

Time and Space (Atlas): A chronological and spatial research on Baiyangdian Wetland

Liao Dynasty

92

1038-1227 AD

Western Xia Dynasty

Jin 1115-1234 AD Dynasty

Nothern Song Dynasty

960-1127 AD

Southern Song Dynasty

1127-1279 AD

YUAN DYNASTY, MING DYNASTY, AND QING DYNASTY

The Great Wall of Water In the early years of the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Three Passes became the northern border of the Song. The Northern Song Dynasty gathered heavy troops here to prevent the invasion of the Khitan and Liao. The Three Passes was surrounded by plains. With no favorable terrain to help the defense, the Song government reconstructed the rivers to form a large number of lakes. The lakes were all connected with each other, forming a Great Wall of Water, with a twist of 800 miles and a width of 60 miles. The Great Wall of Water has played an important role in preventing the south invasion of Liao.

938-1367 AD The Loss of the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun (Baiyangdian Area belonged to the Mo Prefecture) The Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun, comprise a historical region in northern China along the Great Wall in present-day Beijing and Tianjin Municipalities and northern Hebei and Shanxi Province, that were ceded by the Shatuo Turk Emperor Shi Jingtang of the Later Jin to the Khitan Liao dynasty in 938. The subsequent Later Zhou and Song Dynasties sought to recover the ceded northern territories. In 1123, the Jurchens ceded most of the territories except Yunzhou to the Song, but retook them in 1125. The loss of the Sixteen Prefectures exposed the plains of central China to further incursions by the Jurchens (the ancestor of Manchus) and the Mongols.

In 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang ended the rule of Mongols in China, and the Sixteen Prefectures were also recovered.

907-1279 AD

Building Palaces Leads to Environmental Degradation The capital cities of Yuan and Ming are both in Beijing. The emperor cut down the forests on Taihang mountain for the construction of the palaces, destroying the vegetation, causing soil erosion in the mountains. The river originated in the Taihang Mountains was silted up, and the sediments were deposited and retreated, resulting in decadence.

In the 13th century, the Yuan Dynasty was established, ending the split of more than 400 years since the end of the Tang Dynasty. The three dynasties of the Yuan, Ming and Qing were basically in a unified state, and Beijing was the capital for most of the time, so historians often called them together.

The Yuan Dynasty

1271-1368 AD

The Ming Dynasty

1368-1644 AD

1367 AD

938-1367 AD The Loss of the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun (Baiyangdian Area belonged to the Mo Prefecture) In 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang ended the rule of Mongols in China, and the Sixteen Prefectures were also recovered.

1488 AD

The Rivers Were Silted Up And The Baiyangdian Lakes Dried Out Baiyangdian, located in the lower reaches of the Tanghe River and the Shahe River which originated in the Taihang Mountains, has been silted up into flat by 1488. According to the Region's annals of Xinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an County, the center of this area has become the horse-racing field.

1517 AD

The Baiyangdian Area Became Lakes Again According to the Comprehensive Geography of the Great Qing Dynasty, the Zhulong River bursted its bank and flowed to the Baiyangdian area, making the Baiyangdian area into lakes again.

FIVE DYNASTIES AND TEN KINGDOMS PERIOD, AND THE LIAO, SONG, JIN, AND WESTERN XIA

907-1279 AD The Waqiao Pass and the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan & Yun 924 AD Post-Tang

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Khitan in the northeast became stronger and repeatedly committed to the south. By the time of the Five Dynasties Period, the Khitan continued to expand its territory, thus, wars happened in the area of the Three Passes (Waqiao Pass, Yijin Pass, and Yukou Pass). In 924 AD, the Khitan invaded and occupied Waqiao Pass.

938 AD Post-Jin

Later, Shi Jingtang borrowed troops from Khitan, destroyed the Post-Tang and established the Post-Jin. Therefore, according to the agreement, Shi Jingtang ceded the Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures to the Khitan.

From then on, the Three Passes belonged to the Khitan.

959 AD Post-Zhou

The King of the Post-Zhou led the army to crusade the Liao and recovered the Yan Prefecture, Mo Prefecture, Ning Prefecture and the Three Passes in the Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures. Since then, the Three Passes have become the northern frontier of the Central Plains regime.

This is the last political upheaval period during the Chinese feudal society, which has last for nearly 400 years.

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period was an era of political upheaval in 10th-century Imperial China.

916-1125 AD Five states quickly succeeded one another in the Central Plain, and more than a dozen concurrent states were The Five Dynasties established elsewhere, mainly and Ten Kingdoms in South China. It was the last period was an era of prolonged period of multiple political upheaval in political division in Chinese 10th-century Imperial imperial history.

China. Five states quickly succeeded one another in the Central Plain, and more than a dozen concurrent states were established elsewhere, mainly in South China.

It was the last prolonged period of multiple political division in Chinese imperial history.

907-979 AD

Liao Dynasty

1038-1227 AD

Western Xia Dynasty

Jin 1115-1234 AD Dynasty

Nothern Song Dynasty

960-1127 AD

Southern Song Dynasty

1127-1279 AD

YUAN DYNASTY, MING DYNASTY, AND QING DYNASTY

The Great Wall of Water In the early years of the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Three Passes became the northern border of the Song. The Northern Song Dynasty gathered heavy troops here to prevent the invasion of the Khitan and Liao. The Three Passes was surrounded by plains. With no favorable terrain to help the defense, the Song government reconstructed the rivers to form a large number of lakes. The lakes were all connected with each other, forming a Great Wall of Water, with a twist of 800 miles and a width of 60 miles. The Great Wall of Water has played an important role in preventing the south invasion of Liao.

907-1279 AD

Building Palaces Leads to Environmental Degradation The capital cities of Yuan and Ming are both in Beijing. The emperor cut down the forests on Taihang mountain for the construction of the palaces, destroying the vegetation, causing soil erosion in the mountains. The river originated in the Taihang Mountains was silted up, and the sediments were deposited and retreated, resulting in decadence.

Timeline

In the 13th century, the Yuan Dynasty was established, ending the split of more than 400 years since the end of the Tang Dynasty. The three dynasties of the Yuan, Ming and Qing were basically in a unified state, and Beijing was the capital for most of the time, so historians often called them together.

94

938-1367 AD The Loss of the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun (Baiyangdian Area belonged to the Mo Prefecture) The Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun, comprise a historical region in northern China along the Great Wall in present-day Beijing and Tianjin Municipalities and northern Hebei and Shanxi Province, that were ceded by the Shatuo Turk Emperor Shi Jingtang of the Later Jin to the Khitan Liao dynasty in 938. The subsequent Later Zhou and Song Dynasties sought to recover the ceded northern territories. In 1123, the Jurchens ceded most of the territories except Yunzhou to the Song, but retook them in 1125. The loss of the Sixteen Prefectures exposed the plains of central China to further incursions by the Jurchens (the ancestor of Manchus) and the Mongols.

In 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang ended the rule of Mongols in China, and the Sixteen Prefectures were also recovered.

The Yuan Dynasty

1271-1368 AD

The Ming Dynasty

1368-1644 AD

1367 AD

938-1367 AD The Loss of the Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun (Baiyangdian Area belonged to the Mo Prefecture) In 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang ended the rule of Mongols in China, and the Sixteen Prefectures were also recovered.

1488 AD

The Rivers Were Silted Up And The Baiyangdian Lakes Dried Out Baiyangdian, located in the lower reaches of the Tanghe River and the Shahe River which originated in the Taihang Mountains, has been silted up into flat by 1488. According to the Region's annals of Xinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an County, the center of this area has become the horse-racing field.

1517 AD

The Baiyangdian Area Became Lakes Again According to the Comprehensive Geography of the Great Qing Dynasty, the Zhulong River bursted its bank and flowed to the Baiyangdian area, making the Baiyangdian area into lakes again.

Time and Space (Atlas): A chronological and spatial research on Baiyangdian Wetland

The Qing Dynasty

1532 AD

Floods Began to Occur Frequently According to the History of the Ming Dynasty, after the Baiyangdian area became a lake again, floods began to occur frequently. In 1532, Xu Yuanzhang, the Ministry of Industry, was ordered to relieve the disaster.

1540 AD

The Baiyangdian Lakes Has Beautiful Scenery and is Rich in Aquatic Plant, yet there were many floods at that time.

According to the revised Hejian Fuzhi, Baiyangdian has a circumference of 30 kilometers and is rich in aquatic plants and looks very large. There were many poems comparing Baiyangdian with West Lake, Dongting Lake, and Taihu Lake to praise its beauty. However, the dam of Baiyangdian was short and low and there were many floods at that time.

1725 AD

The Baiyangdian Area Became a Transportation Hub The Baiyangdian dam is very short and not strong enough, so it often breaks, and the flood is serious. In 1725, the Zhulong River burst its bank, and the Baiyangdian dam broke. According to the Annals of Renqiu County, the Qing government built a new dam in 1725, and 11 bridges and a pavilion were built as a hub to connect the north-south land routes and the east-west water routes.

1726 AD

Farm Lands In 1726, the Qing government established relevant departments here to opened up farm lands in Anzhou and Renqiu.

1744 AD

Shipping Route From Baoding to Tianjin Was Built In 1744, the Qing government rebuilt the existing ancient river channel, introduced the Tanghe water into the Fu River, and opened the shipping route from Baoding to Tianjin (through Baiyangdian).

1636-1912 AD

Anthropocene [2]

Since 1712

Industrial Revolution Crutzen* proposed the Industrial Revolution as the start of Anthropocene.

Lovelock proposes that the Anthropocene began with the first application of the Newcomen atmospheric engine in 1712. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change takes the pre-industrial era (chosen as the year 1750) as the baseline related to changes in long-lived, well mixed greenhouse gases. Although it is apparent that the Industrial Revolution ushered in an unprecedented global human impact on the planet, much of Earth's landscape already had been profoundly modified by human activities. The human impact on Earth has grown progressively, with few substantial slowdowns. *Crutzen, P. J. (2002). “Geology of Mankind”. Nature.

REPUBLIC OF CHINA

1760-1840

Industrial Revolution

1870-1914

Second Industrial Revolution Renqiu Six Sceneries In the middle of Qianlong, Liu Tong, the magistrate of the Renqiu County, rebuilt the Dam. The economy of Baiyangdian Area has developed and the natural scenery is more beautiful after those constructions. The emperors built a number of Palaces along Baiyangdian to see the beautiful natural scenery.

1912-1949 AD

World War I

1914-1918

Anti-Japanese War

1937-1945 AD

19371945 AD

In 1937 AD, the Anti-Japanese War broke out. The Baiyangdian, because of its complicated territory, became an anti-Japanese base. The Yanling Team, led by the Communist Party of China, attacked the 1939-1945 Japanese motorboat and smashed the enemy. In May 1940, during the extremely difficult period of the anti-Japanese War, the Renqiu County Party Committee and the county government transferred to Liu Lizhuang and Hao Zhuang (formerly Renqiu, now belonging to Anxin County, Xiong’An New Area) on the edge of Baiyangdian. In 1945, the Japanese aggressors surrendered, and Baiyangdian returned to the hands of the people.

Since July 16, 1945

World War I

Anthropocene [3] Atomic Age The Anthropological Working Group recommended that the first time humans conduct atomic bomb testing on July 16, 1945 be the beginning of the Anthropocene.

Since 1947 AD

96

Digital Revolution

PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Since 1949 AD 1949 AD

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the party and the government control Baiyangdian comprehensively. The ecology of the Baiyangdian area is getting better, but still faced some problems.

1954.8 AD 1955 AD 1956.8 AD

1962 AD

1963.8 AD

Project: Zaolinzhuang Flood Relief Channel

Time and Space (Atlas): A chronological and spatial research on Baiyangdian Wetland

Floods Water Level: 11.31m / 37.106 ft Amount of Fishing and Catching 8.85 million Kg Floods Water Level: 11.30m / 37.073 ft

Reeds The area of the reeds field in Baiyangdian Area: 20,900 acre Production: 700,000,000 Kg Floods Water Level: 11.58m / 38 ft

1964 AD

Reeds The area of the reeds field in Baiyangdian Area: 12,850 acre

1965 AD

The Rivers were Silted up and the Transportation Stopped The water ways from Baoding to Baiyangdian and from Baiyangdain to Tianjin stopped.

1965 AD

1966.1-8 AD

98

Reeds The area of the reeds field in Baiyangdian Area: 14,000 acre Production: 350,000,000 Kg

The Baiyangdian Lakes Dried Out Water Level < 6.5m / 21.325ft

Project: Zaolinzhuang Hub Project The Zaolinzhuang Hub Project was completed, which increased the flood discharge capacity of Baiyangdian, and to a certain extent, the artificial regulation of the Baiyangdian stagnation flood has been realized.

Project: Daqing River New Building Hub The Daqing River New Building Hub was built in Rongcheng County, which increased the water source of Baiyangdian; However, it also increased the burden of Baiyangdian's flood levitation.

1970 AD

1970 AD

Amount of Fishing and Catching 2.7 million Kg Artificial fish farming developed gradually since 1970s

1st Water Transfer Project From 1981 to June 1984, Baiyangdian successively transferred 293 million cubic meters of water from the upstream reservoir. However, due to various consumptions on the way, Baiyangdian only received 0.87 billion cubic meters.

19811984 AD

1982 AD

Reeds The area of the reeds field in Baiyangdian Area: 19,110 acre Production: 44,500,000 Kg

Yuecheng-Baiyangdian Water Transfer Project From February to June 2004, the Ministry of Water Resources and Hebei Province implemented the Yuecheng-Baiyangdian water transfer project, transferring water from the Yuecheng Reservoir, which is more than 400 kilometers away from Baiyangdian. This will help making Baiyangdian increase by 159 million cubic meters.

Yellow River-Baiyangdian Water Transfer Project The fifth Yellow River – Baiyangdian Water Transfer Project started to operate. It lasted for about 83 days, and the water replenishment was about 100 million cubic meters. The water level of Baiyangdian rised by about 80 centimeters.

1983.71988.8 AD

The Baiyangdian Lakes Dried out for Five Consecutive Years Water Level < 6.5m / 21.325ft

2003 AD

The Baiyangdian Lakes Dried Out Water Level < 6.5m / 21.325ft

2005 AD

The Baiyangdian Lakes Dried Out Water Level < 6.5m / 21.325ft

2004.2-6 AD

The Origin of Yellow River

2017.4.1 The Foundation of Xiong’An New Area 2017.11.16 AD Ecological Water Transfer Projects So far, the government has carried out 24 ecological water supplements in Baiyangdian area, including upstream reservoir water transfer and inter-basin water transfer.

Baotou

Hohhot

XIONG’AN

Yinchuan Qingtongxia

Yulin

Xinin

Jinan LanLinxia

Yan’an

DongyTaishan

Hanchen SanmenxRuicheng

Zheng-

Luoy-

KaiSong-

100

Baiyangdian Wetland and River System of China

Luan River System Hohhot

Yongding River System

Daqing River System

Seven Major River Systems of Haihe River Basin

Ziya River System

Beisan River System BEIJING

Haihe River Main Stream System TIANJIN

XIONGâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;AN

Bohai Sea

East Heilong Harbor System Dongying

Jinan

Zhangwei River System

Taishan

Zhengzhou Kaifeng

Sanmenxia

Luoyang

Songshan

g

102

Hongze Lake

Luan River System Hohhot

Yongding River System

Distribution of Water Conservancy Project in Haihe River Basin

Daqing River System

Ziya River System

Beisan River System BEIJING

Haihe River Main Stream System TIANJIN

XIONGâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;AN

Bohai Sea

East Heilong Harbor System Dongying

Jinan

Zhangwei River System

Taishan

Zhengzhou Kaifeng

Sanmenxia

Luoyang

Songshan

g

103

Hongze Lake

104

Distribution of Water Conservancy Project (Important Reservoir and Dam) in Haihe River Basin

Sha River

Hengshanling Reservoir

Gangnan Reservoir Koutou Reservoir

Huangbizhuang Reservoir

Guanting Reservoir

BEIJING

North Juma River

Mid-Yi River Angezhuang Reservoir Longmen Reservoir

Ancient Lake

XIONG’AN

Jie River

Baiyangdian Wetlands

West Dayang Reservoir

Da Sha River Ancient Lake

Yongding River

TIANJIN Daqing River

Haihe Riv Wen’An Ancient Lake

王 快 水 库

Wangkuai Reservoir

West Dayang Reservoir

Baiyangdian Wetlands

白 洋 淀

Water System of Baiyangdian Wetland

Koutou Reservoir

Hengshanling Reservoir

西 大 洋 水 库

大 清 河 水 系

The Daqing River System

干海 流河

The Mainstream of Haihe River

106

Daqinghe River Source

大 清 河 源 头

口 头 水 库 横 山 岭 水 库

Taihang Mountains

太 行 山

It seems to be an oxymoron to build a modern city upon a natural wetlands area. In universal values, based on historical lessons, cities represent development and pollution. However, the establishment of the Xiong'An New Area is trying to challenge this contradiction, by using the anti-driving mechanism, to save this heavily contaminated natural wetlands area with a new type of urban .

So, what exactly does this “contradictory” mean?

1. The products of the wetlands do not provide the “daily intake” of the city;

The Landscape Patterns of Baiyangdian Wetland

2. The “excretion” of the city is greater than the “purification load” of the wetland.

1984

1994

2000

2014

107 Water body

Submerged Plant

Emergent Plant

Farmland

Forest

Residential Area

Bare Land

Lemna paucicostata & Spirodela polyhiza (duck weed) Plant Height: Floating Plant Ideal Water Depth: Removes Heavy Mental: Cu; Pb; Zn; Mn, etc.

@baike.baidu. com

Ceratophyllum demersun (hornwort) Plant Height: 0.05-0.2 m Ideal Water Depth: 0.1-0.3 m Removes Nutrient: Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO-N); Ammonia Nitrogen (NH-N); Phosphorus, etc.

@baike.baidu. com

Phragmites communis (Reeds)

Representative Species in Baiyangdian

Plant Height: 1.0-3.0 m Ideal Water Depth: 0.5-1.5 m Removes Nutrient: Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO-N); Ammonia Nitrogen (NH-N); Phosphorus, etc.

Heavy Mental: Cu; Zn; Cd; Pb; Cr; Mn, etc. @baike.baidu. com

Typha angustifolia (calamus) Plant Height: 1.5-3.0 m Ideal Water Depth: 0.3-1.0 m Removes Heavy Mental: Cu; Zn; Cd; Pb; Cr; Mn, etc.

108 @baike.baidu. com

Nymphaea ietragona (water lily) Plant Height: 0.4-1.8m Ideal Water Depth: 0.3-1.2m Removes Heavy Mental: Cu; Pb; Cd; Zn; Mn, etc.

@baike.baidu. com

Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus) Plant Height: 1.0-2.0m Ideal Water Depth: 0.5-2.0m Removes Nutrients: Phosphorus; Nitrate Nitrogen (NO-N); Ammonia Nitrogen (NH-N), etc.

@baike.baidu. com

Grus leucogeranus (white crane) Ave, Neornithes, Gruiformes, Gruidae, Grus It is a large wader, slightly smaller than a red-crowned crane, with a body length of 130-140 cm.

@baike.baidu. com

It inhabits open plain swamp grasslands, tundra swamps and large lake rock edges and shallow water marshes.

Often separate, paired, and family activities, the migration season and the winter season often integrate dozens or even hundreds of large groups, especially in the middle of the migration stop and overwintering often integrated large groups. It mainly feeds on the stems and roots of plants such as bitter grass, kohlrabi, sedge, and sorghum.

Parus palustris (marsh tit) Ave, Passeriformes, Paridae, Parus

109 @baike.baidu. com

This species belongs to the genus Titmouse, also known as the small bird, the red, the red, the small bean, the scorpion, and the mud. The swamp tits mainly inhabit the forest zone, often in the canopy of coniferous forest, needle and broad-leaved mixed forest, or cling to the branches to feed on insects, and often go to the bushes for food. The food of swamp tits is mainly insects, especially many pests that are harmful to agriculture, forestry and human health. It is obviously a beneficial bird and should be protected to make full use of its role in biological control of pests.

FARMING

Main Cash Crop:

Corn (more than 90% of the total planted area); Wheat; Soy bean, etc..

Main Pollutant:

Pesticides and chemical fertilizers (massive use)

Main Victims:

Water body; Soil, etc..

Famous Event:

Large number of fish death in 2006

Urban Ecosystem Plus Wetlands Ecosystem

FISHING

110

Main Fishing Method: Osprey fish; Net fish; Basket fish, etc..

Main Polluting Way: Over Fishing, etc..

Main Victims:

Wild fish; Water body, etc..

Famous Event:

Large number of fish death in 2006

LIGHT INDUSTRY

Main Industries:

Clothing industry; Paper industry; Daily chemical industry, etc..

Main Polluting Way: Factory discharge: Sewage, waste gas, solid waste, etc..

Main Victims:

Water body; Soil; Air, etc..

Famous Event:

Annual haze since 2011

HANDICRAFT INDUSTRY

Main Products:

Reed weaving products; Lotus seed bracelet; Reed Painting, etc..

Main Polluting Way: None

Main Victims:

Reed weaving ceiling

None Reed weaving Zafu

Famous Event:

Large number of fish death in 2006

111

Reed Painting

Species Bank (Alphabet)

Basic-Scale Linear (Vocabulary) Parks

Phrases

Gene Bank

Sentences Waterscape

Paragraphs

Articles Education & Science

System of Solutions in Xiongâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an

Research

112

Development

B A can be assembled into B Coorperation Belong

Citizen Fitness

Country Run & Walking Trails

Bike Routes & Parking

Car Parking & Charging

Walking System

Transportation

Infrastructure

Cycling System

E-Transportation System

Energy Supply

Solar-Energy

Bio-Electric

Bio-Energy

Bio-Gas

Economy

Microbial degradation

Waste-to Energy

10.5 m Flood Level 8.8 m Maximum Sotrage Level Ideal Water Level Range

8.0 m Ideal Level 7.3 m Lowest Level for Eco-Balance 7.0 m Warning Level for Drought 6.5 m Dry lake Level

Highest canal’s bottom

Water volume is 52 million m3 at this level; water surface area is 70km2, which could be considered as dry lake.

6.0 m Average canal’s bottom 5.5 m Lowest canal’s bottom

Time / Water Level

7.3 m Lowest Level for Eco-Balance 7.0 m Warning Level for Drought

April / Spring / Dry Season

Eco-Purification & Water Level Balance of Baiyangdian

8.8 m Maximum Sotrage Level

July / Summer / Wet Season

8.0 m Ideal Level

September / Early Fall / Normal Season

7.3 m Lowest Level for Eco-Balance 7.0 m Warning Level for Drought 6.5 m Dry lake Level

March / Spring / Extremly Dry Season (The Following Year) Terraces for Aerotion and Biological Purification

114

Sediment Degradation, Subsurface Filtration Water Quality Stabilization and Control Kashu

Water from Impoundment

Canal

Water from Nature

Heavy Mental Removal

Terraces for Aerotio

Nutrient Removal

Slow Traffic Belt

Porous Rock

Pavement

Water Flow

Sedim

Irragation

Irragation

Irragation Water Channel Separated

on and Biological Purification

ment Degradation

Heavy Mental Removal

Amenity Belt

Terraces for Aerotion and Biological Purification

Nutrient Removal

Sediment Degradation

Heavy Mental Removal

Reserved Terraces for Aerotion and Biological Purification

Water Impoundment

Block & Park

Nutrient Removal & Heavy Mental Removal

MS RESEARCH STUDIO

ECO-TOURISM: METROPOLITAN WATER DISTRICT

116

Baiyang Lake is located in Xiong’an New Area, Hebei province, and is known to be the largest freshwater lake in Northern China. As developments of the new Xiong’an megacity are happening nearby and the population is growing, this will leave Baiyangdian Wetland—an important national and international sightseeing and tourist area flaunting an attractive surrounding environment—under threat.

Enhancing the regional identity and its culture, accommodating the need of tourism growth, while respecting its local experience, this proposal is centered on creating a 500 km long route connecting Tianjin Port and Baiyang Lake to the sacred mountains and introducing a new adventure for visitors through three different phases. While Tianjin stands for the industrialized modern city center, the proposed waterway from Tianjin to Baiyang Lake reveals agricultural landscape, which reaches to the heart of the freshwater lake. Then, the journey follows the trails up to the sacred mountains representing isolation, solitude, and nature. Specifically,

Metropolitan Water District carries an enticing heritage with its lightweight reed marshes, crisscrossing waterways, peaceful water scenes, and vast lotus gardens. These attractive wetlands and tourist waterways can shrink and expand with the seasons and water levels.

Uniquely, this lake is famous for its tourist hand-driven and motorized boats and often used for a visit to a scenic water experience.

Experiencing the site as a tourist, one can travel by boat into waters full of lotuses and pick seeds, lotus, and flowers. A tourist can also stop by boats at rest stops, tourist centers, as well as the small villages to enjoy the local culture.

Celebrating Baiyangdian Wetland through ecotourism would not only increase its economic value, but will unite existing wetlands population towards a protected and clean future Metropolitan Water District.

Samahr Abdullah M Baredooan Evelina Vasiliauskaite Yagmur Yenice

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MS Studio Review

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120

MS Studio Review

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Baiyangdian Wetland Analysis

Baiyangdian Wetland Spatial Elements

Wetland Spatial Elements

122 iayangdian etland Images retrie ed rom ideos on

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Baiyangdian Wetland Analysis

123

Wetland Spatial Elements iayangdian etland satellite images Image source

oogle art

Baiyangdian Wetland Analysis Wetland Spatial Elements a i s illa es ati ns

Baiyangdian Wetland Spatial Elements

iayangdian etland satellite images Image source

Agricultural land and canal

Pools and reeds encountering

oogle art

Rectangular pools

Intersections

Primary canal and reeds

Primary canal and reeds

Baiyangdian Wetland Analysis

124

Wetland Spatial Elements Satellite ie iayangdian etland satellite images Image source

oogle art

Primary canal and connections

Pools geometry

Pools and reeds

Pools and reeds encountering

Agricultural land and canal

Pools and reeds encountering

Rectangular pools

Intersections

Primary canal and reeds

Primary canal and reeds + Village & canal corresponding

Baiyangdian Wetland Analysis

Primary canal and connections

Pools geometry

Wetland Spatial Elements Wate a s

WA

Baiyangdian Wetland Analysis

125

Wetland Spatial Elements atte ns

A A

A

Pools and reeds

Pools and reeds encountering

Baiyangdian Wetland Analysis Wetland Spatial Elements eed ield nditi ns ei ua

u Reed land c ange and its relations ip to ater le el c ange in aiyang a e

Baiyangdian Wetland Spatial Elements

ata source

Baiyangdian Wetland Analysis

126

Wetland Spatial Elements eed ield nditi ns ata source

ei ua

u Reed land c ange and its relations ip to ater le el c ange in aiyang a e

Baiyangdian Wetland Analysis Wetland Spatial Elements Wetland ni e lt e

Baiyangdian Wetland Analysis

127

Wetland

ati n

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129

Eco-tourism strategy: Tianjin-Baiyangdian-Mount Wutai Connection New Wetland Tourism Routes and Hubs

A I R

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130 A &

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I A R A

I RIP

A A

AI PPI

I I

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131

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Proposed Master Plan to Highlight Identity

p sed

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Proposed Master Plan to Highlight Culture

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Proposed Master Plan to Highlight Identity

Reed transportation

134

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P R A

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Proposed Master Plan to Highlight Culture

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Proposed System for Locals and Tourists 138

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139

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140

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Proposed System for Locals and Tourists

MS RESEARCH STUDIO

THE URBAN LINEAR DEVELOPMENT OF FU RIVER

142

This research investigates Baiyangdian Wetland’s ecosystem and the Fu River, which connects the industrial city Baoding City and Baiyangdian Lake. The proposal is an urban linear development of approximately 30 miles that begins at the main source of the Fu River and ends at Baiyangdian Lake. The linear development attempts to address a number of problems created by Baoding City, including, among others, water resource shortages, pollution, and increasing sewage emissions. The city drainage system flows into the Fu River, and from there polluted water spills into the large wetland. The Baiyangdian Wetland serves as a “kidney” for the provinces, cleaning and distributing water to other cities through multiple rivers. Our project attempts to address these

problems at many scales.

Pedestrian access is developed along the Fu River, which creates an interaction between the population and the visitors. A community hub is located at every 10-mile (16 km) interval, which serves as a community plaza, visitor-educational center, and a rest area. The urban development also includes multiple water filtration systems which help clean the water that flows into the river. This creates a connection between Baoding City and Baiyangdian Lake, and results in clean water flowing into the large wetland.

Rukhasar SadikBagwan Rivan Karem Yi Zhang

143

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MS Studio Review

145

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Composition of the wetlands - present scenario Baiyangdian Lake plays an important role on maintaining ecosystem balance, adjusting climate of Hebei plain, supplying groundwater, and draining floodwater during the flood season. However, in recent decades, with the rapid population growth and influences of anthropogenic factors, water level has been decreasing year by year.

Reeds

Farmlands

Open lakes

Tourist spots

Villages

Composition of Baiyangdian; Water Level of Baiyangdian

0

400

800

Water Level Baiyangdian Lake lake drought Water bodies of Baiyangdian Lake interpreted from satellite images of Google Maps collected on June 7, 1974 and on May 28, 2017

Baiyangdian Outline

August 7, 2017

Water Level of Lake

1974

2017

148

0

800

1200

Google Maps

change in the wetlands over the years

-

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2018

0

1600

2400

149

Water Flowing into Baiyangdian Lake water quanitity

There was no drought before the 1950s

The most serious drought in Baiyang Lake

Start to replenish water from other streams to Baiyangdian

Government starts South-to-North Water transfer Project

10 15 20 25 30

Water quality begins to pollute

2010-2018

2000

2001-2010

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

1989

1990

1988

1983

1984-1987

1981

1982

1980

1970-1979

1960-1969

5

Through artificial restoration of ecology, the water is rising slowly

1956-1959

Input water quantity/108m3

During this period Baiyangdian experienced extreme droughts

0

Changes of Baiyangdian Over the Years; Water Quality of Baiyangdian

Google Maps

Year

Connections to Baiyangdian lake river connections

Baiyang Lake Dry River Wet River Baoding area

Baoding City Villages

Connections to Baiyangdian; Baoding City

4Km

Baoding City Background Located in the upper reaches of Baiyangdian Lake, Baoding City has 41 papermaking factories. In a recent investigation, 29 factories were found illegally discharging wastewater into the lake, according to Hebei Daily.

Baoding area Baoding City Fu River

Mancheng (Headstream of Fu River) Sewage treatment plants

Lugang

Xiyuan

Yindingzhuang

There are 3 main sewage treatment factories, Lugang, Yindingzhuang and Xiyuan, with 200,000 t/d wastewater treatment capacity in Baoding City, while total amount of wastewater (domestic, industry and agriculture) of Baoding City is 260,000 t/d.

Fu River

150

China.org.cn

Factories Pollution Reed factory Xiongan New Area Reed Area Baiyang Lake Reed Factory

Baoding area Baoding City

Villages

Guolikou Dazhangzhuang Yangdikou

Xiaozhangzhuang Wangjiazhai

Beihezhuang

Zhaobeikou town

Zhaozhuangzi Liuzhuangzi

Xiazhangzhuang Shaozhuangzi

Beiliuzhuang

Guangdian

zhainan

Liguang Xidiantou Mabao

Dahenan

Dongdi

Dongdiantou

Dadiantou Quantouxijie

Beitianzhuang Datianzhuang

Guangchengsi

Dongtianzhuang Xilizhuang

Donglizhuang Caiputai

Qiuzhuang

Liangzhuang Dashuliangzhuang

http://www.news.cn/photo/index.htm

Factories Pollution

Pollution Sources to Baiyangdian

Baoding+Fu River+ Baiyangdian+Xiongan New Area

Guolikou

100+ Yangdikou

Zhaozhuangzi

Zhaobeikou town

Liuzhuangzi Wangjiazhai

Beihezhuang

Lugang

Dazhangzhuang

Xiaozhangzhuang Xiazhangzhuang Shaozhuangzi

Beiliuzhuang

Xiyuan

zhainan

Guangdian Liguang

Fu River

Xidiantou

Anzhou Town

Dongdiantou

Zangcun Town

Yindingzhuang

Mabao

Dahenan

Dadiantou Quantouxijie

Dongdi

Beitianzhuang Datianzhuang

Suncun country WangTing country

Guangchengsi

Xianrenqiao village Laohetou Town

old river course

Dongtianzhuang Xilizhuang

Donglizhuang Caiputai

Qiuzhuang

Liangzhuang Dashuliangzhuang

new river course

Tang River

151

Manchengâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Headstream of Fu River

Machinery Plants

Other

Tang River wastewater reservoir

Coal Plants Battery Plants

Metal Plants Chemical Plants

Clothing Factory

Baiyang Lake

Existing sewage treatment plants

Baoding Area

Reed factories

Plastic Plants

Xiongan New Area

Baoding City

Paper Mills

Shoes Plants

Rivers

Villages

4Km

152 Recreational Center

Green Rest Spaces

Outdoor Recreation Center

Community Center

Cultural Educational Center

Proposed Linear Development Between Baiyangdian and Baoding City

LINEAR DEVELOPMENT

between Bayangdian Lake and Baoding City

Cultural Educational Center

Recreational Center

Recreational Center

Green Rest Spaces

Green Rest Spaces

Recreational Center

Outdoor Recreation Center

Conceptual Schemes an

e nal

i

Far lan

Far lan

illa e

Far lan

illa e

illa e

Program along River

Proposed Linear Development Between Baiyangdian and Baoding City

an

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i

i ition

ecreation

ace

o

ace

nit

ace

lt ral

ace

eatin ort

Foo co rt

al in an c clin trac

Proposal Concepts Keymoments Program

Boardwalk

Event space

Recreation space

Restoration of wetlands

Stormwater Management

Let water in

Agriculture

Urban Reforestation

Aquatic and Riparian

Ecological park

Water Institute

Cultural

Water

Ecology

154

Education

Farmland to Village Scheme

between Bayangdian Lake and Baoding City

ar an r an ace are ng fro the e t ng l near e elo ent along the r er ar an r an ace ncl ng rogra ll e locat e at e er arter le h ch ll al o e acce le to the l c an the re ent l ng n the r ro n ng llage gh a r er Roa

thro gh far lan

Gra e

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Gra e

ol

Gra e

ol

ro ena e

feet Google Earth Reference

Farmland to Village Scheme

between Bayangdian Lake and Baoding City

Parks and urban s aces are missing from the existing linear develo ment along the river. Parks and urban s aces including rogram will be located at every uarter mile which will also be accessible to the ublic and the residents living in the surrounding villages.

1/4 mile Hangout

Grade 1 soil Grade 2 soil

Roads through farmland

Grade 3 soil 1/4 mile

nm

am

Picnic Areas

Promenade

cun

Fu river

iao

Highway

sha

Public Park

1/3 mile

Extended Bridge

1/4 mile

cun

ng

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nzh

xia

mu

ng

1.

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79 20

et

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fe et -

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00 feet Google Earth Reference

Linear Promenade Terrace Filtration

155

S

E

C

T

IO

N

Village to Village Scheme

between Bayangdian Lake and Baoding City

he r er flo thro gh of the large t llage along the r er h o l e an o ort n t to attach the t o llage together an create a co nt ace n the center h ch ll allo to a e the llage an the r er connect a one

gh a r er Roa

thro gh far lan

ro ena e

Gra e Gra e Gra e o

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ft Google Earth Reference

Village to Village Scheme

between Bayangdian Lake and Baoding City

co n t center ll e locate n et een l t le llage to ro e lot on ar ace l near ro ena e an al o r g ng o er the r er at lt le locat on to ro e a ooth c rc lat on for e e tr an an c cl t he l near e elo ent ll al o e fence tree

ro ena e

Gra e Gra e Gra e o

ol ol ol nt

enter

o

enter

le

c n

t ng

ang

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a

ot

Proposed Linear Development Between Baiyangdian and Baoding City

thro gh far lan

le

156

r er

feet

gh a

Roa

t

fee

ao

gc

gt n

an

n

ft Google Earth Reference

Linear Promenade Terrace Filtration

S

E

C

T

IO

N

Water Treatment Plant

between Bayangdian Lake and Baoding City

he r er e nto a fe trea thro gh ao ng t here the large r an conte t e erate the llage fro the nter ect on h g e an o ort n t to e the ace a a ater treat ent fac l t here e can f ltrate the ater an control t flo Gra e

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Gra e

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ater reat ent lant

ft Google Earth Reference

Water Treatment Plant

between Bayangdian Lake and Baoding City h theatre

le

Gra e

ol

Gra e

ol le

t

le

ent al

E

fee

Re

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thro gh far lan

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Gra e

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he r er e nto a fe trea thro gh ao ng t he ater treat ent lant ll e locate at the a n o rce of the r er here oll t on e ng allo e to trea along nto the a ang an la e here ll e a l c an e cat onal nteract on th the te

le

llage

l

ta

en

feet

Re ge

lla

t

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Extended Promenade onnection

157

it

i er

S

E

C

T

IO

N

158

MS Studio Review

MS Arch Program Inquiries: Fei Wang Assistant Professor Coordinator of MS Arch Program Vittoria Buccina Assistant Dean Enrollment Management 201 Slocum Hall Syracuse University School of Architecture Syracuse NY 13244 +1-315â&#x20AC;&#x201C;443â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1041 soa.syr.edu/programs/postgraduate archms@syr.edu

160

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REVIEWERS Ted Brown Junho Chun Julia Czerniak Britt Eversole Stanislaus Fung Terrace Goode Roger Hubeli Randall Korman Julie Larsen James Leng Brian Lonsway Daekwon Park Michael Speaks Abingo Wu Yujun Yin TEXT EDITING Michael Speaks Julie Sharkey Fei Wang TRANSLATION Ying Zuo BOOK DESIGN Common Name Fei Wang

XIONGâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;AN -- Baiyangdian Wetland, August 2018 @Planet